sgoco QA presentation_2010_V.2

Package‘sgmodel’October14,2022Type PackageTitle Solves a Generic Stochastic Growth Model with a RepresentativeAgentVersion0.1.1Author Thomas Vigie<*********************>Maintainer Thomas Vigie<*********************>Description It computes the solutions to a generic stochastic growth model for a given set of user sup-plied parameters.It includesthe solutions to the model,plots of the solution,a summary of the features of the model,a function that covers different types of consump-tion preferences,and a function that computes the moments of a Markov process.Merton,Robert C(1971)<doi:10.1016/0022-0531(71)90038-X>,Tauchen,George(1986)<doi:10.1016/0165-1765(86)90168-0>,Wickham,Hadley(2009,ISBN:978-0-387-98140-6).License GPL-3Encoding UTF-8LazyData trueSuggests knitr,rmarkdown,testthatImports ggplot2,ramify,RtauchenVignetteBuilder knitrRoxygenNote6.0.1NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2020-02-2712:20:02UTCR topics documented:Markovmoments (2)package_sgmodel (3)plot_sgmod (3)12Markovmoments print.summary_sgmod (4)print_sgmod (5)sgmodel (6)summary_sgmod (8)util (9)Index11 Markovmoments MarkovmomentsDescriptionThe function Markovmoments computes the expectation,variance,autocovariance and autocorrela-tion of a Markov process.UsageMarkovmoments(states,ptm,...)Argumentsstates A numerical vector with the states of the Markov process.ptm The probability transition matrix,a square matrix of dimension length(states) whose columns sum to one....Additional arguments.ValueIt returns a list containing:Expectation The mean of the process.Variance The variance of the process.AutocovarianceThe autocovariance of the process.AutocorrelationThe autocorrelation of the process.Stationary distributionThe stationary distribution of the process,used for the computation of the mo-ments.Examplesa<-c(-1,1)A<-matrix(c(0.5,0.6,0.5,0.4),2,2)Markovmoments(a,A)package_sgmodel3package_sgmodel sgmodel:A package for computating the solutions to a genericstochastic growth model.DescriptionThe sgmodel package provides three important functions:sgmod,util and Markovmoments.The sgmodel functionThe sgmodel function solves a standard stochastic growth model using value function iteration.The stochastic component follows an autoregressive process of order one,and is discretized by afinite state Markov process.The util functionIt computes values for various uility functions encountered in economic theory.The Markovmoments functionIt computes the four moments of afinite state Markov chain:expectation,variance,autocovariance and autocorrelation.plot_sgmod plot_sgmodDescriptionThe function plot_sgmod returns a plot of the Savings value of a sgmodel object on the Capital grid value.Usageplot_sgmod(x,...)Argumentsx A sgmod object....Additional arguments.ValueIt returns a plot using ggplot that graphs the Savings decisions from the sgmodel object on the Capital grid.The plot shows as many facets as length(Z)where Z is the vector of states of the TFP process.4print.summary_sgmodReferencesWickham H(2009),ggplot2:Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis.Examplesmodel<-sgmodel(grid=100,rho=0.2,sigma=0.02)plot_sgmod(model)grid<-200utiltype<-"CRRA"utilparam<-4A<-1depre<-0.03discount<-0.95prod<-0.3states<-5m<-2rho<-0.2sigma<-0.02model<-sgmodel(grid,utiltype,utilparam,A,depre,discount,prod,states,m,rho,sigma) plot_sgmod(model)print.summary_sgmod print.summary_sgmodDescriptionThe function print.summary_sgmod prints a summary for a sgmodel object.Usage##S3method for class summary_sgmodprint(x,...)Argumentsx An object of class sgmod....Additional arguments.ValueIt returns a list with the model parameters.It includes:Utility functionThe type of utility function.See the details of util for the available types Capital share The exponent on capital in the Cobb-Douglas production function.Discount factorThe discount factor used in the model.Depreciation The depreciation rate of capital used in the model.print_sgmod5Rho Autocorrelation of the TFP AR(1)process.Sigma Standard deviation of the white noise in the TFP process.Number of TFP statesNumber of states of the TFP process.Examplesgrid<-200utiltype<-"CRRA"utilparam<-4A<-1depre<-0.03discount<-0.95prod<-0.3states<-3m<-4rho<-0.2sigma<-0.02model<-sgmodel(grid,utiltype,utilparam,A,depre,discount,prod,states,m,rho,sigma) summary_sgmod(model)print_sgmod print_sgmodDescriptionThe function print_sgmod prints results of the sgmodel function.Usageprint_sgmod(x,...)Argumentsx A sgmodel object....Additional arguments.ValueThe function prints the call of the function,the Savings,Consumption and Capital grid vectors from sgmodel.Examplesgrid<-200utiltype<-"CRRA"utilparam<-4A<-1depre<-0.03discount<-0.95prod<-0.3states<-3m<-5rho<-0.2sigma<-0.02model<-sgmodel(grid,utiltype,utilparam,A,depre,discount,prod,states,m,rho,sigma) print_sgmod(model)sgmodel SgmodelDescriptionThe function sgmodel computes the solutions to a generic stochastic growth model after discretizing the distribution of the stochastic element.Usagesgmodel(grid,utiltype,utilparam,A,depre,discount,prod,states,m,rho,sigma,...)Argumentsgrid A numerical value,the number of capital grid points to consider for k(t).Default value set to1000.utiltype The type of preference for the util function.Can be"log","CRRA","CARA", "Cobb-Douglas","CES".See description of util for details.Default type setto"log".utilparam Numerical value,preference parameter for the util function.See description of util for details.Default set to1.A Numerical value,preference parameter for the util function.See descriptionof util for details.Default set to1.depre Numerical value for the depreciation parameter.Must be between0and1.De-fault value set to1.discount Numerical value for the discount factor.Must be(strictly)between0and1.Default value set to0.95.prod Numerical value for the Cobb-Douglas production function.Must be(strictly) between0and1.Default value set to0.3.states umerical value for the number of states of the Markov process approximating the TFP process.Default value set to2.m Numerical value for the Rtauchen function.See description of Rtauchen for details.Default value set to3.rho Autocorrelation of the TFP AR(1)process,used to approximate the process witha Markov process.sigma Standard deviation of the white noise in the TFP process,used to approximate the process with a Markov process....Additional arguments.ValueThe function returns a list containing:Capital grid Vector of values for capital.Savings Vector of size(grid x States)indicating which coordinates of the capital grid are the optimal savings decision.Consumption Vector of size(grid x States)indicating the optimal consumption decisions us-ing the optimal savings decision,and given the capital level of the correspondingcoordinate of Capital grid.Z States of the TFP process.PTM The probability transition matrix of the process.Production parameterThe exponent on capital in the Cobb-Douglas production function.Utility type The type of utility function.See the details of"util"for the available types Discount factorThe discount factor used in the model.Depreciation The depreciation rate of capital used in the model.Rho Autocorrelation of the TFP AR(1)process.Sigma Standard deviation of the white noise in the TFP process.ReferencesTauchen G(1986),Finite state markov-chain approximations to univariate and vector autoregres-sions.Economics letters,20(2),177–181.Merton R.C(1971),Optimum consumption and portfolio rules in a continuous-time model.Journal of Economic Theory,3(4),373–413.URL /science/article/ pii/002205317190038XExamplesmodel<-sgmodel(grid=100,rho=0.2,sigma=0.02)grid<-200utiltype<-"CRRA"8summary_sgmod utilparam<-4A<-1depre<-0.03discount<-0.95prod<-0.3states<-5m<-10rho<-0.2sigma<-0.02model<-sgmodel(grid,utiltype,utilparam,A,depre,discount,prod,states,m,rho,sigma) summary_sgmod summary_sgmodDescriptionThe function summary_sgmod prints a summary for results of the sgmodel function.Usagesummary_sgmod(object,...)Argumentsobject A sgmodel object....Additional arguments.ValueIt returns a list with the model parameters.It includes:Utility functionThe type of utility function.See the details of util for the available types Capital share The exponent on capital in the Cobb-Douglas production function.Discount factorThe discount factor used in the model.Depreciation The depreciation rate of capital used in the model.Rho Autocorrelation of the TFP AR(1)process.Sigma Standard deviation of the white noise in the TFP process.Number of TFP statesNumber of states of the TFP process.util9Examplesgrid<-200utiltype<-"CRRA"utilparam<-4A<-1depre<-0.03discount<-0.95prod<-0.3states<-3m<-3rho<-0.2sigma<-0.02model<-sgmodel(grid,utiltype,utilparam,A,depre,discount,prod,states,m,rho,sigma) summary_sgmod(model)util UtilDescriptionThe function util computes values for different types of utility functions and different parameters.See sgmodel_vignette for detailed functional forms.Usageutil(x,A,prefparam,type=c("log","CRRA","CARA","Cobb-Douglas","CES"), ngoods,...)Argumentsx A numeric vector of length ngoods with values to compute utility for.A A numerical value that will premultiply the utility function.Default value set to1.prefparam A numerical value,the preference parameter applied to the utility function de-pending on type.type A character for the Type of utility function.Can be"log","CRRA","CARA", "Cobb-Douglas","CES".Default type set to"log".ngoods Numerical value for the number of goods to consider.Default value set to1....Additional arguments.ValueA numerical value,the utility function evaluated at the arguments.10utilReferencesMerton R.C(1971),Optimum consumption and portfolio rules in a continuous-time model.Journal of Economic Theory,3(4),373–413.URL /science/article/ pii/002205317190038X.Examplesx<-c(exp(1),exp(1))A<-2type<-"log"ngoods<-2util(x=x,A=A,type=type,ngoods=ngoods)IndexMarkovmoments,2package_sgmodel,3package_sgmodel-package(package_sgmodel),3plot_sgmod,3print.summary_sgmod,4print_sgmod,5sgmodel,6summary_sgmod,8util,911。

Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 130–131 (2013) 84–92Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectApplied Catalysis B:Environmentalj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /a p c a tbPreparation of Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO,a novel catalyst for methyl orange oxidation under ambient conditionsAssadawoot Srikhaow a ,b ,Siwaporn Meejoo Smith b ,c ,∗aMaterials Science and Engineering Graduate Program,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Rajathevi,Bangkok 10400,Thailand bCenter of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Rajathevi,Bangkok 10400,Thailand cDepartment of Chemistry,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Rajathevi,Bangkok 10400,Thailanda r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 4May 2012Received in revised form 1September 2012Accepted 16October 2012Available online 29 October 2012Keywords:Copper hydroxide nitrate Zinc oxideLayered hydroxyl salts Catalytic wet oxidation Wastewater treatmenta b s t r a c tThis work reports a novel process to synthesize copper hydroxyl nitrate/zinc oxide composites (Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO),and their application as a highly effective and reusable catalyst for wet oxidation of methyl orange (MO)under ambient conditions.No additional air or oxygen flow is ing a metal oxide assisted method,the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO composites were hydrothermally obtained by varying the Cu:Zn mole ratio (2:1,4:1,and 6:1)and the structural,chemical and surface properties of the composites were investigated.Decolorization of 500ppm MO can be effectively catalyzed by the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO composite (Cu:Zn =4:1)with the color,chemical oxygen demand (COD)and total organic carbon (TOC)removal efficiencies being greater than 99%,98%and 94%,respectively,after 20min treatments using the catalyst loading of 3g L −1.Results from systematic catalytic activity tests strongly suggested that MO was oxidized by oxygen dissolved in the dye solution,and that the degradation pathway of MO possibly occurred through radical and H 2O 2generation.The application of highly efficient Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO cat-alysts in wastewater remediation may be attractive alternative to existing oxidation catalyst systems as they are low-cost,simple to prepare,feasible to operate under ambient conditions.© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionWater pollution is one of the main environmental concerns impacting the world ecology.Therefore,water protection plans and wastewater treatments should receive a great attention as they impact the world’s economic growth,global food production and industrial development.It is widely accepted that agricultural runoff and industrial wastewater may contain hazardous chemicals [1,2]and hence discharge of the polluted water without treatment can cause major damage to the quality of natural water reservoirs.Textile industries,in particular,intensively use chemicals (such as dyes and transfer reagents)and massive amounts of water in dyeing processes.Thus,significant amounts of dye contaminated effluent might be produced and effective treatment processes must be put in place to clean the water before releasing into waterways.One of the main research areas in wastewater treatment is developing a novel technology to effectively remove residual dyes and organic pollut-ants from wastewater [3–5].Conventional methods used to remove∗Corresponding author at:Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Rajathevi,Bangkok 10400,Thailand.Tel.:+66222015164;fax:+6623547151.E-mail addresses:siwaporn.smi@mahidol.ac.th ,siwaporn.meejoo@ (S.M.Smith).pollutants from wastewater are adsorption,biological treatment and chemical oxidation [3,6].Although adsorption is the simplest method,but less effective as pollutants were only transferred to the sorbent surface,and additional treatment of the contaminated solid is required [7].Biological treatments are considered as promis-ing alternatives.However,it may be rather difficult to biologically degrade some conjugated aromatic compounds due to their struc-tural stability [8].In addition,microorganisms may not be survived under extreme conditions (extreme pH or highly toxic)inhibiting effective biological treatments of wastewater [9,10].Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)have been described as chemical methods operated to induce the oxidative degradation of organic compounds by radical species [11,12].Examples of AOPs include ozonation [13],Fenton process [14],photocatalysis [15],sonolysis [16]and other chemical oxidation processes induced by oxidizers such as air,O 2,O 3,and H 2O 2[11,17,18].To practically operate in industrial sites,the oxidation process should remove organic pollutants effectively under mild conditions,and with low cost.Photocatalytic oxidation and sonolysis are of interest as they can operate under ambient conditions with no requirement of additional oxidizer such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide [16,18].However,industrial integration is difficult,as these require special maintenance/operation of high power light sources,or special-ized sonication equipments.In recent years,a limited number of works have reported oxidation of organic compounds via catalytic0926-3373/$–see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.10.018A.Srikhaow,S.M.Smith/Applied Catalysis B:Environmental130–131 (2013) 84–9285wet oxidation(CWO)at near ambient conditions,in which the organic substances undergo aerial oxidation over metal catalysts such as Fe2O3–CeO2–TiO2/␥-Al2O3[19],MoO3/Ce[20],polyoxo-molybdate nanotubes[21],and ZnO/MoO3mixed oxide nanotubes [22].Although no harmful chemical reagent is required,air or oxy-gen is necessary to activate these oxidation processes.Apart from the intrinsic properties of the catalyst,factors such as catalyst loading,concentration of the organic substrate,airflow rate(and, perhaps,its purity)can play significant roles in the efficiency and rate of the processes[5,12,23].A few copper hydroxyl salts were reported as promising cat-alysts in azo dyes removal via catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO)in which H2O2is required as oxidizer[24,25].In2010, Zhan and Chen reported the degradation of azo dyes over copper hydroxyphosphate,Cu2(OH)PO4,under near-neutral pH conditions [24],whereas copper hydroxide nitrate,Cu2(OH)3NO3is an effec-tive CWPO catalyst for oxidative degradation of azo dyes in a wide pH range[25].Previously reported,Cu2(OH)3NO3can be synthe-sized by several routes,such as precipitation of Cu(NO3)2in a basic aqueous solution[26],urea hydrolysis of Cu(NO3)2[27],chemical reaction between CuO and aqueous Cu(NO3)2solution[28],cation exchange of Mg(II)for Cu(II)in aqueous Cu(NO3)2solution and evaporation of aqueous Cu(NO3)2solution[29].To gain a significant advantage over the previously reported cop-per hydroxyl salt catalysts,an ideal catalyst should enable organic substrates to be oxidized under ambient conditions,with no requirement of additional continuously supplied oxidizing agent. In this work,Cu2(OH)3NO3(a copper hydroxyl salt)was incor-porated with microcrystalline ZnO by a one-step hydrothermally metal oxide assisted method.This study also reports the application of this material(denoted as Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO)as a highly effec-tive and reusable catalyst for wet oxidation of methyl orange(MO) under ambient conditions without addition of oxidizer.Details on systematic investigations of the structural and catalytic activity of this material and possible degradation pathway of MO are dis-cussed.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsAll chemicals used in this work were commercially supplied as analytical grade reagents,and used without further purification. De-ionized water was used throughout the experiments.Copper nitrate trihydrate and copper sulphate pentahydrate were com-mercially obtained from Univar,while ZnO powdered material was obtain from Merck.Tert-butanol(Merck)and NaOH(Rankem)were employed as hydroxyl radical scavenger reagents.2.2.Preparation method offlower-like ZnOA d-glucose assisted precipitation method[30]was applied to obtainflower-like ZnO materials by using NaOH and Zn(NO3)2 (Qrëc)as starting reagents,a mixture of H2O:acetone:ethyl acetate (3:3:2by volume)as co-solvent,and d-glucose(Univar)as ion sta-bilizer.Obtained white precipitate was subsequently calcined at 400◦C for3h in an air atmosphere,giving aflower-like ZnO sample with S BET=11.7m2/g.2.3.Preparation of the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO samplesA series of suspensions containing theflower-like ZnO(or com-mercial ZnO)powder in Cu(NO3)2aqueous solutions were obtained by varying the Cu:Zn molar ratios(2:1,4:1and6:1).Next,these sus-pensions were sonicated for30min in an ultrasonic bath,followed by a hydrothermal treatment at100◦C in a50mL Teflon-lined stain-less steel autoclave for30min.Subsequently,the reaction mixtures were left to stand at room temperature,allowing the suspensions to cool down.Afterfiltering and washing with de-ionized water, the precipitates were freeze dried,and kept in a dry condition at room temperature.2.4.Sample characterizationStructural properties of as-prepared samples were stud-ied on a Bruker(AXS model D8advance)powder X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu K␣radiation, =1.5419˚A,2Ârange=5–50◦,step=0.050◦,scan step=1s/step.FT-IR spectra were obtained on a Perkin Elmer(Spectrum GX FT-IR System) fourier-transform infrared spectrometer.The microstructure of catalyst samples was examined on a JEOL(JSM-6400)scan-ning electron microscope.Furthermore,energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)microanalyses were carried out to identify the chemi-cal composition of catalyst samples.The surface properties were studied by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method(BET Model Quantachrome/Autosorb-1,Thermo Finnigan/Sorp-tomatic1990). The concentration of elements in the samples was also determined on an X-rayfluorescence spectrometer(Bruker S4EXPLORER) equipped operating in a He working mode(X-ray tube win-dow=75␮m;excitation=4kW)using a loose powder preparation method and a34mm sample cup.2.5.Catalytic degradation experimentsAll catalytic reactions were carried out using the same catalyst loading;3g L−1of aqueous methyl orange(MO,500ppm)under stirring.The color removal efficiency of MO was monitored as a function of time by measuring absorbance of the dye solution after catalytic treatment at given time intervals.In order to terminate the reaction at specific reaction times,the catalyst was immediatelyfil-tered off using a Buchner funnel equipped with a water aspirator pump.UV–vis absorption spectra of the dyefiltrates were recorded on a Perkin Elmer(Lamda800)UV–vis spectrophotometer.Subse-quently,the concentration of MO in thefiltrates was quantified using the absorbance at464nm(corresponding to unreacted MO) and a curvefitting method using the Beer Lambert law.The color removal efficiency(Á,%)of methyl orange was calculated by using this equation:Á(%)=C0−C tC0×100(1)where C0is the initial concentration of MO and C t is the concentra-tion of MO after‘t’min.Total organic carbon(TOC)content in the dye solutions was determined by an in-house method(SGS laboratory service):LBEN-09149based on United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2004,EPT method9060A.Moreover,chemical oxygen demand (COD)was measured by a standard closed reflux/titration method [31].The TOC removal efficiency is defined as:TOC removal efficiency(%)=TOC0−TOC tTOC0×100(2)where TOC0is initial TOC of the solution and TOC t is TOC of solution after‘t’min reaction time.Similarly,COD0and COD t values were used instead of TOC0and TOC t values in Eq.(2)respectively,to calculate COD removal efficiencies.The data from triplicate mea-surements were analyzed to obtain average values and standard deviation(SD).The significance of difference of data was evaluated using the Student’s T-test and one-way ANOVA[32]at a significance level of0.05.86 A.Srikhaow,S.M.Smith/Applied Catalysis B:Environmental130–131 (2013) 84–92To investigate the possible mechanism of decolorization of MO, the experiments were conducted under air atmosphere,vacuum in a closed system and in the presence of radical scavengers i.e.tert-butanol[33,34]and NaOH[35],into the solution at25◦C.Detailed processes are described in the supplementary data.The stability of catalyst,Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO(Cu:Zn=4:1)was studied by monitoring the generation of metal ions in the dye solution during catalytic wet oxidation.After20-min reaction,the concentration of Cu and Zn ions in the dyefiltrates was then deter-mined by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS,Perkin Elmer AAnalyst100).A hollow cathode zinc lamp (Perkin Elmer)operated with10-mA current was employed,with argonflow throughout the heating program,except during the atomization step.2.6.Characterization of the degradation productsLiquid chromatography with ion trap mass analyzer(LC–MS, Agilent technology,Agilent1100equipped with Esquire3000plus) was employed to detect the degradation products upon the oxi-dation of methyl orange.The LC–MS system was equipped with C18column and30%of acetonitrile and70%of0.01M ammonium acetate(pH6.8)were used as a mobile phase.Theflow rate used was0.6mL min−1.The mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray ionization(ESI)source operating at negative polar-ity.This LC/MS system could detect mass ranged between100and 400m/z.3.Results and discussion3.1.Characterization of the catalystsPowder X-ray diffractrograms of ZnO powder and the syn-thesized Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO samples with varying Cu:Zn mole ratios are shown in Fig.1a.The diffraction peak at∼13◦corre-sponds to the basal distance(6.96˚A)typically reported for the Cu2(OH)3NO3layered materials[26,27,29,36].It was observed that the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO derived from the Cu:Zn molar ratio=2:1 contains two crystalline phases,monoclinic Cu2(OH)3NO3(JCPDF card no.74-1749)and hexagonal ZnO(JCPDF card no.36145).How-ever,with the increased Cu:Zn molar ratios to4:1and6:1,the structural characteristics of Cu2(OH)3NO3becomes more evident, whereas the diffraction peaks corresponding to the ZnO phase(at 34.4◦and47.4◦)become weaker in intensity.This is possibly due to a full coverage of Cu2(OH)3NO3layers on the ZnO particles.The sharp and well-defined peaks reflected high degree of crystallinity for all synthesized samples.No diffraction peaks corresponding to neither Zn(OH)2,CuO nor Cu(OH)2phases were observed.It should be pointed out that,to our knowledge,this metal oxide assisted route to synthesize copper hydroxide nitrate has never been reported.The conversion of copper nitrate to copper hydroxyl nitrate possibly resulted from the availability of hydroxyl groups on the ZnO solid base.In a previous study,the basic strength of a ZnO sample was reported as7.2<H<9.3in an Hammett indicator scale, indicating a fairly high strength comparing with those of ZrO2,TiO2, CaO and SrO[37].From Fig.1b,IR measurements also confirm the formation of copper hydroxide nitrate in the system studied.In a good agree-ment with previously reported works[26–29]the IR peaks at876, 785and676cm−1can be assigned to hydrogen bonding frequencies related to Cu O H.The peaks at1048( 1),810( 2),1340,1348and 1429cm−1( 3)can be attributed to the vibration modes of NO3−ions[27].The symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes of NO3−at1429and1340cm−1suggested the presence of NO3−between copper hydroxide layers.The IR band at1048cm−1corresponds to the N O stretching vibration of a monodentrate O NO groups[38],Fig. 1.(a)Powder XRD patterns of Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO samples at varying the Cu:Zn molar ratios in comparison to that of ZnO and(b)Infrared spectra of Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO(Cu:Zn=4:1)and ZnO powder.whereas the band at1637cm−1can be ascribed to a HOH bending mode.The peaks at3543cm−1and3433cm−1indicated more than one type of hydroxyl groups in the structure[27,29].Note that the characteristic peak of ZnO at430wavenumber[39]was not clearly observed in the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO(Cu:Zn=4:1)sample,possibly due to signal overlapping and the full coverage of Cu2(OH)3NO3 layers formed on the ZnO particles as previously discussed.Noticed from Fig.2a,the microcrystalline ZnO substrate resem-bles to a bunch of doubleflowers.Although the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO composites did not retain theflower-like microstructure of their substrate(Fig.2b–d)a resemblance of aggregates offlake-like plates(∼400nm in thickness)morphology can be still observed. X-rayfluorescence(XRF)was employed to perform elemental anal-ysis in the composite samples,and the results were included in Table1.The XRF results suggest that the content of Cu was found to increase in the composites with increased Cu:Zn molar ratios.This finding was consistent with the results from EDX microanalyses, Fig.3,revealing the presence of Cu and Zn on the composite surface, and that the content of Cu was found to be higher in the compositesA.Srikhaow,S.M.Smith/Applied Catalysis B:Environmental130–131 (2013) 84–9287Fig.2.SEM images of theflower-like ZnO(a)and(b–d)Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO at the Cu:Zn molar ratios of2:1,4:1and6:1,respectively.Table1Elemental concentration in the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO samples at various Cu:Zn molar ratios obtained by XRF analysis.Cu:Zn Concentration(wt%)Depth ofpenetration(␮m) Cu Zn2:147.97±0.04815.09±0.0140.13–0.164:149.86±0.04811.30±0.0120.14–0.176:160.09±0.054 1.59±0.0040.13–0.16 derived from the higher Cu:Zn.However,as shown in Table2,the Cu:Zn ratios vary in different areas of the sample surface,suggest-ing that the Cu-containing compound does not homogeneously incorporated with the ZnO particles.3.2.Catalytic activity of Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnOThe performance in decolorization of500ppm aqueous methyl orange(MO)solution over the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO composites at varying Cu:Zn ratios were examined over a period of time as shown in Fig.4a.Notably,the color removal efficiencies reached99% within1.5min of the treatments by all composites at25◦C under atmospheric pressure(Fig.4a).It was noticed from Fig.4a and b,that the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO composites prepared with relatively high Cu:Zn molar ratios oxidized MO slightly faster than the sam-ples having lower Cu content,implying that the amount of copper may play a crucial part to the reaction kinetics of MO degradation. Determined usingfirst-order kinetic model,it was found that the higher rate constants for the catalytic wet oxidation of MO were obtained from the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO with the higher Cu:Zn molar ratios(6:1,4.4min−1;4:1,3.9min−1;2:1,3.6min−1).Thefirst order kinetic plot in Fig.4b was focused in the range of shorter reaction time,because after1.5min the color removal efficiencies reached 99%.Statistical analyses suggested that the kinetic constants for the MO decoloriaztion by each catalyst(2:1,4:1and6:1)are signifi-cantly different due to the Cu:Zn molar ratios at the level of p<0.05. Fig.4c shows a characteristic absorption band at464nm corre-sponding to a conjugated azo bond structure in the MO molecule [40].In this work,the absorption band at464nm become weaker in intensity after treatment with Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO composites. Therefore,in consistent with the result in Fig.4b,the UV–vis spec-tra of MO after1-min treatments over the composites at varying ratios indicate that the composites with higher Cu:Zn molar ratios lead to the higher color removal rates.Chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total organic carbon(TOC) values are generally determined to examine the water quality. According to the results(Fig.5)COD removal efficiencies over theTable2EDX analysis in different areas of the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO samples at various Cu:Zn molar ratios.Cu:Zn%ElementArea#1Area#2Area#3Cu Zn O Cu Zn O Cu Zn O2:125.7414.8059.4639.85 5.5254.6323.5226.3050.18 4:137.78 5.1057.1145.08 1.9053.0154.09 2.8243.08 6:153.70 3.4042.9048.12 1.4850.4035.73 1.3262.9588 A.Srikhaow,S.M.Smith /Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 130–131 (2013) 84–92Fig.3.EDX analysis of the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO samples at various Cu:Zn molar ratios (a)2:1,(b)4:1and (c)6:1,respectively.catalyst are about 88%and 98%after treatment for 5and 20min,respectively.In addition,the results in Fig.5also suggest organic carbon mineralization and CO 2evolution from the oxidation of MO after 5-and 20-min of the treatments by Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO (Cu:Zn =4:1)resulting in 84%,and 94%TOC removal efficiencies,respectively.Thus,at this catalyst loading condition,the effective decolorization of MO occurred through the fragmentation of the dye into some other colorless compounds,as well as,the mineral-ization of MO.3.3.Possible mechanism and degradation pathwayThe BET surface area of catalysts prepared by the Cu:Zn molar ratios of 2:1,4:1,6:1are 10.81,8.85,and 5.76m 2/g,respectively.From Fig.4a,the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO with lower specific surface area gave the higher color removal efficiency,suggesting that the effective color removal was not due to adsorption of dye onto the solid surface.It was found that the higher performance catalysts have lower surface areas,and thus the MO degradation rates are not proportional to the BET surface area of the catalyst.This maybe because copper hydroxyl nitrate deposited on the surface and filled in the pores of the ZnO,resulting in the materials with lower surface areas.It should be also pointed out that the lower surface area materials also have reduced pore volumes,as the pore volumes of catalysts prepared by the Cu:ZnmolarFig.4.(a)Color removal efficiency upon time using Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO catalysts as a function of Cu:Zn molar ratio and surface area (m 2/g),(b)kinetic of methyl orange oxidation catalyzed by Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO as a function of Cu dosage and (c)UV–vis absorption spectrum of fresh MO (50ppm)and those of oxidized MO after 1-min treatment by the catalysts with various Cu:Zn molar ratiosunder ambient conditions.Initial concentration of MO =500ppm;catalyst loading =3g L −1.ratios of 2:1,4:1,6:1are 0.08,0.07,and 0.02cc/g,respectively.In addition,approximately the same color removal efficiency (∼99%)was also observed when a dispersion of Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO (Cu:Zn =4:1)in aqueous MO solution was kept in the dark under similar experimental conditions mentioned above.Thus,light had no influence to the catalytic activity of composite.As a result,one could suggest a catalytic wet oxidation (CWO)process,in which the dye undergoes aerial oxidation over the composites.Note that,commercially supplied ZnO powder can also be replaced the flower-like ZnO to produce the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO composites,A.Srikhaow,S.M.Smith/Applied Catalysis B:Environmental130–131 (2013) 84–9289Fig. 5.Color(Á),COD and TOC removal efficiencies upon treatment of MO aqueous solution by the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO(Cu:Zn=4:1).Initial concentration of MO=500ppm;catalyst loading=3g L−1.having almost the same catalytic activity.In an attempt to under-stand the nature of MO degradation over the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO composites,additional MO degradation reactions were conducted in various experimental conditions and reported in Fig.6.It is well known that CWO catalysts require oxygen to degrade organic compounds.Accordingly,if catalytic wet oxidation(CWO) was the major process responsible for MO degradation,the oxi-dation rate of MO should be directly proportional to the oxygen concentration.One of the experiments was conducted under vac-uum(setup Fig.S2)here the MO solution was thoroughly degassed prior to being used.As reported in Fig.6,the color removal effi-ciency of MO under vacuum was about7.72%,which is much lower than under ambient conditions(∼100%).The proposed mechanism of CWO reactions outlined by Ma et al.[44]may be applied to describe the CWO reactions occurring here.RH+Cu2+→R•+Cu++H+(3) Cu++O2→Cu2++O2−(4) 2O2−+2H2O→2OH−+H2O2+O2(5) H2O2+Cu2+→HO•+OH−+Cu2+(6)HO•+MO→degradationproducts(7)parative results of the color removal efficiency after5min treatment of MO with Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO(Cu:Zn=4:1),with varying experimentalconditions.Fig.7.Powder XRD patterns of Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO samples(Cu:Zn=4:1)before and after reaction comparing with that of MO.From the proposed model,Cu(II)in the catalyst undergoes reduction reaction forming Cu(I)which further reacts with oxygen dissolved in an aqueous solution.Subsequently,H2O2is generated as intermediates through the reaction of O2−and water molecules. Following this model,it is possible that hydroxyl radical is cre-ated when Cu2(OH)3NO3decomposed H2O2intermediates.Finally, MO molecule was attacked by hydroxyl radicals.According to the proposed CWO reaction mechanism,the presence of radical scavenging reagents such as NaOH and tert-butanol,should signif-icantly inhibit the oxidation of MO.The result in Fig.6represents that adding NaOH and tert-butanol gave low color removal effi-ciencies of2.40%and5.95%,respectively after5-min treatments using Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO(Cu:Zn=4:1).These results strongly sup-port that the decomposition of MO occurred through a radical pathway.Previously discussed from the result in Fig.4c,the decrease in intensity of the absorption band corresponding to MO indi-cated the cleavage of the azo group,and hence decolorization of the dye solution.No spectral shift corresponding to possible complexation between dye molecules and metal cations[41–43] was observed in our system.Besides this,Fig.7shows that the Cu2(OH)3NO3/ZnO catalyst undergoes no significant structural change after20min reaction.Apart from the typical features cor-responding to the Cu2(OH)3NO3crystalline phase,extra diffraction peaks were observed at8.9◦and17.1◦which correspond to crystal-lized MO on the catalyst surface.The observed slight shift in peak positions is possibly due to microstrains on the sample occurring during the drying process.According to XRD results,there is no evidence of any new crystalline phase in the used catalyst,ruling90 A.Srikhaow,S.M.Smith /Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 130–131 (2013) 84–92Fig.8.Possible MO degradation pathway producing molecular fragments as detected by LC/MS.out the possibility of complexation between the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO composite and MO.Consequently,all results discussed above sup-port the degradation of MO over Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO composites via a catalytic wet oxidation process.Nevertheless,in contrast to conventional CWO catalysts,Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO is highly active with no requirement of air or oxygen flow or any additional oxidant.In an attempt to determine the nature of MO degradation prod-ucts,LC/MS analysis of decolorized MO solutions revealed the presence of three chemical species after a 5min reaction period.At level of 99%decolorization,the chemical species identified were unreacted MO (M w =304)and two product species with m /z =290and 208,corresponding to MO fragments (Fig.S3).The reaction steps in wet oxidation of MO catalyzed by Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO observed by LC/MS are given in Fig.8.3.4.Catalyst reusabilityThis part focuses on possibility of recovery,recyclization,and regeneration of the catalyst.By simple centrifugation and decanta-tion,it was found that the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO (Cu:Zn =4:1)catalyst can be reused for three consecutive runs,without any further treat-ment,maintaining the color removal efficiencies of 99%,and the COD and TOC removal efficiencies of greater than 90%after 20-min reaction as shown in Fig.9a.As previously discussed,adsorption of MO on the catalyst surface occurred.However,based on the high color removal efficiencies for three cycle utilization,the presence of adsorbed MO on the surface of used catalyst did not affect the color removal efficiencies.Nevertheless,when the catalyst was fur-ther reused without treatment in the 4th run,it was found that the color removal efficiency dropped from 99%to about 37%as reported in Fig.9b.Therefore,the used catalyst after the 3rd run requires suitable regeneration prior to further use.Possible regen-eration methods include refluxing method,calcination under a suitable atmosphere,rinsing by appropriate solvent or some combi-nations of processes [12,19,45,46].Due to the low thermalstabilityFig.9.(a)Color (Á),COD and TOC removal efficiency for suspension of the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO (Cu:Zn =4:1)in MO aqueous solution during consecutive runs and (b)comparative results of the color removal efficiencies (Á)of MO by the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO (Cu:Zn =4:1)in the 1st and 4th cycles without regeneration,and that of the 4th cycle obtained by employing the regenerated catalyst after the 3rd run via mild acid wash.Initial concentration of MO =500ppm;catalyst loading =3g L −1.of copper hydroxide nitrate and the solubility of metal oxide in acid,the spent Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO was regenerated by washing with weak acid to remove the unreacted MO and,possibly,degra-dation products adsorbed on the catalyst surface without causing serious damages to the catalyst.It was found that,after filtration,washing the spent catalyst (from the 3rd run)with 5mM HCl(aq)for 20min,and rinsing with water followed by drying at 100◦C,the regenerated catalyst can be employed in the 4th cycle giving the color removal efficiency of 95%as shown in Fig.9b.This color removal efficiency is lower than those obtained from the first three cycles,probably due to some loss of active copper species during acid washing.Table 3reports that,after 20-min MO degradation,the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO (Cu:Zn =4:1)catalyst slightly dissolved in the dye solution giving the concentration of Cu and Zn ions of 4.3and 0.5ppm in the first cycle.In the subsequent cycles,the solubil-ity of catalyst was found lower.According to the high color,COD,and TOC removal efficiencies (>90%)for three cycle utilization,this trace amount of meal leaching did not affect the removal efficien-cies,implying that the Cu 2(OH)3NO 3/ZnO catalyst was stable for three consecutive cycles with no requirement of catalyst regen-eration (Fig.9a).However,due to the results of metal leaching,there may be questioning of the MO degradation via homogeneous。

Cesim Simulations Company PresentationOur VisionWe are changingthe way peoplelearn practicalbusiness skills. Cesim Sales TeamCompany Milestones19962011Cesim is founded & irst custom simulation is developedCesim opens subsidiary in ItalyCesim launches world’s irst fully browser-based simulation in the USCesim launches irst customized online simulation for a global corporate programCesim makes its lagship product available in Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, French and RussianMore than 100,000users on the Cesim platform19992002200520082010All Cesim simulations become iPad compatibleCesim WorldwideCesim Direct SalesForce Area CoverageCesim Partner NetworkArea CoverageOur solution enables your employees to understand what drives the profitability of the firm and helps develop a shared mindset of the elements contributing to the firm’scompetitive advantage.Your company will achieve results more effectively by aligning your employees with the strategic objectives of the business.What We Offer What Participants Will Have How Company Benefits✓State-of-the-art Customized Simulations✓Industry-specific Simulations ✓Multiple Delivery Methods ✓Train-the-trainer Program ✓Customer Support ✓Holistic Business Mindset✓Fact-based Decision-Making Attitude✓Thorough Understanding of WhatDrives Profitability✓Improved Cross-functionalTeamwork Capability✓Collaborative and Fun LearningExperience✓Better Strategic Alignment WithinThe Organization✓More Effective Use of Capital✓More Effective Use of HumanResourcesThe Cesim Platform✓ Browser-based & Compatible(is completely web based so there is no need for software installation)✓ Scalable & Flexible(allows any number of participants & makes distribution of learning materials easy)✓ Realistic(the simulations reflects real world business challenges and results)✓ Online(has integrated tools that allow participants to play in multiple formats)✓ Multilanguage(supports playing the simulations in any language)✓ Modular(makes the repurposing of the simulations for different target groups easy)✓ Measurable(enables detailed results analysis and participant activity monitoring)Client: Vodafone ItalyVodefone Italy is a leading operator in Italy with 8000 employees and 30 million customers Industry: TelecommunicationsProject Goal: To develop business-acumen, cost-consciousness, and financial literacy amongst employeesImplementation: Cesim delivered a customized telecom operator simulation in Italian and English and conducted workshops for approximately 2000 employeesClient: NH HotelsNH Hotels is one of the main hotel chains in Europe and it operates 400 hotels across Europe, America, and AfricaIndustry: HospitalityProject Goal: To develop a shared mindset among hotel managers and improve their ability to translate group-wide strategy into action Implementation: Cesim delivered a customized hospitality simulation in English, Spanish, French and Italian. It also conducted train-the-trainer workshops for the client’s internal trainers, who then delivered the training for a total of 400 managers globallyClient: Intesa SanPaoloIntesa SanPaolo is the leading bank in Italy and among the top banking groups in Europe with approximately 7000 branches in its network Industry: BankingProject Goal: To help cultivate fact-based management culture, develop analytical skills, and create awareness about the current banking operating environmentImplementation: Cesim designed a customized banking simulation that will be used for about 300 bank managers during the first half of 2013Presented in Full High Definition Cesim Oy | Arkadiankatu 21A | 00100, Helsinki | Finland | tel: +358 405 045 116 | | Confidential | ©2012 Cesim Oy. | All rights reserved Thank You! More information from Veijo Kyosti, Managing Director of Cesim veijo.kyosti@ +358 405 045 11611。

ENGLISHGX GSM manualrev 01 - 02/2023This manual is also available in HTML5.Table of Contents1. Introduction (1)1.1. General description (1)2. Features (2)2.1. Built-in GPS receiver (2)2.2. GX compatibility (2)2.3. SIM card (2)2.4. When to use a mobile router instead (2)2.5. Antennas and accessories (2)2.6. What's in the box? (2)3. Installation and configuration (3)3.1. Installation step-by-step (3)3.2. Configuration (4)4. Operation (6)4.1. SIM status (6)4.2. Status Bar (6)4.3. GPS (6)5. Troubleshooting (7)5.1. Troubleshooting guide (7)5.2. What to do if the GX GSM is not staying connected? (7)6. Technical data (8)6.1. Technical data (8)7. Appendix (9)7.1. Accessory / Antennas (9)7.1.1. Outdoor 2G and 3G GSM Antenna (9)7.1.2. Active GPS Antenna (9)7.2. Notes regarding regional coverage (10)7.3. Dimensions (10)8. Warranty (11)8.1. Five year limited warranty (11)1.1. General descriptionThe product described in this guide is replaced by the newer GX LTE 4G modem.The GX GSM only works with 2G and 3G networks, which are slowly being phased out in different countries.Therefore, depending on the installation location, the GX LTE 4G can be a more future-proof solution.The GX GSM is a modem and GPS accessory for our GX range of monitoring products. The GX GSM is a cellular modem;providing a mobile internet for the system and connection to the VRM Portal . It works on 2G and 3G networks.There are multiple models, refer to the table below to see which model best matches the available cellular network bands in your region.* In case of uncertainty please double-check:GSM World Coverage Map2.1. Built-in GPS receiverThe GX GSM includes a built-in GPS receiver. When the optional active GPS antenna is installed, the system can be tracked as well as geo-fenced on the VRM Portal.The required accessory part number is GSM900200100 - Active GPS Antenna for GX GSM.2.2. GX compatibilityThe GX GSM can be used with any of the GX devices and requires Venus OS v2.22 or newer to be installed on the GX device.2.3. SIM cardIt requires a SIM card of the Mini-SIM format and connects to the GX device with an included 1m USB cable.2.4. When to use a mobile router insteadThe GX GSM provides an internet connection for the GX device only. There is no option to share the internetto laptops, phones, or other devices.For installations where more devices need internet, such as a yacht or RV, consider installing a mobile router instead.2.5. Antennas and accessoriesA small indoor GSM antenna is included. Optionally, we also sell an outdoor outdoor 2G and 3G GSM antenna, which increases the range:•Part number GSM900100100 - Outdoor 4G GSM Antenna2.6. What's in the box?•GX GSM (with integrated USB cable)•GSM mini rod antenna (for indoor use)•DC power cable (with inline fuse and terminal block)3.1. Installation step-by-stepFollow the steps below to install the GX GSM:1.Mount the device in a place that is not covered by metal objects. Consider using the optional outdoor antenna when installingthe GX GSM in a closed metal enclosure, car, or van to increase the range.2.Mount the supplied antenna to the SMA connector marked GSM or connect an optional external outdoor antenna if required.3.An optional active GPS antenna is screwed onto the SMA connector labeled GPS.4.Insert the SIM card. You will need to eject the SIM card tray with a pen or other pointy object. Be aware that the SIM card traysits slightly recessed inside the unit. Be sure to push it all the way in.5.Connect the GX GSM to the GX device with the supplied USB cable. Use a USB hub if all USB sockets are already in use.6.Connect the DC power supply (8 to 70 VDC). A 1.4 m cable with M10 cable lugs and a built-in Slow Blow fuse 3.15A 250V,5x20mm is included. Pay attention to the correct polarity as labeled on the front sticker.7.After power-up, the blue LED will be solid blue. Once it has registered on a network, the LED will start blinking slowly. Finally,when the internet connection is established, the LED will blink quickly.3.2. ConfigurationThe GX GSM is configured entirely via the connected GX device.Setting a SIM-PIN helps reducing the risk of the SIM card being stolen and used. Use a mobile phone to set the SIM-PIN, and thereafter configure it on the GX device as follows:1.When using a SIM card with its SIM-PIN security disabled, the system will work without further configuration.2.Setting a SIM-PIN helps reducing the risk of the SIM card being stolen and used. Use a mobile phone to set the SIM-PIN, andthere after configure it on the GX device as follows:Go to Settings → GSM modem → PIN.3.Enter the same PIN that was previously set in the mobile phone or provided by the network operator.4.Go to Settings → GSM Modem → APN and set the APN name if necessary. Some mobile networks require manualconfiguration of an APN especially when roaming. Contact your network operator for details.5.If you are installing the GX GSM in an area where you can expect internet coverage to be occasionally disrupted, you shouldenable the “Reboot device when no contact” option in the GX device's VRM menu. This will automatically restart the GX device and power cycle the GX if it has failed to transmit data to VRM for the configured time.Note that if you are leaving internet service coverage areas (such as an RV on the move, or a boat leavingdock to go to sea), then it is recommend to disable this setting, so that your GX is not rebooting itselffor no reason. Or set it, for example, to a two hour time-out and accept a reboot every two hours whenunderway.Watch this video to learn how to connect via LAN, WiFi and the GX GSM: Connecting a Victron GX Device online and setting up a GX GSM4.1. SIM statusThe SIM status is displayed on the GSM overview page on the GX device. The following table shows all possible states and their meaning:4.2. Status BarGSM modem status can be checked at a glance by looking at the status bar.4.3. GPSWhen the optional active GPS antenna is added, the position is sent to the VRM portal and also displayed in the GX device as follows:5.1. Troubleshooting guideThere are many reasons for a modem internet connection to not work. Carefully go through each step of this troubleshooting guide. Make sure to start at the first step. When asking for help, make sure to mention each step taken and the result.Note that Ethernet and WiFi connections have priority over the cellular connection. Even when the availableEthernet or WiFi connection does not have a good connection to the internet, there is no automatic detectionin place which in such case switches over to the GX GSM. In more technical language: when the cellular dataconnection is active, it is configured with a high routing metric. This way, the Linux kernel prioritises Ethernetor Wifi when these are available.5.2. What to do if the GX GSM is not staying connected?Enable the “Reboot device when no contact” configuration setting in the VRM menu of the GX device. That will reboot the GX (and with it the GX GSM) automatically if the internet connection is not available. See also the configuration chapter [4] for more details.6.1. Technical data7.1. Accessory / Antennas7.1.1. Outdoor 2G and 3G GSM AntennaThis antenna can be used with the GX GSM for 2G and 3G bands.7.1.2. Active GPS Antenna7.2. Notes regarding regional coverageA good reference to check frequencies is 4G world Coverage Map. Note that the page also contains 2G and 3G information, which is on its GSM World Coverage link on the top.USA, Mexico, Canada and most of South America: 1900 MHz is the most common frequency for 3G, which is unsupported for this version of GX GSM. Use the GX LTE 4G instead.Australia: The 900 MHz 3G frequency in remote areas is typically provided by Optus. Telstra's rural 3G network operates at 850 MHz, which is not supported with the current version of GX GSM. Both Telstra and Optus operate 2100 Mhz networks in urban areas, and are supported.7.3. Dimensions106819615.2515.25 123.53 192242.5Dimensions in mmGSM100100100GX GSMDimension Drawing - GX GSM8.1. Five year limited warrantyThis limited warranty covers defects in materials and workmanship in this product and lasts for five years from the date of original purchase of this product.The customer must return the product together with the receipt of purchase to the point of purchase.This limited warranty does not cover damage, deterioration or malfunction resulting from alteration, modification, improper or unreasonable use or misuse, neglect, exposure to excess moisture, fire, improper packing, lightning, power surges, or other acts of nature.This limited warranty does not cover damage, deterioration or malfunction resulting from repairs attempted by anyone unauthorized by Victron Energy to make such repairs.Victron Energy is not liable for any consequential damages arising from the use of this product.The maximum liability of Victron Energy under this limited warranty shall not exceed the actual purchase price of the product.。