2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:医学类(4)
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医学考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解(共40分,每题5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出最佳选项。
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of sleep for health.B. The effects of sleep deprivation.C. The benefits of a regular sleep schedule.D. The relationship between sleep and memory.2. According to the author, what is the best way to improve sleep quality?A. Taking a nap during the day.B. Exercising regularly.C. Avoiding caffeine before bedtime.D. Using a white noise machine.3. What does the study mentioned in the passage suggest about the impact of sleep on memory?A. Sleep is essential for consolidating new memories.B. Lack of sleep can lead to memory loss.C. Sleep helps to improve creativity.D. Sleep has no effect on memory.4. What is the author's opinion on the use of sleeping pills?A. They are effective for short-term use.B. They should be used only as a last resort.C. They can cause addiction.D. They are not recommended at all.5. Which of the following is NOT a tip for improving sleep hygiene?A. Limiting screen time before bed.B. Drinking alcohol to help fall asleep.C. Creating a relaxing bedtime routine.D. Keeping a consistent sleep schedule.二、完形填空(共20分,每题2分)阅读下面的短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出最佳选项填入空白处。
正文:2017年考研英语二阅读理解text41. 背景介绍2017年考研英语二阅读理解text4是国内外高校研究生考试的一部分内容,是考生们在备考过程中需要重点关注的一部分。
此次阅读理解主要涉及的内容为关于心理学领域的文本,考查考生对心理学相关知识的理解和应用能力。
2. 文本内容这篇文本主要讲述了心理学和神经科学的关系,以及它们在研究认知功能方面的应用。
其中详细介绍了神经科学在揭示认知功能的机制上所取得的一些重要进展,以及心理学如何从这些进展中受益。
文中还对认知心理学的研究方法和技术进行了探讨,以及对心理学和神经科学未来发展的展望。
3. 文本特点这篇文章在语言表达方面要求较高,涉及的专业词汇和句式较多,对考生的英语阅读能力有一定的挑战。
文章的逻辑结构较为复杂,需要考生具备较强的逻辑推理和信息归纳能力。
对考生的阅读能力和专业知识要求较高。
4. 应试建议为了更好地备战2017年考研英语二阅读理解text4,考生们可以采取以下策略:- 增加英语阅读量,提高阅读速度和理解能力。
可以多读一些相关领域的英文文献或资料,以提高对文本的理解和分析能力。
- 注重积累专业词汇,提高对专业术语的识别和运用能力。
可以通过单词书、词汇卡片等方式进行词汇的扩充和记忆。
- 注重逻辑推理能力的培养,提高信息归纳和总结能力。
可以多做一些逻辑推理和信息分析的训练题,提高解决问题的能力。
5. 总结2017年考研英语二阅读理解text4是一篇专业性较强的心理学文本,考查考生的英语阅读能力、专业知识和逻辑思维能力。
考生们在备战考试时需要充分认识到文本的特点,并采取有效的备考策略进行练习和提高。
希望考生们能够在考试中取得优异的成绩,实现自己的考研梦想。
由于上面提到的2017年考研英语二阅读理解text4的专业性和难度较大,接下来我们将继续扩写这篇文章,重点在于分析文本的具体内容、解读核心观点和继续提供备考建议。
6. 文本分析在2017年考研英语二阅读理解text4中,特别强调了神经科学和心理学的关系,以及它们在研究认知功能方面的应用。
2017考研英语二阅读真题及答案【4】Text 3Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year。
After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn’t it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic。
But while this may be true,it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years。
There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career。
But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:哲学类(2)暑期集训来了,如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。
这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。
英语方面的复习,大家要持续性背单词,阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习,总结方法技巧,活学活用。
下面凯程在线和大家分享哲学类的阅读模拟题,大家不妨集中练习,提升阅读速度和做题技巧。
In this week's Nature,a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,Germany,have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa,and shown that chimps can,indeed,do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural“complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups,yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture,it is difficult to think what is.The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive,which are learnt by individuals in isolation (and so are not cultural,because not copied from others) and which are culturally transmitted (by animals copying one another)。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:哲学类(4)暑期集训来了,如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。
这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。
英语方面的复习,大家要持续性背单词,阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习,总结方法技巧,活学活用。
下面凯程在线和大家分享哲学类的阅读模拟题,大家不妨集中练习,提升阅读速度和做题技巧。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:哲学类(4)Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations lead to family instability.They believe that those regulations,which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants,contribute to the problem of family dissolution.Thus,they conclude that expanding the set of families that can eligibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.If all poor families could receive welfare,would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipients.The first is the“cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family,but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood.The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who,sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter,leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance.There is very little evidence that these two types are significant.The third type is the unhappily married couple,who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children,because of the high costs of separation,or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.This group is large.The formation,maintenance,and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage.Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital,a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage.Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society,such as division of property,and child support.Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners‘social-economic group.Expected income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution.To the extent that welfare is a form of government-subsidized AFDC payments,it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children.So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods,but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage.Rather,welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government-subsidized payments.1.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?[A] Welfare restrictions do not contribute to low-income family instability.[B] The most significant kind of welfare recipients is not the“cheating”father.[C] The divorce rate is bound to fall when welfare benefits are cut.[D] Government welfare payments lead directly to growing divorce rate.2.The tone of the passage can best be described as____.[A] confident and optimistic[B] scientific and detached[C] discouraged and alarmed[D] polite and sensitive3.All of the following are mentioned by the author as factors tending to sustain a marriage EXCEPT____.[A] the social class of the married couple[B] the cost involved in divorce[C] the loss of property upon divorce[D] the greater consumption possibilities of married people4.With which of the following statements about marriage would the author most likely agree?[A] Marriage is largely shaped by powerful but impersonal economic and social forces.[B] Marriage has a greater value to higher income groups.[C] Society has no interest in encouraging people to remain married to one another.[D] Marriage will gradually give way to other forms of social organization.5.The passage would most likely be found in a____.[A] basic economics text[B] book on the history of welfare[C] religious literature on the importance of marriage[D] scholarly journal devoted to public policy questions参考答案:1.[A] 文章第一段先引出对现行福利政策持批评态度的人的观点,他们认为现行政策引起了家庭的分裂。
2017考研英语阅读理解精读P20—医学Passage 20I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade,it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel,and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So,as a neuroscientist,I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.The first question I must answer is:“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First,let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis,but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion,that it gives a scientific,rather than a superstitious,answer to the question of how best to lead a happy,fulfilled life.1 would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life,but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact,psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion,it is just another religion.This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions,truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who,in their turn,pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science,on the other hand,truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction,they show the law to be false.A new experimental result,or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results,can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot,in principle,be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts,and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred,but they are definitely mysteries.Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course,that doesn’t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were,religion would come out way ahead.1. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist[D]purely imaginary and impractical2. According to the author,psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs3. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients4. Which of the following is a science according to the author?[A]Neuroscience.[B]Psychoanalysis.[C]Psychotherapy.[D]None of the above.5. The main purpose of the passage is____.[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science答案:1. [B] 在第一段作者指出,自己是一个神经科学家,随后说明了这门科学目前存在的局限性。
2017年考研英语(一)阅读 text4 精讲Decoding the Complexities of the 2017 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Text 4The 2017 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) reading section has always been a topic of intense scrutiny and discussion among aspiring graduate students. The text four of this examination, in particular, has garnered significant attention due to its intricate nature and the challenges it poses to test-takers. In this essay, we will delve deep into the nuances of this text and uncover the strategies and insights that can help students navigate its complexities with confidence.Firstly, it is crucial to understand the overall structure and format of the reading text. The 2017 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) reading section is designed to assess the candidates' comprehension skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to analyze and interpret complex passages. Text four, in particular, is known for its multi-layered and thought-provoking content, which often requires a deep understanding of the context, subtext, and the underlying themes.One of the key aspects of this text is its focus on the dynamics of the academic world. The passage delves into the intricate relationships between professors, researchers, and students, as well as the challenges they face in the pursuit of knowledge and innovation. It explores the delicate balance between academic freedom, institutional constraints, and the pressures of the modern research landscape.Another salient feature of the text is its emphasis on the role of technology in shaping the academic landscape. The passage examines the impact of technological advancements on teaching methodologies, research practices, and the dissemination of information. It highlights the opportunities and challenges that come with the integration of technology in higher education, and how it has transformed the way knowledge is acquired, shared, and applied.Furthermore, the text touches upon the concept of academic integrity and the ethical considerations that govern the academic community. It addresses issues such as plagiarism, data fabrication, and the importance of maintaining high standards of scholarly conduct. This section of the text is particularly crucial as it not only tests the candidates' understanding of these concepts but also their ability to critically analyze and formulate informed opinions on these complex topics.In order to effectively tackle this reading passage, candidates must employ a multifaceted approach that combines careful reading, critical analysis, and a thorough understanding of the contextual and conceptual frameworks. They must be able to identify the key themes, arguments, and underlying assumptions presented in the text, and then synthesize this information to form a coherent and well-reasoned response.One effective strategy for approaching this text is to carefully read through the passage, making note of the main ideas, supporting evidence, and any potential counterarguments or alternative perspectives. It is also important to pay close attention to the language used, as the text may employ sophisticated vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and subtle nuances that can significantly impact the overall meaning and interpretation.Furthermore, candidates should strive to connect the themes and ideas presented in the text to their broader knowledge of the academic landscape, current trends in higher education, and the ongoing debates and discussions within the scholarly community. This contextual understanding can help them better analyze and interpret the text, and formulate responses that demonstrate a deep and nuanced understanding of the issues at hand.In addition to these analytical skills, candidates must also possessstrong writing abilities to effectively convey their understanding and insights in the examination. This includes the ability to structure their response in a clear and coherent manner, use appropriate academic language and conventions, and present their arguments in a persuasive and well-reasoned manner.In conclusion, the 2017 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (I) reading text four is a complex and multifaceted passage that challenges candidates to demonstrate their critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. By approaching the text with a comprehensive understanding of its themes, structure, and contextual frameworks, and by employing effective strategies for analysis and response, candidates can navigate the complexities of this passage and showcase their mastery of the English language and the academic landscape. With dedication, perseverance, and a deep commitment to learning, aspiring graduate students can unlock the full potential of this reading text and excel in the examination.。
最新【2017职称英语卫生B级:阅读理解练习及答案(4)】卫生职称英语b职称英语网权威发布2017职称英语卫生B级:阅读理解练习及答案(4),更多2017职称英语卫生B级相关信息请访问职称英语考试网。
Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, while her wealthy English parents were traveling in Europe. As a child, she traveled to many places with her family and learned how to speak several languages. When Nightingale was 17, she told her family that she was going to help sick people. Her parents did not approve, but Nightingale was determined. She traveled to hospitals all over Europe. She saw that doctors were working too hard. She saw that patients died because they did not get enough care. Nightingale felt that women could be doing more to help doctors take care of sick people. Nightingale knew that in order for nurses to do more, they needed special training in how to take care of sick people. Nightingale went to ahospital in Germany to study nursing. Then shereturned to London and became the head of a group of women called Gentlewomen During Illness. These women cared for sick people in their homes. In 1854, England was fighting a war with Russia. War reporters wrote about the terrible conditions in the hospitals that cared for the wounded. People demanded that something be done about it. A leader of the government asked Florence Nightingale to take some nurses intothe war hospitals. So, in November 1854, Nightingale finally got to work in a hospital. She took along38 nurses whom she had trained herself. At first, the doctors on the battlefields did not want Nightingale and her nurses in their hospitals. Theydid not believe that women could help. But in fact,the nurses did make a difference. They worked around the clock, tending the sick. Thanks to their hard work, many wounded soldiers survived. After the war, Nightingale and her nurses were treated like heroes. Finally, in 1860, she started the Nightingale Schoolfor Nurses. In time, thanks to Florence Nightingale,nursing became an important part of medicine. 1 Florence Nightingale was born into a rich A Italian family. B Russian family. C English family. D German family. 2 Nightingale"s parents did not approve of her decision A to work as a doctor. B to care for sick people. C to fight in the war with Russia, D to travel to hospitals all over Europe.3 It was not until the war with Russia that Nightingale A got to work in a hospital. B began to study nursing. C started to care for sick people in their homes. D became the head of Gentlewomen During Illness4 On the battlefields Nightingale and her nurses proved to be A as bad as the doctors had expected. B quite generous. C less than useful. D very helpful.5 Nightingale played a great role in A the building of war hospitals. B the education of women. C the development of nursing. D the improvement of working conditionsfor women.【参考答案】 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:哲学类(12)暑期集训来了,如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。
这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。
英语方面的复习,大家要持续性背单词,阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习,总结方法技巧,活学活用。
下面凯程在线和大家分享哲学类的阅读模拟题,大家不妨集中练习,提升阅读速度和做题技巧。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:哲学类(12)The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like ‘Palaeolithic Man’,‘Neolithic Man’,etc.,neatly sum up whole periods. When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century,they will surely choose the label ‘Legless Man’。
Histories of the time will go something like this:‘in the twentieth century,people forgot how to use their legs. Men and women moved about in cars,buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking. This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of their extraordinary way of life. This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of their extraordinary way of life. In those days,people thought nothing of traveling hundreds of miles each day. But the surprising thing is that they didn’t use their legs even when they went on holiday. They built cable railways,ski-lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain. All the beauty spots on earth were marred by the pr esence of large car parks. ‘The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another,we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a bird‘s-eye view of the world –or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way. When you travel by car or train a blurred image of the countryside constantly smears the windows. Car drivers,in particular,are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on:they never want to stop. Is it the lure of the great motorways,or what? And as for sea travel,it hardly deserves mention. It is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song:’I joined the navy to see the world,and what did I see? I saw the sea.‘The typical twentieth-century traveler is the man who always says ’I‘ve been there. ’You mention the remotest,most evocative place-names in the world like El Dorado,Kabul,Irkutsk and someone is bound to say ‘I’ve been there‘–meaning,’I drove through it at 100 miles an hour on the way to somewhere else. ‘When you travel at high speeds,the present means nothing:you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place. But actual arrival,when it is achieved,is meaningless. You want to move on again. By traveling like this,you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality:you might just as well be dead. The traveler on foot,on the other hand,lives constantly in the present. For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing:he arrives somewhere with every step he makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes,his ears and the whole of his body. At the end ofhis journey he feels a delicious physical weariness. He knows that sound. Satisfying sleep will be his:the just reward of all true travellers.1、Anthropologists label nowaday‘s men ’Legless‘becauseA people forget how to use his legs.B people prefer cars,buses and trains.C lifts and escalators prevent people from walking.D there are a lot of transportation devices.2、Travelling at high speed meansA people‘s focus on the future.B a pleasure.C satisfying drivers‘great thrill.D a necessity of life.3、Why does the author say ‘we are deprived of the use of our eyes’?A People won‘t use their eyes.B In traveling at high speed,eyes become useless.C People can‘t see anything on his way of travel.D People want to sleep during travelling.4、What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?A Legs become weaker.B Modern means of transportation make the world a small place.C There is no need to use eyes.D The best way to travel is on foot.5. What does ‘a bird’s-eye view‘mean?A See view with bird‘s eyes.B A bird looks at a beautiful view.C It is a general view from a high position looking down.D A scenic place.VOCABULARY1.Palaeolithic 旧石器时代的2.Neolithic 新石器时代的3.escalator 自动电梯,自动扶梯4.ski-lift 载送滑雪者上坡的装置5.mar 损坏,毁坏6.blur 模糊不清,朦胧7.smear 涂,弄脏,弄模糊(尤指画面、轮廓等)8.evocative 引起回忆的,唤起感情的9.El Dorado (由当时西班牙征服者想象中的南美洲)黄金国,宝山,富庶之乡10.Kabul 喀布尔(阿富汗首都)11.Irkutsk 伊尔库茨克(原苏联亚洲城市)难句译注与答案详解The only way to travel is on foot 旅游的唯一方法是走路难句译注1.Air travel gives you a bird‘s-eye view of the world –or even if the wing of the aircrafthappens to get in your way.【参考译文】飞机旅行,你只可俯视世界――如果机翼碰巧挡住了你的视线,就看得更少了。
考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案:医学类(26套)Valeta Young, 81, a retiree from Lodi, Calif., suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring. But she doesn't have to drive anywhere to get it. Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale, answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse's station in San Antonio, Texas. “It's almost a direct link to my doctor,” says Young, who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment.Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology, with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone, Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients' heart rates to how often they cough.Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment, doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March, St. Francis University in Pittsburgh, Pa., partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall, Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online, using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.Such home monitoring, says Dr. George Dailey, a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego,“could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate, blood sugar, lipid levels, kidney functions and even vision.”Dr. Timothy Moore, executive vice president of Alere Medical, which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10,000 other patients are using, says that almost any vital sign could, in theory, be monitored from home. But, he warns,that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely, for example, and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value,he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree: you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.注(1):本文选自Time;8/9/2004, p101-101, 1/2p, 2c;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1;1. How does Young monitor her health conditions?[A] By stepping on an electronic scale.[B] By answering a few yes or no questions.[C] By using remote monitoring service.[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor.2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring?[A] car[B] telephone[C] Internet[D] the airwaves3. The word “prompted” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] made[B] reminded[C] aroused[D] driven4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely?[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.[B] Because it doesn‘t make good medical sense.[C] Because it‘s value has not been proved by scientific study[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.答案:CADBCDr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years, and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him, however, they'd want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries, and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.Young, 51, head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J., was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then, the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward: When a cord is damaged, it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center, Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom, but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords, he knew, experience progressive damage after they're injured, including swelling and inflammation, which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs, might some function be preserved?Young spent a decade looking into the question, and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury, about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything, but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator, walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. “This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy,”Young says.A global revolution, actually. More than 50,000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year, and these days, methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured, but the relief it offers is only partial, and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together, he has created the International Neurotrauma Society, founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website () that receives thousands of hits each day.“The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies,” Young says. “It's the most collaborative field I know.” Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general, his name would be Wise Young.注(1):本文选自Time;8/20/2001, p54;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 3;1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three, Paragraph 1), the author means_______________.[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.[C] When meeting him, many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?[A] pessimistic[B] optimistic[C] confused[D] carefree3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3, Paragraph 3),the author is talking about_____________.[A] the drug[B] the function of the injured body[C] the function of the drug[D] the injury4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.[B] His treatment is standard.[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.[B] When Young was young, he did not have much reason to ask questions.[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field, Young might be the right person.[D] Young‘s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.答案:D A B A CScientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus, and suddenly, instead of dividing in a measured fashion, a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell, it never stops. But describing the process isn't the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it's almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success.Until now. According to a report in the current issue of Nature, a team of scientists based at M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won't lead to any immediate treatment,they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a “landmark paper,” wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris,in an accompanying commentary.The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983, when the Whitehead's Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells, they didn't work. Since then, scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect: they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell's aging process, and since cancer cells keep dividing forever, the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous.The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly; another thatdisables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase, which made the cells essentially immortal. They'd created a tumor in a test tube. “Some people believed that telomerase wasn't that important,” says the Whitehead's William Hahn, the study's lead author. “This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.”Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn't the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body, of course. But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells, doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages. The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer, thereby lessening our dependence ontissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation. Beyond that, the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin, and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all.注(1):本文选自Time; 08/09/99, p60, 3/5p, 2c注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2002年真题text 41. From the first paragraph, we learn that ________________.[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping, it becomes cancerous[C] normal cells do no copy themselves[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order.[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two.[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer.[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells.3. According to the author, one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________.[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter[B] scientists didn‘t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell‘s aging process and cell division.[D] human cells are mouselike4. Which of the following best defines the word “tailored” (Line 4, Paragraph5)?[A] made specifically[B] used mainly[C] targeted[D] aimed5. The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________.[A] a thorough understanding of the disease[B] beating out cancers[C] solving the cancer mystery[D] drugs that leave patients less painful答案:B C B A DWhen Ellen M. Roche, 24, volunteered for the asthma experiment, she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials,in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them, this study was designed just to answer a basic question: how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out, scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.The worst part is that Hopkins, one of the nation's premier medical institutions, is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened,understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess), how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported, and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported,”says Adil Shamoo, a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski, head of OHRP,has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week, OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity, even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board, OHRP charges, never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers, and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still, the university ——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2,000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has hadover 100 years of doing clinical trials,” says Dr. Edward Miller, CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death, but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted,unnecessary, paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens, says a government spokesman, depends on Hopkins.注(1):本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/2001, p36;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2005年真题Text 1;1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by[A]explaining a phenomenon[B]justifying an assumption[C]stating an incident[D]making a comparison2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line1, Paragraph 3) implies that[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following, except that _______.[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up[B]the review board has neglected their duty[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked4. The OHRP has found that[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.答案:CBACBYou hop into your car, but, wait, where are the keys? You meet someone new, but her name is gone before the handshake's over. Those are failures of your short-term,or “working,” memory——the place you file information for immediate, everyday retrieval. It isn't perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting,” says Yale's Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.”After menopause, when estrogen levels plummet, some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. The new study, published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association,is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer:“All of a sudden I was remembering things.”The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information: nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period, participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded, stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen, the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages.There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can't yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen, participants' scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:医学类(4)暑期集训来了,如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。
这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。
英语方面的复习,大家要持续性背单词,阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习,总结方法技巧,活学活用。
下面凯程在线和大家分享医学类的阅读模拟题,大家不妨集中练习,提升阅读速度和做题技巧。
2017考研英语阅读暑期训练:医学类(4)When Ellen M. Roche,24,volunteered for the asthma experiment,she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials,in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them,this study was designed just to answer a basic question:how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out,scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.The worst part is that Hopkins,one of the nation's premier medical institutions,is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened,understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess),how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported,and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported,”says Adil Shamoo,a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski,head of OHRP,has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week,OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity,even though data were available via “routine”Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONL Y. The review board,OHRP charges,never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers,and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still,the university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2,000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials,”says Dr. Edward Miller,CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one deathin all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death,but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.”Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted,unnecessary,paralyzing and precipitous.”OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests”of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens,says a government spokesman,depends on Hopkins.注(1):本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/2001,p36;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2005年真题Text 1;1. In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by[A]explaining a phenomenon[B]justifying an assumption[C]stating an incident[D]making a comparison2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line 1,Paragraph 3) implies that[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following,except that _______.[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up[B]the review board has neglected their duty[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked4. The OHRP has found that[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.答案:CBACB。