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平狄克 微观经济学 英文课件 第三章

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微观经济学平狄克图像ppt课件

微观经济学平狄克图像ppt课件

– 在给定产出水平下，成本最小满足的条 件是：每1美元的投入增加到生产过程中 去会有与之等值的产出增加。
– 长期边际成本变化导致长期平均成本的变 化:
• 如果长期边际成本小于长期平均成本 （ LMC < LAC）, 长期平均成本（LAC） 将 下降；
• 如果长期边际成本大于长期平均成本 （ LMC > LAC）, 长期平均成本（LAC） 将 上升；
当价格从 $30,000 降低到 $15,000 的时候，在虚荣效应 的作用下，需求曲线从D2 移 动到 D6.
对风险偏好的不同情况
A相比之下更加厌恶风险，但 是B也是风险厌恶者。
AP = 原点与TP 上一点连线的斜率 MP = TP 上 任何一点切线的斜率
等产量线是向下倾斜的，形状是凸形的， 类似于无差异曲线。
(I/PC) = 40 A
Pc = $2 Pf = $1 I = $80 预算线 F + 2C = $80
B 30
20
D
斜率
C
F
1 2
Pf Pc
E
10
G
食物（单位/周）
0
20
40
60
80 = (I/PF)
15
收入变动 收入增加引起预算线平行向外移动（保持价格水平不变）。 收入减少引起预算线平行向内移动（保持价格水平不变）。
• 结论：
价格
生产成本的降
低如此显著地
增加了供给，
足以抵销需求 增加的效应
S1900
S1950
S2000
价格和消费的长期路径
D1900
D1950 D2000
数量
6
需求的价格弹性在需求曲线上变动
P
【复旦大学本科讲义-平狄克微观经济学PPT】Strat.Multistage Games.student-英文版

【复旦大学本科讲义-平狄克微观经济学PPT】Strat.Multistage Games.student-英文版

• game is similar to game of chicken • neither firm has a dominant strategy
Problem with pure strategies
• game has two Nash equilibria in pure strategies:
other firm plays pure strategy of not entering
Games without pure-strategy equilibria
• some games have no pure-strategy Nash equilibrium, so mixed strategies must be used
• these pure Nash equilibria are unappealing because identical firms use different strategies
Mixed strategies
• mixed strategies: firm chooses between its possible actions with given probabilities
Preventing entry
• consider a market with either 1 or 2 firms • simultaneous entry decision: neither firm
has an advantage that helps it prevent other firm from entering • sequential decision: incumbent may have an advantage over firm deciding whether to enter
《微观经济学英》PPT课件

《微观经济学英》PPT课件


Edited by Yong, E.L.
精选ppt
15
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
精选ppt
8
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.
3) Give a point to how this might be disturbed.
- If Health Ministry imposes a new law to reduce apple pie due to obesity in children and increase apple production, the producer may not be able to find the best combination of resources for the new plan of production set by the government.
平狄克微观经济学课件(英文)06全

平狄克微观经济学课件(英文)06全


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6.1 THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION
The Short Run versus the Long Run
●short run Period of time in which quantities of one or more production factors cannot be changed.
As we move from point A on curve O1 to B on curve O2 to C on curve O3 over time, labor productivity increases.
7 of 24
Chapter 6: Production
6.2 PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT (LABOR)
The Slopes of the Product Curve
Figure 6.1
Production with One Variable Input
0
Average
Marginal
Product (q/L) Product (∆q/∆L)
—
—
1
10
10
10
10
2
10
30
15
20
3
10
60
20
30
4
10
80
20
20Hale Waihona Puke 51095
19
15
6
10
108
18
13
7
10
112
16
4
8
10
112
14
0
微观经济学英文版PPT课件

微观经济学英文版PPT课件

Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
平狄克微观经济学(英文)PPT

平狄克微观经济学(英文)PPT

In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
Firms Firms also face limits in terms of the kinds of products that they can produce, and the resources available to produce them.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
A model is a mathematical representation, based on economic theory, of a firm, a market, or some other entity.
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
● macroeconomics Branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation.
平狄克微观经济学第七版课件_第03章_消费者行为

平狄克微观经济学第七版课件_第03章_消费者行为

E
D U1
食品
30
40
Slide 9
3.1.4 无差异曲线簇
衣服
无差异曲线图（ indifference map） 是一系列的无差异曲 线，它们描绘了一个 消费者对两种商品的 所有组合的偏好。
每一条无差异曲线都 是那些对消费者而言 无差异的市场篮子的 集合。
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
在本章，我们讨论的是能给消费者带来 同等满足程度的两种商品的所有组合。
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 7
3.1.3 消费者偏好的差异
衣服
50
B
40
H
A 30
20
G
10
10
20
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
E
D
与蓝色区域里的所有点相比， 消费者更偏好A点。而紫色区域
Slide 16
边际替代率递减原因*
A、对某一商品拥有量较少时，对其偏爱 程度高；而拥有量较多时，偏爱程度较低。
B、随着消费量的增加，想要获得更多这 种商品的愿望就会减少，所愿意放弃的另 一种商品量就会越来越少。
△边际替代率递减，意味着无差异曲线的 斜率的绝对值越来越小，因此该曲线必定 凸向原点。
平狄克微观经济学第七版课件 _第03章_消费者行为
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 1
本章讨论的主题
消费者偏好 预算约束 消费者选择 显示性偏好 边际效用与消费者选择 生活成本指数
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 2
3.1 消费者偏好
平狄克微观经济学Externalities and Public GoodsPPT课件

平狄克微观经济学Externalities and Public GoodsPPT课件


©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
2
Externalities
Externalities arise between producers, between consumers, or between producers and consumers
Externalities are the effects of production and consumption activities not directly reflected in the market
q1 q*
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
Repair Level
13
Ways of Correcting Market Failure
Assumption: The market failure is pollution
Output decision and emissions decision are independent
Additional cost to firm of controlling pollution Downward sloping because when emissions
are high, there is little cost to controlling them
Large reductions require costly changes in production process
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
4
Externalities
平狄克微观经济学课件(英文)16

平狄克微观经济学课件(英文)16


3 of 35
Chapter 16: Information, Market Failure, and the Role of Government
16.1
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
Two Interdependent Markets—Moving to General Equilibrium
16.1
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
Figure 16.2 Removing the Ethanol Tariff on Brazilian Exports
If U.S. tariffs on ethanol produced abroad were to be removed, Brazil would export much more ethanol to the United States, displacing much of the more expensive corn-based ethanol produced domestically. As a result, the price of ethanol in the U.S. would fall, benefiting U.S. consumers.
7 of 35
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
Chapter 16: Information, Market Failure, and the Role of Government
●general equilibrium analysis Simultaneous determination of the prices and quantities in all relevant markets, taking feedback effects into account.
【复旦大学本科讲义-平狄克微观经济学PPT】common property-英文版

【复旦大学本科讲义-平狄克微观经济学PPT】common property-英文版

• Clean Air Act of 1990 sets national airquality standards for major pollutants: 0.12 parts per million (ppm)
• California Air Resources Board (CARB) has an even tighter standard: 0.09 ppm
externalities 5. common property 6. public goods
Externalities
externality occurs if • someone's consumption or production
activities hurt or help others outside a market • well-being of a consumer or production capability of a firm are affected directly by actions of other consumers or firms, rather than indirectly through changes in prices
Emissions Standards for Ozone
Monopoly and externalities
• monopoly output may be less than social optimum even with an externality
• competition is not necessarily better than a monopoly with an externality
Cost-benefit analysis
微观经济学平狄克版第3章课件

微观经济学平狄克版第3章课件

■ 要使市场篮子最大化必须满足两个条件 ：1）市场篮子必须位于预算线上；2）商 品组合必须最受消费者的偏好。
Chapter 1
47
实现消费者最大满足的条件:
无差异曲线的斜率为:
预算线的斜率为:
实现消费者最大 满足的条件:
公式含义：当消费者购买1单位食物相对1单位衣服获 得的价值等于购买1单位食物相对1单位衣服付出的成 本时，其满足达到最大。
Chapter 1
56
完全替代品均衡和拐角解
■ 完全替代品的IC曲线为直
线，当IC线的斜率大于预算 Y
线的斜率时，消费者全部买 X；
■ 当IC线的斜率小于预算线
的斜率时，消费者全部买Y
；
A
■ 当IC线的斜率等于预算线
的斜率时，预算线上任一点
均为均衡点。
Chapter 1
红色为 IC曲线
BX
57
[ 例3.4 大学信托基金]
68
边际效用与消费者选择
■ 消费者满足最大化的条件是：MRSFC=PF/PC.。 ■ 由于MRSFC=MUF/MUC，因此： MUF/MUC=PF/PC.。 ■ 进一步整理，得： MUF/PF=MUC/PC.。 ■ 该公式的经济含义：消费者花在每一种商品上 的每一美元所带来的边际效用相等的时候，就实 现了效用最大化。这就是等边际原则(equal marginal principle)。
Chapter 1
U3
U1
U
2
食品
15
无差异曲线图
衣服
U2
A B
D
Chapter 1
无差异曲线不可能相交。 如果无差异曲线相交， 就意味着A、B和D三点是 无差异的。然而，B点所 包含的两种商品数量都要 多于D点。

平狄克 微观经济学 第七版 ppt课件


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第二章 消费者行为理论
任何经济体制实际上都是人的集合，因此， 经济学很自然地从个人行为开始进行分析：
4、需求的变动不存在时滞。
5、产品本身不易储存，应尽快出 售。
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需求的价格弹性与销售收入
价格弹性大的物品，降价可以提高销售 收入；价格弹性小的物品，提价可以提 高销售收入。
马歇尔于1890年发表的 《经济学原理》，被看作是
与斯密《国富论》、李嘉图
《赋税原理》齐名的划时代
著作，成为当时最有影响的

平狄克微观经济学第三章


Ｉ——收入；ＰＦ——食物的价格；ＰＣ— —衣服的价格。预算线表示在购买Ｃ和Ｆ的 总支出等于收入的情况下，Ｃ和Ｆ的所有组 合。

ＰＦＦ＋ＰＣＣ＝Ｉ
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 27
预算约束
消费束 Food (F) Clothing (C) Total Spending Pf = ($1) Pc = ($2) PfF + PcC = I
在一组无差异曲线中，右上方的曲线上的每
一点的偏好程度都大于左下方曲线上的点。
无差异曲线不能相交。 无差异曲线用序数排列
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 23
练习

P100 2
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 24
“You can’t always get what you want” ——the Rolling Stones
即，对于任意两个消费集，A或B，消费者 可以决定他是更偏好于A，或更偏好于B， 或无差异 对偏好的比较是不计成本的，不考虑是否 有购买力，只考虑喜好

Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 7
消费者偏好

假定(2)

偏好是可传递的 (transitivity)
如果A B, B C, 那么A C
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 10
消费者偏好
消费集 食物单位 衣服单位
A
B
20
10
30
50
D
E
40

微观经济学(平狄克、鲁宾费尔德)最新版(第六版) 英文原版PPTCh01_Pindyck


11
Theories and Models
Validating a Theory
The validity of a theory is determined by the quality of its prediction, given the assumptions Theories must be tested and refined Theories are invariably imperfect – but gives much insight into observed phenomena
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
15
What is a Market?
Market Definition
Determination of the buyers, sellers, and range of products that should be included in a particular market
What choices do individuals make in terms of jobs or workplaces? How many hours do individuals choose to work?
Trade-off of labor and leisure
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
8
Themes of Microeconomics
Prices
How are prices determined?

【复旦大学本科讲义-平狄克微观经济学PPT】General Equilibrium-英文版

• through demand • through supply
• because output in one market is an input in another
Partial vs. General Equilibrium
• study equilibrium in several—but not all— markets simultaneously
• shock in one market has spillover effect in another market
• general-equilibrium analysis takes account of spillover, unlike partial-equilibrium analysis
Is it possible to pay Peter without robbing Paul?
General Equilibrium
• Magnitude of spillover effects • General vs. partial equilibrium models
Pareto-Efficient Equilibrium
• doing so is OK for small markets (hoola hoops)
General-equilibrium analysis
• study of how equilibrium is determined in all markets simultaneously an event in one market may have a spillover effect on other markets may be linked

微观经济学课件平狄克版课件


Chapter 1
13
经济制度
■ 计划经济制度：政府公共部门决策 ■ 市场经济制度：私人部门决策 ■ 混合经济
Chapter 1
14
制度与激励
■ 不同的制度产生不同的激励，进而决定人的选 择行为，最终对经济效率产生重大影响 ■ 例子：大学寝室分面条的故事
Chapter 1
15
1.1.2 价格和市场
■ 经济个体所有的选择都是在他们面临的 价格基础上作出的。 ■ 价格是由买者和买者在市场中相互作用 决定的。 ■ 市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列 商品价格的买卖双方的集合。
Chapter 1
16
1.2 经济学的研究方法
■ 理论和模型 ■ 均衡分析和边际分析 ■ 静态、比较静态和动态分析 ■ 实证分析和规范分析
■ 为谁生产：生产出来的巧克力或汽车是分给你 多些还是分给我多些？
Chapter 1
12
资源利用的基本问题
■ 为什么资源得不到充分利用？（充分就业）
■ 对给定的资源，为什么产量时高时低？（经济 波动）
■ 货币购买力的变动对汽车和巧克力的生产有什 么影响？（通货膨胀）
■ 在给定的资源条件下，如何使社会总产出越来 越多？（经济增长、技术进步、资本积累、制度 ）
第1章 绪论
Chapter 1
1
本章要点
■ 微观经济学的研究主题 ■ 经济学的研究方法 ■ 市场与市场价格 ■ 名义价格与实际价格 ■ 为什么要学习微观经济学
Chapter 1
2
经济学的主题
■ 经济学？经济学的两个主要分支：微观经济学 和宏观经济学。
■ 微观经济学研究单个经济个体(消费者、劳动 者、资金所有者、土地所有者、企业)的行为及 其相互作用(形成市场)。

微观经济学讲义(平狄克)-英文版3 interdependence

• Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
production:
• The number of hours required to produce a unit of output (for example, one pound of potatoes).
• The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another.
The farmer should produce potatoes. The rancher should produce meat.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts
manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 1 The Production Opportunities of the Farmer and Rancher
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
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Marginal Rate of Substitution
Indifference curves with different shapes imply a different willingness to substitute Two polar cases are of interest
Consumers generally prefer a balanced market basket Along an indifference curve there is a diminishing marginal rate of substitution.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 18
A
B
D
U2 U1
Food
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
14
Indifference Curves
Clothing 16
A
Observation: The amount of clothing given up for 1 unit of food decreases from 6 to 1
Chapter 3
5
1. Consumer Preferences
Consumer preferences can be represented graphically using indifference curves Indifference curves represent all combinations of market baskets that the person is indifferent to
More is better
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
8
Indifference Curves: An Example
Clothin 50 g
B H A D E
40 30 20 10 10
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
Consumer Behavior
Topics to be Discussed
Consumer Preferences Budget Constraints Consumer Choice Revealed Preferences Marginal Utility and Consumer Choices
A person will be equally satisfied with either choice
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
6
Indifference Curves: An Example
Market Basket A B D E G H Units of Food 20 10 40 30 10 10 Units of Clothing 30 50 20 40 20 40
It quantifies the amount of one good a consumer will give up to obtain more of another good It is measured by the slope of the indifference curve
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
2
Consumer Behavior
Theory of consumer behavior
The explanation of how consumers allocate income to the purchase of different goods and services
1
2
3
4
Chapter 3
5
Marginal Rate of Substitution
Indifference curves are convex
As more of one good is consumed, a consumer would prefer to give up fewer units of a second good to get additional units of the first one
Three steps 1. Consumer Preferences
To describe how and why people prefer one good to another
2. Budget Constraints
People have limited incomes
3. Given preferences and limited incomes, What combination of goods will consumers buy to maximize their satisfaction?
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
11
Indifference Map
Clothing
Market basket A is preferred to B. Market basket B is preferred to D.
D
B A
U3 U2 U1
Food
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
7
Indifference Curves: An Example
Graph the points with one good on the xaxis and one good on the y-axis Plotting the points, we can make some immediate observations about preferences
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Chapter 3
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1. Consumer Preferences – Basic Assumptions
1. Preferences are complete
Consumers can rank market baskets
2. Preferences are transitive
Perfect substitutes Perfect complements
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Chapter 3
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Marginal Rate of Substitution
Perfect Substitutes
Two goods are perfect substitutes when the marginal rate of substitution of one good for the other is constant Example: a person might consider apple juice and orange juice perfect substitutes
14 12 10 8 6
-6 1 -4 1 -2 1
2 1
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G
Food
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2
3
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Chapter 3
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Indifference Curves
We measure how a person trades one good for another using the marginal rate of substitution (MRS)
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1. Consumer Preferences
How might a consumer compare different groups of items available for purchase? A market basket is a collection of one or more commodities Individuals can choose between market baskets containing different goods
Violates
assumption that more is better
Why? What if we assume they can cross?
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Chapter 3
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Indifference Maps
Clothing
U
2
U1
•B is preferred to D •A is indifferent to B & D •B must be indifferent to D but that can’t be if B is preferred to D
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Indifference Maps
Indifference maps give more information about shapes of indifference curves
Indifference curves cannot cross
The consumer prefers A to all combinations in the yellow box, while all those in the pink box are preferred to A.