学年论文翻译

毕业论文和学年论文有什么区别？相关解释学年论文我们先来讲一下学年论文。

学年论文就是高等院校要求学生每学年完成的一篇学术论文，这是一种初级形态的学术论文。

其目的在于指导学生初步学会对一学年所学专业知识进行科学研究。

每学年写一篇，逐步培养学生的科研能力，为将来写毕业论文打基础。

撰写学年论文要在导师的指导下进行。

在一些学校，各个专业执行的情况不同。

这个是学位条例规定要这么做的，教育部规定先要写学年论文，逐步逐步积累经验以后，在毕业的时候撰写毕业论文就不会成为一件太难的事了。

但是有很多学校没有把学年论文当作是一个培养学生研究能力的一个途径或者是工具。

那么，临近毕业的时候，学生还不知道毕业论文该怎么写。

当然还是有相当一部分高等院校，特别是重点院校是很注重学年论文的撰写的，因为只有训练学年论文的写作才能顺理成章的过渡到毕业论文的写作。

每一门课的授课到最后的考试，从某种意义上来说实际上就是在训练一学期或一学年论文的写作。

因为任课老师都是从自己的课程的角度出发给大家考一点知识题，再考一个论述题。

那么对于论述题，应该说有经验的老师是可以很好的利用论述题来训练学生写论文的。

有一部分学校这样做了，但还有部分学校没有将其提到日程上来。

还是由各个老师具体要求，让学生当一次作业来做的，没有强调学术性。

北京师范大学的原来的中文系，现在的文学院要求学生从大学二年级开始训练写学年论文，在“五四”或者“七一”、“一二九”等特殊的日子进行论文竞赛，对学生进行论文写作训练。

那么在每学年，每一位任课老师都有责任去训练学生撰写学年论文，为将来毕业论文打基础。

那么这是一个概念和相关的状况。

毕业论文下面要讲的是毕业论文。

什么叫毕业论文？毕业论文就是高等院校应届毕业生独立完成的一篇总结性的学术论文。

这里有这样几点需要大家注意一是应届毕业生；二是独立完成，当然是在老师的指导下；三是总结性的，所谓总结性的就是说，将来在选题的时候，比如中文系，你可能会选语言方面的，也可能会选文学方面的。

论文题目A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Euphemisms英汉委婉语对比研究Characteristics of English Vocabulary in Advertising广告英语的词汇特点An Inter-communication View of Words and Their Translation从跨文化角度看词的文化意义及其翻译The Features of Adjective Suffixes形容词后缀的特征Politeness Principles in English Communication and Pragmatic Failure英语交际中的礼貌原则和语用失误The Comparative Study of Color in Cutural Meaning Between English and Chinese 英语中颜色词的翻译S trategies for Improving Students’ Listening Abilities提高学生听力能力之策略Modal Expressions of Adjectives and Adverbs in the Context英语形容词、副词在语境中的情态表达A Comparative Study Between English and Chinese Passive Voice英汉被动语态cf 比较研究A Comparative study of English and Chinese Onomatopoeia英汉摹声比较Features of Computer English Word-formation计算机英语的词法特征The Characteristics of Web English网络英语的特点Vivid Characters, Deep Impressions – An Analysis of the Characters in Oliver Twist 鲜明的人物，深刻的印象－《雾都孤儿》人物分析Analysis of Puritanism Perspectives The Scarlet Letter红字中的清教主义思想The notional passive and comparison between English and Chinese意义被动句及其英汉比较The Forms and Uses of Genitive Nouns of English英语名词属格的形式和用法A Comparative of Existential Sentence in English and chinese英汉存在句对比The English and Chinese comparison of Rhetoric in Advertisements英汉广告修辞对比The Referential Function of the Definite Article定冠词的指涉功能The Characteristics and Translation of Trademark Words商标英语的特点和翻译On the Phenomena of Sentence Contraction in English and Chinese Marks论英汉语中的句子紧缩现象Functions and Application of English Punctuations英语标点符号的功能及应用A Comparison of Animal Figures in Chinese and English中英有关动物的比喻的比较The Linguistic Features of Punning Advertisement广告双关语的言语美特点The Image of Tess by Hardy哈代笔下的苔丝形象A Comparison of English and Chinese Phonetic Ambiguity英汉语音歧义的比较Translation Techniques of Proverbs and Idioms谚语和习语的翻译技巧The Choice of Contents and Ways in Translation论翻译的内容与译法的选择Semantic Abnormality and Rhetorical Collocation in English英语中的语义异常与修辞搭配The Analysis of Gertrude’s Psychological Description in Sons and Lovers 浅析《儿子与情人》中格鲁德的心理描写The Nature of Metaphor—From the Nature of Metaphor to Its Differences Between English and Chinese 隐喻的本质—从隐喻本质看英汉差别On the Translation of Trademark Words浅谈商标词的翻译Application of Body Language体态语的应用A Comparison of the Forms of Plural Nouns between Chinese and English 中英名词复数形式的对比The Comparative Study between Metonymy and Metaphor借代与隐喻辞格的比较研究The Differences Between British and American English英式英语和美式英语区别Characteristic Language—Analyzing Desdemona’s Charater from the Words 性格语言—从Desdemona的语言看其性格The Realism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn现实主义《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的表现A Comparative Study of the English and Chinese Color Terms英汉颜色词使用的对比研究A Minor Classification of English Modals and Semi-modals英语助动词与和半助动词之细微分类A Study of English Active Form With Passive Meaning英语主动形式被动意义研究An Analysis of Language Features in English Advertisings广告英语的语言特点分析Transitional Words and Their Usage论过渡词及其用法The Development of the American Civil Rights Movement in 1960s论美国六十年代民权运动的发展Cultural Factors and Limitations of Translation翻译的文化因素局限性Contest Immersion and Emergence in the Translation of Chinese Poetry into English 汉诗英译中的语境与“融入”和“化入”On Gray’s Elegy论格雷的《墓畔幽思》Body Language in English Teaching in Middle School中学英语教学中的体态语On the Fighting Spirit in The Grapes of Wrath论《愤怒的葡萄》中的斗争精神Sexual Discrimination in English英语中的性别歧视On the Betrayal and Rebellion in Wuthering Heights论《呼啸山庄》中的背叛与反抗An Analysis of When You are Old评析叶芝各诗《当你老了》Holden’s Confusion, Struggle and Self-salvation—A Psycho-analysis of the Hero of The Catcher in the Rye霍尔顿的困惑、抗争与自救——《麦田里的守望者》主人公的心理解析A n Analysis of Elizabeth’s Character in Pride and Prejudice对《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白性格的分析English Idioms and Culture英语习语与文化The Characterization of Robinson Crusoe论鲁滨逊的性格塑造A Comparative Study of Black Women and White Women’s Social Status in the U.S 论美国黑人妇女和白人妇女的社会地位比较The Translation of Indefinite Numerals in English英语不确定数词的翻译Marfin Eden’s Choice of Death论马丁伊登的死亡选择On the Use and Translati on of “as…as…”论as…as…的用法与翻译A C omparative Study of Two Concepts of Privacy and “Ladies First”in China and the Western Countries 有关隐私和女性优先观念在中国和西方国家的比较研究A Comparative Study of Western China Development and American Westward Expansion 中国西部开发与美国西进运动的比较研究The Political Essence of American Economic Aid in Modern Times论新时期美国经济援助的政治内涵A Look at the Mass Media of China and Britain Today and its Words Characteristics 浅谈中英大众媒体之现状及词汇特点On English Passive Voice小议被动态On the Flexible Use of English Animal Words浅谈英语动物动词的活用The Flexibility of the Translation of Chinese Idioms汉语成语英译的灵活性On Ursula in The Rainbow论《虹》中的厄修拉Analysis of Ceategorized Context and the Politeness Principle of Lrony 反语的分类语境和礼貌原则浅析On English Color Terms英语颜色词的研究On the Associative Meaning of the Main Color Words小议颜色词的联想意义On the Rhetorical Value of Taboo Words论禁忌语的修辞价值On the Free Translation in the Translation of Idioms试论习语翻译中的意译The Infinitive Active in Form and Passive in Meaning英语不定式主动结构表被动意义A Comparison of English and Chinese Proverbs and Their Translation 英汉谚语的比较与翻译A Comparative Study of the “Be” Subjunctive and the Imperative Mood Be型虚拟语气与祈使语气的比较研究Faithfulness in Translation论翻译的忠实性The Pursuit of Gatzby论盖茨比的追求C ompson’s Family Tragedy in The Sound and Fury论《喧华与骚动》中康普生家族的悲剧On the Metaphoric Meaning of Colors and Their Translation论英汉颜色的喻义及其翻译Cultural Differences between English and Chinese Color Words and their Translation 英汉颜色词的文化差异及翻译A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Passive Sentences英汉被动句比较研究On the Interactive Teaching Method交互式教学方法Some Ways of Expressing Implied Negation英语含蓄否定的若干表达方式On the Rhetorical Features of English Proverbs论英语谚语的修辞特征On English Noun Modifier论英语名词定语A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Onomatopoeias中英拟声词对比研究Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of English Idioms 英语习语翻译的归化与异化Differences of Body Language in Cross-Culture Communication跨文化交际中身体语言的差异性On English Subjunctive Verb Forms and Their Classifications论英语虚拟语气动词及其分类On the Structure Classification of English Tag Question附加疑问句的分类研究On Functions of Semantics and Discourse in There-Existential Sentences 论存在句的语义功能和语篇功能Study on Vogue-Words论英语中的时髦词On the Social Value of Gone with the Wind and Scarlett’s Chara cter 论《飘》的社会价值和斯佳丽的人物性格On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character试论简爱·性格的发展A Comparison between American Puritanism and New Transcendenlism 美国清教主义与超验证主义比较A Tentative Study on English Euphemism浅论英语委婉语On The Hard-boiled Image in Hemingway’s Works论海明威作品中的“硬汉”形象On the Art of Rhetorical Devices浅谈广告中英语中修辞的艺术On the Rhetorical Structures of Texts语篇的修辞结构分析On Transferred Epithet and Its Translation浅谈移就修辞及其翻译The Latest Development of English & Chinese Vocabulary英汉词汇的新发展The Different Fate of the Two Women Love Defenders—My Comments on Lin Daiyu and Jane Eyre 两个为爱而战的两个女性的不同命运---我看林黛玉和简爱Cutural Metaphoric Meaning of Food Language in Englsih Colloquialism 论英语口语中饮食语言的文化喻义Changes of Value in Gone With The Wind《飘》中所体现的价值观念转化赏析On Comparison Between ways of Thinking and Value Tendencies of Americans and Chinese论中美思维方式的差异及价值取向之比较The lnterpersonal Function in Business Letter商务信函中的人际功能The Textual Functions of Pre-Predicate That- ClausesThat -Clauses前置的语篇功能Female Characters As Spirit ual Educate In Spenser’s The Faerie Queene 斯宾塞《仙后》中作为精神教育家的女性Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions习语的象征意义On the Main Differences between American English and British English 美式英语与英式英语的差异On the Semantic and Pragmatic Meaning of Utterance论话语的字面意义和语用意义Translation Skills of Culture-loaded Words—On“Setected stories of LuXun” 文化员找词汇的翻译方法和技巧——《鲁迅小说选》英译谈On the Image of Women in Jan Eyre论《简爱》中的女性形象A n Analysis of the Part of Speech of “As” and Its UsesAs的词性与用法分析The Translation of the Passive Voice in EST科技英语被动语态的翻译The Useage of Articles冠词的用法Wordsworth’s View on Nature and Life论华兹华斯的自然观及人生观Mastering the Studying Law of Children’s Language Learning and Promoting the Second Language Acquisition 掌握儿童语言学习规律，促进二语习得Advertisement Translation广告的翻译Some Aspects of Articles in English Study英语冠词学习要点The Comparison between English and Chinese Nonce Words英汉仿词比较O n the Creation of Characters in Dicken’s A Tale of Two Cities论狄更斯《双城记》中的人物塑造On Similarities and Differences in the Formation English and Chinese 浅谈英汉仿词在构成形式上的异同Love Always Overcomes Hatred爱总能战胜恨The Characteristics of American English美国英语的语言特点Aanalysis on the Chineses Borrowings in English英语中汉语借词探析The Rhetoric in The Merchant of Venice论《威尼斯商人》中的修辞现象The Textual Function of Passive Voice论被动语态的语篇功能Features of Network English网络英语的特点The Use of Body Language in Middle Schools中学英语教学中体态语言的运用A Comparison Between American and Chinese Higher Education in the 21st Century 二十一世纪中美高等教育之比较The Use of the Comma and the dash in EST科技英语中逗号与破折号的用法On Phenomena of Sexism in English英语中的性别歧视现象On the Transferred Negation in English浅析英语中的否定转移On How to Translation of the Chinese Reduplicated Words into English 汉语叠词英译The Classification and translation of English Idiom Preposition英语成语介词的分类及翻译On Hardy’s Fatalism in Tess论《苔丝》中哈代的宿命论The Features and Origin of French Borrowings in English英语中法语外来词的特点及由来Symbolism of Colors in idomatic Expressions颜色习语表达的象征意义The Difference of Styles in Translation翻译中的文体差异On the Translation of Noun Phrases in EST科技英语名词术语的译法初探Tess’ Sense of Responsibility苔丝的责任心Teacher’s Roles in Class教师在课堂中的角色On Euphemistic Expressions in English论英语中的委婉表达法The Nominalization and Grammatical Metaphor英汉名词化和语法隐喻The Structures and Characteristics of English Simile and Metaphor 英语中的比喻结构的特征Humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》中的人道主义思想On Satire and Humor in Pride and Prejudice浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的讽刺与幽默English Phrasal Verbs论英语短语动词Cultural Difference of English—Chinese Idioms and Its Translation 英汉习语的文化差异与翻译On English Rhetorical Elliptical Sentences英语修辞省略句Communication Failures Appeared in Intercultural Communication论跨文化交际中的语用失误On Zeugma’s Rhetorical Effect and Translation浅析轭式搭配的修辞效果与翻译A Comparative Study on Oxymoron and Duiding英语矛盾修辞比较研究The Translation of Long Sentences in EST科技英语的长句翻译The Differences and Application of Chinese and English Palindrome 中英回文辞格的发展差异与应用Lolita, the Tragedy of Pedophilia《诺莉塔》：恋童癖的悲剧S arah’s Way to Freedom萨拉的自由之路Jane Eyre’s Sense of Interiority简爱的自卑感Coherence in Interpretation of Discourse论语篇翻译中的连贯Influence of Cultural Differences on Translation文化差异对翻译的影响On the Form of Emphasis in English英语中的强调的表达形式On Translation of English New Words论英语新词的翻译A Brief Exploration of Lexical Ambiguity in English and Its Pragmatic Effects Words 浅谈英语词汇的歧义与语用效果On Ellipsis论省略The Cultural differences and translation of English and Chinese idioms 英汉习语与文化差异的翻译On Emphatic Patterns in English英语中的强调形式研究On Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation中英翻译的中式英文Elementary Analysis of Translating Attributive Clause浅析定语从句的翻译A Brief Research on the English Infinitive Structure英语不定式初探与研究English Words Sanantic Variattion and the Society英语词汇语义变化与社会的关系On the Symbolism in Blake’s Poems论布莱克诗歌中的象征主义Some Ways of Expressing Implied Negation in English英语含蓄否定表达法种种On Franslation of Trademarks and Names of Export Commodities论商标、出口商品名称的翻译A Brief Introduction to Grammatical Ambiguity in English浅谈英语中的语法歧义现象On the Basic methods and skills of translation of Business English Terms 商务英语词汇翻译常用方法与技巧初探The Functions of Pre-Posed Infinitive clauses不定式分句前置的使用功能On The Borrowed Elements in the English Vocabulary浅谈英语词汇中的外来成份English Synonyms and Vocabulary Enlargement英语同义词及词汇扩展On the Use of Euphemisms in The Daily Life浅议委婉语在日常生活中的运用Parody in advertisement A study on Translation广告中的仿似现象探悉On the Semantic Function and Usage of the Conjunction “and”连词“and”的语义功能与用法A BriefTalk on Differences and Translatability of English and Chinese Idioms 浅析英汉习语的文化差异及其可译性On Steps of Learning English英语学习步骤浅议A Comparative Study of Ambiguity and Pun in English英语中歧义与双关的对比研究Slangs about Vegetables & Fruits in English and Their Uses英语中有关蔬菜和水果的俚语及其运用On Absolute Nomination Construction浅析独立主格结构A Balanced Approach to Oral English Teaching英语口语教学平衡方法On the Verb Forms of English Subjective Mood浅谈英语虚拟语气的动词形式A Contrastive Study on English and Chinese Idioms英中习语对比On Translation of English Allusion英语典故的翻译A Constrastive Analysis of Euphemism Between Chinese and English 中英委婉语的对比分析On the Fuzziness and Vagueness of Language论语言的模糊与含糊Refle ctions on Animals in and out of China从国内外的动物说起Translation Techniques of Chinese Idioms汉语成语的翻译技巧Idioms and Features of Idioms习语及其习语特征A Comparative Study on the English and the Chinese Metaphor英汉隐喻对比研究A Comparative Study of Euphemism and Fuzzy Language in English and Chinese委婉语与模糊语中英对比研究On Idioms Used in Colloquial English论习语在英语口语中的使用A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre简·爱女权主义思想初探Translation of the Peculiar Speech of Each Participant in the Conversation 论小说个性语言翻译On the Cognition and Usage of Metaphor论隐喻的认知及其运用The Classification of Metaphor隐喻的分类On the Types and Uses of the Passive Voice论英语被动语态的类型及用法A Detailed Study on THERE in English Existential Sentence试论英语存在句结构中的引导词THEREThe Differences of Rhythm between Chinese and English英汉节奏差异On The Usage of “T hat”论“That”的用法The Exploration of Oral English Teaching Methodology英语口语教学法探讨To Cultural Difference between English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 浅谈英汉习语的文化差异及翻译On Feminism in Pride and Prejudice试论《傲慢与偏见》中的女权意识Appropriate Use of Body Language in Spoken English Teaching英语口语教学中体态语的适当使用On Translation of Trade Marks论商标的翻译The Rhetoric in Advertising English广告英语中的修辞The Hegemonic Nature of Unilateralism of the Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy 布什政府外交政策单边主义的霸权主义实质The Linguistic Characteristics of Business English and Its Translation 商务英语的语言特点及翻译刍义On the Borrowed Words in English英语中的外来词Color Words in English英语中的颜色词研究The Existence and adaptation of Untranslatable From不可译现象的存在和转化The Tense-Aspect System of English Grammar-Forms and Meanings英语语法中的时体体系：形式和意义On Vague Terms in Everyday Spoken English论英语日常口语中的模糊词语A Tentative Study on the Translation of Adverbial English Dallses in Clause 英语状语从句汉译初探Euphemism and Its use in Translation委婉语及其在翻译中的使用The Communicative Functions of Euphemism委婉语的交际功能On the Usage of “It”“It”的用法On English Linguistic Taboos论英语语言的禁忌A Tentative Analysis of English Color Words探英语中的颜色词On English Siamese Twins英语成对词词组初探On English Elliptical Sentence英语省略句The Characteristics of Attributes in English英语定语之我见Feminism in Jane Eyre论女权主义在简爱中的体现The Translation of Idioms谈习语翻译A Comparative Study of Chinese Jokes and Western Humor中国笑话和西方幽默Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Everyday Conversation 中英日常会语中的文化差异The Form and Function of the Euphemism英语委婉语的构成及其功能O n the Pessimistic Fendencies in Hemingway’s later works试论海明威后期中作品中的颓废主义倾向On the Cultural Differences between Chinese—English Translation 论中英翻译中的文化差异On Translation of English of Colour Words论颜色词的翻译An Analysis of the Usage of Infinitive in English不定式的用法剖析Culture Differences and Translation文化差异与翻译The cultural Connotation and Expressive Technique of Euphemism委婉语的文化内涵和表现手法A Comparative Study of “Pun” and “Shuangguan”“Pun”与“双关”的比较研究English from Sexism to Neutralization英语中的性别歧视与中性化。

论文要求（1）论文基本构成论文通常由标题、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献等部分组成，必要时可以加附录。

正文包括引言、主体、结论三部分。

○1题目题目要简明、确切、具有概括性，字数一般不宜超过20个字。

○2摘要及关键词论文的摘要应以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的主要内容、方法、观点以及取得的主要成果结论。

摘要可在150-250字的幅度，不宜过多，也不要太少。

关键词以3～5个为宜。

○3引言论文的前言或引言一般应阐明选题的缘由；本研究在国内(外)发展概况及评述；本研究所要解决的主要问题及采取的研究手段和方法；概述成果及意义。

在科技学术论文中，引言的最后一段常介绍本文的内容结构。

○4正文正文是作者对课题研究成果的详细表述，是全文的主体部分。

论文的撰写应注意理论联系实际，系统组织论点论据，按逻辑展开对问题的分析讨论。

论文中引用别人的观点、意见要明确交代，严禁照抄照搬而不做任何说明的学术剽窃。

○5结论结论是对论文进行归纳综合后得出的总结，是全文的思想精髓。

要求概括简明、措辞严谨，但又能使人领会。

其中可以写进尚存在的问题及进一步研究的建议。

○6参考文献参考文献是论文不可缺少的组成部分，它反映了作者的思想及数据资料来源。

参考文献按要求格式书写。

未公开发表或出版的文献采用脚注引用，即在引用的行文中右上角注明脚注标号(如①、②)，在当页下方按标号顺序列出文献出处。

公开发表或出版的文献采用文末注，即在引用的行文中右上角注明标号(如[1]、[3～4] )，在全文末按标号顺序列出文献出处。

文中必要的简短注释也采取脚注方式。

参考文献列写格式具体如下：期刊：作者.论文名[J].刊名，年份，卷（期）：起止页码.专著和译著：作者.书名[M].版次(第一版不列).(译者+“译”字).出版地：出版社，年份.文集：文献作者.文献题名[A].文集编者姓名+“主编”两字.文集题名[C].出版地：出版社，年份. 起止页码.报刊：作者.题名[N].报刊名，年份-月份-日期.（版次）.未出版学术研讨会交流论文：作者.论文名[R].学术会议名（会议地点）或会议文集名.年份.（会议文集页码.）未公开发表资料：作者.标题[Z].年份.网站上不明原始出处的文献：（作者）.题名[Z].网站中文名（http//www. ××××××）如果作者不止一人，三人内的一般全部列出，姓名间用逗号，最后一个姓名之后仍然用英文的点号，多个作者可以只列前一、二位加“等”字，而外文文献多名作者的最后用“et al.”。

2013--2014学年第2学期外国语学院期末考试卷《 中西翻译史》 （课程论文）学号: 201252060220 姓名: 温立媛 班级: 翻译2班成绩：评语：（考试题目及要求） 本课程考试以课程论文的形式进行考查，课程论文题目自拟，选择中西翻译史范围内的某翻译思想家、某翻译流派、某翻译思潮进行介绍。

论文使用汉语写作，字数为1500-2500字。

组成部分如下： ● 中英摘要：要求200字。

● 关键词：要求3～5个关键词，各关键词之间用“，”隔开。

● 引言：是对研究背景、目的、研究范围和研究意义与价值等的简要说明。

● 分析与讨论：其实质就是论证，可以采用类比、例证、归纳、演绎等丰富多样的论证方法。

● 结论：应涵盖本研究的结果、该结果的创新以及理论和实践意义等。

● 参考文献：格式要求参见《中国翻译》。

● 注释：统一采用夹注的形式。

提交时间 2014年7月1日教学对象 翻译系2012级1、2班本科生 ● 格式要求 统一采用A4纸型。

课程论文中文题目（楷体，3号，加粗）；课程论文正文：英文字体用Times New Roman ，中文正文用宋体（字号5号。

）页面上边距为3厘米, 下、左、右边距为2.3厘米。

页眉为1.5厘米。

页脚为1.75厘米, 页脚排阿拉伯数字的页码，居中。

页面行间距为1.5倍。

要求上交纸质版一份；电子版一份由班长打包集中发至zhouyali2009@ 。

装订 线浅析道安“五失本、三不易”翻译观【摘要】道安是一位翻译理论家，在佛经翻译理论方面做出杰出贡献，并提出了著名的“五失本、三不易”翻译思想。

“五失本”谈到翻译的语序问题，文质问题和详简问题，“三不易”谈到佛经翻译面临的时代因素，读者因素和译者因素，这三个因素导致了佛经翻译的不容易。

本文从来源和内容两方面对道安“五失本、三不易”之说进行简单的解读，以便于人们更好地了解道安的翻译理论。

这些翻译理论对现代翻译有重要的借鉴意义。

【关键词】道安，五失本，三不易【Abstract】Dan’an, a translation theorist who had made outstanding contributions in the translation theories of Buddhist sutras, put forward the famous translation thought of “Five Losses of Source Texts and Three Difficulties in Translation”. “Five Losses of Source Texts” discusses the problems of word order, work of esence and detail or simplification. “Three Difficulties in Translation” disceses the factors of times, readers and translators that Buddhist sutras translation faces. It is these three factors that result in the difficulties of translating Chinese Buddhist sutras. This thesis will give an simple explanation of “Five Losses of Source Texts and Three Difficulties in Translation”on its origin and content, so that people can get a better understanding of Dao’an’s translation theories. These theories have an revealing effect on modern translation.【Key words】Dan’an, five losses o f source texts, three difficulites in translation一、引言道安是我国佛教史上的一位佛教领袖，对我国佛教的发展以及佛经翻译具有积极贡献。

英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日，我们一行16人，乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校，开头了为期一个月的实习生活。

在这一个月里，我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性，它使我的教学理论变为教学实践，使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。

与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同，在这里，要求我们的真正力量，最重要的是要有一颗责任心！一个月的实习，令我感慨颇多。

我实习的班级是五班级一班，记得我刚到课室的第一天，班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话，我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己，并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过，同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声，看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸，我的心里泛起深深的感动！新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多，刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。

但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利，班主任老师要求我多听课，多向阅历丰富的老师学习。

爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。

我深知这一点的重要，必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来，使他们在欢乐中主动学习。

无论是上英语还是语文，我都本着work hard,play harder的理念，以欢乐教学的方式，把嬉戏和教学融为一体，教他们唱英语儿歌，一个月的时间里，我教会了他们四首英文儿歌，同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。

学校五班级又是毕业班级，除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好，更重要的还是在于成果的要求，所以，在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后，我又转变把战略变为力量教学，应校长的要求，教给他们一些生活化的英语口语，于是，我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节，每天晚上回家的第一任务，就是翻查资料，找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语，比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。

在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节，同学们都说：这样的英语既好玩又有用！一个月的时间，他们的口语有了明显的提高，无论课上还是课下，同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好，看着他们有这样的成果，我想，我胜利了！此外，由于班主任的信任，我除了英语教学以外，还负责全学年的语文写作课程，一个月的时间里，作文讲解课10余堂，同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右，对作文的爱好也大大提高，课下同学主动找到我说：老师，我现在觉得作文一点都不难！听到这样的话语，我真的兴奋极了。

《学年论文》2学分要求：1.题目内容：（1）可以自选；（2）最好与毕业论文相关。

2.格式同毕业论文格式，后面附件1是基本格式要求。

3.字数3500-5000字，参考文献不得少于10篇。

4.打印提交，提交时间期末考试前，由学习委员收齐后交给我。

5.注意：认真完成，格式规范，不要返工！6.写作前阅读一下后面的附件2《文献检索与应用文写作》课程论文主要问题研究。

附件1：LUOYANG NORMAL UNIVERSITY2009级学年论文论文题目(2号黑体居中)院（系）名称生命科学系专业名称学生姓名学号指导教师刘飞讲师完成时间年月日理工类样张（上边距30mm,下边距25mm,左边距30mm,右边距20mm ）混沌及其应用（二号，黑体，居中，与姓名行之间空一行）李 斌（物理与电子科学系 物理学专业 学号：010514055 指导教师：王备战讲师）（小四号，仿宋GB_2312，词与词之间空两格，姓名行与学号行之间不空行，学号行与摘要之间空一行）摘 要：（小四号黑体，顶格） 本文阐述了混沌理论的产生、发展及现状，介绍了平庸吸引子……。

（小四号，仿宋GB_2312，摘要与关键词之间空一行）关键词：（小四号黑体，顶格） 混沌理论；意义；应用；前景(小四号，仿宋GB_2312,词与词之用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号，关键词与正文之间空一行，)1 混沌（黑体，小四号顶格，一级标题序号用阿拉伯数字1，2，3……）1.1 混沌的含义（黑体，小四顶格，二级标题用1.1，1.2，1.3……）混沌学的研究兴起于20世纪60年代初的美国，混沌科学研究是随着现代科学技术的出现和普遍应用的基础上发展起来的新兴交叉学科。

（正文，宋体小四，1.5倍行距）耗散系统的运动最终趋向维数比原始相空间低的极限集合，这个极限集合称为吸引子[2]。

（参考文献文中标注用上标，从小到大顺序排列）2.1.1 平庸吸引子（宋体，小四顶格，三级标题用1.1.1，1.1.2，1.1.3……）（更细分标题与与三级标题一样）洛伦兹奇异吸引子的动力学方程[3]bz xy zy rx xz yx y x-=-+-=-= )(σ （1）（公式从小到大顺序编号，编号右对齐）当取不同的参数σ、γ和b时，经迭代运算可得到各种不同形态的吸引子。

外文翻译The Olympic GamesWu ShaozuI. OriginsThe Olympic Games, first held in 776BC, has a history of more than one thousand yiars. The Games is held every four years.Many countries try their best to bid forhosting the Olympic Games. And every country does its best to get more medals in the Games. In 2000, the city of Sidney held the 27th Olympic Games. Over one hundred countries all over the world took part in it. We won 28gold medals that year. China, a major sport country, will hold the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. People from all walks of life are participating in various activities and making good preparations for it.There are five rings on the Olympic flag, which are considered to symbolize, the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America. The Olympic motto is: "Swifter, higher, stronger." The Games can promote the understanding and friendship am ong different peoples and different nations2.The ceremonial fireThe ceremonial fire stems from the ancient Greece myth fable. Hands down ancient Greece god Prometheus for the humanity which rescues suffers hunger and cold, hides the truth from Zeus to steal the kindling material belt to the world. The ancient Greece before each Olympic Games are held, the people must light the ceremonial fire before the Hera temple. After the modern Olympic Games establish, when the ceremonial fire is lit that flash, this Olympic Games ceremonial fire's transmission was the announcement complete conclusion. Along with Olympic Games' conclusion, this Olympic Games ceremonial fire will also be extinguished. The first torch relay activity was Berlin Olympic Games starts from 19363、History of the Olympic GamesPindar, the Greek poet wrote in the 5th century BC:"As in the daytime there is no star in the sky warmer and brighter than the sun, likewise there is no competition greater than the Olympic Games. According to historic records, the first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. They were dedicated to the Olympian Gods and were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. Initially they had a religious character and combined a number of ancient sporting events, many of which were based on ancient Greek myths. The ancient Games actually occupied an important position in the life of the Greek ancestors. An Olympiad was a time unit, measuring the four-year interval between two Games. Participants came to compete from every corner of the Greek world aiming at the ultimate prize: an olive wreath and a "heroic" return to their city-states. But apart from the glorious victory, it was the Olympic values themselves which accorded special meaning to the Games: noble competition and the effort to combine body, will, and mind in a balanced whole. As the Games developed, so did a set of procedures such as a standardized schedule of events and the practice of the Olympic Truce. They continued for nearly 12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed, in 393 AD, that all such 'pagan cults' be banned. He asserted that the Games placed an excessive public focus on athletic and spiritual affairs. The games was abolished until the 19th Century. Intellectuals such as Evangelos Zappas and Demetrios Vikelas who believed in the spirit of noble contests and the Olympic ideals, lent their voices and efforts to the revival of the Olympic Games. However, it was French Baron Pierre de Coubertin who orchestrated the re-establishment of the Games, by advocating the marriage of sports and Greek classicism, leading the way to the first Modern Olympic Games in 1896. The Greek public embraced the revival, and joined the efforts to organize the Games. Any financial difficulties faced by the Greek state at the time, were met through the mobilization of people and benefactors alike. The marble renovation of the ancient Panathinaikon Stadium that hosted the first modern Games was financed by George Averoff, a Greek benefactor from Northern Greece. With the revival of the Olympic Games, a number of symbolic Olympic Traditions were also developed and established (i.e. the Olympic Anthem, the Olympic Creed, the Olympic Flag, theOlympic Flame and Torch). Over the years, the Olympic Games traveled to different countries and continents, and now finally in 2004, they returned to the country of their birth and the city of their revival for the hosting of the XXVIII Modern Olympic Games154. The 12th Special OlympicsThe 12th Special Olympics World Summer on October 2 after the curtain was raised in Shanghai, Special Olympics athletes will participate in all 21 games and four performances for the project. Since this is the first time in the Special Olympics Asia, in developing countries, also in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games held in China before the participating countries (regions), most staff participating comprehensive sports, it has aroused the Chinese government attach great importance and wide public concern From all over the world 7,291 Special Olympics athletes will participate in basketball, equestrian, swimming, gymnastics, track and field, soccer competitions. These athletes are usually IQ below 70 mentally disabled people, the results of their competition is not important, the key is to take part in the process. When we see athletes in the Special Olympics coaches encouraged to embark on the venue, they demonstrated the confidence and courage indeed touched us. The past, we have described the achievements of the disabled Whatever can be said to attend Special Olympics athletes are Justin, their enterprising spirit that has brought us great encouragement. "You OK, I will", the Special Olympics should become the theme of working and living in a common languageChinese people always appreciate the purposes and principles of Olympic ideal, support the efforts of Olympic Games to promote world peace. The Chinese Government and people are doing our the utmost/best to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, and shooting at the pageant with advocating Olympicideal, sparkpluging world peace and enhancing the relationships among the world. Olympic spirit are gonna spread again in orient cultural ancient China.The government and people of China have always admired the purposes and principles of the Olympic spirit and supported the efforts made by the Olympics in promoting world peace. The Chinese government and people are doing our utmost in preparation for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. It is our hope to make it a grand gathering that will carry forward the Olympic spirit, promote world peace and enhance the friendship among people of the world, so that the Olympic spirit will flourish once again, this time in China, an oriental country with an ancient civilization 5、The 2008 Olympic FuwaLike the Five Olympic Rings from which they draw their color and inspiration, Fuwa will serve as the Official Mascots of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, carrying a message of friendship and peace -- and good wishes from China -- to children all over the world. Designed to express the playful qualities of five little children who form an intimate circle of friends, Fuwa also embody the natural characteristics of four of China's most popular animals -- the Fish, the Panda, the Tibetan Antelope, the Swallow -- and the Olympic Flame. Each of Fuwa has a rhyming two-syllable name -- a traditional way of expressing affection for children in China. Beibei is the Fish, Jingjing is the Panda, Huanhuan is the Olympic Flame, Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and Nini is the Swallow. When you put their names together -- Bei Jing Huan Ying Ni -- they say "Welcome to Beijing," offering a warm invitation that reflects the mission of Fuwa as young ambassadors for the Olympic Games. Fuwa also embody both the landscape and the dreams and aspirations of people from every part of the vast country of China. In their origins and their headpieces, you can see the five elements of nature -- the sea, forest, fire, earth and sky -- all stylistically rendered in ways that represent the deep traditional influences of Chinese folk art and ornamentation. In the ancient culture of China, there is a grand tradition of spreading good wishes through signs and symbols. Each of Fuwa symbolizes a different blessing -- and will honor this tradition by carrying their good wishes to thechildren of the world. Prosperity, happiness, passion, health and good luck will be spread to every continent as Fuwa carry their invitation to Beijing 2008 to every part of the globe. At the heart of their mission -- and through all of their work -- Fuwa will seek to unite the world in peace and friendship through the Olympic spirit. Dedicated to helping Beijing 2008 spread its theme of One World, One Dream to every continent, Fuwa reflect the deep desire of the Chinese people to reach out to the world in friendship through the Games -- and to invite every man, woman and child to take part in the great celebration of human solidarity that China will host in the light of the flame in 2008.Source：Wu Shaozu（2007）,The Olympic Games , 奥林匹克论文。

学年论⽂范⽂3篇学年论⽂的选题要求摘要：学年论⽂就是⾼等专科院校要求学⽣每⼀学年都要完成的⼀篇学术论⽂，这是⼀种初级形态的学术论⽂。

它的⽬的就在于指导学⽣学会对⼀年来对所学专业知识进⾏初步的科学研究。

关键词：学年论⽂；选题要求⼀每学年写⼀篇学术论⽂，逐步培养好学⽣的科研能⼒，为将来顺利完成毕业论⽂打好基础。

撰写学年论⽂要在导师的指导下进⾏。

写论⽂和⼀般的考试、考查不同：它不是全⾯检查学⽣掌握知识的⼴度和深度，⽽是在教师指导下，锻炼学⽣运⽤已有知识进⾏科学研究，创造性地分析、解决问题，并能准确表述⾃⼰的研究成果。

做好这⼀⼯作，对于巩固、提⾼学⽣学习效果，培养独⽴⼯作能⼒，发挥创造精神，都有重要意义。

对于学年论⽂，每个学校、各个专业执⾏的情况不同。

教育部规定的是先要写学年论⽂，逐步积累经验以后，在毕业的时候撰写毕业论⽂就不会成为⼀件太难的事了。

但是有很多学校没有把学年论⽂当作是⼀个培养学⽣研究能⼒的途径或⼯具。

那么，临近毕业的时候，学⽣还不知道毕业论⽂该怎样去写。

当然还是有相当⼀部分⾼等院校，特别是重点院校是很注重学年论⽂的撰写的，因为只有训练学年论⽂的写作才能顺理成章的过渡到毕业论⽂的写作。

每⼀门学科从授课到最后的考试，从某种意义上来说实际上就是在训练⼀学期或⼀学年论⽂的写作。

因为任课⽼师都是从⾃⼰的课程的⾓度出发，给⼤家考⼀点知识题，再考⼀个论述题。

有经验的⽼师是可以很好的利⽤论述题来训练学⽣写论⽂的。

有⼀部分学校这样做了，但还有部分学校没有将其提到⽇程上来。

⼆学术论⽂的类型不⼀，要求有浅有深。

下⾯只就选题⽅⾯进⾏⼀些简单的分析。

选题，就是确定研究的对象和所要解决的问题。

提出问题是解决问题的前提，问题提得不明确，或提得不适当，都难于取得良好的社会效果。

选题的要求是：1.标的明确标的，就是问题的指向性或针对性。

初学写论⽂的同学，题⽬往往提得太⼤，譬如《论⼉童⽂学》《关于⼯资改⾰》《唐诗的艺术成就》《郭沫若的创作道路》，等等。

湖南科技大学潇湘学院外国语系课程学期论文课程名称：翻译批评与赏析论文题目：《背影》英译文的批评赏析姓名：黄晓玲班级：教育五班学号：0962010827学年学期：2012-2013学年大四第一学期《背影》英译文的批评赏析摘要: 朱自清的代表作《背影》堪称散文界的抒情名篇。

而英译《背影》不仅在内容上忠实于原文, 更做到了英汉翻译中从中文的主观视角到英文的客观视角的灵活切换。

关键词: 背影; 主客观视角; 切换Abstract: Zhu Ziqing's The Sight of Father's Back is one of the most famous essays in China. Zhang Peiji's English Version not only keeps loyal to the original contents but also realizes the translation tar-get of the proper change from subjective perspective to objective per -spective.Key words: The Sight of Father's Back; subjective and objective persp ectives; change关于《背影》：说起文学作品的翻译, 不免总要谈到中外民族思维上的差异。

中国人推崇“天人合一”,“万物皆备与我”, 表现在中国人的思维之中, 人与自然的关系是物我合一, 主客观是统一的, 而在人与物的和谐关系中, 人是主导的, 有强烈的主观(subjective)意识。

而西方人崇尚理性, 人与物保持距离, 站在客观理性的角度去分析观察事物, 因此, 语言的表达是从客观视角(objective pe rspective)出发的。

《背影》是我国“五四”时期最出色的散文家之一朱自清的代表作, 堪称散文界的抒情名篇。