英语科技翻译课程论文
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英语专业翻译方向毕业论文英语专业翻译方向毕业论文在当今全球化的时代背景下,英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文成为了英语专业学生不可或缺的一部分。
这篇文章将探讨英语专业翻译方向毕业论文的重要性、选题方法以及写作技巧。
首先,英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
通过撰写毕业论文,学生可以深入研究翻译理论和实践,提高自己的翻译能力。
同时,毕业论文也是学生展示自己专业知识和研究成果的重要机会,对于未来的职业发展具有积极的影响。
其次,选择一个合适的论文题目是写作的第一步。
在选择论文题目时,学生可以根据自己的兴趣和专业方向进行选择。
例如,可以选择研究某个具体领域的翻译问题,如文学翻译、商务翻译或法律翻译等。
此外,学生还可以选择研究翻译理论或翻译实践中的某个具体问题,如翻译策略、翻译质量评估等。
无论选择何种题目,都需要确保论文的研究问题具有一定的深度和独创性。
在写作过程中,学生需要遵循一定的写作技巧。
首先,要进行充分的文献综述,了解已有的研究成果和学术观点。
通过阅读相关文献,可以帮助学生深入了解论文的研究背景和理论框架。
其次,要进行合理的研究设计和方法选择。
根据论文的研究目的和问题,学生可以选择不同的研究方法,如实证研究、实证研究或文献分析等。
在选择研究方法时,需要考虑方法的可行性和适用性。
最后,要进行严谨的数据分析和结论归纳。
通过对研究数据的分析和解释,学生可以得出科学合理的结论,并对研究问题进行深入的思考和讨论。
除了以上的写作技巧,学生还可以借鉴一些写作范例和指导。
例如,可以阅读一些优秀的毕业论文,了解其结构和写作风格。
此外,学生还可以参考一些学术写作指南,如《英语论文写作指南》等,了解学术写作的基本规范和要求。
通过学习和模仿优秀的写作范例,可以提高自己的写作水平和表达能力。
总之,英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
选择一个合适的论文题目、遵循一定的写作技巧以及借鉴一些写作范例和指导,都是撰写一篇优秀毕业论文的关键。
结合CAT探讨应用翻译教学新模式cat (computer aided translation)即计算机辅助翻译,广义的cat 技术,应包含对各种计算机操作系统、应用软件的整合应用;狭义的cat 技术,则专门指为了改善翻译流程而开放的专用软件和相关技术。
随着中国越来越融入国际经济体系,翻译市场的总量不断迅猛增长,而目前的社会已进入信息时代,很多翻译和本地化公司每月百万字级别的翻译项目已经屡见不鲜。
业务量之巨大,过程之复杂,时间之紧迫,都对语言服务工作者提出全新的要求。
而传统手工的翻译流程通常包括“译、审、校”,这种小作坊式的模式已经不再适应当今大批量的、团队协作的业务流程。
在这种环境下,计算机辅助翻译的重要性就彰明较著了。
一、cat与翻译教学现状cat技术教学进入翻译课程体系可以说既有翻译市场的需求,也是符合人才培养的目标。
国内不少学者如徐彬在“cat与翻译研究和教学“(2006)、吕立松和穆雷在“计算机辅助翻译技术与翻译教学”(2007)、文军和穆雷在“翻译硕士( mti )课程设置研究”(2009)以及钱多秀在“‘计算机辅助翻译’课程教学思考”(2009)等文章中都分别论证过cat进入翻译教学体系的必要性。
同国内的大学相比,国外的高校在机器翻译、术语管理、翻译技术培训的课程设置、人才培养模式以及翻译测试等方面已经摸索出比较完善的体系和有效的方法,如英国的伦敦大学帝国理工学院早在十几年前就开设了cat专业,随后英国赫瑞瓦特大学、西班牙巴塞罗那自治大学等很多大学也相继开设了该专业,并授予 cat 理学硕士甚至博士学位,其人才培养模式和途径已经相当成熟。
在香港,香港中文大学翻译系于 2002 年首先开设 cat 硕士专业和相关课程,设一年全日制及两年兼读制,学员只需具备一般计算机应用知识,并授予文学硕士学位。
目前在大陆,随着2006年翻译专业的设立,cat的教学逐渐受到了人们的关注,许多高校都设立了cat 实验室并开设了相关课程,如华中科技大学、山东师范大学、北京航空航天大学、四川外语学院、中山大学等。
英语科技类作文范文English:In the realm of technology, innovations have vastly improved our daily lives, changing the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and automation have led to more efficient and convenient ways of completing tasks. For instance, the rise of smart devices like smartphones and virtual assistants has made information accessible at our fingertips, enabling us to stay connected and informed. Moreover, technological breakthroughs in healthcare have revolutionized the medical field, from precision medicine to robotic surgeries, enhancing patient care and outcomes. In addition, the integration of technology in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, providing interactive learning experiences and personalized instruction for students. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the future holds endless possibilities for further innovation and progress.Translated content:在科技领域,创新大大改善了我们的日常生活,改变了我们与世界沟通、工作和互动的方式。
科技英语翻译与功能对等理论论文摘要:风格层面的功能对等主要体现在科技英语的语篇是否突出了层次的清晰、构思的严谨、措辞的简洁以及重点表达的思想等四个方面的特点,这四个特点也是科技英语翻译在翻译过程中应该遵循的基本原则和重要规范。
一、功能等理论概述功能对等理论是美国语言学家和翻译家尤金·奈达在1964年出版的《翻译科学初探》中提出来的,他提出了“形式对等”和“动态对等”两个翻译概念,其中“形式对等”是指翻译的过程中将原文的含义和特征原封不动地进行直译的翻译,或者接复制至目的文本中;而“动态对等”是翻译中用最贴切的对等语再现原来的信息,达到从语义到语体的过程。
奈达认为“形式对等”与“动态对等”的最大区别在于翻译的接受语所达到的效果,他对“动态对等”做了强调,并在此基础上提出了具有影响力的功能对等,并根据对等的程度对功能对等做了不同层次的划分,属于最高层次的功能对等是读者通过阅读译文所体会到的感想与原文的读者读到原文时所感受到的体会是一致的,这是最理想的翻译的境界。
最低层次的功能对等是实现译文读者的对原文的想象,即译文读者通过阅读译文能够想象到原文读者对原文欣赏时的心理体验,这是阅读译文最基本的要求。
功能对等理论的核心是译文读者对译文的反映,直译与意译一直是存在于翻译中具有争论的两个方面,其争论的焦点在于译文与原文之间的关系,直译要求要尊重原文,准确地翻译原文;而意译要求将原文理解后以便于读者接受的语言翻译出来。
由于原文的读者与译文的读者在接受信息方面存在一定的差异,因此,要达到原文与译文之间的真正对等是不可能的,奈达的对等功能强调的是相对意义的对等,在翻译的实践中要以语言的差异进行灵活地翻译,可以和原文有一定的出入,但是,翻译的本质还是对文本信息内涵的传递,通过相对的对等,可以避免翻译过程中一些过分关注原文而造成译文难以理解的缺陷。
二、科技英语特点及分类科技英语是指在自然科学以及工程技术方面所使用的英语,包括涉及的教科书、著作以及论文和报告等,从广义上来讲,科技英语就是所有与科学有关的英语。
有关科技的英文作文模板Title: The Impact of Technology on Our Lives。
In today's modern world, technology plays a significant role in our daily lives. From the way we communicate to how we conduct business, technology has transformed the way we live and work. In this essay, we will explore the impact of technology on various aspects of our lives, including communication, education, healthcare, and the economy.First and foremost, technology has revolutionized the way we communicate. With the advent of the internet and social media, we are now able to connect with people from all over the world in an instant. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have made it easier for us to stay in touch with friends and family, share our thoughts and experiences, and even conduct business. Additionally, the rise of smartphones has made it possible for us to access information and communicate on the go, further enhancing our ability to stay connected.In the field of education, technology has had a profound impact on the way we learn and acquire knowledge. With the availability of online courses, educational videos, and interactive learning platforms, students now have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. This has made learning more flexible and convenient, allowing individuals to pursue their education at their own pace and on their own terms. Furthermore, technology has also enabled the development of innovative teaching methods, such as virtual reality and augmented reality, which have the potential to enhance the learning experience and make education more engaging and interactive.In the healthcare sector, technology has played a crucial role in improving patient care and treatment outcomes. Medical advancements, such as electronic health records, telemedicine, and wearable health devices, have made it easier for healthcare professionals to track patient data, monitor their health, and provide timely and personalized care. Additionally, the use of robotics and artificial intelligence has led to significant improvements in surgical procedures, diagnosis, and treatment planning, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and a higher standard of care.From an economic standpoint, technology has had a profound impact on the way businesses operate and compete in the global marketplace. The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way we shop and conduct transactions, making it possible for businesses to reach customers around the world and operate 24/7. Moreover, the use of big data and analytics has enabled companies to gain valuable insights into consumer behavior and market trends, allowing them to make more informed decisions and develop targeted marketing strategies. Additionally, the automation of various processes and the use of advanced manufacturing technologies have led to increased productivity and efficiency, driving economic growth and innovation.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on our lives, transforming the way we communicate, learn, receive healthcare, and conduct business. As technology continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly shape the future in ways we cannot yet imagine, further impacting the way we live and interact with the world around us. It is essential that we embrace these advancements and harness the potential of technology to create a better and more connected society.。
英语科技论文长句翻译中的常见问题和处理技巧英汉双语思维方式及语言表达习惯的不同增加了翻译的难度,特别是长句的翻译一直是英译汉中的重点和难点。
在英语科技论文翻译中,蓝译编译认为,翻译长句的过程可分为两个阶段:一是拆句即分析源语句子结构、理解内容;二是组句即整理源语句中的信息点、用目标语重新表达。
翻译实践中发现,在这两个阶段中最常见的问题,是语序问题和断句的问题。
一、语序问题的处理技巧。
英语的修饰成分多、长度长,而且多位于中心词的后面,但在汉语中定语和状语长度短,往往位于中心词之前。
翻译时就有必要对这些附属结构的顺序进行变动,维持原句的顺序肯定是不符合汉语表达习惯的。
译者要灵活运用常见的长句翻译方法,特别是综合使用顺译法和逆译法,把握信息点的重要性,考虑英汉排列信息的特点,按照各自的语言表达习惯重新排列信息。
一般来说,英语句子注重信息的主次之分,主要信息放在突出位置,次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。
同时,英语有时态,可以通过动词的变化显出动作发生的先后顺序,而且英语大量使用分词和从句,位置也灵活,可前可后。
相比之下,汉语简单一些,叙事多借助并列结构即并列分句和并列谓语,按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序排列各成分的顺序。
汉语的信息重心并不在于形式,而体现在内在逻辑关系上。
二、断句的问题的处理技巧。
汉语多流水句,一个长句可能有多个主语,而英语中一句话只能有一个主语,因此有些情况下需要把长句断开翻译。
原文里的一句话在译文时可能分成两句或多句,尤其是在并列句中如果内容具有同等的重要性,或是相互间的关系不那么密切,往往可以分割开来。
译者首先要确定句子主干,确定原句的时态、语态、语气,从整体上把握句子结构。
然后区分主(句)从(句),识别修饰语。
在第一步确定整个句子的中心内容的基础上分析各个分层的意思,判断分析各成分的内在逻辑关系和各自功能,搞清整个长句的层次,推断句子思维逻辑和表达重心。
分析清楚长句结构后,关键一点就是在何处断句,具体要把握以下原则:在结论、结果前断句;在句子语气变化处断开;在反问句、感叹句等句式变化处断开;在句子信息由总向分或者由分向总处断开;在分句顺序变化处断开。
石河子大学毕业论文题目:如何处理英翻汉中的省略How to Deal with Ellipsis inEnglish-Chinese Translation院(系):外国语学院专业:英语班级:20095学号:2009051431姓名:指导教师:完成日期: 2013年5月6日ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Literature Review (2)III. The Principles of Ellipsis (4)A. Omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works. (5)B. The meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test. (5)C. Omitted words are self-evident. (5)IV. The functions and application of ellipsis (5)A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression (6)B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression (6)1. Ellipsis of Articles (6)2. Ellipsis of Prepositions (7)3. Ellipsis of Pronouns (7)a. Ellipsis of Personal Pronouns (7)b. Ellipsis of Impersonal Indefinite Pronouns (8)c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns (8)4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions (9)a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions (9)b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions (9)5. Ellipsis of Rhetorics (9)V. Conclusion (10)Works Cited (11)AbstractWith the development of globalization, the world's political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Meanwhile, the role of translation cannot be ignored. Due to language and cultural disparity, reasonable translation is particularly important. How to deal with ellipsis in translation is one of the important aspects. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipsis of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve the purpose of smoother and clearer communication among China and English-speaking countries.Key words: cultural disparity; translation; ellipsis摘要随着全球化的不断发展,各国之间的政治、经济、文化交流日渐频繁。
Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ;Rules for Design ;Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fullyto display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whetherdone formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to thesuitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of thematerial, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainlycannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日,我们一行16人,乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校,开头了为期一个月的实习生活。
在这一个月里,我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性,它使我的教学理论变为教学实践,使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。
与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同,在这里,要求我们的真正力量,最重要的是要有一颗责任心!一个月的实习,令我感慨颇多。
我实习的班级是五班级一班,记得我刚到课室的第一天,班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话,我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己,并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过,同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声,看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸,我的心里泛起深深的感动!新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多,刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。
但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利,班主任老师要求我多听课,多向阅历丰富的老师学习。
爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。
我深知这一点的重要,必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来,使他们在欢乐中主动学习。
无论是上英语还是语文,我都本着work hard,play harder的理念,以欢乐教学的方式,把嬉戏和教学融为一体,教他们唱英语儿歌,一个月的时间里,我教会了他们四首英文儿歌,同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。
学校五班级又是毕业班级,除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好,更重要的还是在于成果的要求,所以,在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后,我又转变把战略变为力量教学,应校长的要求,教给他们一些生活化的英语口语,于是,我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节,每天晚上回家的第一任务,就是翻查资料,找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语,比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。
在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节,同学们都说:这样的英语既好玩又有用!一个月的时间,他们的口语有了明显的提高,无论课上还是课下,同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好,看着他们有这样的成果,我想,我胜利了!此外,由于班主任的信任,我除了英语教学以外,还负责全学年的语文写作课程,一个月的时间里,作文讲解课10余堂,同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右,对作文的爱好也大大提高,课下同学主动找到我说:老师,我现在觉得作文一点都不难!听到这样的话语,我真的兴奋极了。
科技题材英文作文模板英文:As a technology enthusiast, I am always fascinated by the latest advancements in the field. In my opinion, technology has revolutionized the way we live our lives and has made it easier for us to communicate, work, and entertain ourselves. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and we must use technology wisely to avoid its negative effects.One of the most significant advancements in technology has been the internet. It has connected people from all over the world and has made it possible for us to access information instantly. However, it has also led to the spread of fake news, cyberbullying, and online scams. Therefore, we must be careful about the information we consume and the people we interact with online.Another area where technology has had a significantimpact is healthcare. With the help of technology, doctors can now diagnose and treat diseases more accurately and efficiently. For example, artificial intelligence can analyze medical images and detect abnormalities that might be missed by human doctors. However, we must also be awareof the ethical implications of using technology in healthcare and ensure that it does not lead todiscrimination or privacy violations.In conclusion, technology has brought about manypositive changes in our lives, but we must also be aware of its negative effects and use it responsibly. As the saying goes, "with great power comes great responsibility."中文:作为一名科技爱好者,我总是被这个领域最新的进展所吸引。
科技英语翻译中词汇翻译的讨论
——科技英语翻译课程论文
050830428王东
摘要:科技英语,也称为科技文体,伴随着科学技术的迅猛发展而越来越被人们重视。
翻译作为重要的不同语言间交流的工具,同样研究也越来越广泛深入;科技翻译主要任务是翻译科技论文、科技报告、科技期刊文章、科技会议资料、学位论文、科技图书、专利说明书、产品说明书、操作维修说明书、标准、规格、技术档案、工艺规程、样本和图纸等科技文献。
科技文献不同于其他非学术类文献,有它独特的特点。
本文将就科技文献中两类词汇:科技术语词汇,普通词汇的翻译问题进行讨论。
关键词:科技术语普通词汇准确翻译
一、科技术语词汇
随着新科学、新技术、新材料、新设备、新工艺的不断产生,科技新名词,新科技术语大量涌现,在科技文献中体现尤为显著。
所以在实际翻译中,应力求做到翻译的简洁性、精确性和统一性。
具体来说,科技术语的翻译可参照下列方法:意译法;音译法;形译法;直译法;意译法、音译法融合等。
(1)意译法
先看例子:Pure sciences 理论科学—(教材P13)
South-controlling spoon 指南勺—(教材P55)
从这两个例子可以看出,意译法,就是对原词所表达的具体事物和概念进行仔细推敲, 以准确译出该词的科学概念。
第一个例子中,Pure本义是纯的,纯粹的;sciences的本义是科学,学科。
两者组成一个词的时候,就成了纯科学,也就是理论科学的意思了。
South-controlling spoon的前一部分Vide South-controlling本义是指南,合成词;后一部分spoon本义是勺子。
二者合成,“望文生义”,就是指南勺了。
我们都知道,汉语是表义语言,因此意译是翻译科技术语词汇的首选方法,在可能的情况下,科技术语词汇应采用意译法。
(2)音译法
同样先看例子:Aspirin 阿司匹林(一种药物,教材P50)
Stone 四通(打字机品牌,教材P52)
Hormone 荷尔蒙(包括雌雄激素、孕激素,教材P191)从例子可以看出,音译就是根据英语单词的发音译成读音与原词大致相同的汉字,这点有些类似于汉语拼音。
但是,实际上很多时候音译出来的术语、词汇与实际意思可能大相径庭,比如Laser(教材P29),音译可以译为“雷塞”,但实际是它却是激光的意思。
(3)形译法
例子:X -ray X射线(教材P51)V-belt 三角皮带(教材P51)
这种翻译方法与中文理解生字的方法有相似处,这些词汇本身就代表了某种东西的外形、形状或者某种性质。
虽然这种表述方法让我们更容易认知那些事物,但是英语中却不常
见;比较起来,从这一点来看,汉语是全世界语言中做得最好的。
(4)直译法
在与科技文献的接触中,我们不得不承认,很多时候,上述几种意译法、音译法、形译法都不能完美地翻译碰到的术语词汇,比如B- 52 E bomber,这个词是轰炸机的名称,意译法只能通过bomber知道这是一种轰炸机,但是具体的型号却无法知道;音译法、形译法更是连本质都抓不住。
这种情况下,我认为,事物的代号,不能直接译出来的就采用原来的说法,而把核心、关键的事物本质体现出来,所以译成“B-52 E型轰炸机”更准确。
(5)意译法、音译法融合
例子:Microampere 微安(物理学电流计量单位,教材P49)
Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程(著名的质能方程,教材P50)
Morse code 莫尔斯电码
这种翻译方法,顾名思义,就是把前述两种翻译方法结合,把科技术语词汇部分使用音译,在音译之后加上一个表示类别的词;或者把原词的一部分音译,而另一部分意译,以达到尽可能准确的目的。
我认为,总的看来,纯粹的科技术语词汇,变化并不是很大,一般可以用上述几种常见方法解决;同时,也可以参照同类文献的翻译方法,借鉴、学习,追求更精辟的翻译结果。
二、普通词汇
由于科技术语词汇是科学技术发展过程造出来,虽然初次接触会比较陌生,但是随着遇到次数的增加,反而更好理解。
但是普通词汇则不然,它的变化很多,翻译起来不确定性也很大,所以,词汇方面,真正麻烦的不是科技术语词汇,反而是那些常见的普通词汇。
(1)一词多义
一词多义,我们都知道在翻译中,这个问题很麻烦,但是我们却绕不开,英语不像汉语,汉语几乎可以对每个场合,给出最合适的修饰语、形容词,而且做到音、形、意的统一。
一个英语单词,尤其是动词和介词,在词典里我们可以查到几种甚至十几种解释,而且每种解释适用的场合阐述的也不是很清楚,造成我们翻译时的困扰。
例1,查字典science,可以解释为:科学、自然科学,理科,自然科学学科,(尤指人文、社会)学科
举例:It’s said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences, and that arithmetic, the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics. —(教材P76)
翻译:人们说,数学是其他所有自然科学学科的基础,而算术、数字科学是数学的基础。
前者说的是学科,后者说的是科学,区别明显。
例2,查字典Capsule,可以解释为:[医]胶囊;[航]太空舱;[植]蒴果;小容器
举例:And by the 1960’s rocket planes approached speeds of 4,000mph, and men in space capsules were circling the earth at 18,000mph. —(教材P34)
翻译:到二十世纪六十年代,火箭的速度已经达到4,000mph,而在宇宙密封舱里面的宇航员以18,000mph的速度围绕地球旋转。
对比:Please take this medicine for five days, four times per day, two capsules each time.
翻译:这药需连续吃五天,每天四次,每次两粒(胶囊)。
虽然二者意思上相差千里,但是某种意义上,胶囊和密封舱是一样的,对于里面的空间来说,都是密封的。
(2)词义引申
举例1:These terminals may be local, i.e., within a few tens of meters of the rest of the exchange, or remote.
解释:rest一词原义是“休息”,但在此句话中,应根据上下文把这个表意模糊的词用汉语里面含义明确具体的词加以表达,例如译为“停放处”,更妥当。
举例2:Buffer memory read/write operations and gate opening/closing are executed at times defined by the connection to be established through the switching network. —(教材P28)解释:memory原义为“记忆”,但此处如此解释不合语义,应引申为存储器;gate此处指的是“门电路”,而不是纯粹意义上的“门”;switching network原义是“开关网络”,这里不合逻辑,应理解为“交换网络”。
(3)注意同形异义词、冠词有无、词缀有无的区别
①同形异义词:举例Tear,眼泪;Bear,熊、忍受;
②冠词有无:举例few,与a few的区别,前者是“很少,几乎没有”的意思,后者是“有些”的意思;于此类似的还有,little与a little的区别等;
③词缀有无:举例emphasize与overemphasize,前者是“强调”,后者却是“过度强调”,有否定的意思。
词缀的种类有很多,肯定、否定、强调、改变词性等等,要具体情况具体分析。
普通词汇的翻译注意事项远不止这几点,需要我们在实际接触中体会总结。
结语:科技英语翻译虽然是整个翻译体系大家族的一员,但是它在词法使用、句法使用、段法章法使用、语法使用上都有自己独特的特点。
仅仅词法的使用上就很有讲究,如何用更准确的词汇表达出要说的科技产品、技术、工艺的特色,值得我们认真研究。
科技术语词汇注重科学性、精确性,力求不能更换其他的词汇;普通词汇用法讲究简练、明了,同时准确辅助科学术语词汇表达出作者的意思。
科技文献通常是对事实的一种客观的叙述,较少加入作者的主观思维,所以我们翻译时,也不能违背这一点,以免错误引导读者。
【参考资料】
(1)
《科技英语翻译技巧与实践》------国防工业出版社2008.04 第一版
主编:谢小苑
(2)
《科技翻译与英语学习》------南开大学出版社2005.08 第一版
主编:李学平。