THE BOTTLE NECK

小组首页>> 翻译交流圈>> 浏览话题机器说明书（范文）oscary2008摘要：用途：(Ⅰ)Usage:本机是使用PE、PP、PC等原料用一步法即由原料直制得瓶子的高效设备。

能生产具有高瓶颈精度的高档容器。

广泛用于制造医药、食品、化妆品及化工等行业的包装用品瓶。

This machine is a kind of highly efficient equipment used for producing bottles directly with PE, PP, PC etc. Since it can produce top grade containers with high precision neck, the machine is widely used to produce bottles in medicine, food, cosmetic and chemical industry etc. 特点：(Ⅱ) Characteristic瓶颈采用高压注射成型，制品除可获得高的瓶口、瓶颈和螺纹精度外，还具有规格均一，外表光洁等特点。

The bottle neck is made through high pressure injection molding. The product not only can be made with the precision of high bottle mouth, neck and screw thread, but also with such characters as even specification and smooth surface etc.目录catalogue概述Ⅰ. Summary技术特性参数Ⅱ. Parameter of Technical Characteristic机器构造Ⅲ. Machine Construction使用和维护Ⅳ. Operation and Maintenance机器的运输和安装Ⅴ.Transportation and Installation of the Machine附图Ⅵ. Accompanying Diagram一．概述Ⅰ. Summary用途：(Ⅰ)Usage:本机是使用PE、PP、PC等原料用一步法即由原料直制得瓶子的高效设备。

乌鸦喝水英语精选作文乌鸦喝水的故事大家算是耳熟能详了吧！接下来小编搜集了乌鸦喝水英语精选作文，欢迎查看。

乌鸦喝水英语精选作文一Ｔhere is some water in a bottle near a big rock.Ａ bird is very thirsty.Ｈe comes to the bottle and stands next to the bottle.Ｂut he can't drink the water,beacause the bottleneck is very long and narrow.Ｓo he thinks and thinks,and then flies away.Ａfter some time,he comes back with a small stone in his beak.Ｈe goes up to the bottle and puts the stone into the bottle.Ｈe flies away and flies back again and again.Ｈe puts many stones into the bottle.Ｔhe water in the bottle comes up to its neck and the crow can catch up and drink the water.乌鸦喝水英语精选作文二Ｈow to have adequate access to water inside a jar? Ｔwo thirst crows gave different resolutions. Ｏne chose to drop stones into the jar , in this way raising the water level and succceding in acquiring water. Ｗhile the other had a big hole made in the wall of the containerand with the water coming bumbling out he also made his desire come true.Ｗhich crow is more clever? Ｔhe answer is obvious. Ｃompliments will definitely belong to the first drinker, who not only invents a way to drink water but also preserves water source for later use. Ａs for the other crow , next time when she reach the jar , dying of thirst and facing the broken ,empty jar ,Ｉ am sure an idea will come into her mind :if only Ｉ had not ruined the jar! Ｂut till then , it was too late. Ｏur present practice has everything to do with our future, our next generation, our planet. Ｓo rhink twice before your make a decision ,for there would never be a promising future without looking ahead.乌鸦喝水英语精选作文三Ｉt was a scorching hot summer day. Ｏne crow was very thirsty. "Ｉ'm so thirsty." Ｔhe thirsty crow roamed around looking for water. Ａfter flying for a long time, the crow found a water bottle in one of the farmer's yard. Ｔhe crow was so happy that he was able to have a drink.Ｔhe crow put his beak into the bottle. Ｈowever, because the bottle was so long, he was not able to reach the water. Ｔhe crow was exhausted.'Ｓhould Ｉ go some other place for a drink?' Ｈe thought.Ｈowever, because his wings were damage, he was not able to move. "Ｗhat shall Ｉ do?"Ｔhe crow flew round and round the farmer's yard, and thought. "Ｓure, that's what Ｉ will do." Ｔhe crow had an idea.Ｗith all his strength, the crow started picking up stones. "Ｏne, two." Ｈe did this several times until the bottle was filled with stones. Ｔhen the crow drank a lot of water. Ｆinally, the crow had enough strength to fly again .乌鸦喝水英语精选作文四Ｎear a big rock there is a bottle,some water is in the bottle, a crow is hot and thirsty , he comes to the bottle, and stands next to the bottle, but he can't drink the water ,because the bottle neck is veny long. Ｈe thinks and thinks ,then flys away.Ａftre a while ,he comes back with a small stone in his mouth. Ｈe goes up to the bottle and puts the stone into the bottle, the water in the bottle comes up to it's neck.the crow drink the water, he is very happy.。

THE BOTTLE-NECKIN a narrow crooked street，among other abodes of poverty，stood an especially narrow and tall house huilt of timber，which had given way in every direction．The house was inhabited by poor people，and the deepest poverty was in the garret-lodging in the gable，where，in front of the only window，hung an old bent birdcage，which had not even a proper water-glass，but only a Bottle-neck reversed，with a cork stuck in the mouth，and filled with water．An old maid stood by the window：she had hung the cage with green chickweed；and a little chaffinch hopped from perch to perch，and sang and twittered merrily enough．“Yes，it's all very will for you to sing，”said the Bottle-neck；that is to say，it did not pronounce the words aswe can speak them，for a bottle-neck can't speak；but that's what he thought to himself in his own mind，as when we people talk quietly to ourselves．“Yes，it's all very well for you to sing，you that have all your limbs uninjured．You ought to feel what it's like to lose one's body，and to have only mouth and neck left，and that with a cork into the bargain，as in my case；and then I'm sure you would not sing．But after all it is well that there should be somebody at least who is merry．I've no reason to sing，and，moreover，I can't sing．Yes，when I was a whole bottle，I sang out well if they rubbed me with a cork．They used to call me a perfect lart，a magnificent lark！Ah，when I was out at a picnic with the tanner's family，and his daughter was betrothed！Yes，I remember it as if it had happened only yesterday．I have gone through a great deal，When I come to recollect．I've been in the fire and the water，have been deepin the black earth，and have mounted higher than most of the others；and now I'm hanging here，outside the birdcage，in the air and the sunshine！Oh，it would be quite worth while to hear my history；but I don't speak aloud of it，because I can't．” And now the Bottle－neck told its story，which was sufficiently remarkable．It told the story to itself，or only thought it in its own mind；and the little bird sang his song merrily，and down in the street there was driving and burrying，and every one thought of his own affairs，or perhaps of nothing at all；but the Bottle-neck did think．It thought of the flaming furnace in the manufactory，where it had been blown into life；it still remembered that it had been quite warm，that it had glanced into the hiss-in furnace，the home of its origin，and had felt a great desire to leap directly back again；but that gradually it had become cooler，and had been very comfortablein the place to which it was taken．It had stood in a rank with a whole regiment of brothers and sisters，all out of the same furnace；some of them had certainly been blown into champagne bottles，and others into beer bottles，and that makes a difference．Later，out in the world，it may well happen that a beer bottle may contain the most precious wine，and a champagne bottle be filled with blacking；but even in decay there is always something left by which people can see what one has been—nobility is nobility，even when filled with blacking．All the bottles were packed up，and our bottle was among them．At that time it did not think to finish its career as a bottle-neck，or that it should work its way up to be a bird's glass，which is always an honourable thing，for one is of some consequence，after all．The bottle did not again behold the light of day till it was unpacked with the other bottles in the cellarof the wine merchant，and rinsed out for the first time；and that was a strange sensation．There it lay，empty and without a cork，and felt strangely unwell，as if it wanted something，it could not tell what．At last it was filled with good costly wine，and was provided with a cork，and sealed down．A ticket was placed on it marked“first quality”；and it felt as if it had carried off the first prize at an examination；for，you see，the wine was good and the bottle was good．When one is young，that's the time for poetry！There was a singing and sounding within it，of things which it could not understand—of green sunny mountains，whereon the grape grows，where many vine dressers，men and women，sing and dance and rejoice．“Ah，how beautiful is life！”There was a singing and sounding of all this in the bottle，as in a young poet's brain；and many a young poet does not understand the meaning of the song that is within him．One morning the bottle was bought，for the tanner's apprentice was dispatched for a bottle of wine—“of the best．”And now it was put in the provision basket，with ham and cheese and sausages；the finest butter and the best bread were put into the basket too—the tanner's daughter herself packed it．She was young and very pretty；her brown eyes laughed，and round her mouth played a smile which said just as much as her eyes．She had delicate hands，beautifully white，and her neck was whiter still；you saw at once that she was one of the most beautiful girls in the town：and still she was not engaged．The provision basket was in the lap of the young girl when the family drove out into the forest．The bottle-neck looked out from the folds of the white napkin．There was red wax upon the cork，and the bottle looked straight into the girl's face．It also looked at the young sailor who sat next to the girl．Hewas a friend of old days，the son of the portrait painter．Quite lately he had passed with honour through his examination as mate，and tomorrow he was to sail away in a ship，far off to a distant land．There had been much talk of this while the basket was being packed；and certainly the eves and mouth of the tanner's pretty daughter did not wear a very joyous expression just then．The young people sauntered through the greenwood，and talked to one another．What were they talking of？No，the bottle could not hear that，for it was in the provision basket．A long time passed before it was drawn forth；but when that happened，there had been pleasant things going on，for all were laughing，and the tanner's daughter laughed too；but she spoke less than before，and her cheeks glowed like two roses．The father took the full bottle and the corkscrew in his hand．Yes，it's a strange thing to be drawn thus，the first time！The Bottle-neck could never afterwards forget that impressive moment；and indeed there was quite a con-vulsion within him when the cork flew out，and a great throbbing as the wine poured forth into the glasses．“Health to the betrothed pair！”cried the papa．And every glass was emptied to the bottom，and the young mate kissed his beautiful bride．“Happiness and blessing！said the two old people．And the young man filled the glasses again．“Safe return，and a wedding this day next year！”he cried；and when the glasses were emptied，he took the bottle，raised it on high，and said，“The hast been pre-sent at the happiest day of my life，thou shalt never serve another！”And so saying，he hurled it high into the air．The tanner's daughter did not then think that she should see the bottle flyagain；and yet it was to be so．It then fell into the thick reeds on the margin of a little woodland lake；and the Bottle-neck could remember quite plainly how it lay there for some，time．“I gave them wine，and they give me marsh water，”he said：“but it is well meant．”He could no longer see the betrothed couple and the cheerful old peoples；but for a long time be could hear them rejoicing and singing．Then at last came two peasant boys，and looked into the reeds；they spied out the bottle，and took it up；and now it was provided for．At their home，in the wooden cottage，the eldest of three brothers，who was a sailor，and about to start on a long voyage，had been the day before to take leave．The mother was just engaged in packing up various things he was to take with him upon his journey，and which the father was going to carry intothe town that evening to see his son once more，to give him a farewell greeting from the lad's mother and himself，and a little bottle of medicated brandy had already been wrapped up in a parcel，when the boys came in with the larger and stronger bottle which they had found．This bottle would hold more than the little one，and they pronounced that the brandy would be capital for a bad digestion，inasmuch as it was mixed with medical herbs．The draught that was poured into the bottle was not so good as the red wine with which it had once been filled；these were bitter thoughts，but even these are sometimes good．The new big bottle was to go，and not the little one；and so the bottle went travelling again．It was taken on board for Peter Jensen，in the very same ship in which the young mate sailed．But he did not see the bottle；and，indeed，he would not have known it，or thought it was the same one out of whichhad been drunk a health to the betrothed pair and to his own happy return．Certainly it had no longer wine to give，but still it contained something that was just as good．Accordingly，whenever Peter Jensen brought it out，it was dubbed by his messmates The Apothecary．It contained the best medicine，medicine that strengthened the weak，and it gave liberally so long as it hid a drop left．That was a pleasant time，and the bottle sang when it was rubbed with the cork；and it was called the Great Lark，“Peter Jensen's Lark．”Long days and months rolled on，and the bottle al-ready stood empty in a corner，when it happened—whether on the passage out or home the bottle could not tell，for it had never been ashore—that a storm arose；great waves came careering along，darkly and heavily，and lifted and tossed the ship toand fro．The mainmast was shivered，and a wave started one of the planks，and the pumps became useless．It was black night．The ship sank；but at the last moment the young mate wrote on a leaf of paper，“God's will be done！We are sinking！”He wrote the name of his betrothed，and his own name，and that of the ship，and put the leaf in an empty bottle that happened to be at hand：he corked it firmly down，and threw it out into the foaming sea．He knew not that it was the very bottle from which the goblet of joy and hope had once been filled for him and for her；and now it was tossing on the waves with his last greeting and the message of death．The ship sank，and the crew sank with her．The bottle sped on like a bird，for it bore a heart，a loving letter，within itself．And the sun rose and set；and the bottle felt as at the time．when it first came into being in the red gleaming oven—it felt a strong desire to leap back into the light．It experienced calms and fresh storms；but it was hurled against no rock，and was devoured by no shark；and thus it drifted on for a year and a day，sometimes towards the north，sometimes towards the south，just as the current carried it．Beyond this it was its own master，but one may grow tired even of that． The written page，the last farewell of the sweetheart to his betrothed，would only bring sorrow if it came into her hands；but where were the hands，so white and delicate，which had once spread the cloth on the fresh grass in the greenwood，on the betrothal day？Where was the tanner's daughter？Yes，where was the land，and which land might be nearest to ber dwelling？The bottle knew not；it drove onward and onward，and was at last tired of wandering，because that was not in its way；but yet it had to travel until at last it came to land—to a strangeland．It understood not a word of what was spoken here，for this was not the language it had heard spoken before；and one loses a good deal if one does not understand the language．The bottle was fished out and examined．The leaf of paper within it was discovered，and taken out，and turned over and over，but the people did not understand what was written thereon．They saw that the bottle must have been thrown overboard，and that something about this was written on the paper，but what were the words？That question remained unanswered，and the paper was put back into the bottle，and the latter was deposited in a great cupboard in a great room in a great house．Whenever strangers came，the paper was brought out and turned over and over，so that the inscription，which was only written in pencil，became more and more illegible，so that atlast no one could see that there were letters on it．And for a whole year more the bottle remained standing in the cupboard；and then it was put into the loft，where it became covered with dust and cobwebs．Then it thought of the better days，the times when it had poured forth red wine in the greenwood，when it had been rocked on the waves of the sea，and when it had carried a secret，a letter，a parting sigh．For full twenty years it stood up in the loft；and it might have remained there longer，but that the house was to be rebuilt．The roof was taken off，and then the bottle was noticed，and they spoke about it，but it did not understand their language；for one cannot learn a language by being shut up in a loft，even if one stays there twenty years．“If I had been down in the room，”thought the Bottle，“I might have learned it．”It was now washed and rinsed，and indeed this was requisite．It felt quite transparent and fresh，and as if its youth had been renewed in this its old age；but the paper it had carried so faithfully had been destroyed in the wash-in． The bottle was filled with seeds，it did not know the kind．It was corked and well wrapped up．It saw neither lantern nor candle，to say nothing of sun or moon；and yet，it thought，when one goes on a journey one ought to see something；but though it saw nothing，it did what was most important—it travelled to the place of its destination，and was there unpacked．“What trouble they have taken over yonder with that bottle！”it heard people say；“and yet it is most likely broken．”But it was not broken．The bottle understood every word that was now said；this was the language it had heard at the furnace，and at the winemerchant's，and in the forest，and in the ship，the only good old language it understood：it had come back home，and the language was as a salutation of welcome to it．For very joy it felt ready to jump out of people's hands；hardly did it notice that its cork had been drawn，and that it had been emptied and carried into the cellar，to be placed there and forgotten．There's no place like home，even if it's in a cellar！It never occurred to the bottle to think how long it lay there，for it felt comfortable，and ac-cordingly lay there for years．At last people came down into the cellar to carry off all the bottles，and ours among the rest．Out in the garden there was a great festival．Flaming lamps hung like garlands，and paper lanterns shone transparent，like great tulips．The evening was lovely，the weather still and clear，the stars twinkled；it was the time of the new moon，but inreality the whole moon could be seen as a bluishgrey disk with a golden rim round half its surface，which was a very beautiful sight for those who had good eyes．The illumination extended even to the most retired of the garden walks；at least，so much of it that one could find one's way there．Among the leaves of the bedges stood bottles，with a light in each；and among them was also the bottle we know，and which was destined one day to finish its career as a bottle-neck，a bird's drinking-glass．Everything here appeared lovely to our bottle，for it was once more in the greenwood，amid joy and feasting，and heard song and music，and the noise and murmur of a crowd，especially in that part of the garden where the lamps blazed and the paper lanterns displayed their many colours．Thus it stood，in a distant walk certainly，but that made it the more important；for it bore its light，and was at once ornamental and useful，and that is as it should be：in such an hour one forgets twenty years spent in a loft，and it is right one should do so．There passed close to it a pair，like the pair who had walked together long ago in the wood，the sailor and the tanner's daughter；the bottle seemed to experience all that over again．In the garden were walking not only the guests，but other people who were allowed to view all the splendour；and among these latter came an old maid with-out kindred，but not without friends．She was just think-in，like the bottle，of the greenwood，and of a young betrothed pair—of a pair which concerned her very nearly，a pair in which she had an interest，and of which she had been a part in that happiest hour of her life—the hour one never forgets，if one should become ever so old a maid．But she did not know the bottle，and it did not know her：it is thuswe pass each other in the world，meeting again and again，as these two met，now that they were together again in the same town．From the garden the bottle was dispatched once more to the wine merchant's，where it was filled with wine and sold to the aeronaut，who was to make an ascent in his balloon on the following Sunday．A great crowd had as-sembled to witness the sight；military music had been provided，and many other preparations had been made．The bottle saw everything from a basket in which it lay next to a live rabbit，which latter was quite bewildered because he knew he was to be taken up into the air，and let down again in a parachute；but the bottle knew nothing of the“up”or the“down”；it only saw the balloon swelling up bigger and bigger，and at last，when it could swell no more，beginning to rise，and to grow more and more restless．The ropesthat held it were cut，and the huge machine floated aloft with the aeronaut and the bas-ket containing the bottle and the rabbit，and the music sounded，and all the people cried，“Hurrah！”“This is a wonderful passage，up into the air！”thought the Bottle；“this is a new way of sailing：at any rate，up here we cannot strike upon anything．”Thousands of people gazed up at the balloon，and theold maid looked up at it also；she stood at the open window of the garret，in which hung the cage，with the little chaffinch，who had no water-glass as yet，but was obliged to be content with an old cup．In the window stood a myrtle in a pot；and it had been put a little aside that it might not fall out，for the old maid was leaning out of the window to look，and she distinctly saw the aeronaut in the balloon，and how he let down the rabbit in the parachute，and then drank to the health of all the spectators，and at length hurled the bottle high in the air；she never thought that this was the identical bottle which she had already once seen thrown aloft in honour of her and of her friend on the day of rejoicing in the greenwood，in the time of her youth． The bottle had no time for thought，for it was quite startled at thus suddenly reaching the highest point in its career．Steeples and roofs lay far，far beneath，and the people looked like mites．But now it began to descend with a much more rapid fall than that of the rabbit；the bottle threw somersaults in the air，and felt quite young，and quite free and unfettered；and yet it was half full of wine，though it did not remain so for long．What a journey！The sun shone on the bottle，all the people were looking at it；the balloon was already far away，and soon the bottle was far away too，for it fell upon a roof and broke；but the pieces had got such an impetus that they could not stop themselves，but went jumping and rolling on till they came down into the court-yard and lay there in smaller pieces yet；only the Bottle-neck managed to keep whole，and that was cut off as if it had been done with a diamond．“That would do capitally for a bird-glass．”said the cellar-man；but he had neither a bird nor a cage；and to expect him to provide both because they had found a bottle－neck that might be made available for a glass，would have been expecting too much；but the old maid in the garret，perhaps it might be useful to her；and now the Bottle-neck was taken up to her，and was provided with a cork．The part that had been uppermost was now turned downwards，as often happens when changes take place；fresh water was poured into it，and it was fastened to the cage of the little bird，which sang and twittered rightmerrily．“Yes，it's very well for you to sing，”said the Bottle －neck．And it was considered remarkable for having been in the balloon—for that was all they knew of its history．Now it hung there as a bird-glass，and heard the murmur-in and noise of the people in the street below，and also the words of the old maid in the room within．An old friend had just come to visit her，and they talked—not of the Bottle-neck，but about the myrtle in the window．“No，you certainly must not spend two dollars for your daughter's bridal wreath，”said the old maid．“You shall have a beautiful little nosegay from me，full of blossoms．Do you see how splendidly that tree has come on？Yes，that has been raised from a spray of the myrtle you gave me on the day aftermy betrothal，and from which I was to have made my own wreath when the year was past；but that day never came！The eyes closed that were to have been my joy and delight through life．In the depths of the sea he sleeps sweetly，my dear one！The myrtle has become an old tree，and I have become a yet older woman；and when it faded at last，I took the last green shoot，and planted it in the ground，and it has be－come a great tree；and now at length the myrtle will serve at the wedding—as a wreath for your daughter．”There were tears in the eyes of the old maid．She spoke of the beloved of her youth，of their betrothal in the wood；many thoughts came to her，but the thought never came that，quite close to her，before the very window，was a remembrance of those times—the neck of the bottle which had shouted for joy when the cork flew out with a bang on the betrothal day．But the Bottle－neck did not recognize her either，for he was not listening to what she said—partly because it only thought about itself．瓶颈在一条狭窄、弯曲的街上，在许多穷苦的住屋中间，有一座非常狭小、但是很高的木房子。

瓶颈的意思是什么瓶颈的意思：一般是指在整体中的关键限制因素。

瓶颈在不同的领域有不同的含义。

生产中的瓶颈是指那些限制工作流整体水平(包括工作流完成时间，工作流的质量等)的单个因素或少数几个因素。

通常把一个流程中生产节拍最慢的环节叫做“瓶颈”(Bottleneck)。

更广义地讲，所谓瓶颈是指整个流程中制约产出的各种因素。

对个人发展来说，“瓶颈”一般用来形容事业发展中遇到的停滞不前的状态，这个阶段就像瓶子的颈部一样是一个关口，如果没有找到正确的方向有可能一直被困在瓶颈处。

英文解释bottleneck;bottle-neck;choke point ;[bottle neck] 比喻易生阻碍的部分交通瓶颈【拼音】píng jǐng【释义】比喻易生阻碍的部分。

【示例】交通瓶颈、产业瓶颈、农业瓶颈、工业瓶颈、教育瓶颈等等。

【英文】bottle neck,bottleneck中英例句印度的问题在于执行缓慢，这部分是由官僚政治的瓶颈所致。

India's problem lies in slow execution, caused in part by bureaucratic bottlenecks.而这种瓶颈将让中国式的增长速度显得不可思议。

And that bottleneck will make chinese-type growth rates elusive.任何人在事业发展过程中都可能会遭遇瓶颈期。

Everyone can relate to hitting a wall at work.许多企业目前正匆忙想搞清楚它们在这种隐性供应瓶颈方面的风险敞口究竟有多大。

Many companies were scrambling to figure out how much exposure they have to such hidden bottlenecks.。

小学总复习英语答案【篇一：人教版小学毕业班英语总复习试题】t>一、找出划线部分读音不同的一项。

5%ab cd( ) 1. name (( (( 二、英汉互译。

10%1.周末计划 _________________2.擅长于 _________________3.与……一样高 _________________4.公共标志_________________5.运动会 _________________6.by the way_________________7.be his penfriend _________________ 8.give orders_________________9.see a beijing opera_______________ 10.a book about animals __________三、选择填空。

10%( ) 1. ______ season do you like _____, spring or autumn?a. which; bestb. which; betterc. what; better( ) 2. we ______ be quiet in the library.a. shouldb. shouldn’tc. can’t( ) 3. she is asking ben some questions _____ the weather_____ new york.a. for; inb. about; inc. about; for( ) 4. can you come and help me my maths?a. withb. forc. to( ) 5. my uncle a film last week.a .watches b. watchc. watched( ) 6. the running race is very_____. all the students are________.a. exciting; excitedb. excited; excitingc. exciting; exciting( ) 7. how can i _____ the cinema?a. get offb. getc. get to( ) 8. can you pick up for me?a. theyb. themc. their( ) 9. jim ___ well in maths, but jack is ____at english than him.a. do; goodb. does; betterc. does; good( ) 10. i walk to the park sunday morning.a. onb. inc. at五、选择方框里正确的词，并用其适当形式填空。

牛翠娟北京师范大学第3节种群的进化与物种形成生态学第3讲种群的数量动态与遗传进化对种群的遗传结构、进化机制和物种形成的研究是紧密结合种群遗传学的当前种群生态学研究的另一主要方面。

种内个体的基因型及表现型的构成，反映了种群的质的特征，并与其数量动态密切相关。

白登海拍摄1. 物种的概念林奈物种：形态相似，可自由交配，产生可育后代。

达尔文物种：种间具不同程度亲缘关系，一种可进化为另一种。

现代对物种的认识：具有形态相似性与遗传相似性的种群集合。

Mayer（1982）提出生物学种的概念：物种是由许多群体组成的生殖单元（与其它单元生殖上隔离），它在自然界中占有一定的生境位置。

生物种的基本特点：生物种是由内聚因素（形态、生殖、遗传、生态、行为、相互识别系统等）联系起来的个体的集合。

物种是自然界真实的存在。

物种是一个可随时间进化改变的个体的集合。

同种个体共有遗传基因库，并与其它物种生殖隔离。

组成物种的种群是进化的基本单位。

物种是生态系统中的功能单位。

不同物种在生态系统中占有不同的生态位。

因此，物种是维持生态系统能流、物流和信息流的关键。

2. 种群的遗传进化、变异与自然选择基因、基因库和基因频率基因（gene）：基因是带有可产生特定蛋白的遗传密码的DNA片段,位于细胞内染色体上。

基因型（genotype）：二倍体生物的基因是成对结构，由两个等位基因构成。

产生某一性状的来自父母双亲的等位基因的组合，称为一个基因型。

基因库（gene pool）：种群内存在的所有基因和等位基因构成基因库。

基因频率（gene frequency）：在种群中不同基因所占的比例，即为基因频率。

基因型频率（genotypic frequency）：种群内不同基因型所占的比例叫基因型频率。

进化：种群的基因频率从一个世代到另一个世代的连续变化过程。

哈代－魏伯格定律（Hardy-Weinberg law）：是指在一个巨大的、个体交配完全随机、没有其它因素的干扰（如突变、选择、迁移、漂变等）的种群中，基因频率和基因型频率将世代保持稳定不变。

源自GPI/SPI400系列、410系列、415系列的标准尺寸表。

A container's neck finish holds the closure with protruding threads.A container and its corresponding cap must have matching finishes.For example,a24/410bottle will only accept a 24/410closure.Screw thread or continuous thread closure sizes are expressed with two numbers separated by a hyphen or slash.The first number refers to the millimeter diameter measured across the inside of the cap's opening or the outside of the bottle's threads.The second number refers to the thread style,"GPI"or"SPI"finish.The Glass Packaging Institute(GPI)and Society of the Plastics Industry(SPI)are responsible for establishing uniform standards for glass and plastic container neck finishes.The closure industry does not necessarily adhere to the same standards,so it is best practice to purchase containers and caps from the same supplier when possible.All dimensions in mm and converted from original SPI tables.This table is a guide only for more information please refer to Glass Packaging Institute/Society of the Plastics Industry.Common GPI/SPI Neck Finishes1Thread turn--1.5Thread turns--2Thread turns"H"Dimension:The height of the neck finish.Measured from the top of the neck to the point where the diameter,"T",extends down and intersects the shoulder."S"Dimension:Measured from the top of the finish to the top edge of the first thread.The"S" dimension is the key factor in determining the orientation of the closure to the bottle and the amount of thread engagement between the bottle and cap."I"Dimension:The inner diameter of the bottle neck.Specifications require a minimum"I"to allow sufficient clearance for filling tubes.Liner less closures,with a plug or land seal,and dispensing plugs and fitments require a controlled"I"for a proper fit."T"Dimension:The outside diameter of the thread.The tolerance of the"T"dimension determines the mate between bottle and closure."E"Dimension:The minor diameter measured across the root of the threads.。

.A crow drinking waterNear a big rock ,there is a bottle .some water is in the bottle .A crow is hot and thirsty .he comes to the bottle. .but he can't drink the water .because the bottle's neck is very long.He thinks and thinks, after a while ,he comes back with a small stone in his mouth .he comes back with a small stone in his mouth .he goes up to the bottle and puts the stone into the bottleThe water in the bottle comes up to its neck .the crow drinks the water .he is very happy .5. Mickey mouseMickey is a very clever mouse. Tom is a cat .One day.mickey was very hungry and wanted to eat some food.under a chair,there was a cake.Tom was tied to the chair.he wanted to keep the mouse off the cake .Mickey got an idea.he ran around the chair.tom ran afterhim .the rope around tom's neck was getting shorter and shorted At last,the mouse stopped.he looked very pleased.6. My dog does not biteTom is afraid of dogs .one day ,he walked to a gate .a big dog was sleeping .he asked"does your dog bite?"The man said,"no,my dog does not bite."Tom went on walking .the big dog bite him ."ouch! You said your dog did not bite ,but he bit me !"The man said,"oh ,that is not my dog!"7. The City Mouse and the Country MouseOnce there were two mice. They were friends. One mouse lived in the country; the other mouse lived in the city. After many years the Country mouse saw the City mouse; he said, "Do come and see me at my house in the country." So the City mouse went. The City mouse said, "This food is not good, and your house is not good. Why do you live in a hole in the field? You should come and live in the city. You would live in a nice house made of stone. You would have nice food to eat. You must come and see me at my house in the city."The Country mouse went to the house of the City mouse. It wasa very good house. Nice food was set ready for them to eat. But just as they began to eat they heard a great noise. The City mouse cried, " Run! Run! The cat is coming!" They ran away quickly and hid.After some time they came out. When they came out, the Country mouse said, "I do not like living in the city. I like living in my hole in the field. For it is nicer to be poor and happy, than to be rich and afraid."8. Father and sonsFather had a family of sons who were perpetually quarrelling among themselves. When he failed to heal their disputes by his exhortations, he determined to give them a practical illustration of the evils of disunion; and for this purpose he one day told them to bring him a bundle of sticks. When they had done so, he placed the faggot into the hands of each of them in succession, and ordered them to break it in pieces. They each tried with all their strength, and were not able to do it. He next unclosed the faggot, and took the sticks separately, one by one, and again put them into their hands, on which theybroke them easily. He then addressed them in these words: "My sons, if you are of one mind, and unite to assist each other, you will be as this faggot, uninjured by all the attempts of your enemies; but if you are divided among yourselves, you will be broken aseasily as these sticks."9. The wolf and the haresThe wind is blowing . It is snowing . The wolf is coming and say : “ I’m a wolf , I’m hungry .” The wolf is going the hares. “ open the door .” The hare say: “ who is it ?” the wolf say : “it’s me , Grandma .”“Grandma ? No, it’s not Grandma .” The wolf comes to the hares’ again , with a basket of bread. . “ open the door . I bring you bread” The hares say to their sister : “Ah! It’s the wolf . we can’t open the door .” The wolf is very angry . He is hitting at the door . “Open the door ! I want to come in !” The hares say : “ you are the wolf . we can’t let you in !” the hares are very clever10. The Old CatAn old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat has no teeth.Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit me. I have worked for you for many years, now I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."zy flyIt’s a sunny day, how beautiful flowers, the bees are making honey. Oh ,I’m hungry ,Please eat ,eat. Lazy fly is very full, he is sleeping in the tree. After a while, he woke up. He saw the chicken was sweeping the floor, oh, I’m hungry. Go away,lazy fly. He flied and flied, he saw the duck was washing clothes, oh, I’m hungry, Go away ,lazy fly. Lazy fly is very hungry andit’s very cold. he is died.12.The wolf and the little lampThis is a cat, This is a dog .This is horse ,This is an elephant. They’re good friend, they’re playing together. oh, I’m thirsty. She comes to a river. The wolf is coming. Who is drinking from my water, oh, It’s you ,little lamp ,I’ll eat tonight .Little lamp is very scared, she is crying. Why are you crying ?The wolf will eat me tonight .Don’t be worried ,we’ll help you .It’s night, I’ll hide behind the stove, I’ll hide by the door, I’ll hide behind the house ,I’ll hide behind the tree. The wolf is coming. Auch, the dog bites the wolf ,the horse kicks him, the elephant throws him into the river. he can’t swim ,the wolf is died.13. A clever rabbitA little rabbit is picking mushrooms in a forest.a wolf is coming.he is very hungry."oh ,a little rabbit,my favorite food !"he is happy to see therabbitThe rabbit is not afraid when she sees the wolf .she pretends to be poisoned by eating the mushrooms.the wolf is thinking :"she is poisoned.if i eat her,i will die too!"so he goes away sadly .The wolf leaves away.the rabbit is very happy,.she goes on picking the mushrooms.14.Spears and shieldsOnce there was a man who sold spears and shields in a fair. "spears!shields!sharp spears and strong shields!"he shouted. But nobody bought his spears and shields.Then he boasted,"look at my shields.nothing can pierce them.and my spears can cut through anything."Another man passed by ,he asked the man,"use your spears to cut through your shields .What will happen?"15. Wolf and sheepA wolf had been badly wounded by dogs. He lay sick and maimed in his lair.He felt very hungry and thirsty. At the moment, a sheep was passed by, when the sheep get nearby, he asked him to fetch some water from the stream."If you bring me the water," he said, "I will find means to get some food.""Yes," said the sheep, "if I bring you the water, you would undoubtedly make me your food."16.fox and grapesOne hot summer day a fox was walking through an orchard. He stopped before a bunch of grapes. They were ripe and juicy. "I'm just feeling thirsty," he thought. So he backed up a few paces, got a running start, jumped up, but could not reach the grapes.He walked back. One, two, three, he jumped up again, but still,he missed the grapes.The fox tried again and again, but never succeeded. At last he decided to give it up.He walked away with his nose in the air, and said“I am sure they are sour.”16. The lion and the mouseA lion was awakened from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up angrily, he caught him and was about to kill him, when the Mouse piteously entreated, saying: "If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness." The Lion laughed and let him go. It happened shortly after this that the Lion was caught by some hunters, who bound him by strong ropes to the ground. The Mouse, recognizing his roar, came and gnawed the rope with his teeth and set him free, exclaiming:"You ridiculed the idea of my ever being able to help you, expecting to receive from me any repayment of your favor; now you know that it is possible for even a Mouse to con benefits on a Lion."17. The Fox and the TigerAn Archer, hunting in the woods, was so successful with his arrows that he killed many of the wild animals. This frightened the rest so much that they ran into the densest part of the bushes to hide. At last the Tiger stood up, and pretending to be very brave, told the other animals not to be afraid anymore, but to rely on his courage, and he would attack the enemy on his own. While he was talking, and lashing his tail and tearing at the ground with his claws to impress the others, an arrow came and pierced his ribs. The Tiger howled with pain.While he was trying to draw out the arrow with his teeth the Fox went up to him and asked, in surprise, whoever had the strength and courage to wound such a brave and mighty beast as the Tiger?"Nay," said the Tiger, "I misjudged my enemy. It was that unbeatable man over there!"MORAL: Knowledge is power.18. The cock and the foxIn the evening, A cock is sitting on a big tree. A fox comes to the tree and looks at the tree and looks at the cock. “Hi, Mr cock,I have a good news for you ”,says the fox..“Oh, what is it?” the cock asks.“All the animals are good friends now .Lets be friends too. Please come dowm and play with me.”“That’s good .Look, there is a dog.He is our friend too. Lets play together ,”says the cock.“what? A dog? Well, I have something to do .I must go now .good bye .”says the fox.“Don’t go ,Mr fox, The dog is our friend.”“But the dog doesn’t know that yet.”“Oh ,I see ,”says the cock .He smiles and goes to sleep on the tree.19.Wheres God?Mary and Frank are both four .one day Mary says,”Excuse me, Frank . Wheres God?”\Frank says,” In the toilet.”Why?” Mary asks surprisingly,“Because every morning when my father knocks at the door of the toilet, and I hear he says,” how are you still in the toilet, my God?” Frank says.20. Mr Tiger is the king of the forest. So he looks down upon everying in the world.One day, Mr Frog sees Mr Tiger. “I’m stronger than you,” says Mr Frog.“What? You are stronger than me? Let’s have a match. Who can jumps over the river?” says Mr Tiger.Mr Tiger jumps over the river. Mr Frog bites Tiger’s tail. So he jumps over, too.“Where is Mr Frog? Ha ,ha, I’m stronger! ”“Don’t be so sure,” says Mr Frog with some fur in his mouth. “What’s in your mouth, Mr Forg?”“Well , yesterday I ate a tiger, only left some fur.”“My God! Help me!” Mr Tiger runs away.21. orange and gold cupThere is a poor man. He has an orange tree. On the tree there are many fine oranges. One of them is very, very big. It is as big as a football. Nobody sees so big an orange. The poor man is very pleased. He takes it to the king. The king is so pleased that he gives the man a lot o money for it.When a rich man hears of it, he says to himself, “It’s only an orange. Why does the king give so much money for it? I’ll take my gold cup to the king. He’ll give me more money.” The next day when the king receives the gold cup, he says to the rich man, “What a beautiful cup! I’ll show you something wonderful. Please take this great orange.22. Mickey MouseMickey is a very clever mouse.Tom is his enemy,Tom is a cat. One day,Mickey was very hungry and wanted to eat some food.Under a chair,there was a cake.Tom was tied to the chair.He wanted to keep the mouse off the cake.Mickey thought for a while,then he got an idea.He ran around the chair.Tom ran after him.The rope around Tom’s neck was getting shorter and shorter.At last,the mouse stopped.He looked very pleased.A catAn old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouthand ran away, because the cat could not bite it.Then the old became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."A Life-Saving CowSix consecutive days of spring rain had created a raging river running by Nancy Brown’s farm. As she tried to herd her cows to higher ground, she slipped and hit her head on a fallen tree trunk. The fall knocked her out for a moment or two. When she came to, Lizzie, one of her oldest and favorite cows, was licking her face. The water was rising. Nancy got up and began walking slowly with Lizzie. The water was now waist high. Nancy’s pace got slower and slower. Finally, all she could do was to throw her arm around Lizzie’s neck and try to hang on. About 20 minutes later, Lizzie managed to successfully pull herself and Nancy out of the raging water and onto a bit of high land, a small island now in the middle of acres of white water. Two dumb sincere loveHe is a mute, Although can understand others speech, Cannot sayown actually feeling. She is his neighbor, The girl who is bound by a common destiny with the grandmother.He really looks like an elder brother, Leads her to go to school, Accompanies her to play, Listens to her chirp with a smile grasps the speech.He only uses the hand signal and she converses, Possible she to be able to read his each look. Gazes at in her vision from elder brother, She knew he has likes oneself.。

经典安徒生童话：瓶颈安徒生，丹麦19世纪著名童话作家，世界文学童话创始人，因为其童话作品而闻名于世。

他通过童话的形式，真实地反映了他所处的那个时代及其社会生活，深厚地表达了平凡人的感情和意愿，从而使人们的感情得到净化与升华。

下面店铺为大家带来经典安徒生童话：瓶颈，欢迎大家阅读!In the narrow, crooked street, among several shabby dwellings, stood a very tall and very narrow house, the framework of which had given so that it was out of joint in every direction. Only poor people lived here, and poorest of all were those who lived in the attic. Outside the small attic window an old, bent bird cage hung in the sunshine; it didn't even have a real bird glass, but had only a bottle neck, upside down, with a cork in its mouth, and filled with water. At the open window stood an old maid who had just been decking the cage with chickweed; the little canary in it hopped from perch to perch and sang with all his might."Yes, you may well sing!" said the Bottle Neck. Of course, it didn't say it audibly, as we're able to, for a bottle neck cannot speak, but it thought it, just as when we humans speak inwardly. "Yes, you may well sing - you, with your limbs whole! But what if you had lost your lower half as I have, and had only a neck and a mouth left, and then had a cork stuffed into you! You certainly wouldn't sing then! But it's good that somebody is pleased. I have no reason to sing, and I can't anyway; I could once, when I was a whole bottle, and someone rubbed me with a cork; they used to call me a real lark then, 'the grand lark.' Didn't I sing that day in the woods when the furrier's daughter became engaged? I can remember it as though it were yesterday. When I come to thinkof it, I've lived through many things; I've been through fire and water - down in the black earth, and higher up than most people. And now I hang here on the outside of the cage in the air and sunshine. It might be worth while to hear my story, but I'm not going to tell it aloud, because I can't!"And so it inwardly told, or thought, its story, which was a strange one, and in the meantime the little bird sang merrily, and people rode or walked through the streets down below. Each thought of his own story or didn't think at all; but, at any rate, the Bottle Neck was engrossed in thought.It remembered the flaming furnace in the manufacturing plant, where it had been blown into existence. It still remembered how warm it was at first, how it looked into that roaring furnace, its birthplace, and longed to leap back into it. But then as it gradually cooled, it found itself well off where it was, standing in a long row with a whole regiment of brothers and sisters. All had been born from the same furnace, but some had been blown into champagne bottles, some into beer bottles, and that makes a difference. To be sure, as things happen in the world, a beer bottle may hold the costliest Lachryma Christi wine, while a champagne bottle may be filled with black ink; but what each one was born for may still be clearly seen in its form; nobility remains nobility, even with black ink inside.All the bottles were soon packed up, our Bottle among them. Little did it think then that it would end as a bottle neck, serving as a bird glass, and yet that is an honorable existence - it's at least something. It did not see daylight again until it was unpacked, together with its comrades, in the cellar of a wine merchant; and then for the first time it was rinsed out - that was an odd sensation. It then lay empty and corkless, and felt strangely dull,as if it lacked something, though it didn't know what. But then it was filled with good, glorious wine received a cork, and was sealed up; a label was pasted on it, "Best Quality," and it felt as if it had been awarded the highest rating as the result of its examination - though it had to be admitted that the wine was good, as well as the Bottle.When one is young, one is a lyric poet! The Bottle was singing inwardly of things it knew nothing about - green, sunlit mountains, where the vineyards grow, and where merry maidens and happy youths sing and kiss. Yes, it is wonderful to be alive! Indeed, the Bottle inwardly sang of all this, as do young poets, who frequently also know nothing about the things of which they sing.One morning it was bought. The furrier's boy had been sent to fetch a bottle of the best wine; and then it was packed into a large basket, together with ham, cheese, sausages, the best butter, and the finest bread. The furrier's daughter herself packed the basket. She was so young, so pretty; her brown eyes laughed, and there was a smile on her lips, which seemed as expressive as her eyes. Her hands were small, soft, and white, but not so white as her forehead and throat. You could see at once that she was one of the prettiest girls in the village, and still she was not yet betrothed.When the party drove out into the woods, the basket lay in her lap. The neck of the Bottle peeped out from the folds of the white tablecloth; the red sealing wax on the cork looked right in the face of the young girl and looked also at the young sailor who sat beside her. He had been her friend since childhood, and was a portrait painter's son. He had recently passed his examination for the navel service with high honors, and on thenext day he was to sail away, far away, to foreign lands. This had been spoken of during the packing of the basket, and it hadn't been quite so pleasant to look at the eyes and lips of the furrier's pretty daughter while there'd been talk of that.The two young people went for a walk in the green forest, talking - and what did they talk about? The Bottle couldn't hear that, for it was left in the basket. A long time passed before the basket was unpacked, but when it was, it was apparent that some pleasant thing had happened in the meantime, for all eyes were filled with happiness, particularly those of the furrier's daughter, though she said less than the others, and her cheeks blushed like two red roses.The father unwrapped the Bottle and took up the corkscrew. Yes, it was a strange sensation that the Bottle felt when, for the first time, the cork was drawn! The Bottleneck could never forget that solemn moment; it said "pop!" as the cork was pulled out, and then the wine gurgled when it flowed into the glasses.。