A Valediction Forbidding Mourning

Lecture 6The 17th CenturyThe Period of Revolution and Restoration(II)John Donne ---A V alediction: Forbidding MourningI. Teaching Aims1. The literal meaning of the poem2.The theme3.The imagery4. The unity of the form and the contentII. Key Points:The imageryIII. Difficulties:The metaphorsIV. Teaching methods:1.Direct Method & Communicative Method2.Authorware PresentationV. Teaching Procedures:1.Check the assignment2.Authorware Presentation.3.Read the poem and explain3.1 The reasoning process in the nine quatrains(see Textbook)The theme: The wholeness, oneness and unity of love.The style---The regular form go well with the loyalty of love.The other aspect (cf. Song)of Donne---loyal and serious to love .4.The circle imagery on three levels4.1Theme---Traveling Modestarting ---destination---ending(the starting and the ending points coincide to make a circle) 4.2 Structure---The beginning and the ending echo with circle imagesThe beginning : a virtual circle image---dying(living)-death-rebirth(活-死-活)---endless, eternal4.3 Specific images: gold beaten to extreme thinness to form a circle without the circumference5.The attribute of a circle?Endless, constant, cyclical(无始无终, 连绵不绝, 周而复始)---wholeness, oneness and unity of love6. Discussion1.The circle imagery and the metaphorical meaning2. Why is the form regular?VI. HomeworkGet ready for the mid-term exam.References :1. 李正栓等, 英国文学学习指南, 北京: 清华大学, 20002. Encyclopedia Britannica V ol 33.卞之琳.卞之琳译文集[C].合肥：安徽教育出版社，2000.4.T. S. Eliot. The Metaphysical poets[A]. In William R. Keast (ed.) Seventeen Century English Poetry[C] . OUP , 1962.。

约翰·多恩《别离辞·莫悲伤》JOHN DONNE (1572-1631)A V ALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNINGAs virtuous men pass mildly away, 正如有德行的人安详别逝And whisper to their souls, to go, 轻声向灵魂辞安Whilst some of their sad friends do say, 悲伤的友人或伤逝"The breath goes now," and some say, "No:" 叹其气，绝其魂，亦有说不然So let us melt, and make no noise, 就让我们轻声说话，不要喧哗，No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move; 不要泪涌如潮，不要凄声哀鸣；'Twere profanation of our joys 那是对我们欢乐的亵渎，To tell the laity our love. 让俗人知道我们的爱。

Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears; 地动带来伤害，叫人害怕，Men reckon what it did, and meant; 人们推其为断其意But trepidation of the spheres, 天体震动，虽然威力更大Though greater far, is innocent. 却对什么都没有损伤。

Dull sublunary lovers' love 乏味的凡情俗爱(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit （感官为上）最忌Absence, because it doth remove 别离，因为情人分开，Those things which elemented it. 爱的根基就会破碎支离。

1. Beowulf赏析英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。

1反映当时部落社会的面貌。

背景取自欧洲。

2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。

政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。

3历史事实+神话传说。

主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。

自我牺牲精神。

爱护臣民。

有责任感。

简洁明快。

头韵。

隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。

2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。

头韵诗。

2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。

2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。

以重读音节为基础的韵律。

每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。

语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。

反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。

Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。

他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。

他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。

3. Chaucer特点“英国诗歌之父”。

人文主义。

现实主义。

明快、诙谐。

伦敦方言创作。

首创heroic couplet。

钟情于中世纪的文学形式。

第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。

一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。

一方面又以现实的态度思考。

1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。

反对滥用宗教教义。

人物：个人与社会关系的主题。

突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。

幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。

人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。

押尾韵。

八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。

4. Canterbury Tales赏析现实主义。

但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。

轻松、欢快文艺复兴的先驱。

On John Donne’s A Valediction: Forbidding MourningBy AnnieA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is a magnificent poem written in 1611 by John Donne, one of famous Elizabethan poets. It’s said that John Donne wrote it to his wife as a farewell speech when he was about to travel to France and Germany. The poem tenderly comforts the speaker's lover at their temporary parting, asking that they separate calmly and quietly, without tears or protests. The speaker justifies the desirability of such calmness by developing the ways in which the two share a holy love, both sexual and spiritual in nature. Donne treats their love as sacred, elevated above that of ordinary earthly lovers. He argues that because of the confidence the ir love gives them, they are strong enough to endure a temporary separation.The most outstanding linguistic feature of this poem is its innovative metaphysical conceit. As we know, in English literature conceit is generally associated with the 17th century metaphysical poets, an extension of contemporary usage. In the metaphysical conceit, metaphors have a much more purely conceptual, and thus tenuous, relationship between the things being compared. Helen Gardner observed that “a conceit is a comparison whose ingenuity is more striking than its justness” and that “a comparison becomes a conceit when we are made to conce de likeness while being strongly conscious of unlikeness.”Reading through the whole poem, it’s not difficult to find there is bizarre and unexpected imagery and symbolism used by Donne. At the beginning of this poem, the poet compared his departing with his lover to the death of the noble man. “As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls, to go”. As a virtuous man dies, he knows that he has reconciled himself to God and will therefore be accepted into heaven. Thus he dies in peace and calm, and the people surrounding him at his deathbed are sad, but not anguished. In the same way, when two virtuous lovers part, there is no pain, because they know that each will be true to the other, even when they are apart. The people surrounding the dying man are quiet partly so as not to disturb him. In the same way, Donne said that too much outward show of emotion on the part of one lover would just disturb the other. He presented his own opinion of departing for the first time in this poem: true love can endure the trial of departing. And the departing between lovers should be calm and peaceful, “So let us melt, and make no noise”, because true love is built on the communication of the two souls but not on physical connection. Although departing is bitter, the souls of the two have melt together. They should separate from each other by making no noise and not explain love by tear-flood and sigh-tempest just as the laity do.In the third stanza, the poet used two peculiar images to describe the difference between true love and love of the laity. To the common people, separation with the lovers is like the moving of the earth, which means the end of everything including love. The poet compared the departing between true loves to the movement of the celestial bodies. Although its influence is bigger than the moving of the earth, it is mysterious.In the sixth stanza, “A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat”.Here we may find the important symbolism of gold. The poet used the properties of gold as a symbol to tell the reader that gold is very malleable which means it can be beaten to airy thinness. It is also the most precious of all the metals, the least reactive of all metals, which ties in with Donne's placing of the lovers above the emotional “laity”. In terms of alchemy, gold is also the most noble metal, and the most difficult to destroy.Finally, “A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning” ends with one of Donne's most famous metaphysical conceit, in which he argued for the lovers' closeness by comparing their two souls to the feet of a drawing compass. The two lovers are likened to the two points of a compass. At first it seems ridiculous, but Donne showed how it made sense. As far as we know, a compass has two legs. When we are drawing a circle, one leg of the compass is standing on one location and the other turn around the standing one until it come back to the starting point. The poet used the very feature of the compass to describe the true love. The lovers are dependent on each other, and as long as they cooperate with each other perfectly, can they draw the circle that stands for perfect love. At the same time, the poet explained the main idea of this poem more clearly: departing is not the end of love buy the evaporation of the love’s emotions.。

Metaphor used in A Valediction: Forbidding MourningAs one of the seventeenth century poets, John Donne, the precursor of the metaphysical poetry, is well known for his unexpected metaphor, usually called conceit. Sometimes the employing of distinctive metaphor makes his poems obscure and bizarre. However, it is witty and ingenious metaphor that turns abstract concept into concrete one and attracts readers to go deep into the theme. In the poem A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne reveals his insights on the condition of human love and its relationship to the soul by employing unexpected metaphors. He metaphorically eulogizes spiritual love and soul unit of lovers in spite of physical distance.At the beginning of the poem, Donne shows the parallel between a positive way to meet death and a positive way to separate from lovers. When the virtuous man died, he whispered his soul to go. The death of the man and the departure of the lovers are not the ending but the beginning of a new cycle. The common lover usually sorrowful when they depart from each other, but the poet and his lover will "make no noise, no tear-floods, nor sigh-tempes t move”. Here Donne compares the death of the virtuous man with the departure of the lovers. They share some similarities in two points: on the first level, it refers to the separation of the dying man from the world or his intimate people in the world and the separation of the lovers; on the second level, it refers to the separation of body from soul. The soul of the dying man is apart from his body to get the union with another world, heaven or God. As for the lovers, they can achieve the spiritual union after their souls are separated from bodies. Although they separate physically, their souls still get together. In the third and fourth lines of the first stanza, the sad friends are incapable of detecting the exact moment of death. This may be resulted fr om their anxiety and affection, but “it is obviously the first and literal meaning” (Allen, 1953:70). In fact, it implies that the sad friends do not understand the spiritual world of the virtuous man, or laity cannot understand the spiritual love between the poetry and his lover. “……man at the moment of death, lovers at the moment of spiritual union……beyond the understanding of the “laity”who have not had these ultimate experiences” (Allen, 1953:70). So the poet does not want the laity to know their spiritual love because this will profane the joy of love.In the three stanzas there is a complex comparative relationship. The element of the earth is introduced. It is acknowledged that earthquakes are omens of misfortune because of their potential to bring inevitable devastation to the land. The departure of secular lovers is likened to “moving of th’earth”---the earthquake. The secular lovers feel sorrowful when they are separated as if men are fearful about the damages of earthquakes. Here it refers to the physical love of secular lovers. However, when it comes to the poet and his lover, spiritual love between them is viewed in a different light by employing the “trepidation of the spheres”, which metaphorically refers to the departure of the poet and his lover. The “trepidation of the spheres” cannot bring harms to the land as the spheres are extremely far away from the earth. It implies that separation between the poet and his lover cannot bring sorrow to them in that there is a great gap between spiritu al love and physical love of secular lovers. “Trepidation, though a much more violent motion than an earthquake, is neither destructive norsinister” (M. Logan 1248). The “trepidation of the spheres” is more violent than “moving of th’earth” implies that spiritual love is greater than physical love.In the last three stanzas the poet turns his concentration from spiritual love to physical love. Donne’s most famous metaphysical conceit is introduced.The two separate lovers are likened to the legs of “geometer’s compass” (Yang 240). The image is said to be “the ingenious and playful though nonsensical conceit” (Chen 224). “The metaphor is apt if the readers take into account the fact that the compass is a emblem of firmness and perfection of love”(Chang 78). Without the firmness of the fixed point, he would be unable to complete the journey and make the circle just. We can see that the poet takes compass as the symbol of the perfection of his love. He proves the point by drawing the circle with the compass. The legs of the compass move together as the two souls in love do, and part and unite as one of these “roams” to draw but always “come home” on finishing its job. The last stanza also emphasizes the position of women. Men “obliquely run”. Donne compares his wife as standing and leaning firm in center and himself as the roaming leg eager to get back to the end of the circle. The poem ends with the image of a circle, implying the union of two souls in a love relationship. This perfection is attained by parting at the beginning of the circle and reuniting at the point where the curves reconnect. The circle in the “Valediction” represents the journey during which two lovers endure the trial of separation, as they support each other spiritually, and eventually merge in a physically and spiritually perfect union.To sum up, in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne expresses his deep understanding on love in his metaphysical wring style. Instead of physical love, he emphasizes spiritual love. Although two l overs’ bodies are separated due to long distance, they can also achieve spiritual union. Donne employs surprising metaphor effectively to convey his ideas, not only thought-evoking, but also striking.Works CitedGeorge, M. Logan. The Norton Anthology of English Literature from 1600 to 1700.York: W.W. Norton, 2006.Tate, Allen. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Jr, Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. 常耀信(Chang Yaoxin). 英国文学简史. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008.陈嘉(Chen Jia). 英国文学史. 北京：商务印书馆，1999.杨周翰(Yang Zhouhan). 英国文学名篇选注. 北京：商务印书馆，1983.浅谈《别离辞：节哀》中的隐喻修辞作为一个诗人,约翰·多恩于十七世纪,玄学派诗歌的先导,他以令人意想不到的隐喻修辞的运用而著称,这种隐喻通常被称为幻想。

Term Paper—— A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning by John DonneA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is one of the most typical and well-known poems of John Donne’s poems. It is a well-organized poem with elaborate conceits, condensed meanings and numerous dramatic contrasts. In the winter of 1611, the poet left for a journey and written this poem to his wife Ann More. In this poem, the poet cleverly uses a series of analogies step by step in order to revel the theme that true love between them can only be deepened rather than faded because of separation and tells us what is true love.John Donne is one of the representatives of English Metaphysical poetry in the early 17th century. He elucidates love and religion in an unconventional and intellectual way which makes him the symbol of Metaphysical. He is also called as a typical example of “uniting thoughts and feelings” by T.S. Eliot. He was born in a Catholic family, London. He was unconventional and unrestrained when he was young. While there were extreme strong anti-Catholic trends at that time, so his family was not favorable for Donne. Although he went to both Oxford and Cambridge for education and he did well, he did not receive any degree because of his family background and Catholic belief. Fortunately, there was hardly no hitch in his later official career until he secretly married with Ann More, the niece of Lady Egerton and was thrown into prison by Ann’s father. After many years in jail, in searching for secular reputation and raising his family, he had to convert from Catholic which he believed in from birth to Anglicanism and began writing poems. On account of his peculiar experience and wisdom, he has distinctive cognition on love, religion and life, which expands his creation of sermons and devotional poems. As a pioneer of Metaphysical, he adds novel and strange metaphors, dramatic structure, vivid embellishment and scientific discoveries into his poms, which make Donne’s poetries filled with philosophy and personal emotion. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is the most typical poems of John Donne’s poems.This poetry is divided into nine stanzas.In the first two stanzas, the poet compares the love between himself and his lover to “As virtuous men pass mildly away”, persuading his beloved to keep herself calm. He holds that their farewell should be as mild as the uncomplaining deaths of the virtuous men. “And some say, ‘No'” seems to convey the truth that he is forced to leave away from his lover Ann. And, he writes this poem to tell her that there is no need to feel sad for the farewell. As virtuous men die imperturbably and mildly, they also should leave without “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests”. Thepoet wants to publicly declare their love and avoids laity’s profanation. He separates this love from the ordinary love of laity.In the third stanza, in order to emphasize the distinction of their love, the poet uses the image of earthquake and trepidation of the spheres. He points out that when the earthquake happens, it brings “harms and fears” to human beings, but when the spheres experience “trepidation”, no matter how great the impact is, it is also harmless.In the latter two stanzas, the poet reckons that the love between “dull sublunary lovers” cannot survive any separation, because it is based on the sense. Once they leave each other, they are not able to see, kiss, touch and care about each other and the love between the laity will soon fade away. While the true love the poet shares with his lover is so “Inter-assured of the mind” that they do not care so much about the absence of “eyes, lips, and hands”, they can always feel that their souls are tied together. In this metaphor, the poet declares that owing to that the lovers’ two souls are one, his departure will only expand the area of the unified soul, rather than cause a separation between them.In the sixth stanza, the poet employs a different metaphor that the love between them is something just “like gold” literally. Even though he must go, their souls are still like one. In reality, they are even not undergoing the separation, instead, they are experiencing the “expansion” of their love just like the same way that gold is being stretched to “aery thinness”, never be broken. The love is analogous to the beat gold, and it is fulfilled with persistence and constancy.In the following three stanzas, the poet eventually uses the well-known analogy of the compass. The compass (the instrument that used for drawing circles) is the perfect image to encapsulate the value of the poet’s spiritual and true love, which is symmetrical, balanced, intellectual, and beautiful in its polished simplicity. He compares a long-distance husband and a stay-at-home wife to the two feet of a compass: his beloved one’s soul is the fixed foot in the center, keeping still and his soul is the foot that always move around his beloved’s. Only when the center foot remains stable can the outer foot draw a perfect circle. The poet clearly demonstrates the sharpness of his wit and gives us his view. Perfect love is the result of the joint efforts of both people. The “circle” here in this poem is not only a hint of the happy ending of their love, but also represents the perfection of the soul and the eternity of life.The mentioned nine stanzas of this poetry seem that it is quite simple compared to many poems of John Donne’s. Compared with this poem, most poetries that written by Donne are composed of strange metrical patterns, and overlaid jarringly on regular rhyme schemes. However, in this poem, each four-line stanza is quite unadorned, with an ABAB rhyme scheme and an iambic tetrameter meter.Here, l would like to give some of my humble commentaries after chewing this poem thoroughly:A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is one of John Donne’s most renowned and simplest poems. It is may be also his most direct expression and statement of his ideal and spiritual love. The styles of Donne’s love poems can be divided into two groups. In the first group, he eulogizes the passion of true love, while in the other group, he conveys his doubts and worries about the romantic relationship between lovers. This poem belongs to the first group. It sings how persistent and constant the true love is. And it praises the love between Ann and Donne to a great extent in peculiar. In his other poems, sometime Donne adds erotic carnality in them, such as The Flea. Compared with these two poems, we can figure out that he professed a devotion to the mentioned kind of spiritual love that transcended over the physical. When the poet goes though a physical separation from his wife, he expects that the “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests” that might happens when they have to leave each other can be avoided when speaks of the spiritual love. I supposed that the poem is a combination of series of metaphors and comparisons in essence. The poet uses them to describe different methods to view the separation that will help him and his beloved to avoid the mourning and sorrow.Just like many of Donne’s love poems including The Sun Rising and The Canonization, this poem defines a boundary between the common affair of the ordinary people and world and the uncommon, special love between himself and his wife, Ann. Taking the background of the poet’s marriage in to consideration, he was sent to the jail due to the secret marriage with a young girl with distinctive religion faith and born in a family with discrepant religion background. They should not be allowed to married with each other in that time, and their marriage was not popular among people of that time. In a word, his spiritual, true love was challenged by the common love and secular sort, which made him an outcast. So, here in this poem, the poet claims that to tell the laity or the common people who were disapproving of his love: he is definitely contemptuous of the “dull sublunary love” of other ordinary lovers, and his love should not be profane in others’ eyes. In the comparison of himself and his wife to the two feet of the compass, although some people think it is not suitable, and even cold and mechanical for love poems, it shows the specific characteristics of the poem and the love value of the poet that makes them unparalleled and incomparable. To some extent, his emotional is similar in form to the political aristocracy but utterly opposed to it in spirit. As a aristocrat, Donne conveys the spiritual love of the spheres and the compass, which few aristocrats can have access to. As far as l am concerned, the ingenious analogy shows the poet’s intellectual strain instead of the conceit. It is not a display of ingenuity, instead, it is a profound understanding of the world and of life. And it is why A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning attracts me so deeply.Poetry is a kind of exquisite literature and art. Many scholars and readers with cultural connotation like poetry. Now people are paying more and more attention to the study of English. When we learn English, we should also have a certain understanding of English poetry. In Chinese literature, poetry has made great achievements, and in English literature, poetry is also rich and colorful. achievement. Among the many language arts, the highest form of expression is poetry, but if we only know the practical English, if we only learn some English such as business English and legal English, it will not help English.If you don’t know anything about English poetry, it will be a great regret, and it will also affect the development and improvement of the aesthetic ability of English poetry. Learning English without understanding English poetry is not only a regret from an aesthetic point of view , And from the perspective of learning English, if you don’t learn some English poetry, your English proficiency will not be improved.For exemple, Poetry features: The whole poem consists of 4 verses, which can be divided into two levels: 1-3 verses are the first level. In the woods, "I" faces two roads, and after thinking, I decided to choose an inaccessible road. At this level, the poet described that choosing the path of inaccessibility is not sloppy, but experienced a complicated psychological process. At this level, the poet described that choosing the path of inaccessibility is not sloppy, but experienced a complicated psychological process. Describes "I" standing at a fork in the road, regretting not being able to dabble in two roads at the same time, "I stood there for a long time", writing "I" hesitation and long-term thinking: a road is smooth and smooth, and you can see it The end of the road; and the other road is lonely and desolate, full of tempting exploration, but "infinite beauty is in the dangerous peak", "I" finally chose the road with less people, let the other road be left for the future This is obviously a kind of self-consolation after the author makes his choice, because "I know that the path is endless, / I'm afraid I can't return", although so, but still no return. Section 4 is the second layer, which is the sigh of the author after many years, "I chose the one with fewer people, / since then decided the path of my life."This tells us that a person's life is faced with countless choices, and each choice will have an important impact on life; how a person's life is spent depends on what choice he makes at the fork in his life. The choice is different. Destiny will be different.One of Frost’s greatest characteristics in poetic style is simplicity, imposing meaning, and deep thinking and philosophy in the plain content and concise poetry. This poem is a model in this respect. The language of this poem is simple and natural, but it is very clever in conception.This poem is a model in this respect. The language of this poem is simple and natural, but it is very clever in conception. It is not difficult to see that the fork in the poem is a symbol of the fork in life. It shows that in the journey of life, we often have to choose between two roads, two thoughts, or two actions. Different choices will determine different directions in life. Whenfaced with choices, we often become hesitant, weigh up and down, and make up our minds. In the end, we will choose one of them. This poem depicts a person facing a choice and his mentality when making a choice. As for the specific content of the choice, he has not written it. The poet's focus is on the choice itself. Every reader can discover his life experience in this poem and appreciate the philosophy. Because this poem has rich connotation, it leaves the reader with room for imagination, which is touched and triggers deep thinking. This kind of complex psychological experience that everyone has had was sensitively captured by Frost and written as a popular masterpiece. I chose a barren road, experienced pain and suffering, and constantly recalled the unselected road during the journey. "If I take that unselected path, maybe I won't be so painful?" The poet wrote all kinds of confusion and melancholy in the long road of life. The whole poem didn't point out the final ending after the poet chose that path, only said "And that has made all the difference"...This man is from New England and is contemporary with Edgar Lee Masters. He finally failed to become a first-rate poet, perhaps because he was too isolated and obscure in his adult age, or because of his lack of character, hesitant to respond to the times, and many picks. He was very interested in Zola and Hardy at first, wanted to write novels, and later tried; failed; gradually separated from the novel, and formed his own poetic style in the process of pondering. For him, it was a painful and aggrieved process. Although his first collection of poems was published at his own expense as early as 1896, it was only as late as the 1920s that people blamed him. At that time, his achievements were already considerable, winning three Pulitzer Prizes before and after. Perhaps this fact is enough to explain why he didn't really make it. He has not changed much in the past two decades. With the interest of ordinary readers, he cannot accept other "modern" poets at this time, but he can already generally accept his poems. His sad, thoughtful, and pessimistic poems are similar to those of Xi Jian, but much better. He had many poems in the early days. He wrote people who were lonely, willful, at a loss, and lack of security. The writing was extremely meticulous, and sometimes he could get the true fun of the simple spoken language of New England.Richard Cory- Edwin Arlington Robinson -" The Children Of The Night " 理查.珂利Whenever Richard Cory went down town, 每当理查.珂利走进闹市We people on the pavement looked at him: 我们,街上的人,两眼瞪圆He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 他从头到脚都是地道的绅士Clean favored, and imperially slim. 潇洒纤瘦,风度翩翩And he was always quietly arrayed, 他衣着永远淡雅素净,And he was always human when he talked; 他谈吐永远文质彬彬,But still he fluttered pulses when he said, 当他向人问好,人们不禁"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked. 怦然心动,他走路光彩照人And he was rich - yes, richer than a king - 他有钱---是的,富比王侯And admirably schooled in every grace; 令人钦佩的读遍各种学问In fine we thought that he was everything 总而言之,他是无所不有,To make us wish that we were in his place. 谁都盼望有他的福份So on we worked, and waited for the light, 我们苦干,等着福光降临And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; 整月没肉吃,面包讨人嫌And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, 而理查.珂利,在宁静的夏夜Went home and put a bullet through his head. 回家朝自己脑袋放一颗子弹The wealth and talent a person has are not proportional to his happiness. Many people work hard to become the people of the upper class, but who knows that the people of the upper class are also sad in their own world. The main reason is to explain this truth... It is said that this poem originated from a personal experience of Williams as a doctor: one day, he stood in the ward, lying next to a critically ill young girl, unconscious, hovering on the line of life and death. At this point, Williams looked out the window and saw a red wheelbarrow parked under the breeding. So there was this poem. "This short and powerful poem is unique in form. If we restore this poem to an independent sentence, that is: so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. We will find this sentence very strange. First of all, it lacks a subject, it does not convey to us what is so much depends upon, which seems to imply that this is possible, and that the poet consciously created an imaginary space, that is, all Possibilities are contained in personal interpretation.。