INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Schultz(1961)
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教育学经典文献一、著作1、Freedman Mervin (1979): Academic Culture and Faculty Development. Berkeley, California: Montaigne pr.2、Mcleod, John (1989). Fostering Academic Excellence. Oxford: Pergamon press.3、Katz L. G. & Mcclellan D. E. (1991):The teacher’s role in the social development of young children. Urbana: Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education4、Hayhoe, Ruth. Ed (1992): Education and Modernization: The Chinese Experience. Oxford: Pergamon press.5、Maxwell, J. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. Thousand Oaks: Sage.6、Hayhoe, Ruth.(1996 ):China ’s Universities , 1895—1995 : A Century of Cultural Conflict , New York:Garland Publishing, Inc .7、Van Pattern, James J (2000): Higher Education Culture: Case Studies for a New Century. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.8、雅斯贝尔斯著,邹进译:《什么是教育》,三联书店1991年版。
走出生活逆境的阴影———失业下岗职工再就业中的“人力资本失灵”研究李培林 张 翼本文是对失业下岗职工走出生活逆境途径的探讨。
以往相关方面的研究主要是关注市场需求和制度安排对就业的影响。
本文认为,中国改革所带来的社会变迁,开创了一个社会结构与个体行动互动作用的新历史,在对外开放扩大、市场化转型和经济高速增长的大背景下,面对同样的社会事件,人们有了更大的通过调整自己的选择来改变生活的可能性。
基于2002年8—9月对辽宁省4个资源枯竭型城市约1000个样本下岗职工的抽样调查,作者发现,与一般的常规推论相反,在下岗职工的收入决定、阶层认同和社会态度等方面,存在着“人力资本失灵”现象,即下岗职工以往的人力资本积累对提高其收入水平和促进社会态度的理性化不再发挥作用。
这是因为随着市场的知识需求和职业结构的变化,下岗职工人力资本积累过程发生了断裂。
所以,相应的政策建议是,在千方百计创造更多就业机会的同时,要特别注重对下岗职工转业转岗的培训,以增强其在就业市场上的选择能力,帮助他们走出生活逆境的阴影。
关键词 失业下岗 人力资本失灵 收入决定 阶层认同作者李培林,1955年生,社会学博士,中国社会科学院社会学研究所研究员(北京 100732);张翼,1964年生,社会学博士,中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所副研究员(北京 100732)。
一、问题的缘起人到中年,对多数人来说,也许意味着事业有成、生活稳定,但对一些特殊的群体,则是一种略带沧桑的悲壮。
中国40—55岁这个年龄段的中年群体,在人生的旅途上大都经历过大起大落的坎坷,因为他们经历过太多重大的历史事件,特别是“文革”中的“上山下乡”,在其人生轨迹中打下了深深的印记。
他们中的一部分人,如今又有了从下乡到下岗的经历。
在那些下岗失业问题严重的老工业基地城市,流传着“40、50岁现象”的说法,意为那些年龄在40—50多岁的下岗失业职工,往往会因为年龄关系而成为一个再就业特别困难的群体,而摆在他们生活道路面前的,又是养老金有无着落、看病如何缴费、子女的学费是否付得起、高堂父母怎样供养等一系列难题。
关于我国农村人力资本存量的估算内容摘要:本文在农村人力资本估算的框架基础上,利用相关数据,对全国和各省的农村人力资本存量进行了估算和分析。
结果表明,全国和各省的农村人均人力资本存量总体呈增长态势,但农村人力资本投入支出占农村总固定资产投入的比例还不高,我国各地区农村的人均人力资本存量表现了较大的差异性,并且这种差异随着时间推移在扩大。
关键词:人力资本存量人力资本投资差异农村人力资本存量的估算框架本文借鉴了张帆(2000)采用的估算方法,并结合农村的具体实际,努力实现估算方法的可行性和可实现性,具体估算步骤如下:首先,结合农村实际,综合考虑农村人力资本形成的各个途径,本文认为,农村人力资本主要包括:文化教育投资、健康投资、研究和发展投资。
其次,从投入的角度,用每年累计加总的方法(Aggregation Over Vintages,简称AOV)估算农村人力资本的存量。
其中,运用累计加总的方法进行人力资本估算时,所需的关键数据有:基期的人力资本存量、历年的人力资本投入、投资的价格指数、折旧模式。
其计算公式为:Ht=Ht+(1-δt)-Ht-1 (1)其中,Ht为t年农村人力资本存量;Ht为t年农村人力资本的投入量,δt 为t年的折旧率。
我国各省农村人力资本存量估算样本的选择及相关的指标处理。
本文分析对象是我国各省(含直辖市)农村人力资本存量。
其中,样本指标主要有六项:农村固定资产投资中的“教育业”、“卫生、保障和社会福利业”、“科学研究、技术服务”、农村居民生活消费支出中的“文教娱乐和服务”、“医疗保健支出”。
数据的样本期为1999-2007年。
在此样本期内估算人力资本所需的统计资料齐全的省份有29个(西藏除外),因此本文中分析的省份有29个。
本文中所有的数据,均来自《中国统计年鉴》、《中国农村统计年鉴》与《中国教育经费统计年鉴》。
各省农村人力资本存量的估算及结果分析。
运用(1)式,可以对中国各省农村人均人力资本总存量进行估算。
Investment in Human CapitalTheodore W.SchultzThe American Economic Review,Vol.51,No.1.(Mar.,1961),pp.1-17.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196103%2951%3A1%3C1%3AIIHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4The American Economic Review is currently published by American Economic Association.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use,available at/about/terms.html.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides,in part,that unless you have obtained prior permission,you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles,and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal,non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work.Publisher contact information may be obtained at/journals/aea.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world.The Archive is supported by libraries,scholarly societies,publishers, and foundations.It is an initiative of JSTOR,a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology.For more information regarding JSTOR,please contact support@.Fri Sep1404:45:412007You have printed the following article:Investment in Human CapitalTheodore W.SchultzThe American Economic Review ,Vol.51,No.1.(Mar.,1961),pp.1-17.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196103%2951%3A1%3C1%3AIIHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4This article references the following linked citations.If you are trying to access articles from anoff-campus location,you may be required to first logon via your library web site to access JSTOR.Please visit your library's website or contact a librarian to learn about options for remote access to JSTOR.[Footnotes]15Underinvestment in College Education?Gary S.BeckerThe American Economic Review ,Vol.50,No.2,Papers and Proceedings of the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.(May,1960),pp.346-354.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196005%2950%3A2%3C346%3AUICE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-515Underinvestment in College Education?Gary S.BeckerThe American Economic Review ,Vol.50,No.2,Papers and Proceedings of the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.(May,1960),pp.346-354.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196005%2950%3A2%3C346%3AUICE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-515Annual and Lifetime Income in Relation to Education:1939-1959Herman lerThe American Economic Review ,Vol.50,No.5.(Dec.,1960),pp.962-986.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196012%2950%3A5%3C962%3AAALIIR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0ReferencesLINKED CITATIONS -Page 1of 2-2Underinvestment in College Education?Gary S.BeckerThe American Economic Review ,Vol.50,No.2,Papers and Proceedings of the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.(May,1960),pp.346-354.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196005%2950%3A2%3C346%3AUICE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-512Annual and Lifetime Income in Relation to Education:1939-1959Herman lerThe American Economic Review ,Vol.50,No.5.(Dec.,1960),pp.962-986.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196012%2950%3A5%3C962%3AAALIIR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0LINKED CITATIONS -Page 2of 2-。
人力资本理论与劳动力价值 ·争 鸣·人力资本理论与劳动力价值∗谢富胜 李 安【内容提要】人力资本理论抽象掉了社会生产关系和阶级关系,只是一个片面的生产要素理论。
将人力资本理论引入马克思主义经济学,必将使得科学的资本和劳动力价值理论庸俗化。
人力资本理论认识到了劳动力的质对资本积累的重要意义,但只有从劳动过程出发,在资本主义权力关系下才能理解劳动力价值、劳动技能之间的内在联系。
人力资本理论认识到了教育对于个人、社会发展的重要作用,但教育的现实功能在于再生产劳动力和社会生产关系。
在不平等的社会经济关系下,教育实际上保证了不平等的合法化。
【关键词】人力资本 劳动力价值 资本主义经济关系谢富胜(1973- ),中国人民大学经济学院副教授(北京 100872);李安(1986- ),中国人民大学经济学院硕士研究生(北京 100872)。
为了解释经济增长中扣除物质因素和人口增长以后的“余差”问题,20世纪五六十年代,舒尔茨最先提出了人力资本理论。
人力资本主要是人力资源中除了基本的数量特征之外的“技术、知识以及影响人的生产能力的属性之类的质量成分”①。
人力资本理论在新古典经济学的分析框架下,从个人和社会的最优选择行为出发,应用成本—收益分析方法,在形式化和非形式化模型的基础上,衡量了人力资本投资的最优规模。
该理论主张通过在市场经济条件下,配合政府的适当干预,扩大以国民教育为主的人力资本投资,以提高个人和社会的生产力水平和收入水平,实现国民收入分配的平等化和合理化。
②人力资本理论揭示了劳动的质在经济增长过程中所起的巨大作用,抛弃了新古典经济学关于劳动要素的同质性假说,将新古典分析方法扩展到教育与家庭等非市场领域。
但人力资本理论关于人力资本投资的效果、教育的功能、收入分配等核心命题也招致主流学者的诸多批评。
例如,谢弗尔指出,人力资本理论无法明确地区分消费与投资,也无法确定增加的收入中哪些是由人力资本投资带来的,因此无法由人力资本理论直接得出相应的政策建议。
china's investment in human capital全文翻译中国在人力资本投资方面扮演着关键的角色。
中国政府秉承“瘦狗爱吃骨头”的理念,重视对人力资本的投资,为促进中国的发展和进入全球经济主流制定了一系列政策。
中国政府认识到,未来发展的关键在于教育、培训和科学研究领域的投资。
随着中国经济的快速增长,政府不断投资教育和研究,因为这是建立可持续发展经济的基础。
经济发展不仅带来财富和机会,而且还带来机遇和资源,为实现更高水平的可持续发展而不断努力。
China plays a crucial role in investment in human capital. The Chinese Government adheres to the idea of "the lean dog loves to eat bone" and attaches great importance to the investment in human capital, making a series of policies for promoting China's development and entering the mainstream of the global economy. The Chinese Government is aware that the key to future development lies in investment in education, training and scientific research. With the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, the government has been continually investing in education and research, as this is the foundation for establishing a sustainable economy. Economic development brings not only wealth and opportunity, but also opportunity and resources, striving continuously for a higher level of sustainable development.。
Human capital refers to the skills,knowledge,and experience that individuals possess,which contribute to the productivity and economic growth of a society.It is a critical component of a nations wealth and is often considered as important as physical capital,such as machinery and infrastructure.The Concept of Human CapitalThe concept of human capital was first introduced by economists to highlight the value of education and training in enhancing an individuals ability to contribute to the economy.It is based on the idea that investing in peoples skills and knowledge can yield returns, much like investing in physical assets.Investment in Human CapitalInvestment in human capital takes various forms,including formal education,vocational training,health care,and even early childhood development programs.These investments are believed to increase an individuals earning potential,job satisfaction,and overall quality of life.Education as a Key ComponentEducation is a fundamental aspect of human capital development.A welleducated workforce is more likely to be innovative,adaptable,and capable of driving technological cation not only imparts knowledge but also fosters critical thinking and problemsolving skills.Health and Human CapitalGood health is another essential element of human capital.Healthy individuals are more productive and can contribute more effectively to the economy.Investments in public health,such as immunization programs and access to healthcare services,are therefore crucial for building a robust human capital base.The Role of GovernmentGovernments play a pivotal role in developing human capital by creating policies and programs that support education,health,and social welfare.This includes funding public schools,regulating labor markets,and ensuring access to healthcare.Challenges in Human Capital DevelopmentDespite its importance,human capital development faces several challenges.These include disparities in access to quality education and healthcare,gender and income inequality,and the need to keep pace with rapidly changing technological landscapes. The Impact of Human Capital on Economic GrowthA strong human capital base is linked to higher economic growth rates.Countries with a highly skilled and educated population tend to have lower unemployment rates,higher innovation,and greater competitiveness in the global market.ConclusionIn conclusion,human capital is a vital resource for any economy.It is the sum of the skills,knowledge,and health of a population that can be leveraged for economic advancement.By investing in human capital,societies can ensure sustainable growth and improve the wellbeing of their citizens.。
china's investment in human capital总结随着中国经济的不断发展和全球化的趋势,中国对人力资本的投资越来越受到重视。
以下是中国对人力资本投资的总结:
1. 教育:中国政府在教育方面的投资一直很大,尤其是在基础教育、高等教育和职业教育方面。
中国政府还鼓励民间资本进入教育领域。
近年来,中国高等教育的质量和国际排名也有了很大的提高。
2. 健康:中国政府也在健康领域投资,包括基础医疗设施、医疗保险和公共卫生项目。
中国政府还鼓励私人医疗机构的发展。
这些投资都有助于提高中国人民的健康水平和生活质量。
3. 科技:中国政府在科技领域的投资也很大,尤其是在高科技和创新领域。
中国政府还鼓励企业进行创新和研发工作。
这些投资有助于提高中国的技术水平和竞争力。
总的来说,中国对人力资本的投资是全面、持续和长期的。
这些投资有助于提高中国人民的教育水平、健康水平和技术水平,促进中国经济的发展和全球竞争力的提升。
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