雅思写作核心语料库

雅思写作核⼼语料库Language for IELTS Writing/阶段：childrenprimary education, elementary educationstudents, school, schooling, general educationadolescents/juveniles/youngsters/youths n. 青少年adolescent adj. 青春期的adolescent worries青春期的烦恼secondary education 中学high school 中学high school graduatesuniversity students, college graduatesvocational diplomahigher educationyoung adults教育的⽅式the approach/method/fashion of education1. parenting/upbringing n. 家庭教育aptitude (for)/talent (for) n. 天资，禀赋develop/cultivate/foster/nurture v. 培养(nature先天vs. nurture后天)specialist n. 专才generalist n. 通才all-rounded/well-rounded/versatile adj. 全⾯的awareness/ sense n. 意识the development of students' personality and values 学⽣个性和价值观的发展(素质教育的具体内容) mold (or mould英式拼写) one’s character塑造某⼈的性格mold (or mould英式拼写) someone into something 把某⼈塑造成…..a (or the) the sense of responsibility (or duty/ obligation) 责任感teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well (素质教育的具体内容)values and attitudes prevalent among someone 在某些⼈中普遍存在的价值观、态度the morally sound values and outlook on the world and life 正确的价值观、世界观和⼈⽣观physical(or mental) and psychological soundness (or well-being/welfare) ⾝体和⼼理的健康promote the student’s physical, psychological(or mental), intellectual and emotional development 促进学⽣⾝体、⼼理、智⼒和情感的发展behave v. ⾏为举⽌behavior n. ⾏为举⽌a valuable member of society 有价值的社会⼀员make contributions to social progress 对社会进步做贡献contribute to social well-being (or welfare) 为社会健康发展做贡献achieve life value 实现⼈⽣价值pedagogy n. /pedagogical (or teaching) methodology教学法=teaching method educational adj. 教育的，有教育意义的inspiring adj. 激励的，启发⼼灵的，⿎舞⼈⼼的impart knowledge (to someone) /inculcate knowledge (in/into/upon someone) 传授知识obtain (or acquire) knowledge and skills 获得知识和技能students’ command (or grasp) of something 学⽣对……的掌握a good command of English 良好的英语语⾔能⼒give someone an edge/advantage in 给某⼈某⽅⾯的优势motivated adj. 积极的，有动⼒的give students motivation to do something/motivate the students to do something给学⽣动⼒做某事initiative n. 主动性encourage sb. to take the initiative to do sth ⿎励某⼈积极主动做某事reasoning ability 推理能⼒analyzing skills and problem-solving ability 分析和解决问题的能⼒research skills 研究技能creative/original adj. 有创造⼒的creativity / originality n. 创造⼒creative thinking 创新思维critical thinking 批判性思维encourage students to think critically ⿎励学⽣⽤辩证的眼光看问题think independently 独⽴思考communication and social skills 沟通、社交能⼒team spirit 团队精神n. 社区，社会，团体community service 社区服务unpaid community service ⽆偿的社区服务household/home n. 家庭household wastes 家庭垃圾single-parent home (or household) 单亲家庭family values 家庭观念strengthen family bonds (or ties) 加强家庭、亲情的联系a (or the) sense of belonging 归属感an attachment to/an affinity for 对……的依恋generation gap 代沟offspring n. 后代personality clashes 性格冲突，性格不合domestic violence 家庭暴⼒mistreat/abuse v. 虐待addiction to/be addicted to 对......上瘾quality family time 有质量的家庭⽣活of the young 未成年保护discipline n. 纪律be unable to distinguish right from wrong 没有能⼒判断是⾮be vulnerable to negative influence 易受外界不良影响vulnerable groups 弱势群体impressionable adj. 易受影响的have less awareness of adverse consequences ⽆法充分意识到不良后果take sensible precautions 采取合理的预防措施critical time of physical and psychological development ⾝⼼发展的关键期develop something 发展、培养......parental guidance ⽗母的指导parenting n. ⽗母的教育guardianship n. 监护guide v. 引导custody n. 抚养权，监护权the intervention of parents ⽗母的⼲涉a degree of parental intervention ⼀定程度的⽗母的⼲预intervene in ⼲预exercise/have some control over 对……稍加控制Parents should exercise/have some control over their children. ⽗母对孩⼦要有⼀定的约束⼒。

雅思写作核心语料库Part 11 offer a sense of job satisfaction and security带来工作的满意感和安全感2lay a solid professional working experience 累积扎实的工作经验3 reduce/cut down expenditure 减少支出4increase/generate job opportunities创建就业时机6promote talent introduction and exchange促令人材的引进与沟通7keep skills fresh and up-to-date 保证技术的不落后9lay a solid foundation for 确立坚固的基础10 pave the way for the future/development 为将来摊平了道路11foster a sense of competition and cooperation培育合作感与竞争感 12cultivate the spirit of team working 培育团队合作精神13master interpersonal skills 掌握人及关系技巧 14widen one ’ s knowledge拓宽知识面15enrich one’ s social and life experience丰富社会与人生经历16enlarge one’ s view/broaden one’拓s宽horizon视线17realize the value of life 实现人生价值18surmount /overcome / win over /master difficulties 战胜困难19grasp good communication skills 掌握人际沟通技巧20remove misunderstanding and discrimination 除去误会与鄙视21keep balance between work and family 保持事业与家庭的均衡 22raise the standard of living提升生活水平25enrich people ’ s spiritual丰life富人们的精神生活26promote social skills and competence提升交际技巧与能力 27strengthen the family ties促使家庭团结28cultivate a strong sense of responsibility 培育激烈的责任感29bring joys and comforts to sb带来欢乐与舒坦30usher in a brand-new life-style引入崭新的生活方式31relieve the pressure of 缓解压力32maintain the community stability 保持社会的稳固33improve the utilization rate of energy resources提升能源的利用率34make full use of 充足利用35satisfy people ’ s needs/meet the demands of满people足人们的需求 36promote the development of relative industries促使有关家产的发展 37stimulate domestic needs刺激国内需求38 impel economic development促使经济的发展39generate jobs, income and tax revenues扩大就业时机，提升收入40enhance mutual understanding促使互相的理解41boost local development促使当地的发展42promote cultural exchange and cooperation促使文化的沟通与合作43enrich one’ s experience of丰life富人生经历44strengthen the ties with outside world增强与外面世界的联系 46foster a climate of peace and prosperity创建和平繁华的氛围 47stimulate our feelings of togetherness激发团结48maintain a natural balance 保持自然均衡 49reduce thelabor intensity 降低劳动强度50stimulate one’ s imagination and intereststh刺激人们的想象里与兴趣51accelerate the flow of information 加快信息的流动52prvide more business opportunities 供给商机53increase the productivity 提升生产力54create more opportunities for education创建受教育的时机55improve educational conditions 改良教育条件56release people from hard manual work令人们从沉重的体力劳动中解脱出来57speed up technical innovation 加快技术改革58better the development of human society完好人力资源的发展60bring immeasurable economic benefits 带来巨大的经济效益Part2 缺点1put sb or sth at risk 使---冒风险3be lack of a sense of job security 缺乏工作的安全感 4distract sb from doing sth 是某人从某事中分心5impose a heave strain on 来巨大的力 6beexaggerated and cheating夸张且欺的7be the invasion of privacy 入侵私8violate rights of free speech入侵言自由的利9endanger social stability and safety危害到社会的定与安全10restrain sb from doing 限制某人做某事14go astray 入歧路15undermine local culture 破当地文化16jeopardize the safety and stability of the society损坏社会的安全与定17set a bad example to立坏的榜18lead to the extinction of some species 致一些物种的 19resultin shortage of energy and natural resources致能源的欠缺21 to cause the estrangement/isolation/alienation between A and B 致了 A 与 B 之的疏22bring disgrace on sb ---来羞耻23suffer heavy losses 失沉重24easily cause stress-related illnesses简单致与力有关的疾病25lack basic infrastructures 缺乏基施26break the ecological balance破生均衡27lead to extravagant waste of public funds致公共金的极度浪28make⋯ in disorder 使杂乱30be harmful to our physical and mental and health害身心健康31lead to degradation of social atmosphere世日下32further widen the gaps between the rich and the poor 一步加大富之的差距 33be the drying up of our limited natural resources and the deterioration of the environment 有限的自然源的枯竭和境的化34contaminate environment 染境37 be a root of all evils 万恶之源38be easily taken in by 简单被欺诈39aggravate the traffic jams and worsen the crowdedness使交通拥塞和拥堵更加恶化40will pay a high price for this negative development of 为。

精心整理写作核心词汇总结交通类1.automobileindustry汽车工业2.boosttheeconomicdevelopment促进经济发展promote3.levythetax征税raise，impose4.modernization现代化5.beviewedas…被视为是…Automobileindustrywhichbooststheeconomicdevelopmentisviewedas thesymbolofmodernization.6.beconcernedabout…对…担忧/关注…7.pollution-freefuelpetrol无污染燃料environmentfriendly8.luxury奢侈品goods9.chronicleadpoisoning慢性铅中毒10.fill…with…使…充斥着11.popularizationofcars汽车普及ymoreemphasison…把重心放在…13.observetrafficregulations遵守交通规则14.breaktrafficregulations违反交通规则15.getstuckintraffic遇上堵车16.rushhour上下班高峰时间off-peak17.easethetrafficpressure缓解交通压力18.pedestrian行人19.pavement人行道20.zebracrossing斑马线21.overspeed超速行驶22.bottleneck交通堵塞地区23.settledowneffectivelaws制定出积极有效的法律24.imposerestrictionson…对…实施限制25.short-sighted目光短浅的26.non-renewableresources不可再生资源27.carbondioxide二氧化碳28.apillarindustry支柱产业29.makefulluseof…充分利用solarpower30.roadnetworks公路网31.speedlimits限速32.enhancethequalityoflifePromote，boost提高生活质量livingstandard33.payaheavyprice付出惨痛的代价34.promotethedevelopmentofrelativeindustries促进相关产业发展35.trafficengineering交通运输工程36.theincreasingnumberofcarownership汽车拥有量增加37.callfor…需要…Thegovernmenttointroducepolicieswhichareeffective/practicalandefficient.38.overcrowded过度拥挤的39.violator违规者40.headache令人头痛的事41.trafficaccidents交通事故42.head-way进展crisis43.conflictwith…与…相冲突44.major/maincause主要原因45.bereplacedby…被…所取代46.provideconveniencefor…为…提供便利47.curb…限制…beancurd，方块48.dilemma进退两难49.encouragesomebodytodosomething鼓励某人去做某事50.energy-saving节能的time-consuming,money-saving社会类1.urbanization城市化rural2.centralization集中化3.imbalance不平衡4.inthelongrun从长远角度而言5.infrastructure基础设施Constructionof6.booming繁荣发展的babybooming7.tertiaryindustry第三产业8.tranquility宁静9.revenue税收costoutweighlevy,raise,imposemeetmercialization商业化Mercury11.trafficcongestion交通拥挤overcrowded12.waterscarcity水短缺drought13.theenvironmentalpollution环境污染14.over-industrialization过度工业化15.over-crowdedness过度拥挤16.unemployment失业rate17.wealthdistribution财富分配ThePrincipleof20/80indicatesthat…．18.socialinstability社会动荡19.urbanconstruction城市建设20.populationexplosion人口激增Theincreasingnumberofpopulation，21.arisingcrimerate犯罪率上升22.drainofenergyandresources能源和资源消耗23.offermorejobopportunities提供更多的就业机会24.arapidpaceoflife快节奏生活Contributeto25.stress-relatedillnesses与压力有关的疾病26.highcostofliving高额生活费用27.pastorallife田园生活28.classpolarization阶级两极分化Koalabear29.socialwelfare社会福利30.givespecialcareto…给予…特殊关照31.urbansprawl城市扩张32.convenienttransportationmeans便捷的交通工具meangirl33.bettermedicalservices更好的医疗服务34.pressureofmodernlifeincity城市生活压力35.bevulnerableto…易于患上…f ragile36.meltingpot熔炉37.onthebrinkof…处于…边缘Edgy38.pollutant污染性物质39.wastedisposal废物处理40.puttheblameon…归咎于…41.beattributableto…归因为…42.waysofconsumption消费方式43.sufferheavylosses遭受重大损失44.citizen居民netizen45.beconfront edwith…面临着…46.breedcrimes滋生犯罪47.viciouscycle恶性循环48.afeasiblemeasure/meanPractical一种可行的措施peopleinneed49.givepriorityto…优先考虑…50.cityplanners城市规划者FoodsourandsweetfishCuisinespicyfoodlowinfatchopsticksknifeandforkhighinfatrichinvitaminCAussiekiwifruitmangococktailvinegarandoliveoilChinesesaladHerbs，seasonI’mallergictosthIttastesfunny.BitterStewSteamedbread Stirfriedchichen/beef/ HotpotbakeT-boneYummyTastegood/fantastic Cheeseandcream Tastesgoodbutsmellssmelly. Nutrition Hygienicandhealthy Special Chefrecommendation MusicMelodylyricsToneHeavymetalDrumsSymphony，orchestra Harmony，releasedandrefreshedPopCountrymusicJazzFolkClassicChordInstrumentConcertLovesongs，sadsongs媒体类1.paparazzi狗仔队2.massmedia大众媒体3.entertainment娱乐4.journalism新闻业5.journal期刊6.thelatestnews最新消息7.exclusivenews独家新闻8.newsagency新闻社9.newsblockout新闻封锁10.newscensorship新闻审查11.freedomofthepress新闻自由12.newscoverage新闻报道13.doreportageon…报导…14.hittheheadlines上头条15.issue出版、发行16.newsstand报摊17.free-lancerwriter自由撰稿人18.chiefeditor总编CEOchiefexecutiveofficerCFO19.editorial社论20.newsworthy值得报道的Itdoesn’tworthit.21.barometer晴雨表22.thebarometerofpublicopinion舆论的晴雨表23.livebroadcast直播Ontheair24.quizshow智力竞争节目25.gameshow游戏节目26.varietyshow综合节目gala27.talkshow脱口秀Opera，28.sitcom情景喜剧29.soapopera肥皂剧30.moviestar电影明星31.movieking影帝32.moviequeen影后33.affair绯闻haveaffair34.celebrity名人Celebrate35.fame名声36.risetofame声名鹊起37.fans粉丝38.invadeone’sprivacy侵扰了…的隐私39.misleading误导性的40.cheating欺骗性的41.popularity知名度42.scandal丑闻43.sensational轰动的44.prevalent普遍的、流行的45.imperative重要的、必要的Important，significant Principle46.audienceratings收视率47.propaganda宣传brainwashing48.beabductedby受…诱导49.purifyone’ssoul净化心灵Soulmate50.liveinavirtualworld生活在一个虚拟世界中51.beagreatcomforttosomebody对…来说是一个巨大安慰52.meetdifferenttastes满足不同口味53.providesomebodywithsomething给…提供…54.followthefashionblindly盲目追逐时尚Setup/arrangeBlinddatemitcrimes犯罪56.beinconceivabletosomebody对…来说是难以想象的57.impressive给人印象深刻的58.righttoknow知情权59.inthedi sguiseof…打着…的幌子WhitelieSplit60.endangersocialstabilityandsafety危害社会稳定和安全媒体类二rmationera信息时代2.keeponeinformedaboutsomething使人们了解…3.audience/viewers观众4.haveunhealthyandharmfuleffectson…对…有不良影响rmation-explosionsociety信息爆炸的社会6.influential有影响的7.revolutionizethewayweacquireinformation彻底改变了我们获取信息的方式8.blessing福9.curse祸10.variousthrillingprograms各种各样激动人心的节目11.poor-qualityprograms低质量节目12.ever-accelerated不断发展的13.exaggerate夸张14.enjoyable令人享受的15.fashionable时尚的16.electromagneticradiation电磁辐射17.psychologicalillnesses心理疾病18.isolated孤僻的19.unimaginative缺乏想象力的20.unsociable不好社交的21.deprivesomebodyofone’simaginationandcreativity使…丧失了想象力和创造力22.jeopardizeone’shealth危害健康23.beexposedto…了解到…接触到…24.finditswayintoeveryfamily进入千家万户25.globalvillage地球村26.beindulgedin…沉溺于…27.beaddictedto…对…上瘾28.befascinatedby…被…所吸引29.bedependenton…依赖…30.second-handinformation二手信息31.goastray误入歧途32.embarkonthecriminalroad走上犯罪道路33.irresistible无法抵制的34.hallmark标志35.createtopicsofdiscussion制造交谈话题36.criticalthinking批判性思维37.powerfulmeansofcommunication有力的交流工具38.maincause主因39.tempting有诱惑力的40.reliable可靠的41.familyattachment家庭归属感42.mutualunderstanding相互了解43.alienationofaffection感情疏远44.besickof…对…厌倦45.generationgap代沟46.exchangesoffeelings感情交流47.emotionalbond感情纽带48.strengthenfamilyties加强家庭纽带关系49.bedetachedfromreality与现实隔绝50.distinguishrightfromwrong明辨是非51.edifying有教育意义的52.couchpotato电视迷53.beharmfulto…对…有害54.imitate模仿55.inexpressible难以形容的56.physicalandmentalhealth身心健康57.stimulateone’simaginationandcreati vity激发某人想象力和创造力58.unwholesomelifestyle.不健康的生活方式59.agreatdealofinformation大量的信息60.disinteresting令人索然无味的工作类1.ambitious雄心壮志的、野心勃勃的aspiration2.adaptability适应性3.adaptoneselfto…使自己适应…4.prosperity繁荣booming5.bedisadvantageousto…对…不利6.flowofpersonnel人才流动7.mechanismofpersonnelflow人才流动机制8.survivalofthefittest适者生存9.asenseofaccomplishment成就感10.potentiality潜能11.learntocooperateandcompromise学习合作和妥协TeamworkTeamleader12.bedeeplyimpressedwith…对…印象很深impressivepanyphilosophy企业文化14.flexibility灵活性yogapetitive竞争激烈的16.arena舞台，市场竞技场17.team-workspirit团队合作精神18.treasureopportunity珍惜机会19.afatsalary收入颇丰fluffy，蓬松babyfat20.aharmoniousinterpersonalrelationship和谐的人际关系I’mseeingsomeone.21.asenseofresponsibility责任感BeWillingtoShouldermoreresponsibility22.materialgains物质待遇23.promisingfuture光明的前途24.brightprospect光明的前景25.achallengingjob一份具有挑战性的工作26.turningpoint转折点27.becloselyrelatedto…与…息息相关28.getadvancedinthesociety出人头地29.adecentjob一份体面的工作30.chanceofpromotion升迁机会31.stabilityandsatisfaction稳定感和满足感32.keepskillsfreshandup-to-date使技能可以不断更新33.expandone’soutlook开阔视野horizon34.balanceworkandlife平衡工作和生活Businessisbusiness.35.from-nine-to-five朝九晚五一族36.shoulder/undertake one’sresponsibility承担起自己的责任37.upgradeoneself提升自我38.awell-paidjob高收入工作39.creativework创造性工作40.standupto/meetthechallenge迎接挑战41.realizethevalueoflifeeffectuate实现人生价值42.enrichone’ssocialexperience丰富一个人的社会阅历43.cultivateone’sindependenceandtoughness培养自己的独立性和坚韧性44.seekforpersonaldevelopment追求个人发展45.displayone’stalent展示才能46.asenseofself-fulfillment自我实现感Elite精英47.promotionopportunity提升机会48.meetone’spersonalizedneeds满足某人个性化需求49.defineone’srole确定自己的角色50.socialrecognition社会认可51.accumulateexperience获取经验52.inspiring鼓舞人心的53.motivation动机54.workaholic工作狂55.workingenvironment工作环境56.workovertime加班57.improveone’scapabilities提高某人能力58.developone’stalents培养才智59.idealworkplace理想工作场所Decent60.masterinterpersonalskills掌握人际交往技能动物保护类vivid，Viva，1.vivisection活体解剖2.performexperimentsonanimals在动物身上做试验3.testanimals用于实验的动物Colony实验对照组4.besubjectedtoexperiments被迫接受试验5.animalrights动物权利Human6.clinicalresearch临床研究7.cruel残忍的8.extremist极端主义者9.medicalresearch医学研究10.originofspecies物种起源11.alternativemethod替代的方法12.biologicaldiversity生物多样性13.naturalbalance自然平衡14.equilibriumofecosystem生态平衡15.coexistence共存16.endangeredanimals濒危动物17.diversityofspecies物种多样性18.shameless令人羞愧的19.barbaric野蛮的20.liveandletlive活着就是与万物共存Tobeornottobe21.meaningless没有意义的22.dominantspecies优势物种boratory实验室24.vaccine疫苗25.infringement践踏invade26.righttolive生存权27.torture折磨I’mtorturedbyIELTS.28.anti-science反科学的29.life-threateningdiseases危及生命的疾病Stress-relatedillnesses30.scientificgains科学成果31.anever-lastingtheme一个永恒的主题Livehappilyeverafter32.evolution进化putersimulation电脑模拟34.groundless没有理由的Ontheground实际35.humane人道的36.medicaltechnology医疗技术37.anatomy解剖38.equal公平的39.unreliable不可信赖的40.valid有效的、正当的语言类1.ambiguity歧义2.denotation字面意思3.connotation暗含意思4.impractical不切实际的5.intellectualdevelopment智力发展6.interaction交流7.thinkingcapacity思考能力8.universallanguage世界语9.linguisticstudies语言学研究10.ameansofcommunication一种交流工具11.mechanicaltranslation机械翻译12.untranslatable不宜翻译的13.developlinguisticskills培养语言技能14.verbalcommunication口头交流15.grammaticalrules语法规则16.context语境17.core核心18.translation笔译19.interpretation口译20.acomplexprogress一个复杂过程21.cream精华22.cultivatelogicalthinking培养逻辑思维23.obscure晦涩的24.readability朗朗上口25.anunrealisticdream一个不切实际的梦想prehensiveknowledge全面的知识municatewithothersdirectly,andfreely与他人直接自由交流28.face-to-facecommunication面对面交流29.stimul ateone’sinterest激发了…的兴趣30.artificialintelligence人工智能31.helpchildrenlearnaforeignlanguageinamorevividandinteractiveway帮助孩子更生动，互动地学习一门外语32.miraculous令人惊叹的33.increaseefficiency提高效率34.easyaccessibility易于操作35.makeastoundingadvances突飞猛进36.enrichtheteachingandlearningmethods丰富了教学手段37.expertise专业知识38.flourishing繁荣兴旺的39.speedycommunication快速的交流40.readbetweenthelines读懂暗含的意思nguageacquisition语言习得42.term术语43.implication含义44.befullyawareof…充分意识到…45.optimistic乐观的46.pessimistic悲观的47.drawback弊端48.preciousgift宝贵的礼物49.linguist语言学家50.missionimpossible不可能的任务文化类一1.culturalinsights文化视角2.learnabouttheworld了解世界3.athrillingexperience一种令人激动的经历4.abstract抽象的5.concrete具体的6.movesomebodytotears使…感动落泪7.getrelaxedandentertained得到放松和娱乐8.venue场所9.hasitsvalue有其自己价值10.inspiration灵感11.scopeofknowledge知识面12.spreadknowledge传播知识stingartisticworks永恒的艺术作品14.abstruse深奥的15.breakwitholdcustoms抛弃传统16.carrydownfromgenerationtogeneration代代相传17.advocatethenewlifestyle.倡导新的生活方式18.entertainment娱乐19.bedifferentf rom…与…不同20.directexperience直接经验21.echo共识22.satiatepeople’spsychologicaldemands满足心理需求23.attachmoreimportanceto…更重视…24.spiritualenhancement精神升华25.amirrorof…是…的一面镜子26.determinant决定性因素27.eclipse使…相形见绌28.contributeto…有助于…29.asenseofcoolandsatisfaction一种惬意的感觉30.pastimes消遣方式31.nurtureimagination培养想象力32.meditation沉思33.anessenceofimmortality永恒的精髓34.instructive有启发性的35.edification熏陶36.arouseone’scuriosityaboutsomething引发某人对某事的好奇心37.enrichone’sknowledge丰富某人知识38.valueofknowledge知识的价值39.culturaldifferences文化差异性40.timeisfleetingandartislong时光飞逝，艺术永恒文化类二1.culturaldiversity文化多元化2.culturaltreasures文化宝藏3.cross-culturalcommunication跨文化交流Management4.culturalreconstruction文化重建5.spiritualcivilization精神文明6.heritage遗产7.achievementsofart艺术成就8.teardown拆除9.humanehistoricalsites人文历史遗址10.preservetheculturalrelics保护文化遗产11.blueprint蓝图12.skyscraper摩天大楼13.high-riseofficebuildings高层写字楼14.cityconstruction城市建设15.well-structured结构良好的16.crystallization结晶17.visualenjoyment视觉享受18.drivingforce驱动力19.reconstruct重建20.destruct破坏21.architecturalindustry建筑工业22.mapout制定出23.citydesigning城市设计24.beautifyourlife美化我们的生活25.humancivilization人类文明26.cradleofculture文化摇篮27.mainstreamculture主流文化28.culturaltraditions文化传统29.nationalpride民族自豪30.localcustomsandpractices风土人情吸引人们的眼球31.attractpeople’seyes32.artistictaste艺术品味33.cornerstone基石34.becloselyinterrelatedwith…与…有密切关系35.adheretothetradition坚持传统36.architecturalvandalism破坏建筑行为37.carryforward…弘扬…38.culturalneeds文化需求39.reputation声望40.maintaintheworldpeace维护世界和平41.artisticreflection艺术反映42.givepublicityto…宣传…43.burden负担44.causeirreversibledamage造成不可逆转的损失45.nationalidentityandvalue民族特性和价值观46.removeprejudiceandmisunderstanding消除偏见和误解47.symbol象征48.artisticstandards艺术水准49.enjoygreatpopularity广受欢迎50.culturaldevolution文化退化科技类1.advancedscience尖端科学2.scientificinvention科学发明3.exertafar-reachingimpacton…对…产生一种深远的影响4.double-edgedsword双刃剑5.earth-shakingchanges翻天覆地的改变6.paythewayforthefuturedevelopment为未来的发展铺平道路yasolidfoundationfor…为…打下良好的基础8.energycrisis能源危机9.depletionofresources能源消耗estone里程碑11.sophisticatedequipment尖端设备12.technicalinnovation科技创新13.expediency权宜之计14.antithetical与…背道而驰的15.over-commercialized过渡商业化的16.aheateddiscussion热烈的讨论17.exhaustgas废气18.disastrous灾难性的19.overshadow使…相形见绌20.c omparedto/with…与…相比herin引领22.speedyandcomfortable既快捷又舒适23.oppositeforces负面影响24.afatalbreakdown致命故障25.potentialhazards潜在危险26.poseathreatto…对…有一种威胁27.promoterelativeindustries促进相关产业发展28.accelerate加速…29.meansoftransportation交通方式30.transportationtools交通工具31.socialstatus社会地位32.environmentally-friendlyresources环保的能源33.makepeople’slifeeasier使人们生活更方便34.alternativefuel可替代燃料35.sustainabledevelopment可持续性发展36.scientificexploration科学探索37.airtravel航空旅行38.ridiculous可笑的39.absurd荒唐的40.substitute取代41.overcomedifficulties克服困难42.makeprogress取得进步43.asenseofnationalpride民族自豪感44.unprecedented前所未有的45.soaring不断上升的46.giveagreatpushtotheeconomicgrowth极大地推动了经济发展47.seedramaticbreakthroughs取得突破性进展48.aggravate使恶化49.optimize优化50.cure-allsolution万能良药。

雅思写作YTC -Task 1语料库ContentsTASK1静态图- C10T1(原创) (1)静态图- C7T1(Simon范文+原创) (2)静态图- C10T3(原创) (3)动态图- C6T2(原创) (5)动态图- C7T2(剑桥范文+原创) (6)动态图- C8T2(Simon范文+原创) (7)流程图-C8T3(原创) (9)地图-C9T1(原创) (10)XXXX学校静态图➢C10T1（原创1）The two pie charts show the use of energy in ordinary Australian families and the consequent emissions of greenhouse gas.As regards the consumption of energy, a large___majority_______//over 70 %//over two thirds of the energy is for heating and water heating, and the figures are//____accounting______for 42 % and 30 % respectively. In contrast, refrigeration _______consumes___a limited amount of energy (7 %), and lighting and cooling together only comprise 6 % of the total. The remaining 15 % is for other appliances.As to the amounts of greenhouse gas emitted, water heating was the major culprit, responsible for almost one third (32 %) of the total, followed by other appliances (28 %). Noticeably, heating, _____which_____ consumes 42 % energy，only ___emits/discharges_______15 % emissions. By contrast, refrigerators, which only use 7 % of energy,alone occupy 14 %. In addition, the figures for lighting and cooling remain below 10 %, at 8 % and 3 % respectively.Overall, most of the energy is used for heating and water heating and they, particularly the latter, also emit much greenhouse gas, while lighting and cooling play minor roles in both cases.➢C10T1（原创2）The two pie charts show what energy is used for in Australia and how the energy use discharges greenhouse gas.Noticeably, 42 % of the total energy is consumed for heating, _____but_____ it is only responsible for 15 % of the emissions. In ____contrast______, refrigeration, lighting and other appliances are more likely to cause pollution. ____Although______ refrigeration takes up 7 % of the energy consumption and lighting makes up 4 %, their proportions in gas emissions are ___twice_______higher at 14 % and 8 %respectively. ______Similarly/Likewise____, other appliances, which account for 15 % energy use, lead to just below 30 % pollution.On the other hand, figures for water heating and cooling in two cases are consistent. Australians use 30 % of the energy for heating water, which leads to a slightly higher percentage of emissions at 32 %. The figures for cooling are negligible in both charts. Overall, most of the energy is for heating and water heating, while a large part of the pollution is due to water heating and the use of other appliances. We can find energy consumption and pollution are not necessarily consistent.➢C7T1（原创）This table shows how consumer spending on three types of items varied in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Turkey in 2002.Food, drinks and tobacco was obviously the top priority. (To be specific,) Turkey, where almost a third of disposable income was on it (32.14%),topped the table, followed by Ireland with a percentage of 28.91 %. The figures in Spain, Italy and Sweden were relatively smaller at 18.80 %, 16.36 %, and 15.77% respectively. In contrast, the expenditure on leisure and education was significantly less (all below 5 %). Turkey again ranked first, but the figure only reached 4.35%; the percentage in Spain was much lower at merely 1.98 %.The figures for clothing and footwear were just above those for leisure and education and considerably lower than those for food, drinks and tobacco. Although Italy only spent 16.36% on eating and smoking, it had the largest percentage on this item (9%). This was in obvious contrast to Sweden, where citizens again spent the least (5.4 %). The other three, Turkey, Spain and Ireland, had similar percentages (around 6.5 %). Overall, people in all countries spent more on necessities, especially food and drinking, compared with limited budget on leisure and education. Also, the figures in different countries varied to some degree.➢C7T1（Simon范文）The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002.It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has thelowest percentages in the table. __Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably _____higher_____ in Turkey, ______at____ 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The __percentage_______ of spending on leisure and education was ______also____ the highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was _____significantly____ higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.It can be seen that Sweden had the ____l owest______ percentages of national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and ______just________over______5% respectively. Spain had _____slightly_____higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.➢C10T3（原创1-单组数据描述）The two bar charts show the choices of graduates and postgraduates who did not have full-time work in the UK in 2008.Further study was the most popular choice, and the number of graduates reached almost 30, 000 (29, 665). It was followed by part-time work and unemployment. 17, 735 chose part-time work, which was slightly more than people who are unemployed (16, 235). In contrast, only a few graduates took part in voluntary work (3, 500).➢C10T3（原创2）The bar charts off er data about how graduates and postgraduates who didn’t find full-time jobs led their life after graduation in the UK in 2008.As to graduates, a large proportion of them (29, 665) furthered their education. Part-time work was the second choice as 17, 735 took it as an alternative to full-time job. This figure was far lower than further study but only slightly higher than the number of graduates who simply remained jobless (16,235). In contrast, voluntary work was rarely considered, attracting only 3,500 people.There were significantly fewer postgraduates in total (under 8000), and the choices of those with master degrees were slightly different. While further study remained the leading choice (2725), a similar number of postgraduates worked part-time, reaching 2535. Compared with the case in graduates, the number of completely unemployed postgraduates was considerably fewer than those who went part-time, though the figure (1625) was still far higher than that for voluntary (only 345).Overall, for both graduates and postgraduates, further study was what most of them chose, while the number of volunteers was negligible. Compared with bachelors, a larger percentage of postgraduates took part-time jobs.➢C10T3（原创3）The two bar charts illustrate how gradu ates and postgraduates who didn’t find full-time jobs led their life after graduation in the UK in 2008.For both graduates and postgraduates, further study was their first choice, attracting 29,665 and 2,725 respectively. Both had little passion for voluntary work: only 3,500 took voluntary work, and the number of postgraduate volunteers was only 345. However, their attitudes towards part-time work differed greatly. 17, 735 graduates worked part time, which was only slightly more than those who remained completely unemployed (16,235). In contrast, part-time workers were far more common among postgraduates. The figure (2,535) was significantly larger than that of unemployment (1,625) and was quite close to that of further study.Overall, for both graduates and postgraduates, further study was what most of them chose, while the number of volunteers was negligible. Compared with bachelors, a larger percentage of postgraduates took part-time jobs rather than stayed unemployed.动态图➢C6T2（原创）The table shows how the common modes of travel changed in England from 1985 to 2000, measured in miles per person per year.Overall, the total distance by all modes surged as people travelled more by most modes except walking, bicycle and local bus. Generally, people depended heavily on car for travelling.Some modes were less popular during the 15 years. Local bus was the second choice in 1985, but in 2000 the average distance by it __dropped___________sharply_______ to 274 miles from 429 miles. There were also ____drops___________in_____ the distance by walking and bicycle, falling/____d own______ from 255 miles and 51 miles to 237 miles and 41 miles respectively.In contrast, English travelled more by the remaining modes. There was an enormous rise of about 1.600 miles to 4806 miles in the distance by car, which remained the dominant mode, and an increase to 366 miles in train made it ____replace/overtake______local bus as the second choice for people. The ___period/15 years_______ also saw surges in figures for taxi and local bus.➢C7T2（剑桥范文）The graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.In 1979 beef was by far the _____most_____ popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much ____l ess______ fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell _____dramatically_____ to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also ___d eclined_______, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most ____stabl e______.The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an ___upward/rising/increasing_______trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had ____soared/surged______ to almost 250 grams per person per week.Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.➢C7T2（原创）The line chart provides amounts of fish and three other types of meat consumed per person per week by people from a particular European country from 1979 to 2004. Overall, the consumption levels of fish were more stable than the other three kinds of meat which showed drastic changes throughout the 25-year period.Reductions occurred in the consumption of beef, lamb and fish over the years. Among them the consumption of beef and lamb shared similar slumps, ____dropping______ by around 50 grams each per person per week. Fish also witnessed a downward trend, though this ______drop____ was relatively slight from about 60 grams in 1979 to justbelow 50 grams by the end of the period.In contrast, chicken, which ranked the third (almost 150g) in the initial year, surged all the way and _outnumbered_________that of lamb and beef in 1980 and 1989 respectively. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.➢C8T2（Simon范文）The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three different years over a 20-year period.It is clear that teachers’ salaries made up the largest proportion of the school’s spending in all three years (1981, 1991 and 2001). By contrast, insurance was the smallest cost in each year.In 1981, 40% of the school’s budget went on teachers’ salaries. This figure r ose to 50% in 1991, but fell again by 5% in 2001. The proportion of spending on other workers’ wages fell steadily over the 20-year period, from 28% of the budget in 1981 to only 15% in 2001.Expenditure on insurance stood at only 2% of the total in 1981, but reached 8% in 2001. Finally, the percentages for resources and furniture/equipment fluctuated. The figure for resources was highest in 1991, at 20%, and the proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.➢C8T2（原创1）The pie charts compare the expenditure on various categories by a school in the UK in three separate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001.Overall, the percentage of spending on teachers’ salaries, insurance and furniture increased at different rates, while there were corresponding drops in the figures for other categories. Among these, the figure for teachers’ salaries remained the largest in the years given.According to the charts, spending on both insurance and other workers’ salaries remained a persistent/consistent trend in this period. To be more specific, the figure for the former had a fourfold increase (2% to 8%), which still took the least important position, while there was a drop in that of the latter to 15%.By contrast, the expense of teachers’ salaries, resources and furniture experienced different changes over the given period. The money spent on teachers’ salaries remained the largest, at around 50 percent, despite a drop to 45% in 2001. The data of resources and furniture and equipment shared the same percentage at 15% in 1981. the former showed an increase by 5%, before dropping to only 9% in 2001. On the contrary, regardless of an initial decrease by 10%, the figure for equipment rose to only 23% in 2001.➢C8T2（原创2）The pie charts give information about how a UK school spent on different categories in 1981, 1991 and 2001.Overall, while the percentage of spending on teachers’ salaries, insurance and furniture increased at different rates, the figures for other workers’ salar ies and resources showed an opposite trend. Specifically, teachers’ salaries remained the largest percentage in all three years.Teachers’ salaries were the most important expenditure in these years, with the proportion increasing from 40% in 1981 to 45% in 2001, although there was a slight drop in the second decade. In terms of furniture and equipment, the percentage of spending experienced a sharp decrease from 15% in 1981 to 5% in 1991, after which the data rose considerably to 23% in 2001. The rising trend was also seen in the data of insurance, which showed a fourfold rise (2% in 1981 to 8% in 2001), although it kept the smallest proportion.The money used to pay for other workers’ salaries and resources, on the other hand, showed a different patter n. Specifically, the expenditure of other workers’ salaries witnessed a downward trend, decreasing dramatically from 28% in 1981 to only 15% in 2001. The running cost allocated to resources (e.g. books) also declined from 15% to 9% during the period, despite a gentle growth to 20% in 1991.流程图➢C8T3 （原创）The diagrams show how cement and concrete are manufactured.In cement production, the first step is ______to____put raw materials-limestone and clay-into a crusher, ___which_______then turns them into powder. Afterwards, the powder obtained is sent into a cylinder-shaped mixer, which is connected to a pipe-like rotating heater. The mixed powder ____then______ goes through the revolving rotating heater; at the same time, some sort of fire enters the pipe and ____heats______ the powder. ____After______the materials are ____ground______into particles, the cement is finally produced, and the last step is to simply pack them into bags.In concrete production, the cement is joined by other three constituents. Unlike the simple mixing in the previous diagram, there is a fixed ratio of the four ingredients: 50 % of the mixture is made up by gravels which are small stones, and the othermajor raw material is sand which makes 25 %. Cement, despite holding 15 %, appears to be an indispensable part for the 10 % water to combine all the raw materials in a huge rotating/revolving concrete mixer.__Overall________, the two diagrams show how limestone and clay are used to produce cement _____which____is used as an important ______material____for concrete production.地图➢C9T1（原创）The map shows ____how______an undeveloped island is transformed into a tourist spot.On the original island，which is roughly 1000 metres ______l ong____ and 300 metres ___wid e_______, there is almost nothing _____but/except_____ a few trees (mainly in the eastern part) and a beach at the western end.After the construction, in the center ____are/sit/there are______ 9 detached huts for accommodation, and the other smaller one ____is/sits______ in the west with 6 huts. A reception block is _constructed_______between them, which is quite convenient for tourists __living________on both sides, customers __having________dinner at a restaurant in the north and those hoping to __walk________over the T-shaped pier in the south for sailing.All these facilities are linked properly. There are footpaths in front of all huts, and an additional path is there to _____connect_____ the western accommodation to the beach ____where_____ people can swim now. In addition, a vehicle track is built around the reception and extends northwards to the restaurant and southwards to the pier.In conclusion, both the island and the waters around it are exploited for tourism with a small range of living, traffic and recreational facilities.➢C9T1（Simon范文）The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed for tourism.It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism, and six new features can be seen in the second diagram. The main developments are that the island is accessible and visitors have somewhere to stay.Looking at the maps in more detail, we can see that small huts have been built to accommodate visitors to the island. The other physical structures that have been added are a reception building, in the middle of the island, and a restaurant to the north of the reception. Before these developments, the island was completely bare apart from a few trees.As well as the buildings mentioned above, the new facilities on the island include a pier, where boats can dock. There is also a short road linking the pier with the reception and restaurant, and footpaths connect the huts. Finally, there is a designated swimming area for tourists off a beach on the western tip of the island.。

雅思写作核心语料库Part 11 offer a sense of job satisfaction and security 带来工作的满意感和安全感2lay a solid professional working experience 积累扎实的工作经验3 reduce/cut down expenditure 削减支出4increase/g enerate job opportunities 创造就业机会6promote talent introduction and exchange 促进人才的引进与交流7keep skills fresh and up-to-date 保证技术的不落伍9lay a solid foundation for 奠定坚实的基础10 pave the way for the future/development 为未来铺平了道路11foster a sense of competition and cooperation 培养合作感与竞争感12cultivate the spirit of team working 培养团队合作精神13master interpersonal skills 掌握人及关系技巧14widen one’s knowledge 拓宽知识面15enrich one’s social and life experience 丰富社会与人生经历16enlargeone’s view/broaden o ne’s horizon拓宽视野17realize the value of life 实现人生价值18surmount /overcome / win over /master difficulties 克服困难19grasp good communication skills 掌握人际交流技巧20remove misunderstanding and discrimination 消除误解与歧视21keep balance between work and family 保持事业与家庭的平衡22raise the standard of living提高生活水平spiritual life 丰富人们的精神生活25enrich people’s26promote social skills and c ompetence提高社交技巧与能力27strengthen the family t ies促进家庭团结28cultivate a strong sense of responsibility 培养强烈的责任感29bring joys and comforts to sb带来愉悦与舒适30usher in a brand-new life-style引入全新的生活方式31relieve the pressure of 缓解压力32maintain the community stability 保持社会的稳定33improve the utilization rate of energy resources提高能源的利用率34make full use of充分利用满足人们的需求35satisfy people’s needs/meet the demands of people36promote the development of relative industries促进相关产业的发展37stimulate domestic needs刺激国内需求38 impel economic development促进经济的发展39generate jobs, income and tax revenue s扩大就业机会，提高收入40enhance mutual understanding促进相互的理解41boost local development促进当地的发展42promote cultural exchange and cooperation促进文化的交流与合作丰富人生经历43enrich one’s experience of life44strengthen the ties with outside world加强与外面世界的联系46foster a climate of peace and prosperity营造和平繁荣的气氛47stimulate our feelings of togetherness 激发团结48maintain a natural balance 保持自然平衡49reduce the labor intensity降低劳动强度in sth 刺激人们的想象里与兴趣50stimulate one’s imagination and interest51accelerate the flow of information 加速信息的流动52prvide more business opportunities 提供商机53increase the productivity提高生产力54create more opportunities for education 创造受教育的机会55improve educational conditions 改善教育条件56release people from hard manual work 使人们从繁重的体力劳动中解脱出来57speed up technical innovation加速技术革新58better the development of human society 完善人力资源的发展60bring immeasurable economic benefits 带来巨大的经济效益Part2 弊端1put sb or sth at risk 使---冒风险3be lack of a sense of job security 缺乏工作的安全感4distract sb from doing sth 是某人从某事中分心5impose a heave strain on 带来巨大的压力6be exaggerate d and cheating 夸大且欺骗的7be the i nvasion of privacy 侵犯隐私8violate rights of free speech侵犯言论自由的权利9endanger social stability and safety 危害到社会的稳定与安全10restrain sb from doing 限制某人做某事14go astray误入歧途15undermine local culture 破环当地文化16jeopardize the safety and stability of the society 破坏社会的安全与稳定17set a bad example to 树立坏的榜样18lead to the e xtinction of some s pecies导致一些物种的灭绝19result in shortage of energy and natural resources导致能源的短缺21 to cause the estrangement/isolation/alienation between A and B 导致了A与B之间的疏远22bring disgrace on sb 为---带来耻辱23suffer heavy losses 损失惨重24easily cause stress-related illnesses 容易导致与压力相关的疾病25lack basic infrastructures 缺乏基础设施26break the e cological balance 破环生态平衡27lead to e xtravagant waste of public funds 导致公共资金的极度浪费28make… in disorder 使混乱30be harmful to our physical and mental and health 损害身心健康31lead to d egradation of social atmosphere 世风日下32further widen the gaps between the rich and the poor 进一步加大贫富之间的差距33be the drying up of our limited natural resources and the deterioration of the environment 有限的自然资源的枯竭和环境的恶化34contaminate environment 污染环境37 be a r oot of all evils 万恶之源38be easily taken in by 容易被欺骗39aggravate the traffic jams and worsen the crowdedness 使交通堵塞和拥挤更为恶化40will pay a high price for this negative development of 为。

A routine of exercise and diet designed to make the body appear muscular. Training routines usually reduce fat levels and, if performed properly, can improve flexibility, particularly of the shoulders, hips, and trunk. When combined with aerobic fitness training, body building can be beneficial to health.A form of exercise and competitive sport in which the primary aim of participants is to develop muscularity and body mass, and to produce symmetry and harmony between different body parts. Well-trained body-builders are characterized by having lean and muscular bodies with enhanced muscular strength and power.Good nutrition can help prevent disease and promote health.Good nutrition helps individuals achieve general health and well-being. There are six categories of nutrients that the body needs to acquire from food: protein, carbohydrates, fat, fibers, vitamins and minerals, and water.Minerals are vital to our existence because they are the building blocks that make up muscles, tissues, and bones.zinc: affects absorption of copper and iron; suppression of theimmune systemCalcium: It is crucial to all physiological function. The small amounts in blood plasma and in tissues play a vital role in the excitability of nerve tissue, the control of muscle contraction and the integration and regulation of metabolic processes.There is no doubt that smoking is harmful to health and has adetrimental effect on athletic performance. Nicotine affectsblood pressure and heart rate directly, increasing the risk tosmokers of coronary heart disease. It also affects hormoneproduction. For example, cigarette smoking lowers bloodoestrogen levels and therefore reduces bone mineralization. Smoking is highly addictive. Smokers who tryto give up may suffer withdrawal symptoms including a persistent craving for tobacco, irritability, poor concentration, and weight gain.The value of art, then, is one with the value of empathy.Art can act as a means to some special kind of knowledge. Art may give insight into the human condition. Art serves as a tool of education, or indoctrination, or enculturation. Art makes us more moral. It uplifts us spiritually.The function of all arts lies in fact in breaking through the narrow and tortuous enclosure of the finite, in which man is immerged while living here below, and in providing a window to the infinite for his hungry soul.Art is the great binder, the ubiquitous seal of community life and action. Art easily andeffectively adapts the human mind to its social milieu, and is therefore one of the conditions of social progress.The arts can articulate and transmit new information and new values; they can provide alternative ways of being human and so provide us with choice and a sense of potential.A visual object or experience consciously created through an expression of skill or imagination.Non-motivated functions of artThe non-motivated purposes of art are those which are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. Aristotle has said, "Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature." [16] In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something which humans must do by their very nature (i.e. no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.1.Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm. Art atthis level is not an action or an object, but an internalappreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), andtherefore an aspect of being human beyond utility."Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters beingmanifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their specialaptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth toPoetry." -Aristotle [17]2.Experience of the mysterious. Art provides us with a wayto experience ourselves in relation to the universe. Thisexperience may often come unmotivated, as we appreciate art, music or poetry."The most beautiful thing we can experience is themysterious. It is the source of all true art and science."-Albert Einstein [18]3.Expression of the imagination. Art provide a means toexpress the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language.Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms,symbols and ideas with meanings that are maleable."Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of thesublimity and majesty of creation, but rather somethingelse - something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindredrepresentations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the properfunction, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representationsstretching beyond its ken." -Immanuel Kant[19]4.Universal communication. Art allows the individual toexpress things toward the world as a whole. Earth artists often create art in remote locations that will never beexperienced by another person. The practice of placing a cairn, or pile of stones at the top of a mountain, is anexample. (Note: This need not suggest a particular view ofGod, or religion.) Art created in this way is a form ofcommunication between the individual and the world as awhole.5.Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art isused in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian(motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any oneindividual, but is often the result of many generations ofchange, and of a cosmological relationship within theculture."Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objectsrecovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot beexplained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized asdecorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posedby the term 'art'." -Silva Tomaskova[20]Motivated functions of artThe purposes of art which are motivated refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect ofsociety, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) to sell a product, or simply as a form of communication.munication. Art, at its simplest, is a form ofcommunication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is amotivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientificillustration, are a form of art as communication. Maps areanother example. However, the content need not bescientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are alsocommunicated through art."[Art is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolicmeanings as a means of communication." -Steve Mithen[21]2.Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about aparticular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games.3.The Avante-Garde. Art for political change. One of thedefining functions of early twentieth century art has beento use visual images to bring about political change. Theart movements which had this goal - Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism,among others - are collectively referred to as theavante-garde arts."By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearlyseems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moraladvancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. Itconstantly feeds on and derives strength from thenewspapers and stultifies both science and art byassiduously flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog’s life." -Andre Breton (Surrealism)[22]4.Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is alsoused by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinicalpsychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic DrawingSeries, for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultantpiece of artwork may also offer insight into the troublesexperienced by the subject and may suggest suitableapproaches to be used in more conventional forms ofpsychiatric therapy.5.Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. Whilesimilar to art for political change, subversive ordeconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, thefunction of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society.Spray-paint graffiti on a wall in Rome.Graffiti art and other types of street art are graphics and images that are spray-painted or stencilled on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).6.Art for propaganda, or commercialism. Art is oftenutilized as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art which seeks to sell a product also influences moodand emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is tosubtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea orobject.[23]Public institution dedicated to preserving and interpreting the primary tangible evidence of humans and their environment. Museums define relationships between life, community, the nation, and the world through the interpretation of objects, experience, and the environment. Museums collect and care for objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and make them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Museums can be a reputable and generally trusted source of information about cultures and history. Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society.The museum aspired to stir up a sense of wonder in its itinerant beholders. Perhaps, because in the great disorder of everydaylife, certain things have faded into oblivion, there arose a need to find some quiet space highlighting the depth, curious dimensions, and a lonely integrity of disparate objects. The museum aspired to awaken a certain curiosity for everyday things that would recreate depth, dimension, and restoration in the beholder’s psyche.Outdoor recreationOutdoor pursuits can be loosely considered to be the group of sports and activities which are dependent on the great outdoors, incorporating such things as hill walking, hiking, backpacking, canoeing, kayaking, climbing, caving, and arguably broader groups such as watersports and snowsport. Outdoor sports most often include nature in the "sport".While obviously enjoyed by many as a bit of fun, an adrenaline rush, or an escape from reality, outdoor sport is also frequently used as an extremely effectivemedium in education and teambuilding. It is this ethos that has given rise to links with young people as the stress on the importance of a balanced and widespread educationPurpose:According to supporters of government, the fundamental purpose of government is the maintenance of basic security and public order.Social security:Although social security is a relatively recent phenomenon, prevalent mostly in developed countries, it deserves mention because the existence of social security substantially changes reproductive behavior in a society, and it has an impact on reducing the cycle of poverty. By reducing the cycle of poverty, government creates a self-reinforcing cycle where people see the government as friend both because of the financial support they receive late in their lives, but also because of the overall reduction in national poverty due to the government's social security policies—which then adds to public support for social securityIn education, a teacher is a person who provides schooling for others. A teacher who facilitates education for an individual student may also be described as a personal tutor. The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out by way of occupation or profession at a school or other place of formal education. A teacher's role may vary between cultures. Teachers teach literacy and numeracy, or some of the other school subjects. Other teachers may provide instruction in craftsmanship or vocational training, the Arts, religion or spirituality, civics, community roles, or life skills.Conventionally viewed as dispensers of knowledge, teachers are increasingly perceived as facilitators or managers of knowledge. They are often thought to be colearners with their students. Teachers are also intellectual leaders who create opportunities for students to demonstrate what they know and how to do.。

8分作文语料库雅思8分万能作文：16.80雅思女考官支持：I am partly in support of the above statement and will endeavor to exemplify my opinion on this matter throughout the following essay.* 环保话题语料库1.Intervene in world affairs 干预世界的事物2.r esolve these problems 解决这些问题3.n evertheless 然而4.t he destructions of the environment 环境的破坏5.I do not think it is the best and only way 我不认为这是最佳的唯一的6.e nergy insufficiency 能源不足7.f amine 饥荒8.a busive behaviours of all individuals 人类的破坏性的行为9.a collective consciousness 集体意识10.what is meant by this is that我的意思就是11.harm the environment 破坏环境12.is the key to 是……的关键= is highly profitable to13.it is contributing to 有助于14.clean technologies that produce a lot less pollution15.A collaborate very closely with B16.it seems to me that it is really a matter of having a sufficiency long term vision so that* 教育话题语料库1.is quickly playing an important part in 发挥重要的作用2.e ducational institution 教育机构3.v ia the computer 通过计算机4.f actual knowledge 实际的知识5.o n-line teaching 在线教育6.reduce the need of the presence of teachers 减少了教师的存在7.is profitable to 有益于8.w ith regard to 关于9.c ommunicate wisdom交流智慧10.build confidence 树立自信11.cultivate one’s creative and independent thinking 培养人的创造性和独立性思维* 犯罪话题语料库1.criminal offenders = violators = criminals = law-breakers 犯罪分子2.j uvenile crime rate = adolescent crime rate = the rate of crime among youth= the rate of youth crime青少年犯罪率3.y oung offender = teenage criminals 少年犯4.i nmate = prisoners= convict 囚徒5.b e imprisoned = bring sb into jails = sb was locked up in prisons 被关押6.b e released = be set free from the prison被释放7.c riminality = crime = malefaction = anti-social offences 犯罪行为8.c ommit crime = embark on the criminal road = break the law走上犯罪道路9.a n all-encompassing lifestyle 包含所有的生活方式10.probation 缓刑11.convicted felon = harden criminals重刑犯12.released prisoners = the prisonersreleased 刑满释放人员13.sentencing polices 判罚政策14.public safety = public security 公共安全15.a far more effective way 一种更加有效的16.former offenders 从前的犯罪分子17.recidivism 累计犯罪18.rehabilitate= reform = reclaim改造19.psychology of juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪心理20.domestic violence =family violence 家庭暴力21.distrusting and fearful 猜疑和恐惧22.pornographic or otherwise vulgar forms of media 色情和其它庸俗的节目23.to be led astray 被引入迷途24.enact relevant legislations 立法25.crack down youth crime =diminish crime rate = minimize the rate of crime 降低犯罪26.crimes can be drastically reduced by 犯罪率可以通过---被降低cation has an indispensable role to play in 教育在某方面发挥了不和或缺的作用28.One the of most contributing factors of youth crime could be attributed to 一个重要的原因可以被归结为29.Considering the seriousness of the issue, we have no alterative but to implement some practical solutions to resolve it.考虑到问题的严重性，我们没有办法只能想出一些可行的措施去解决它30.join hands in resolving 在解决---方面共同努力* 电视话题语料库：1.numerous educators2.instructional tool =educative tool = play the role ofeducator 教育的工具3.f or educational purposes 为了教育的目的4.b enign television content 优秀的电视内容5.s eek knowledge = absorb knowledge =acquire knowledge = updateknowledge学习知识6.e nvision sth as = think of sth as 把---当作7.a ffect the quality of life 影响生活的质量8.i mprove living standards 提高生活水平9.a profit-making entity 赚钱的实体10.besieged by the overflow of 充斥着11.entertainment programs 娱乐节目12.lesson the viewers’ creativity andimagination13.undermine physical fitness身体健康14.diminish physical activity15.multiply the likelihood of obesity 增加了肥胖的可能* 广告话题语料库：1.has been at the center of heated debate (写作语料)2.i s widely accessible to the masses3.o ftentimes adv.时常地4.i t is not unusual to find 很普遍的发现5.n otably adv.显著地, 特别地6.I n this essay I will investigate some of adverse effects television advertising has on viewers. （写作语料库）7.a round the globe = all over the world8.n o one could deny that9.i t is an educative tool for audiences10.is employed as a manipulative tool by many advertisers. advertisers12.is vulnerable to 易受...的攻击13.hard sell .<美>硬卖, 强行推销14.flashy images adj.浮华的15.recurring images16.research has shown that （写作词汇）17.television commercials 电视广告18.mounting level of obesity 肥胖19.excessive consumption 过量的消费20.the hard and fast result of television advertising21.in the market economies 在市场经济中22.place excessive pressure on23.undue attention adj.不适当的24.is an tempt to 目的是为了25.sell products 销售商品26.is another feature of advertising 是广告的另外一个特征27.in addition to 除了28.is intrusive into29.viewing time 电视时间30.a bombardment of unwanted commercials 讨厌的广告31.unwanted nuisance 令人讨厌的人或物* 环保话题语料库：1.resolve these problems2.I do not believe it is the best and the only way to3.a rise from the abusive behavior of all individuals4.w hat is meant by that is that5.f urthermore*古老建筑保护话题语料库：1.safeguard / protect the historicbuildings2.k nock down / eradicate old buildings3.a growing population4.i s a decisive factor in 是关键的作用5.p rovide physical link to our past6.h istoric buildings are vital to our prospective future.7.w e cannot afford8.w e have seen and continue to see。

雅思写作语料库（含母题）EducationIn schools and universities, lectures were used as a way to teach a large number of students. As new technology is now available for education, some people think there is no justification for lectures anymore. To what extent do you agree or disagree?立场：主题演讲依然是教授学生的主要方式，经管科技使人们接受教育的选择更加多元化。

思路拓展：让步段：高科技对于教育的辅助作用：(可以选择两点让步)1. 在线教育费用较低。

网络资源丰富，音频视频文件可根据学生需求自由选择，同时，教学资源可反复利用。

2. 在线学习，适应特殊群体，例如残疾学习者，忙碌企业家以及生病的学生，因为远程教育不仅仅克服了地域的障碍，也节省了往返的麻烦。

3. 远程教育提高了学习灵活性，尤其适合喜欢按照自己的节奏安排学习的学生。

反驳段：主题演讲(或者课堂教育的)的不可替代性：1. 主题演讲营造的造良好的学习氛围是自学无法比拟的。

同时，在真实课堂，老师的监督和同龄人的压力可以帮助没有自律性的学生专注于学习。

相反，接受网络教育对人的自律性要求很好，网络的娱乐功能容易使人懈怠，失去学习的兴趣和耐心。

2. 课堂教育中积极的课堂互动，小组讨论，面对面的交流可以激发学习热情，提高学习效率，同时，学生可以学习如何与人交往交流，提高群体性经验。

3. 教授们不仅仅是传授知识，还能关注学生的道德教育和性格培养，启迪学生智慧，树立学生自信，这些是网络教育无法实现的。

语料库：基本语料库：1. teachers = educators n老师2. deliver a lecture = make a speech v演讲;授课3. college professors n大学教授4. professionally well-trained adj专业上训练有素的5. highly qualified adj 合格的6. knowledgeable = learned adj博学的7. traditional classroom teaching = conventional education = conventional teaching 传统课堂教育8. distance learning n远程学习9. distance education = tele-education n远程教育10. on-line education n在线教育11. impart knowledge into one’s mind v教授知识12. disseminate knowledge = pass on knowledge = convey knowledge v 传播知识核心观点句语料库：1. Some top educational institutions have chosen to deliver an internet-based program and thus geographical barriers have been lifted. 一些名校提供网络教育，因此学习不再受地域的限制。

科技类1. 互计算机的发明和普及深刻地改变了人们的购物选择。

The invention and popularity of the computer has profoundly revolutionized modern people’s option of consumption2. On-line shopping has been boost ing like the mushrooms after spring rains. 网络购物就像是雨后春笋般不断地增长。

3. People have been debating the pros of cons of cyber business transaction without reaching any definite agreement.人们在思考网络交易的利弊，没有达成共识。

4. In this essay，I will endeavor to examine the impacts brought about by this on-line business traction both on individual consumers and the society. 本文中，我将努力探究下网络交易带来的个人和社会影响。

5. The merits of on-line shopping and on-line business prevail over its possible demerits.网络购物和网络交易的利大于弊。

6.In comparison with the traditional shopping, the cyber shopping enjoys its unique advantages , which quite fit the young consumers’ taste. It is no necessary for consumers to take trouble to go outside, just click their mouse, the goods will be delivered to them. 和传统的购物相比，网络购物有其独特的优势，这更符合年轻消费者的口味。

Many old buildings are protected by the law because they are part of a nation's history. However, some people think they should be knocked down to make way for new ones because people need houses and offices. Do you agree or disagree? 有人认为应该拆除古老建筑给新建筑让路，是否认同?相关提问：The restoration of old buildings in major cities in the world costs numerous governments' expenditures. This money should be used in new housing and road development. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 保护古老建筑耗费很多政策财政，财政预算应该用于新建筑和修路，是否认同?(2013年7月22日)【头脑风暴导言】西藏的布达拉宫为古老建筑，布达拉宫已经成为吸引游客的重要的旅游资源。

西安的钟楼，鼓楼为古老建筑，展示了城市独特的文化底蕴和城市景观，保护古老建筑就是保护文化遗产。

【作家立场】支持保护古老建筑，因为古老建筑体现一个城市的文化底蕴，是历史的见证，是城市景色的一部分，可以被开发成热门的旅游景区。

【思路拓展】支持保护古老建筑的理由：1. 古老建筑历史文化遗产的一部分，保护古建筑就是保护文化遗产，因为古建筑是历史的见证，提供了和过去具体的联系，如果拆除古老建筑，人类的历史就是一团迷雾，城市失去了其特征，在其原址上建设的摩天高楼可以建设在世界上的任何地方。

2. 保护古老建筑产生巨大的经济价值，很多古老建筑已经成为热门的旅游资源，古老建筑是城市风景的一部分，可以繁荣旅游经济，提高城市的美誉度。