高考英语大题冲关秘笈 阅读理解之议论文 1_考纲解读

议论文体阅读理解题应对策略解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开场表达一个现象，然后对现象进展解释。

这类文章主题是文中最重要解释或作者所强调解释，阅读时要注意作者给出原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。

还有一种比拟常见是问题—答案型，作者在一开场或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题答案(相当于解释)。

针对文中问题给出主要答案就是这种文章中心。

这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进展检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，那么从中心与态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。

考生往往最怕此类体裁。

山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心与作者所持态度，靠近中心就是答案。

解题方法：1. 把握文章论点、论据与论证。

此外，还要把握文章构造与语言。

2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。

考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给实例，从而在形象例子中推理出抽象议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子深刻含义，相互推断。

3. 推理法：推理结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达。

推理要根据文章字面意思，通过语篇、段落与句子之间逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示与隐含意义，作者隐含意等对文章进展推理判断。

考生要由文字表层信息挖掘出文章深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。

二、解题技巧历年全国高考英语阅读理解题型无非根本都是考察主旨大意、词义猜想、推理判断与细节理解四大题型。

其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜想题与主旨大意题。

细节理解题与推理判断题主要考察是对原文具体细节理解与把控能力，难度相对较小，广阔考生除了平时必要阅读量与词汇量积累以外，掌握一定解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要。

具体说来：1. 主旨大意型干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。

- 158-校园英语 / 基础教育研究高考英语阅读理解突破——议论文的阅读技巧和方法湖北省荆州市监利县朱河中学/朱晓洲【摘要】议论文是中学阶段学习的一种重要文体，话题一般较陌生、抽象，学生在阅读时难以抓住其中心思想。

本文围绕议论文在高考试题中经常设题形式，结合实例阐述议论文行文特点，并且探讨解题技巧和方法，从而有效的提高学生整体阅读水平。

【关键词】议论文 设计方式 对策高考将阅读能力的考察放在十分突出的位置，符合教学大纲中“侧重培养阅读能力”的原则。

该题占全卷分值40%，众所周知，得阅读、完形者得天下！考生能否在英语考试中得高分，该题具有举足轻重的作用。

议论文是英语中的重要文体。

从近几年各地高考英语试题来看，议论文在阅读理解中占有相当大的比重。

那么，在具体的教学过程中，如何做到“侧重培养”和有效提高学生的阅读能力呢？兵法云：“伤其十指不如断其一指”。

议论文，是有论点，有事实的文体。

作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。

该类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节，以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判定能力。

而且该类文章常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。

特别是在考试这样的情况下进行阅读答题。

因此，很有必要对议论文的文体特点及解题规律作一探索，实现突破。

一、议论文的语篇特点议论文的文体比较格式化，一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。

议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。

这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的，是条理性极强的文体。

二、议论文阅读理解的主要题型及对策从近几年的高考试题来看，议论文阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下四种出题方式：1.主旨大意题。

主旨大意题主要考查学生的总结概括能力，是专门检查对短文整体理解程度。

每篇文章都有主题句表明其主题(中心)思想。

2017高考英语大题冲关秘籍阅读理解之议论文4.体验真题题组一(2016年高考真题)Passage 1(2016·浙江,A)＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂might have.41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.A. introduce a topicB. present an argumentC. describe the charactersD. clarify his writing purpose42. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________.A. breaks up relationshipsB. embarrasses the listenerC. spreads information aroundD. causes unpleasant experiences43. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.A. gives them a feeling of pleasureB. helps them to make more friendsC. makes them better at telling storiesD. enables them to meet important people44. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________.A. provide students with written rulesB. help people watch their own behaviorsC. force schools to improve student handbooksD. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors45. What advice does the author give in the passage?A. Never become a gossiper.B. Stay away from gossipers.C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies.D. Think twice before you gossip.Passage 2(2016·新课标全国卷III,D)Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication —e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A. News reports.B. Research papers.C. Private e-mails.D. Daily conversations.33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A. They’re socially inactive.B. They’re good at telling stories.C. They’re inconsiderate of others.D. They’re careful with their words.34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?A. Sports news.B. Science articles.C. Personal accounts.D. Financial reviews.35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.B. Online News Attracts More People.C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.Passage 3(2016•北京)Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on＂ new ways of thinking about oneself bother intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive oraggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A. Sympathetic.B. Disapproving.C. Supportive.D. Neutral.68. The underlined word ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.A. changeB. choiceC. textD. extension69. According to the author, what role should college play?A. To develop a shared identity among students.B. To define and regulate students’ social behavior.C. To provide a safe world without tension for students.D. To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?A. B. C.D.I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: ConclusionPassage 4(2016•四川，B)If you could have one superpower, what would it be?Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life. Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now?Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.24. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Your life style.B. Your life value.C. Your trouble in life.D. Your life experience.25. Why does the author say they are inspired every day?A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.B. They have got the power to change the world.C. Some people around them are making the world better.D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.26. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.B. Rising above self and acting to help others.C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.D. Trying your best to help the poor.27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.Passage 5(2016•四川，D)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that ＂night milk＂ contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep becauseof the calcium content, which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.12. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.A. started sleep more easilyB. were more anxiousC. were less activeD. woke up later13. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?A. It’s been tested on mice for ten yearsB. It can make people more energeticC. It exists in milk in great amountD. It’s used in sleeping drugs14. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Night Milk and SleepB. Fat Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health15. How does the author support the theme of the text?A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments.C. By explaining statistical data.D. By providing research results.Passage 6(2016•上海，C)Enough ＂meaningless drivel＂. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.＂The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivelto anyone,＂ says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis.＂we need to think through how we make that work in practice,＂says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? ＂I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,＂ says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. ＂We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.＂ But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. ＂We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know h ow companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. What does the phrase ＂meaningless drivel＂ in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether __________.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because __________.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of76. The writer advises users of social media to __________.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!题组二(2015年高考真题)Passage 1(2015·湖北,E)Science has a lot of uses. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseases, make bombs, and help bridges to stand up. Indeed science is so good at what it does that there’s always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful. David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.Brooks gained fame for several books. His latest book The Social Animal, however, is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books. It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics. The book focuses on big questions: What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren’t?To answer these questions, Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines(学科). Considering this, you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts. But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(超级规的), and perhaps unfortunate, way. Instead of introducing scientifictheories, he tells a story, within which he tries to make his points, perhaps in order to keep the reader’s attention. So as Harold and Erica, the hero and heroine in his story, live through childhood, we hear about the science of child development, and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction. Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.On the whole, Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie eslewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.67. The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to_________.A. illustrate where science can be appliedB. demonstrate the value of Brooks’s new bookC. remind the reader of the importance of scienceD. explain why many writers use science in their works68. According to the author, which of the following could be a strength of the book?A. Its strong basis.B. Its convincing points.C. Its clear writing.D. Its memorable characters.69. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?A. Contradictory.B. Supportive.C. Cautious.D. Critical.70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?A. Problems with the book.B. Brooks’s life experiences.C. Death of the characters.D. Brooks’s translation skills.Passage 2(2015•北京，D)Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be ＂very＂ or ＂somewhat＂overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their ＂adult＂ children.In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents—today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.1. The surveys inform us of__________.A. the development of technologyB. the changes of adult children’s behaviorC. the parents’ over-protection of their college childrenD. the means and expenses of students’ communication2. The writer believes that__________.A. parents today are more protective than those in the pastB. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantagesC. technology explains greater involvement with their childrenD. parents’ changed attitudes lead to college children’s delayed independence3. What is the best title for the passage?A. Technology or AttitudeB. Dependence or IndependenceC. Family Influences or Social ChangesD. College Management or Communication Advancement4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?Passage 3(2015•天津，D)Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty(壮大的) forces will come to your aid.Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighedmuch less than the average player. ＂In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,＂ said Tim. ＂I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet (子弹)— and stopped him cold.＂Boldness —a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme — is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities — and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.51. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?A. He faced huge risks.B. He lacked mighty forces.C. Fear prevented him from trying.D. Failure blocked his way to success.52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?A. Swallow more than you can digest.B. Act slightly above your abilities.C. Develop more mysterious powers.D. Learn to make creative decisions.53. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?A. His physical strength.B. His basic skill.C. His real fear.D. His spiritual force.54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5?A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.B. Trying without success is meaningless.C. Repeated failure creates a better life.D. Boldness can be gained little by little.55. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?A. To encourage people to be courageous.B. To advise people to build up physical power.C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.D. To recommend people to develop more abilities.Passage 4(2015•安徽，C)As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder(文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location(位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called ＂transactive memory(交互记忆). ＂According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn’t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.64. The passage begins with two questions to __________.A. introduce the main topicB. show the author’s attitude。

考向28 阅读理解之议论文类文体分析议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。

议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。

这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。

议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。

论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。

论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。

论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。

【议论说理类文章】议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。

议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。

作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。

然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。

最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。

2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。

3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。

【典例示例】For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking news. In fact, it's old news.In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey.Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother” with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to feed.Harlow's monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybody's grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put that kid down.But Harlow's work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the hospital.The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlow's work shows that mother's love doesn't just make for a psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.The highly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better than human kids on IQ tests.We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time.1. The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ________.A. included 46 baby and mother monkeysB. is nothing new to people about the findingsC. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were youngD. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third paragraph means ________.A. do something forB. head forC. bring aboutD. connect to3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ________.A. make them live comfortablyB. let them have more choicesC. give them more loveD. make comparison well4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?A. Well-raised chimps are better than people in IQ.B. Sometimes it's not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone.语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。

2021年高考英语备考优生百日闯关系列专题10阅读理解-议论文类含解析题型介绍：议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。

相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。

议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。

议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。

命题形式：从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：1. 主旨题考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。

做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。

2. 推理判断题这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。

它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。

3. 细节题细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。

这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。

三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧第一，抓论点、寻论据阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。

抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。

第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。

把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。

从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：1. Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。

2. Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。

能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。

一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。

在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。

备战2015年高考英语优等生百日闯关系列专题10 阅读理解议论文类（含解析）方法与技巧题型介绍：议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。

相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。

议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。

议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。

命题形式：从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：1. 主旨题考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。

做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。

2. 推理判断题这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。

它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。

3. 细节题细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。

这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。

三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧第一，抓论点、寻论据阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。

抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。

第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。

把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。

从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：1. Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。

2. Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。

能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。

一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。

在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。

高三英语阅读理解专题三------议论文1 文体特点：写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为……写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。

这是高考中常考的体裁，内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。

在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。

此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。

在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。

解题方法：1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。

此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。

2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点；或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。

考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。

3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。

推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。

考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。

主旨大意题解题方法：一、题型解读和思维导向：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。

通常以概括文章或段落大意以和选择标题等形式出现。

主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以此类题目在高考试题中具有很好的选拔作用，属于能力型题目。

主旨大意题一般分为三类，即标题归纳类、文章大意类和段落大意类。

二、命题区间和读文关注点1．文首、段首、段尾句：一般来说，阅读文章中第一段首句往往是强开弱收型文章中心思想的表达处；第二段首句或第一段尾句往往是转开弱收型文章的主题句所在；而有时每段的段首句、段尾句是该段的段落主题句。

因此，解答主旨大意题时要对这些地方多加关注。

2017高考英语大题冲关秘笈阅读理解之议论文 5.名校模拟题组一Passage 1(广东省汕头市金山中学2016届高三上学期期末考试)Why You Should Celebrate Your Mistakes When you make a mistake, big or small, cherish(珍视) it like it’s the most precious thing in the world, because in some ways, it is.Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes, beat ourselves up about it, feel like failures, get mad at ourselves.And that’s only natural: most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad, and that we should try to avoid mistakes. We’ve been scolded when we make mistakes at home, school and work. Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow. If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world: they make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.By trial and error — trying things, making mistakes, and learning from those mistakes —we have figured out how to make electric light, to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to fly.Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, make works of genius possible.Think about how we learn: we don’t just consume information about something and instantly know it or know how to do it. You don’t just read about painting, or writing, or computer programming, or baking, or playing the piano, and know how to do them right away. Instead, you get information about something, from reading or from another person or from observing usually...then you construct a model in your mind...then you test it out by trying it in the real world...then you make mistakes...then you revise the model based on the results of your real-world experimentation and repeat, making mistakes, learning from those mistakes, until you’ve pretty much learned how to do something. That’s how we learn as babies and toddlers, and how we learn as adults. Mistakes are how we learn to do something new, because if you succeed in something,it’s probably something you already knew how to do. You haven’t really grown much from that success —at most it’s the last step on your journey, not the whole journey. Most of the journey was made up of mistakes, if it’s a good journey.So if you value learning, if you value growing and improving, then you should value mistakes. They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.1. Why do most of us feel bad about making mistakes?A. Because mistakes make us suffer a lot.B. Because it’s a natural part in our life.C. Because we’ve been taught so from a young age.D. Because mistakes have ruined many people’s careers.2. According to the passage, what is the right attitude to mistakes?A. We should try to avoid making mistakes.B. We should owe great inventions mainly to mistakes.C. We should treat mistakes as good chances to learn.D. We should make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.3. The underlined word ＂toddler＂ in Paragraph 5 probably means __________.A. a small child learning to walkB. a kindergarten child learning to drawC. a primary school pupil learning to readD. a school teenager learning to write4. We can learn from the passage that __________.A. most of us can really grow from successB. growing and improving are based on mistakesC. we learn to make mistakes by trial and errorD. we read about something and know how to do it right awayPassage 2(辽宁省实验中学分校2016届高三12月月考)＂People are ruder today because they are rushed and more ‘time poor’ than ever before,＂ says Patsy Rowe, ＂ Manners have fallen off the radar(雷达).＂ Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder that more people don’twake up each morning and greet the singing birds with complaining about the noise. Here are some examples of rudeness.Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet. To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward. It feels very slow because humans don’t work at 4G speeds. When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone. We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life-changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with. What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by email.However, rudeness is never acceptable. Don’t assume it is OK to be rude if the person you’re in touch with won’t recognize you. If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or email and sign it, or forget it. Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.We shouldn’t blame technology for our shortcomings. Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives. An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings. People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we’d publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.5. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?A. People can tell good from bad behavior.B. Radar is able to observe human behavior.C. People care little about their behavior.D. Radar can be used to predict human behavior.6. Some people are less willing to deal with humans because___________.A. they are becoming less patientB. they are growing too independentC. they have to handle many important messagesD. they have to follow an evolutionary step backward.7. The author thinks sending unsigned awful messages is ___________.A. ridiculousB. disgustingC. acceptableD.reasonable8. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. We should applaud good behavior.B. Technology can never be blamed.C. We should keep pointing out mistakes.D. Technology will take over lives one day.Passage 3(安徽省合肥一中、芜湖一中等六校教育研究会2016届高三第一次联考)School children are using mobile phone applications to do their homework, which seem to be increasing during summer vacations. But instead of blaming students for their behavior, we should say no to too much homework. This is important because by using mobile phone applications to do their homework, students don’t add much to their knowledge, says an article in Guangzhou-based Yangcheng Evening News. Excerpts (摘录):Using mobile phone applications to do homework is no different from copying from someone else’s work. This is the opinion of a vast majority of teachers. Students who seek cell phone apps help to do their homework will pay dearly during major exams when they cannot seek the help of such applications, the teachers say.The heavy load of homework Chinese students are burdened with, said to be the heaviest in the world, has led to the popularity of these applications.Senior high school students in China rarely go to bed before 11 pm. A report in Shanghai published in 2013 showed that students in the city on average spend 28.2 hours in class every week, the 9th highest among 65 countries and regions surveyed. Also, they spend an average of 13.8 hours a week doing homework, most in the world.There is no association between the amount of homework one does and the amount of knowledge one gathers. In fact, a research by Australian experts shows that the result is exactly the opposite: the more hours students spend doing homework, the less effective they will be in gaining knowledge. The United States is one of the countries where students do little homework, but that has not damaged the country’s academic status in the world.So, it’s time Chinese schools understood this fact and freed students of the unnecessaryburden of homework.9. What’s the writer’s attitude toward the students’ using mobile phone applications to do their homework?A. Supporting.B. Understanding.C. Scolding.D. Praising.10. The cause of the students’ using mobile phone applications to do their homework is______.A. the heavy burden of homeworkB. the advance of modern technologyC. the pressure of the students’ parentsD. the influence of other countries11. What does the underlined phrase ＂pay dearly＂ mean?A. be rewardedB. be dismissedC. provide much moneyD. suffer a lot12. Which of the following is probably the best title?A. Free kids of the burden of homework.B. Stop using mobile phones to do homework.C. Spend less time to gain much knowledge.D. Improve China’s academic status in the world.Passage 4(2016·海淀区高三年级第一学期期末)Conventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation that threatens the survival of companies everywhere. It’s based on the assumption that old ideas will always work, so they shouldn’t be challenged. While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don’t change, it’s unlikely to hold true in a changing situation.In today’s rapid changing global environment, old methods often don’t work, and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems. Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security. If everyone else believes it, then it must be true. Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right, and being right is good. They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work. In 1977, Ken Olsen, co-founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), stated ＂There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home.＂ Despite being a dominant leaderin the computer industry, DEC no longer exists.People seem to forget that since innovation is a change, there can be no innovation without change. Unfortunately, conventional wisdom prevents leaders, followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating. If companies don’t innovate, but their competitors do, the future is likely to be problematic. Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries, so it has a powerful effect on business success.Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the news business, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour, as was common before CNN. Turner’s solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a day. The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time, and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day. However, it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to understand that viewers don’t have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work. Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information. Due to conventional thinking, the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted. They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future.Conventional wisdom prevents creativity, flexibility and risk-taking, so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it. To survive, thrive and maintain competitive advantage, companies must be flexible when reacting to change.13. DEC has disappeared probably because ___________.A. the consumers didn’t like its productsB. the leaders lacked the sense of securityC. the CEO stuck to the conventional ideasD. the employees took many risks with changes14. The founding of CNN is used as an example to prove ___________.A. missing opportunities could lead to failureB. changing could contribute to business successC. watching news at the dinner hour is convenientD. conventional wisdom influences business success15. What does the underlined part probably mean?A. Rocket scientists can ensure the CNN works properly.B. Most of the viewers don’t like to watch the news at work.C. It’s necessary to understand when people watch the news.D. It’s easy to know people needn’t watch the news all the time.16. The passage is mainly written to tell us that ___________.A. old methods are changing with timeB. opportunities lead to business successC. conventional wisdom limits innovationD. successful companies need wise leaders题组二Passage 1(广东省华南师范大学附属中学、广东实验中学、深圳中学、广雅中学四校2016届高三上学期期末联考)When we give our kids holiday gifts, many of us can’t wait to hear their appreciative cries of ＂thank you!＂ once the wrapping gets ripped off. But here’s a tip: You’d be wise not to expect much gratitude from them for what they receive.Gratitude can make us happier, healthier, and even fitter. But do the kids show their gratitude for the stuff we buy them? All the research I’ve done has convinced me that it won’t happen. One mom told me that when she asked her 16-year-old son to thank her for buying him a cellphone, he said, ＂But that’s what moms should do.＂ From a teenager’s angle, it’s a parent’s responsibility to take care of the family. According to Dunham, Yale’s assistant professor of psychology, ＂When teenagers code it that way, a gift is no longer something given freely and voluntarily＂— it’s just mom and dad living up to their obligation.Parents do have the right to demand good manners and children should thank sincerely whoever gives them something. But kids can’t know how blessed they are unless they have a basis for comparison. And they don’t learn that by a parent complaining that they’re ungrateful. We need to give our children the gift of a wider world view. Show by example that gratitude isn’t about stuff—which ultimately can’t make any of us happy anyway. It’s about realizing how lucky you are and paying your good fortune forward.You can collect all the charitable appeals and sit down together with the kids to go through them. You set the budget for giving and the kids decide how it’s distributed. Once the conversation about gratitude gets started, it’s much easier to continue all year. Also you can set up a family routine at bedtime where kids describe three things that have made them grateful. When kids go off to college, you can text them a picture each week of something that inspires your appreciation.Teaching children to focus on the positive and appreciate the good in their lives is perhaps the greatest gift we can give them. And we can all learn together that the things that really matter aren’t on sale at a department store.1. How do children respond when receiving gifts from their parents?A. They show no interest in their parents’ gifts.B. They can’t wait to open their parents’ gifts.C. They show much gratitude to their parents for the gifts.D. They take their parents’ gifts for granted.2. To make children grateful for what they have, parents should _________.A. live up to their obligationB. ask their children to have good mannersC. teach their children by setting an exampleD. complain their children are ungrateful3. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A. No gifts are greater than teaching children to be positive and grateful.B. Children ought to realize how lucky they are to have considerate parents.C. Children are supposed to decide how to distribute their own moneyD. It is easy for parents to start the conversation about gratitude.4. What’s the purpose of the author writing this text?A. To explain the reason why children offer no gratitude to their parents.B. To give advice to parents on how to help children develop gratitude.C. To encourage parents to do things together with their children.D. To remind parents of their responsibility to educate their children.Passage 2(2016•冀州中学月考)It’s an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My wife says no because we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s the point if you can’t go on holiday. The joy of a recession (不景气) means no argument next year — we just won’t go.Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday.A YouGov survey of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples.Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money may be different things to men and women. ＂People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it’s for, ＂ he explains. ＂They’ll say it’s to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them.＂ He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they’ve achieved something.＂The biggest problem is that couples assume each other know what’s going on with their finances, but they don’t. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what you’re doing, who’s paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.＂5. What does the author say about going on holiday in Paragraph 1?A. It will cost them too much money.B. Few people can afford it without working hard.C. It makes all the hard work worthwhile.D. It is the chief cause of family quarrels.6. According to the text, what does Kim Stephenson believe?A. Money is often a symbol of a person’s status.B. Money means a great deal to both men and women.C. Men and women spend money on different things.D. Men and women view money in different ways.7. The author suggests that couples should________.A. put their money together instead of keeping it separatelyB. discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationshipC. make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgetsD. avoid arguing about money matters to remain romanticPassage 3(2016•武邑中学期中)Choosing the Right Resolution (决定) Millions of Americans began 2016 with the same resolution they started 2015 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.To reach our goal of losing weight — the output, we need to control what we eat — the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution:＂I’ll stop having dessert for lunch＂or ＂I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes＂. Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam, aside from general rules like ＂study harder＂. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well­set task over which they have much more control.As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a café, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for whichyou can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.10. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because________.A. it is hard to achieve for most AmericansB. it is focused too much on the resultC. it is dependent on too many thingsD. it is based on actionable decisions11. In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because________.A. they obeyed all the general rulesB. they paid more attention to examsC. they were motivated by their classmatesD. they were rewarded for reading some books12. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?A. ＂I’ll give up dessert.＂B. ＂I’ll study harder.＂C. ＂I’ll cut down my expenses.＂D. ＂I’ll spend more time with my family.＂13. The writer strongly believes that we should ________.A. develop good habits and focus on the outcomeB. be optimistic about final goals and stick to themC. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habitsD. set ambitious goals that can balance the input and outputPassage 4(2016·广西桂林、崇左市高三下学期4月联合考试)A recent survey in the United States showed that the average family spent more money on its pets than on its children. Although rather shocking, it should not surprise anyone who has seen the doggy parlours(客厅) where loved pets rest. AreAmericans unique in treating their little friends in this way? No, the English, too, pay more attention to their pets.This can clearly be seen when we look at pet foods，which often contain more vitamins than human food. They certainly cost much. Last year the British public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of veterinary bills or animal furniture. It is difficult not to feel angry about this when considering what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty, so it’s not unusual for me to get hot under collar when I read an old man left all his money to his dog instead of his children.There are a variety of reasons why I find pets-raising alarming. They cause physical problems. An example of this is New York where they have great difficulty getting rid of the mess that dogs leave on the streets. Many people find this funny, but in a number of large cities it is a major problem. Animals can cause disease, too. It is the threat of babies — a disease with no known cure.Another problem is the carelessness of pet owners. Most little children want a dog or a cat，and they continually push their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the ＂sweet little thing＂ has been brought home that the parents realize how much time and money must be spent on ＂Rover＂ or ＂Bonzo＂. Then they just abandon it. As a result, they are allowed to run free. English farmers lose hundreds of sheep a year, killed by someone’s pet and you must have read of children being hurt by some pets of their own.Lastly, I would only suggest that we have got our priorities wrong and that something should be done about it. In my view, it’s time we stopped being sentimental about pets. I can see no reason why we should get upset when animals are cut up for medical experiments. This will lead us to discovering cures for serious human diseases, then I say,＂keep cutting!＂14. The doggy parlours are mentioned in the 1st paragraph to show ________.A. what costly lives the pets are livingB. where Americans keep their petsC. why children love their pets so muchD. how much pets depend on their masters15. In the second paragraph ＂to get hot under the collar＂ probably means ________.A. getting quite hotB. becoming excitedC. feeling extremely angryD. receiving a fashionable shirt16. According to the author, in which field can animals be most useful?A. Food.B. Sports.C. Entertainment.D. Medicine.17. What is the author’s attitude towards pets-raising?A. Sympathetic.B. Opposed.C. Pitiful.D. Supportive.题组一Passage 1【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要告诉我们错误的价值——错误可以让我们从中学到很多东西，错误可以促使我们成长，让我们进步。

2017高考英语大题冲关秘笈阅读理解之说明文考纲解读
【备考启示】
在复习中应着重加大语篇分析的训练，提高学生语篇分析能力和语言的综合运用能力，要精选一些短文阅读试题进行渐进式的强化练习，注重做题时间的控制和阅读速度的定量提高。

从练入手强化知识的运用，从分析入手注重能力的提高，从结果入手寻找适应的差距。

要尽可能使自己始终处于积极的思维状态，充分调动大脑中的语言知识，在训练中不断地加以分析、辨异、综合、深化，使整个复习过程处于不断变化、提高、求新、向高考目标接近的运动状态之中。

要做好阅读理解，提高阅读能力，就必须扩大阅读量，探求阅读方法。

对于这方面我们主要加强对以下四个方面的模块训练，一是＂理解主旨要义＂，二是＂理解文中具体信息＂，三是＂根据上下文推断生词的词义＂，四是＂做出简单的判断和推理＂。

学生复习阅读，首先要对照《考纲》对阅读提出的六点能力要求，（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（4）作出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

检查一下自己在这六个方面中存在的缺陷。

要求学生做到持之以恒，要求每天阅读三到四篇，限时21-28分钟。

在训练中努力培养学生的学科意识和学科思维能力。

提高＂识别考点，寻找已知条件、排错求证＂的思维能力。

因为复习本身也是一种再创造活动。

1 / 1。

落堕市安心阳光实验学校考点47 阅读理解议论文高考频度：★★★★★议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。

议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。

议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。

议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。

写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。

议论文型。

在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。

注意事项：1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。

(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)2. 要先看题目，后读文章。

(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。

要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。

3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：(1)标志类、指示类的信息。

①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore 等；⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。

以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。

(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively 过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。

4. 常见问题：(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。

首先要能意识到自身问题所在。

unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。