英语语法笔记
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英语语法笔记
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1 直接引语与间接引语
引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式:⑴直接引述别人地原话,把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语;⑵用自己的话转述别人的话,这叫间接引语,间接引语相当于一个宾语从句。
(一)主句为过去时态,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态要发生变化。
(二)人称在间接引语中的变化:
直接引语中的人称代词在转化为间接引语时,也要有相应地变化。一般遵循“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”的原则。
原则 说明
一随主 直接引语中出现的第一人称代词要按照引述动词的主语的人称变化。
二随宾 直接引语中出现的第二人称代词要按照引述动词的宾语的人称变化,若引述动词后没有宾语,也可用第一人称。
第三人称不更新 直接引语中出现的第三人称代词一般不需要变化。
(三)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语,动词在间接引语中的变化。
直接引语 间接引语
指示
代词 this that
these those
时间
状语 today that day
this morning/afternoon etc. that morning/afternoon etc.
yesterday the day before/the previous
day
the day before yesterday two days ago
tomorrow the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow two days after
next week/month/year etc. the etc. the following etc.
last week/month/yaer ect. the etc. before the previous
etc.
时间 two weeks/months etc. ago two weeks/months etc. before 直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 状语 now Then
地点
状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
(四)句子结构的变化:
①直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连接词that(也可以省略),同时人称时态,时间状语,地点状语作相应变化。
[ I’ll telephone him this evening ] she said.
改后: she told me that she would telephone him that evening.
Mr Black said [ I made the plan yesterday afternoon ].
改后:Mr Black said that he had made the plan the previous
afternoon.
[ I am living here now. ] she said.
改后:She said that she was living there then.
②直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语是,用whether/if 引导,疑问语序变为陈述语序,同时人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语作相应变化。谓语said通常变为asked。
She asked Tom [ Are you going to Beijing next week
]
改后:She asked Tom wether he was going to Beijing the next week. 若在当地转述,here不必改称为there,come不必改为go;若在当天转述,today,yesterday,tomorrow等也不必改变。 He asked us [ Can I stay here for another two days
]
改后:He asked us if he could stay there for another two days.
③直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,用原来的疑问句引导,疑问语序变为陈述语序,同时人称,时态,时间状语,地点状语作相应变化。
Mary asked me [ Where are you going tomorrow ]
改为:Mary asked me where I was going the next day.
[ Who has broken my mirror
] Yu Min asked.
改为:Yu Min asked who had broken her mirror.
My mother asked me [ How long have you been here
]
改为:My mother asked me how long I had been there.
将来时的表达形式
下列情况中,直接引语变间接引语,时态不变:
(1)直接引语如果陈述的是客观事实,真理谚语,名言警句,习惯性动作,当其变为间接引语时,不管主句用什么时态,间接引语的时态都不
将来时的表达形式
(一)Will/shall do 表达单纯的将来时,时对未来事情发生的一种预见性,可用于说话时才想到或决定的事情,will用于各种人称,而shall仅用于第一人称。
They will be here by eleven. 他们将在11点之前到达这儿。
My son will be back this evening. 我儿子今晚将回来。
She will be twenty next year. 她明年就20岁了。
① Will 可表示根据当时的情况,临时所做的打算。
Mr Wang is ill in hospital.王先生生病住院了。
——Oh! I’ll go and see him。哦,我将去看看他。 ② 表示单纯将来的will通常不用于时间,条件,让步状语从句中,而是用一般现在时代替,而是用一般现在时代替,从句用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow(see是一般现在时态,表示将来)如果明
天见到他,我就告诉他实情。
If引导的条件状语从句使用will时,不表示将来时,而表示意愿。
If you will listen to me,I’ll tell you the truth.(从句中will是情态动词,表示意愿)如果你愿意听我说,我就告诉你实情。
(二)be going to表示将来。
be going to do结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定活安排好要做的事情,还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”不久即将发生的事情。
What are you going to do tonight 今晚你打算做什么
I’m going to watch the basketball game on TV. 我想要看电视上的篮球赛。
It’s going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow. 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。
I’m going to gather some materials about Picasso.我打算搜集有关毕加索的材料。
(三)be to do表示按计划中约定的活按职责,义务,要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to be back by 9 o’clock. 你必须9点以前回来。 be about to do不与具体的表示将来的时间状语连用。
(译)节目将在十分钟之后开演。
(误)The programmer is about to start in ten minutes.
(正)The programmer is going to begin in ten minutes. (四)be about to do表示眼前地未来,不能和at ten,in an hour等时间状语连用,译为“就要做,正要做”。
be about to do . . .when . . .的意思是“正要做. . . .这时. . .”
You’d better fasten your seat belt. The plane is about to take off.
你最好系好安全带,飞机马上就要起飞了。
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
我刚要上床睡觉,这时电话响了。
(五)be doing表将来,当句子涉及确切的计划,明确的意图或成为将来安排好的活动时,可用进行时表将来,这种用法要带一个将来的时间状语。有这种用法的动词有:come/go/leave/stay/arrive/fly/start/travel/walk/ride/drive/take
etc.
She is leaving for Singapore tonight. 她今晚将动身去新加坡。
When are you going off for your holiday 你什么时候起身去度假
His plane is taking off at 9:20,so he must be at the airport by
8:00.