Contrastive_analysis
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Journal of Literature and Art Studies, February 2019, Vol. 9, No. 2, 164-174 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2019.02.002
Corpus-based Contrastive Analysis of “Root” Metaphor
Translation in Dream of the Red Mansion
LIU Xiao
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
Both the study of metaphor and translation has taken an empirical turn in the past decade, corpus-based method has
provided a practical and objective way for investigating metaphor translation from a comparative and cognitive
perspective. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the cognitive differences in the perception of “root” between
English and Chinese through a contrastive analysis of the two English translations of a Chinese classic
novel—Dream of the Red Mansion, the two translations are completed by a native Chinese speaker and a native
一、对比分析(ContrastiveAnalysis) 对比分析理论最早起源于二十世纪四十年代,把两种语言进行对比,从而确定其中的相同点和不同点。目的是为了预测母语对第二语言的学习可能造成的影响,即第二语言学习者受母语干扰可能会出现的错误,从而确定教学中的难点和重点,采取相应的预防性措施。
这一学派的学者认为:
(1) 外语学习中的困难主要来自于第一语言的干扰;
(2) 通过对母语和目标语言进行对比分析,可以预测这些困难;
(3) 教师在备课和教学过程中,可以利用对比分析的结果,减少母语对目标语的学习干扰。
对比分析的理论基础:
语言学基础:布龙菲尔德的结构主义语言学
心理学基础:行为主义心理学。
二、错误分析(ErrorAnalysis)是指对第二语言学习者的错误进行的研究和分析,它被作为相对有限性的对比分析的替换方法。错误分析既有其语言学的理论基础,也有其心理学的理论基础。
错误分析的主要主张是:第二语言学习者所犯的许多错误,除了第一语言的影响外,还有其他因素的影响。Corder(1967)指出,不能仅仅把错误看成是要消灭的东西,错误本身也具有重要意义。
错误分析的文献中经常要区分错误(error)和失误(mistake)两个概念。错误通常是由于学习者知识不足所致。失误则是由于学习者没有发挥出自己的能力而出现差错。
根据错误的来源,错误经常分为语际错误(interlingual errors)和语内错误(intralingual errors)。学习者由于误用与母语具有共同特征的语言项目而产生的错误叫语际错误(或迁移错误)。在目的语内部所犯的错误称为语内错误(也称发展性错误)。
根据错误的性质,错误经常被划分为五种类型:省略(omissions)、添加(additions)、双重标记(double markings)、形式错误(misformations)和顺序错误(misorderings)。
龙源期刊网
Critically assess the use of Contrastive
Analysis as an aid to second language
teaching
作者:金蕾
来源:《校园英语·上旬》2017年第04期
Contrastive Analysis (CA) has a great impact not only on SLA theory but also on second
language classroom teaching. This thesis begins with the analysis of how L2 learning works in CA to
further critically evaluate the roles that CA plays in L2 teaching.
There are two theoretical foundations for CA:structuralism and behaviorism. For
structuralism, language learning is viewed as the mastery of the units such as phones, phonemes,
morphemes, phrases, clauses and sentences and the rules for combining these elements.
Likewise, L2 teaching begins at the phonetic level, once this structural level is mastered, then the
student advances to the next. However, since the lexicon receives scant attention and the discourse
2014_名 文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE 说文解字 Co ntrastive An a lysis of Ph o n o logy between English and Chinese 贺倩静 (四川师范大学文理学院,四川成都610000) Abstract:This essay is intended to百Ve a contrastive analysis of phonology between English and Chinese,with the purpose to find out the diferences and similarities in deciding how the meaning is detemlined by each sound in English and Chinese.Specifically,it makes analysis in phoneme,tone and intonation and stress so as to help the learners of English or Chinese as their second language to get a better grasp of these two languages in the phonetic system. Keywords:phonology;English;Chinese;contrast 中图分类号:H01 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1 005—531 2(201 4)24—0083—02 1.Introduction Contrastive analysis is a sub-branch of linguistics.It is defined as‘‘a systematic comparison of the linguistic system of two or more languages”(Asher,1994:737).Phonology is a primary element of a language.It is often said to be coneemed with the organization of speech with specific languages,or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occurs in particular languages(Clark&Yallop,1995:2). The primary aim of phonology is to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages,and to explain the variation that occur(Crystal,1987).English language and Chinese language has its distinctive development in the history,and belongs to two different families of languages.As a result,these two languages differ much in phonology,characters,grammars,etc.However,the two languages also have something in common because human beings have the same vocal organs,share common living environment and similar thought patterns.This essay will contrast phonology between English and Chinese in three aspects:phonemes,tone and intonation, and stress.Then it analyzes how the three aspects influence the meaning of different sound. 2.Contrastive analysis of phonemes Phonemes are the primary aspect influencing the meaning of different sounds.Phonemes are the phonological units of language, which have their own role to determine the meanings.English and Chinese have different ways to distinguish phonemes.In English, phonemes are the minimal phonological units (vowels and consonants)that serve to distinguish meanings for words.Consonants and vowels have two distinctive groups of phonemic feature.For consonants,features as stop,voicing,labial,fricative,nasal,etc.are effective feature value that distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example,the difference between the two phones lsJs and[z]is only if the phone is voiced or not.Thus.‘‘voicing”plays a special role in determining the meaning in English.Consonants difering in voicing are in the majority and they come in pairs:【p],[b];[t],【d】;【k],[g];[s], 【Z];ff],【v];【tr],【dd,etc.For instance,consonants iP]and【b]are, distinctive sounds(phonemes)in English。because substituting them will result in changing the meanings,e.g./pin/and/bird.While as to Chinese consonants(initials)it is another story.It is the feature of aspiration that counts and makes a diferent sound between phonemes.For example,『b]in syllable b a(爸—— ther)is diferent from[p】in syllable P a(怕——scared).These two syllables make diferent meanings because the sound[b]is unaspirated while[P】is aspirated.Thus aspiration is an important feature in Chinese to distinguish meaning. Vowels in English and Chinese also have different features.In English,the length of vowels is a distinctive feature that distinguished meaning.For instance,[i]and【i=】aye distinctive,because substituting them will result in changing the meanings,e.g./sip/and/si:p/.But in Chinese,the length of vowel does not work and make no difference in meaning.In Chinese language,a syllable is composed of initial,final andtone.There are 21 initials:“bPmfdt n1 g k hj q x zh ch sh r z c s”:and 36 finals(the part of a syllable other than initia1).Chinese finals are not the same as English vowels.A final can be a single vowel or a vowel plus a nasalIn/or/ng.Forinstance,“j 1 n”(近—— near)and“j 1 ng”(静——silence)are totally diferent both in meaning and category.The nasal/n/or/ng/makes a word greatly diferent in sound and meaning.Sometimes even the Chinese natives can not distinguish these two nasal sounds. 3.Contrastive analysis of Tone and Intonation English is usually distinguished as an intonation language compared with Chinese as a tone language.Effective communication depends on the tone to a large extent(Leech&Svartivik,1 977). Katamba(1989)mentioned that all languages use pitch.When pitch is used within the domain of the word,it is called tone.Alternatively, the domain of pitch is in an entire utterance,it is intonation (Katamba,1989).In a tone language the pitch of each syllable is a basic element to the word.Pitch contours are located on single syllables,not on groups of syllables(Pike,1958).In Chinese substituting one distinctive tone for another on a particular word or