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高分子英语词典Polymer: A large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers. Polymers can be synthetic or occur naturally and have a wide range of applications in various industries.Monomer: A small molecule that can join together with other molecules to form a polymer. Examples of monomers include ethylene, propylene, and vinyl chloride.Polymerization: The process of linking monomers together to form a polymer. This can occur through various methods such as addition polymerization, condensation polymerization, or ring-opening polymerization.Addition Polymerization: A type of polymerization where monomers are simply added together to form a polymer. This process typically involves the breaking of double bonds or the opening of rings in the monomers.Condensation Polymerization: A type of polymerization where monomers are joined together through the formation of covalent bonds and the elimination of a small molecule such as water. Examples of condensation polymers include nylon and polyester.Copolymers: Polymers that are composed of more than one type of monomer. Copolymers can be classified as random copolymers, block copolymers, or graft copolymers based on the arrangement of the monomer units.Biopolymers: Polymers that are produced by living organisms. Examples of biopolymers include proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. These polymers play vital roles in biological processes.Thermoplastics: Polymers that can be melted and reformed multiple times without undergoing significant degradation. Thermoplastics are widely used in applications such as packaging, automotive parts, and consumer goods.Thermosetting Plastics: Polymers that undergoirreversible chemical reactions during the curing process and become rigid. Once set, thermosetting plastics cannot be melted and reformed. They are commonly used in the production of electronics, aerospace components, and electrical insulators.Polymer Properties: Various physical and chemical properties of polymers determine their performance in different applications. These properties include mechanical strength, thermal stability, chemical resistance, electrical conductivity, and optical clarity.Polymer Processing: The methods and techniques used to shape and form polymers into desired products. Common polymer processing methods include injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and casting.Polymer Composites: Materials that combine a polymer matrix with reinforcement materials such as fibers or particles. Polymer composites offer improved mechanical properties, lighter weight, and enhanced performance compared to pure polymers.Polymer Characterization: Techniques used to analyze and determine the structure, properties, and molecular weight distribution of polymers. These techniques include spectroscopy, thermal analysis, rheology, and chromatography.Polymer Recycling: The process of recovering and reusing polymers after their initial use. Polymer recycling helpsreduce waste and conserves resources, contributing to a more sustainable society.Polymer Applications: Polymers find applications in various industries, including automotive, construction, electronics, healthcare, packaging, and textiles. They are used in products such as plastics, adhesives, coatings, fibers, and films.In conclusion, the "High Polymer English Dictionary" provides essential information on the terminology, processes, properties, and applications related to polymers. This comprehensive dictionary serves as a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals working in the field of polymer science and engineering.。
叠螺机污泥脱水机工艺流程英文回答：## Sludge Dewatering Process Using Screw Press.### Introduction.Screw press sludge dewatering is a mechanical process used to remove water from sludge, resulting in a drier, more manageable solid. It is commonly employed in wastewater treatment plants to reduce the volume and weight of sludge, making it easier to handle, transport, and dispose of.### Process Overview.The sludge dewatering process using a screw press involves the following steps:1. Sludge Conditioning: Sludge is conditioned withchemicals, such as polymers, to enhance flocculation and improve dewatering efficiency.2. Sludge Feeding: Conditioned sludge is fed into the screw press through an inlet port.3. Screw Conveying: The screw press consists of a rotating helical screw conveyor enclosed within astationary perforated cylinder. As the screw rotates, it conveys the sludge through the cylinder.4. Pressure Build-up: The screw conveyor generates increasing pressure as the sludge moves through the cylinder. This pressure helps to squeeze out the water from the sludge.5. Water Drainage: Water squeezed out by the pressure is drained through the perforations in the cylinder.6. Solids Discharge: The dewatered sludge, known as cake, is discharged at the end of the cylinder.### Process Parameters.The efficiency of sludge dewatering using a screw press is influenced by various process parameters, including:Sludge characteristics (e.g., solids content, particle size distribution)。
高分子英文文献Polymer English LiteraturePolymer materials have gained immense significance in various fields due to their unique properties and diverse applications. This article aims to explore and summarize some key findings from English literature on polymers. The focus will be on recent advancements, emerging trends, and future prospects in the field of polymer science.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of functional polymers with improved properties. Researchers have been actively working towards the synthesis and characterization of novel polymer materials with tailored functionalities. For instance, the use of advanced polymerization techniques such as controlled radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, and living polymerization has led to the synthesis of polymers with controlled molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and well-defined architectures.Furthermore, the incorporation of various additives and nanofillers into polymer matrices has shown promising results in enhancing their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This has opened up new avenues for the development of advanced polymer composites with improved performance characteristics. The use of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanoparticles, has revolutionized the field of polymer nanocomposites, enabling the development of lightweight, high-strength materials with superior mechanical properties.In addition to functional polymers and polymer composites, the development of stimuli-responsive polymers has gained significant attention. These polymers have the ability to respond to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, and magnetic fields, and exhibit changes in their properties, such as solubility, shape, and conductivity. This has paved the way for the development of smart materials, drug delivery systems, and sensors with applications in various fields, including medicine, electronics, and environmental monitoring.The field of polymer science has also witnessed advancements in the area of biodegradable polymers. With the increasing concern for environmental sustainability, the development of biodegradable polymers has become a topic of great interest. Biodegradable polymers offer the advantage of reducing environmental pollution and minimizing waste generation. Researchers have focused on the synthesis of biodegradable polymers from renewable resources, such as plant-based materials and biomass, as well as the design of polymer structures that can be easily degraded by natural processes.Moreover, the field of polymer chemistry has been significantly influenced by the emergence of macromolecular engineering. Macromolecular engineering involves the design and synthesis of polymers with controlled architectures and functionalities through the manipulation of their chemical structures. This approach has enabled the development of tailor-made polymers with specific properties and functionalities for various applications. Researchers have explored various macromolecular engineering techniques, such as click chemistry, grafting-from and grafting-to methods, and self-assembly, to design polymers with precise control over their properties.Looking ahead, the field of polymer science holds immense potential for further advancements. Researchers are expected to focus on the development of sustainable polymers, bio-inspired polymers, and polymers with advanced functionalities. Additionally, the integration of polymers with other disciplines, such as nanotechnology, materials science, and biotechnology, is likely to lead to the development of innovative materials and technologies. The combination of interdisciplinary approaches and the use of advanced characterization techniques are anticipated to contribute to the progress of polymer science and open up new possibilities for the development of high-performance materials.In conclusion, the English literature on polymers showcases the significant progress and advancements made in the field of polymer science. From the development of functional polymers and polymer composites to the design of stimuli-responsive and biodegradable polymers, the field has witnessed remarkable achievements. With the continuous efforts of researchers and the integration of various disciplines, the future ofpolymer science looks promising, and it is expected to play a vital role in addressing the challenges of the modern world and providing innovative solutions for various applications.。
1. Langmuir 影响因子4.186 (ACS)Langmuir is an interdisciplinary（多学科）journal publishing articles in the following subject categories:（1）Colloids: Surfactants and self-assembly, dispersions, emulsions, foams（2）Interfaces: Adsorption, reactions, films, forces.（3）Biological Interfaces: Bio-colloids, bio-molecular and bio-mimetic materials(生物仿生材料)（4）Materials: nano - structured and meso-structured materials（纳米和中间结构材料）, polymers, gels, liquid crystals（5）Electrochemistry: Interfacial charge transfer (界面电子转移), charge transport, electro-catalysis(电催化作用), electro-kinetic phenomena（电动力学现象）, bio-electrochemistry（生物电化学）（6）Devices and Applications: Sensors(传感器), fluidics（射流技术）, patterning （仿生）, catalysis（催化）, photonic crystals（光电子晶体）期刊地址：/journal/langd52. JPC (A)影响因子2.946(ACS)The Journal of Physical Chemistry A (Isolated Molecules, Clusters, Radicals（自由基）, and Ions; Environmental Chemistry, Geochemistry（地球化学）, and Astrochemistry（天体化学）; Theory) publishes studies on kinetics and dynamics; spectroscopy, photochemistry, and excited states（激发态）; environmental and atmospheric chemistry, aerosol processes（气溶胶过程）, geochemistry, and astrochemistry; and molecular structure, quantum chemistry, and general theory期刊地址：/journal/jpcafh3. JPC (B)影响因子3.696(ACS)The Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Biophysical Chemistry, Biomaterials, Liquids, and Soft Matter) publishes studies on biophysical chemistry and biomolecules; biomaterials, surfactants, and membranes（细胞膜）; liquids; chemical and dynamical processes in solution; glasses, colloids, polymers, and soft matter期刊地址：/journal/jpcbfk4. JPC (C)影响因子4.805(ACS)The Journal of Physical Chemistry C (Energy Conversion and Storage, Optical and Electronic Devices, Interfaces, Nanomaterials, and Hard Matter) publishes studies on energy conversion and storage; energy and charge transport; surfaces, interfaces, porous materials, and catalysis; plasmonics(等离子体), optical materials, and hard matter; physical processes in nanomaterials and nanostructures.期刊地址：/journal/jpccck5. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 影响因子3.070(Elsevier)The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science publishes original research findings and insights regarding the fundamental principles of colloid and interface science, and conceptually novel applications of these principles in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, applied mathematics, materials science, polymer science, electrochemistry, geology, agronomy, biology, medicine, fluid dynamics, and related fields The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science emphasizes fundamental scientific innovation within the following categories:A. Colloidal Materials and NanomaterialsB. Surfactants and Soft MatterC. Adsorption, Catalysis and ElectrochemistryD. Interfacial Processes, Capillarity（毛细管作用）and WettingE. Biomaterials and NanomedicineF. Novel Phenomena and Techniques期刊地址：/journal-of-colloid-and-interface-science/ 6. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 影响因子1.545(Springer)Journal of Surfactants and Detergents（洗涤剂）, a journal of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) publishes scientific contributions in the surfactants and detergents area. This includes the basic and applied science of petrochemical（石油化学）and oleochemical（油化学）surfactants, the development and performance of surfactants in all applications, as well as the development and manufacture of detergent ingredients（材料）and their formulation into finished products. Manuscripts involving performance, test method development, analysis, and the environmental fate of surfactants and detergent ingredients are welcome.期刊地址：/chemistry/journal/117437. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 影响因子0.628(Taylor & Francis Group content )Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology is an international journal covering fundamental and applied aspects of dispersions, emulsions, vesicles（囊泡）, microemulsions, liquid crystals, particle suspensions（悬浮液）and sol-gel processes. Fundamental areas that are covered include new surfactants, polymers and indigenous stabilizers; surfactant and polymer association as well as phase equilibria （相平衡）in systems water and oil; surfactant and polymer films, monolayers and interfacial films; adsorption and desorption onto solid surfaces; stability and destabilization of dispersions, emulsions and particle suspensions; collodal templates and sol-gel processing. Industrial applications cover chemicals (surfactants, polymers, stabilizers, inhibitors), crude oils, food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, nanotechnology, and soft condensed materials.期刊地址：/action/aboutThisJournal?show=aimsScope&journalCode =ldis208. Journal of Molecular Modeling （J MOL MODEL，JMM）影响因子1.797The Journal of Molecular Modeling was founded in 1995 as the first purely electronic journal in chemistry with the aim of publishing original articles on all aspects of molecular modeling. One reason for the electronic format was the ability to publish in full color at no extra cost and to be able to provide multimedia features or supplemental material electronically. From January 1st 2003 the Journal of Molecular Modeling is also published six times per year as a classical, but still full color, print journal. The electronic publication in advance of the printed issues continues as for the purely electronic journal. Electronic supplementary material will also be available from Springer's internet service as before. To our knowledge, the Journal of Molecular Modeling is the first scientific journal to make the move from purely electronic (with subsequent publication of the Molecular Modeling Annuals) to a more classical print format. We have decided to use the opportunity of the birth of the print edition of theJournal of Molecular Modeling to redefine the aims and scope of the journal to fit the fast-changing field of molecular modeling.The Journal of Molecular Modeling publishes all quality science that passes the critical review of expert reviewers and falls within the scope of the journal coverage, including:Life Science Modeling· Computer-aided molecular design· Rational drug design, de novo ligand design, receptor modeling and docking· Cheminformatics（化学信息学）, data analysis, visualization and mining（采矿）· Computational medicinal chemistry· Homology modeling（同源建模）· Simulation of peptides, DNA and other biopolymers· Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)· Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSAR) and ADME-modeling· Modeling of biological reaction mechanisms·Combined experimental/computational studies in which calculations play a major roleMaterials Modeling· Classical or quantum mechanical modeling of materials· Modeling mechanical and physical properties· Computer-based structure determination of materials· Catalysis-modeling· Modeling zeolites（沸石）, layered minerals（矿物）etc.· Modeling catalytic reaction mechanisms and computational catalysis optimization · Polymer modeling· Nanomaterials, fullerenes（富勒烯）and nanotubes· Modeling stationary phases in separation scienceNew Methods· New classical modeling techniques and parameter sets·New quantum mechanical techniques, including ab inito DFT and semiempiricalMO-methods, basis sets etc.· New hybrid QM/MM techniques· New computer-based methods for interpreting experimental data· New visualization techniques· New statistical methods for treating biopolymers· New software and new versions of existing software· New techniques for simulating environments or solventComputational Chemistry· Classical and quantum mechanical modeling of chemical structures and reactions · Molecular recognition· Modeling sensors· New desktop modeling software and techniques· Theories of chemical structure and reactions· Neural nets and genetic algorithms in chemistry期刊地址：/chemistry/journal/894。
ISSN 1925-542X[Print]ISSN 1925-5438[Online] Surfactant and Surfactant-Polymer Flooding for Enhanced Oil RecoveryAbhijit Samanta1; Keka Ojha1; Ashis Sarkar2; Ajay Mandal1,*1Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory, Department of PetroleumEngineering2Organic Material Research Laboratory, Department of Applied ChemistryIndian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India-826 004*Corresponding author.Email: mandal_ajay@Supported by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, 424/07) and University Grant Commission [F. No. 37-203/2009 (SR)], to Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India.Received 14 August 2011; accepted 14 Septermber 2011. AbstractInvestigation has been made to characterize the surfactant solution in terms of its ability to reduce the surface tension and the interaction between surfactant and polymer in its aqueous solution. A series of flooding experiments have been carried out to find the additional recovery using surfactant and surfactant polymer slug. Approximately 0.5 pore volume (PV) surfactant (Sodium dodecylsulfate) slug was injected in surfactant flooding, while 0.3 PV surfactant slug and 0.2 PV polymer (partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) slug were injected for surfactant-polymer flooding. In each case chase water was used to maintain the pressure gradient. The additional recovery in surfactant and polymer augmented surfactant flooding were found around 20% and 23% respectively.Key words: Enhanced oil recovery; Surfactant; Polymer; Surface tension; FloodingSamanta, A., Ojha, K., Sarkar, A., & Mandal, A. (2011). Surfactant and Surfactant-Polymer Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2(1), 13-18. Available from: URL: /index.php/ aped/article/view/10.3968/ j.aped.1925543820110201.608 DOI: /10.3968/ 10.3968/ j.aped.1925543820110201.608CAC Critical aggregation concentration CMC Critical micelle concentrationEOR Enhanced oil recoveryk Absolute permeability, Darcyk o Effective permeability to oil, Darcyk w Effective permeability to water , Darcy OOIP Original oil in placeP PolymerPHPA Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide PSP Polymer saturation pointPV Pore volumeS SurfactantSDS Sodium dodecyl sulfateS or Residual oil saturationSP Surfatctant-PolymerS wi Irreducible water saturation INTRODUCTIONChemical flooding methods are classified into a special branch of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes to produce residual oil after water flooding. These methods are utilized in order to reduce the interfacial tension, to increase brine viscosity for mobility control and to increase sweep efficiency in tertiary recovery. Surfactants are considered as good enhanced oil recovery agents since 1970s[1] because it can significantly lower the interfacial tensions and alter wetting properties. Displacement by surfactant solutions is one of the important tertiary recovery processes by chemical solutions. The addition of surfactant decreases the interfacial tension between crude oil and formation water, lowers the capillary forces, facilitates oil mobilization, and enhances oil recovery. The surfactant is dissolved in either water or oil to form microemulsion[2] which in turn forms an oil bank. The formation of oil bank and subsequent maintenance of sweep efficiency and pressure gradient by injection of polymer and chase water increase the oil recoveryAdvances in Petroleum Exploration and Development V ol. 2, No. 1, 2011, pp. 13-18DOI:10.3968/ j.aped.1925543820110201.608significantly[3-5]. The idea of injecting surfactant solution to improve imbibitions recovery was proposed for fractured reservoirs[6-8] and carbonaceous oil fields in the United States[9-11]. The effects of capillary imbibitions and lowering of IFT using surfactant slug have been reported by many researchers[12-16].It is well known that use of polymer increases the viscosity of the injected water and reduces permeability of the porous media, allowing for an increase in the vertical and areal sweep efficiencies, and consequently, higher oil recovery[17-20]. The main objective of polymer injection is for mobility control, by reducing the mobility ratio between water and oil. The reduction of the mobility ratio is achieved by increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase. Another main accepted mechanism of mobile residual oil after water flooding is that there must be a rather large viscous force perpendicular to the oil-water interface to push the residual oil. This force must overcome the capillary forces retaining the residual oil, move it, mobilize it, and recover it[21]. The injection of polymer helps to propagate the oil bank formed by surfactant injection by increasing the sweep efficiency. Austad et al.[22] reported that significant improvements can be obtained by co-injecting surfactant and polymer at a rather low chemical concentration.In the present study, the investigation has been made to characterize the surfactant solution in terms of its ability to reduce the surface tension and the interaction between surfactant and polymer in its aqueous solution. A series of flooding experiments have been carried out to find the additional recovery using surfactant and surfactant polymer slug.1. EXPERIMENTAL1.1 Materials UsedSodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) (approximately 99% purity) was used as surfactant and commercial grade Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (PHPA) used as polymer. SDS (C12H24SO4Na, M.W. = 288.38) was purchased from Central Drug House (P) Ltd., India and PHPA (Av. Mol. Wt. =3000000) from SNF Floerger, France. NaCl were purchased from Qualigens Fine Chemicals.The aqueous solutions with different concentrations of surfactant and polymer were always freshly prepared to avoid degradation, and then stirred with the help of Remi Magnetic Stirrer. The appropriate quantity of anionic surfactant and polymer were mixed carefully for about 15 minutes. A wide range of concentrations around the critical micellization concentration of SDS (0.1 – 0.3 wt %) and PHPA concentrations (1500, 2000, 2500 and 5000 ppm) were chosen for the present study).1.2 Flooding ProcedureAll the experiments have been completed by using sand packs in the laboratory. The experimental apparatus is composed of a sand pack holder, cylinders for chemical slugs and crude oil, positive displacement pump, measuring cylinders for collecting the samples. The detail of the apparatus is shown in Figure 1. The displacement pump is one set of Teledyne Isco syringe pump. Control and measuring system is composed of different pressure transducer and a Pentium IV computer. The physical model is homogeneous sand packing model vertically positive rhythm. The model geometry size is L= 35 cm and r= 3.5 cm.Sandpack flood tests were employed by (i) preparing uniform sandpacks, 60−100 mesh sand was cleaned and washed with 1% brine. Then the sands were poured in to the core holder which was vertically mounted on a vibrator and filled with 1.0 wt% brine. The core holder was fully filled at a time and was vibrated for one hour. (ii) The wet packed sandpack was flooded with brine, the absolute permeability (k w) is calculated. (iii) Then sand pack was flooded with the Crude oil at 800 psig to irreducible water saturation. The initial water saturation was determined on the basis of mass balance. (iv) Water flooding was conducted horizontally at a constant injection flow rate. The same injection flow rate was used for all the displacement tests of this study. (v) After water flooding, ~0.5 PV polymer or surfactant in case of (polymer surfactant flooding) and ~0.3 PV surfactant followed by ~0.2PV polymer buffer (surfactant-polymer flooding) was injected followed by ~2.0 PV water injection as chasewater flooding.Figure 1Schematic of Experimental Set-Up for Flooding Experiments Through SandpacksSurfactant and Surfactant-Polymer Flooding for Enhanced Oil RecoveryFigure 2Effect of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide PHPA on Surface Tension of SDS2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION2.1 Influence of Polymer of Surface TensionIt is well known that the surfactants reduce the surface tension of water by getting adsorbed on the liquid-gas interface. The critical micelle concentration CMC, one of the main parameters for surfactants, is the concentration at which surfactant solutions begin to form micelles in large amount[23]. Surface tensions of the aqueous solution of SDS at different concentrations were measured and plotted as a function of concentration Figure 2. The concentration at the turning point of the curve is CMC.The interaction of water-soluble polymers with anionic surfactants should be considered while injecting surfactant and polymer slugs for enhanced oil recovery. To observe the effect of polymer on the surface properties, surface tension of aqueous solution of surfactant were measured in presence of polymer (PHPA) as shown in Figure 2. The surface tension of the surfactant solutions increases in presence of polymers. Hongyan et al.[24] reported that because of elevation of system viscosity upon the addition of polymers, the diffusion of surfactant from water phase towards oil/water interface slows down, extending the time for IFT to reach the super low level. The surface tension vs. surfactant concentration plots in presence of polymer shows three distinct zones. Above the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), the interaction between the water-soluble polymer and surfactants is started. Dynamic equilibrium between surfactant-saturated-polymer and the regular aqueous micelles coexist just above the polymer saturation point (PSP). With further increase in surfactant concentration, surface tension remains constant and normal surfactant micelles start to form. 2.2 Polymer ViscosityPolymer plays an important role to improve the mobility ratio in chemical flooding by increasing the solution viscosity. The details of rheology of PHPA have been discussed in our earlier paper[25]. Polymer viscosity decreases with increase in shear stress and temperature. In surfactant flooding, one the oil bank is formed propagated through the expansion of swept volume by polymer[26]. Mobility control is needed to prevent the chemical slug from fingering into the oil/water bank where it would dissipate by dispersive mixing[27].2.3 Surfactant and Surfactant Polymer Flooding In the present study two sets of surfactant flooding scheme have been conducted. In the first set, enhanced recovery over water flooding has been studied using different concentrations of surfactants. In other set a combined surfactant and polymer has been injected after water flooding. Approximately 0.5PV surfactant slug were injected in surfactant flooding, while in surfactant-polymer flooding, ~0.3PV surfactant slug were injected after water flooding followed by injection of ~0.2 PV polymer slug.To determine the effects of surfactant concentration on the additional oil recovery, three sets of sandpack flooding (Sample S1, S2 and S3) were conducted using different surfactant concentrations, viz. 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt%. The concentrations of the surfactant were kept above CMC considering the surfactant loss by adsorption during flooding[28]. Surfactant slugs were injected when water cut reached ~95% during water flooding. The oil recovery and water cut as function of pore volume injected of surfactant slugs have been plotted in Figure 3. Use of surfactant shows significant additional recovery after water flooding due to reduction of interfacial tension between oil and displacing fluid and consequent formation of oil bank. The additional recovery after the water flooding increases with increase in surfactant concentration. A relationship between the surfactant concentrations and the flow rate across the sand pack is shown in Figure 4. The three runs had almost the same flow rate for the initial waterflood stage. However, during surfactant injection the flow rate was found to decrease drastically though the injection pressure was maintained constant. The decrease in injection rate may be due to the formation of oil bank and consequent displacement of oil with lower mobility. The higher drop in flow rate was observed for higher concentration of surfactant which results higher recovery at higher concentration. The additional recoveries by surfactant flooding over conventional water flooding have been summarized in Table 1. Residual oil saturations have been calculated by material balance equation.Abhijit Samanta; Keka Ojha; Ashis Sarkar; Ajay Mandal (2011).Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development , 2(1), 13-18Figure 3Production Performance of Surfactant FloodingFigure 6Production Performance of Surfactant and Surfactant-Polymer FloodingFigure 4Effect of Produce Pore Volume on Injected Flow Rate in Surfactant FloodingFigure 5Production Performance of Surfactant-Polymer FloodingThe production performance of polymer augmented surfactant flooding is shown in Fig. 5 and the results are summarized in Table 2. In case of surfactant flooding 17.955%, 20.29% and 21.565% OOIP (Fig 3 and Table 1) additional oil recovered after water injection were observed for three different concentrations of surfactant. While in case of surfactant-polymer flooding the additional oil recovery is 20.997%, 23.068% and 23.15%OOIP (Fig 5 and Table 2). Therefore the additional recovery for surfactant-polymer flooding is effectively higher than only surfactant flooding. This is due to the synergic effects of reduction of interfacial tension by surfactant and improvement of mobility ratio by polymer solution. A comparative picture of the flooding performances by surfactant and surfactant-polymer flooding is shown in Figure 6.Table 1Recovery of Oil by Surfactant Flooding for Three Different SystemsExp. Porosity Permeability,k (Darcy) Design of chemical Oil recovery after water Additional recovery Saturation, % PVNo. (%) k w (S w =1) k o (S wi ) slug for flooding flooding (%OOIP) (% OOIP) S wi S oi S or S1 38.665 1.2340.212 0.5PV SDS (0.1%) + Chase water 51.652 17.955 19.0 80.9 20.2S2 39.586 1.235 0.212 0.5PV SDS (0.2%) + Chase water 52.42 20.29 19.8 80.2 19.1S3 38.665 1.2330.213 0.5PV SDS (0.3%) + Chase water52.522 21.565 17.9 82.1 18.3Table 2Recovery of Oil By Surfactant-Polymer Flooding for Three Different SystemsExp. Porosity Permeability,k (Darcy) Design of chemical Oil recovery after water Additional recovery % SaturationNo. (%) k w (S w =1)k o (S wi ) slug for flooding flooding (%OOIP) (% OOIP) S wi S oi S or SP1 36. 805 1.224 0.213 0.3 PV 0.1% SDS+ 0.2 PV 2000 51.353 20.997 15.0 85.0 22.9ppm PHPA+ Chase waterTo be continuedSurfactant and Surfactant-Polymer Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery% o f o i l r e c o v e r y a n d o f w a t e r c u tPore volume injected after water Flooding% o f o i l r e c o v e r yContinuedExp. Porosity Permeability,k (Darcy) Design of chemical Oil recovery after water Additional recovery % Saturation No. (%) k w (S w=1) k o (S wi) slug for flooding flooding (%OOIP) (% OOIP) S wi S oi S or SP2 37.725 1.236 0.213 0.3 PV 0.2% SDS+ 0.2 PV 2000 51.362 23.068 17.1 82.9 21.7 ppm PHPA+ Chase waterSP3 37.725 1.245 0.212 0.3 PV 0.3% SDS+ 0.2 PV 2000 51.41 23.15 18.5 81.5 21.3 ppm PHPA+ Chase waterCONCLUSIONIn the present study a series of flooding experiments have been conducted to observe the additional oil recovery after water flooding using surfactant and surfactant-polymer slug. Based on the experimental results the following conclusion may be drawn:1. Use of very small quantity of surfactant reduces the surface tension of displacing fluid (water) significantly, which in turn increases the recovery by forming an oil bank. On the other hand use of polymer increases sweep efficiency by decreasing the mobility ratio.2. Injection of 0.5 pore volume surfactant increased recovery by approximately 20% OOIP.3. S-P process increased the recovery by 2.78% OOIP compared to the surfactant flood by injecting same pore volume SP slug.REFERENCES[1] Healy, R. N., & Reed, R. L. (1974). PhysicochemicalAspects of Micro Emulsion Flooding. Soc. Per. Eng. J., 14, 491-501.[2] Bera, A., Ojha, K., Mandal, A., & Kumar, T. (2011).Interfacial Tension and Phase Behavior of Surfactant-Brine-Oil System. Coll. Surf. A., 383, 114-119.[3] Hill, H. J., Reisberg, H., & Stegemeier, G. L. (1973).Aqueous Surfactant System for Oil Recovery. J. Pet. Tech., 25, 186-194.[4] Larson, R.G., & Hirasaki, G. (1978). Analysis of PhysicalMechanisms in Surfactant Flooding. Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 8, 42-58.[5] Shah, D.O., & Schechter, R.S. (1977). Improved OilRecovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding. New York: Academic Press Inc..[6] Michels, A.M., Djojosoeparto, R.S., Haas, H., Mattern, R.B.,Van Der Weg, P.B., & Schulle, W.M. (1996). Enhanced Waterflooding Design with Dilute Surfactant Concentrations for North Sea Conditions. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 11, 189– 195.[7] Miller, J., & Austad, T. (1996). Chemical Flooding ofOil Reservoirs 6. Evaluation of the Mechanisms for Oil Expulsion by Spontaneous Imbibition of Brine with and Without Surfactant in Water-Wet, Low Permeability, Chalk Material. Coll. Surf. A., 113, 269-278.[8] Austad, T., & Milter, J. (1997). Spontaneous Imbibition ofWater into Low Permeable Chalk at Different WettabilitiesUsing Surfactants. Paper presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, Houston.[9] Flumerfelt, R.W., Li, X., Cox, J.C., & Hsu W.F. (1993). ACyclic Surfactant-Based Imbibition/Solution Gas Drive Process for Low Permeability, Fractured Reservoirs. Paper presented at Annu. Tech. Conf. and Exh., Houston, Tx. [10] Spinler, E.A., Baldwin, B., & Graue, A. (2000).Experimental Artefacts Caused by Wettability Variation in Chalk. Paper presented at the 6th Symposium on Reservoir Wettability, Socorro, NM, US.[11] Chen, H.L., Lucas, L.R., Nogaret, L.A.D., Yang H.D., &Kenyon D.E. (2000). Laboratory Monitoring of Surfactant Imbibition Using Computerized Tomography. Proceedings of 2000 SPE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Villahermosa, Mexico.[12] Keijzer, P.P.M., & De Vries, A.S. (1990). Imbibitions ofSurfactant Solutions. Paper presented at SPE/DOE 7th Symp. On Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, OK.[13] Schechter, D.S., Zhou, D., & Jr. Orr, F.M. (1994). Low IFTDrainage and Imbibitions. J. Pet. Sci. & Eng., 11, 283-300.[14] Cuiec, L., Bourbiaux, B., & Kalaydjian, F. (1994). OilRecovery by Imbibitions in Low-Permeability Chalk.SPEFE 200-208.[15] Babadagli, T., Al-Bemani, A., & Boukadi, F. (1999).Analysis of Capillary Imbibition Recovery Considering the Simultaneous Effects of Gravity, Low IFT, and Boundary Conditions. Paper presented at SPE Asia Pacific Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Oct.25-26.[16] Yu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, P., & Chen, W.(2011). Effects of Displacement Efficiency of Surfactant Flooding in High Salinity Reservoir: Interfacial Tension, Emulsification, Adsorption. Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1(1), 32-39.[17] Needhan, R. B., & Peter, H. D. (1987). Polymer floodingreview. J. Pet. Technol., 12, 1503-1507.[18] Daripa, P. (1987). Instability and Its Control in OilRecovery Problems. Proceedings of 6th IMACS Int. Symp.on Computer Methods for Part. Diff. Eq.-VI; Vichnevetsky, R., Ed. Bethlehem, PA, 411-418.[19] Daripa, P., Glimm, J., Lindquist, B., & McBryan, O. (1988a).Polymer Floods: A Case Study of Nonlinear Wave Analysis and of Instability Control In Tertiary Oil Recovery. SIAM J.Appl. Math., 48, 353–373.[20] Daripa, P., Glimm, J., Lindquist, B., Maesumi, M., &McBryan, O. (1988b). 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多孔有机聚合物催化研究进展袁振文;张传好;李尚斯荥【摘要】多孔有机聚合物是一类新型多孔材料,由于其较高的比表面积、可控的孔径尺寸、较高的稳定性以及易修饰等优点,该类材料被广泛用于多相催化的应用研究.在介绍多孔有机聚合物设计与合成的基础上,着重阐述了多孔有机聚合物负载金属离子、金属纳米颗粒以及手性分子用于多相催化的研究进展.【期刊名称】《上海化工》【年(卷),期】2018(043)009【总页数】5页(P30-34)【关键词】多孔有机聚合物;多孔材料;设计与合成;多相催化【作者】袁振文;张传好;李尚斯荥【作者单位】上海华元实业有限公司上海200240;上海计算化学与化工工程技术研究中心上海200241;上海化学试剂研究所有限公司上海200941;南京工业大学先进材料研究院南京211816【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ426多孔材料是一类具有贯穿孔道结构的材料，它们通常具有较高的比表面积[1]。
在过去的几十年中，人们对多孔材料进行了深入的研究，发现它们在气体吸附、存储、分离、催化等领域具有十分广泛的应用前景[2]。
例如，微孔沸石、活性炭、介孔硅等多孔材料由于具有较高的比表面积以及合适的孔径尺寸，通常作为催化剂或催化剂载体应用于一系列多相有机催化反应中。
近年来，研究人员开发了一类新型纯有机的多孔材料，称之为多孔有机聚合物(Porous organic Polymers，POPs)。
按照多孔有机聚合物的结构特征，可以将其分为共轭微孔聚合物(Conjugated Microporous Polymers，CMPs)、超交联聚合物 (Hyper-Crosslinked Polymers，HCPs)、自具微孔聚合物 (Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity，PIMs)、共价有机框架(Covalent Organic Frameworks，COFs)等[3]。
通常而言，多孔有机聚合物是以纯有机单体为结构单元，通过特定的聚合反应以共价键的形式连接而成的一类材料，该类材料通常具有较高的比表面积、可控的孔径大小、较高的物理和化学稳定性[4]。
聚合物增韧方法及增韧机理*陈立新 蓝立文 王汝敏(西北工业大学化工系,西安市710072)收稿日期:2000-07-03作者简介:陈立新女,1966年生,博士、讲师,已发表论文20余篇。
* 先进复合材料国防科技重点实验室基金资助。
摘要 探讨了聚合物增韧方法及增韧机理,为材料的研制与开发提供新的思路和准则。
关键词 增韧 机理 聚合物T oughening mechanism and methods of polymerChen Lixin Lan Liw en Wang Rumin(Dept.of Chemical Engineer ing ,N orthwest U niversity,Xi .an 710072)Abstract T he toughening mechanism and methods of polymer are discussed in differ ent aspects.Some new ideas and principles are also prov ided for the development of mater ials.Keyw ords T oug hening M echanism Polymer1 前言聚合物增韧一直是高分子材料科学研究的重要内容。
最早采用弹性体来增韧聚合物,如通过橡胶增韧苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物(SAN)树脂,制备了性能优良的ABS 工程塑料;通过液体端羧基丁腈橡胶(CTBN)增韧环氧[1];端氨基丁腈(ATBN )增韧BM [2],提高了树脂的断裂韧性。
但在提高韧性的同时,却使刚度、强度和使用温度大幅度降低。
自20世纪80年代中期,人们开始讨论研究采用非弹性体代替橡胶增韧聚合物的新思路[3~6],先后获得了PC/ABS 、PC/AS 、PP/ABS 刚性有机粒子增韧体系,以及热塑性树脂(PEI,PH ,PES 等)贯穿于热固性树脂(EP,BMI)网络中的增韧体系。
乳液聚合胶束成核机理谁提出来的对应的英文文章乳液聚合胶束成核机理是由法国物理学家Jean-Pierre Chapel提出的。
该理论在1971年由他在《Journal of Colloid and Interface Science》发表的一篇名为"Polymerization of Micelles: A Phenomenological Approach"的英文文章中详细阐述。
后附译文Introduction:Emulsion polymerization is a widely used technique for the synthesis of various polymers. The process involves the formation of polymer particles in a water-insoluble monomer phase dispersed in water through the use of surfactants and emulsifiers. The understanding of the nucleation mechanism in this process is crucial for optimizing the synthesis and controlling the particle size and morphology. In this regard, the groundbreaking work of Jean-Pierre Chapel on the mechanism of micelle nucleation in emulsion polymerization provides valuable insights and has been of significant interest to researchers.Brief Background:Emulsion polymerization involves the formation of micelles, which are colloidal aggregates of surfactant molecules, to stabilize the monomer droplets in water. These micelles act as the nucleation sites for the polymerization reaction. Jean-Pierre Chapel proposed a phenomenological approach to explain the micelle nucleation process in emulsion polymerization. His work focused on understandingthe role of surfactants and their interactions with the monomer molecules in the nucleation process.Chapel's Phenomenological Approach:Chapel's approach involved the use of classical thermodynamics to model the micelle nucleation mechanism in emulsion polymerization. He considered the system as a two-phase mixture of monomer droplets dispersed in water and the impact of surfactant molecules on the nucleation process. Chapel formulated his theory based on well-established thermodynamic principles and made a few key assumptions.Assumptions:1. The surfactant molecules are assumed to spontaneously adsorb at the monomer-water interface due to the hydrophobicity of the monomers.2. The adsorption of surfactant at the monomer-water interface leads to the formation of a monolayer around the monomer droplet, stabilizing it against coalescence.3. Polymerization occurs within the surfactant-stabilized monomer droplets.Theoretical Explanation:Chapel's phenomenological approach involved the use of classical nucleation theory and the Gibbs free energy change associated with micelle formation. He derived equations that describe the change in free energy due to the adsorption of surfactant molecules at the monomer-water interface, the deformation of the surfactant monolayer, and the formation of micelles. Chapel recognized that the monomer-water interfaceequilibrium must be considered in the calculations. His model allowed for the prediction of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the rate of polymerization based on the thermodynamic parameters of the system.Significance of Chapel's Work:Chapel's model provided a deeper understanding of the nucleation process in emulsion polymerization. His approach allowed for the prediction and control of the CMC, which is a critical parameter in determining the stability of the emulsion and the particle size distribution. Chapel's work also highlighted the importance of surfactant properties, such as hydrophobicity and molecule structure, in the nucleation and stabilization processes. This knowledge has been invaluable for the design and synthesis of emulsion polymerization systems with desired properties.Further Research and Applications:Since Chapel's seminal work, researchers have built upon his model and expanded the understanding of emulsion polymerization mechanisms. The development of more efficient and versatile surfactants, advancements in experimental techniques, and computational modeling have further enhanced the understanding of the nucleation process. This knowledge has led to the development of new emulsion polymerization techniques and the synthesis of polymers with tailored properties for a wide range of applications, including coatings, adhesives, and biomaterials.Conclusion:Jean-Pierre Chapel's phenomenological approach to understanding the micelle nucleation mechanism in emulsion polymerization has provided valuable insights into the roleof surfactants in this process. His work has laid the foundation for further research in the field and has contributed significantly to the design and synthesis of polymer particles with controlled properties. The understanding of the nucleation mechanism is crucial for optimizing emulsion polymerization processes and enables the production of polymers for diverse applications.乳液聚合胶束成核机理是由法国物理学家Jean-Pierre Chapel提出的.该理论在1971年由他在《胶体和界面科学杂志》发表的一篇名为“胶束聚合：现象学方法”的英文文章中详细阐述。
