《国际商务谈判》(06509)习题参考答案

国际商务谈判复习思考题及答案一、填空1、国际商务谈判是一项集政策性、、于一体的社会经济活动。

2、按谈判双方所采取的态度和方法划分的谈判，大体上有三种类型：、、。

3、谈判看作是一个连续不断的过程，认为每次谈判都要经过、计划、关系、和五个环节。

4、货物买卖谈判涉及二种形式，一是谈判，一是谈判。

5、“三来一补”谈判是在我国许多企业，尤其是在中小企业中开展十分活跃的一种商务谈判。

“三来”是指国外、和。

“一补”就是指补偿贸易。

6、在国际商务谈判中有三条基本原则十分重要，这就是：、和。

7、可行性分析是从多个可能方案中选择一个相对令人满意的方案的过程，其评判选择标准是，。

8、以谈判地点的不同而论，谈判分为、和。

9、通常谈判目标可以分为、和三个层次。

10、客观上国际商务谈判要分成二大部分：即和。

11、在国际商务活动中，资金来源多种多样。

常见的资金来源是：、、、等等。

12、在国际商务活动中有多种可选择的支付方式，一般有、、、信用证、、托付等。

13、国际商务活动中，对于所迫切需要商品的价格，其价格大多数属于；而其不喜欢的商品的价格，其价格往往属于。

14、许可方为转让技术所需支出的直接费用包括：，和。

15、据联合国跨国公司研究中心的调查，许可方考虑技术转让价值的因素是、、被许可方市场规模与利润率、和研究与开发的支出。

16、通常，授予被许可方使用技术的权利分为：和。

17、技术转让交易中使用的支付方式，主要有三种：、和。

18、使用费的支付方式主要有三种：、和。

19、国际商务谈判中的风险可分为和二大类，前者主要有政治风险、市场风险、自然风险等，后者主要有素质风险、技术风险等。

20、将自身可能要承受的潜在损失以一定的方式转移给第三者，包括与二种方式。

21、一般来看，处理风险主要有、、、等四种方式。

22、纯风险是相对于投资风险而言的，主要包括、等。

23、按《联合国国际货物销传合同公约》规定：一个肯定的发盘具有三个明确的条件，即、和。

国际商务谈判试题二及答案一、名词解释（每题4分，共5题，共20分）1．国际商务谈判2．谈判议程3．模拟谈判4．处理性策略5．谈判僵局二、选择题（将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内，每题2分，共30分）1．在商务谈判中，双方地位平等是指双方在( )上的平等。

A．实力B．经济利益C．法律D．级别2．迫使对方让步的主要策略有( )A．利用竞争B．最后通牒C．撤出谈判D．软硬兼施3．在开局阶段，谈判者应将话题集中于( )A．谈判目标B．计划C．进度D．人员4．双方谈判人员适当互赠礼品的做法是( )A．贿赂B．求助C．“润滑策略”D．为了理解5．谈判人员应具备的基本观念有( )A．市场观念B．忠于职守C．平等互利D．团队精神6．法律人员属于谈判队伍的( )层次。

A．第一B．第二C．第三D．第四7．有条件的接受是( )。

A．还盘B．接受C．有效终结D．发盘8．谈判准备阶段的工作有( )A．收集信息B．询盘C．制订谈判方案D．模拟谈判9．开局阶段谈判人员的主要任务有( )A．创造谈判气氛B．报价C．开场陈述D．交换意见10．一般而言，一支谈判队伍不应包括（）A.政府官员B.技术人员C.财务人员D.法律人员11．迎送礼仪中，主要迎送人的资格地位通常与来访者相比要（）A．高一些B．低一些C．老一些D．相应12．同外商初次交往时，喜欢先进行个人直接面谈，而不喜欢通过书信结交的是（）A．美国人B．日本人C．英国人D．法国人13．支付方式对谈判最大的影响是（）A．汇率风险B．利息损失C．预期利润的变化D．市场风险14．符合谈判让步原则的做法是( )A．作同等让步B．让步幅度要大C．让步节奏要快D．在重要问题上不要轻易让步15．谈判中日本人如果不断点头并说“哈依！”，这往往表示（）A．同意B．在听C．你好D．谢谢三、判断正误（判断下列命题正误，正确的在其题干后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“╳”，并改正。

每题2分，共10分）1．质量条款是产生僵局频率最高的谈判主题。

国际商务谈判复习题（含答案）一、单项选择题（每小题2分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．谈判成为必要是由于交易中存在（D）A．合作 B．辩论C．攻击 D．冲突2．相对而言，最可能增加时间与成本的谈判方式是（C）A．让步型谈判 B．软式谈判C．立场型谈判 D．原则型谈判3．从法律学角度来讲，谈判程序中没有约束性的环节是（A）A．询盘 B．发盘C．还盘 D．接受4．根据国内外谈判经验，谈判小组人员的数量一般为（A）A．4人左右 B．8人左右C．12人左右 D．16人左右5．谈判小组中商务人员主要负责组织（B）A．技术条款谈判 B．价格条款谈判C．法律条款谈判 D．金融条款谈判6．谈判目标是谈判者行动的（C）A．具体内容 B．具体步骤C．指针和方向 D．谈判策略7．从法律学角度来讲，正式谈判中必须经过的程序有（B）A．发盘和还盘 B．发盘与接受C．发盘与询盘 D．询盘与接受8．沙龙式模拟谈判的特点是（B）A．具体明确 B．充分讨论C．形象生动 D．角色扮演9．制定国际商务谈判策略的起点是（C）A．寻找关键问题 B．确定目标C．了解影响谈判的因素 D．形成假设性方法10．按照国际惯例，谈判中应先报价的谈判方是（C）A．买方或卖方 B．买方或发起人C．卖方或发起人 D．买方、或卖方、或发起人11．最后让步中主要应把握的问题是（A）A．让步的时间和方式B．让步的方式和幅度C．让步的时间和幅度 D．让步的幅度和频率12．倾听技巧中最基本、最重要的是（A）A．集中精力地倾听B．有鉴别地倾听C．克服先入为主的倾听D．通过记笔记来倾听13．用“多头并进”解决谈判僵局的方法是（D）A．单项谈判和纵向谈判B．单项谈判和横向谈判C．多项谈判和纵向谈判 D．多项谈判和横向谈判14．谈判中最容易产生僵局的议题是（C）A．验收标准 B．违约责任C．合同价格 D．履约地点15．货物运输途中沉船货毁的风险属于（A）A．纯风险 B．投机风险C．市场风险 D．技术风险16．保险是规避风险的主要方法，其一般适用于（C）A．市场风险 B．技术风险C．纯风险 D．素质风险二、多项选择题（每小题2分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二个至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

Chap1原则型谈判的特征是什么？（见书）1把人与问题分开 2 坚持使用客观标准 3 从利益需要而不是从立场出发考虑问题 4探索所有的可能性Chap2何理解国际商务谈判的原则？简答或论述国际商务谈判的原则：是指在国际商务谈判过程中，谈判各方必须遵守的思想和行为准则。

遵循必要的商务谈判原则是取得商务谈判成功的基本保证。

平等协商原则平等协商时国际商务谈判应遵循的基本原则，要求一路平等，利益分配要等价交换。

求同求异原则指谈判中必须明确双方的利益所在，在分歧中寻求共同点，最终达成一致协议，这项原则是谈判成功的基础。

互惠互利原则互惠互利原则是指在国际商务谈判中各方均应寻求使双方都能受益的，互利的解决方案，达到双赢的谈判结果。

实事求是原则提出要求、条件时要尽可能符合客观实际，本着公平合理的观点去评价对方的要求、立场。

灵活机动原则在国际商务谈判中要灵活运用多种谈判技巧使谈判获得成功，在不放弃重大原则的前提下，要以大局为重灵活运用。

Chap4报价的先后各有哪些利弊无论是卖方还是买方先报价其有利之处在于对谈判影响较大，而且为谈判划定了一个框框，即便是报价很高或很低，只要对方能坐下来谈判，结果往往对先报价者有利。

先报价也有不利之处：因为一旦先报价，首先显示了己方与对方掌握的价格之间的距离。

如果己方比对方掌握的价格低，那么就使己方失去了本来可以获得更大利益的机会；如果己方报价比对方掌握的价格高，对方会集中力量对己方的价格发起攻击，逼己方降价，如果心里没底，在对方的攻击下，贸然降得太多，会遭到不必要的损失。

后报价的利弊正好和先报价相反。

其有利之处是：对方在明处，自己在暗处，可以根据对方的报价及时地修改自己的策略，以争取最大的利益。

后报价的弊病也很明显，即被对方占据了主动，而且必须在对方划定的框框内谈判。

报价技巧有哪些（1）心理报价技巧，包括尾数报价技巧、整数报价技巧、习惯报价技巧、声望报价技巧、招徕报价技巧。

（2）综合报价技巧，包括附带数量条件的报价技巧、附带支付条件的报价技巧、附带供货时间的报价技巧、附带成交时间的报价技巧。

国际商务谈判习题和答案国际商务谈判习题和答案国际商务谈判是企业在全球化背景下进行业务拓展和合作的重要手段。

在这个竞争激烈的市场中，掌握谈判技巧和策略对于企业的成功至关重要。

下面将提供一些国际商务谈判的习题和答案，帮助读者更好地理解和应用于实际场景。

1. 请列举出国际商务谈判中常见的谈判策略。

答案：常见的谈判策略包括合作策略、竞争策略、妥协策略和回避策略。

合作策略强调双方合作、互利共赢，通过共同努力达成双方的利益最大化。

竞争策略则强调自身利益最大化，通过竞争手段争取更多的资源和利益。

妥协策略是在双方利益差距较大时，通过让步和妥协达成一致。

回避策略是当双方无法达成一致时，选择暂时搁置或放弃谈判。

2. 在国际商务谈判中，如何应对对方的威胁和压力？答案：对方的威胁和压力是谈判中常见的策略之一。

应对对方的威胁和压力，首先需要保持冷静和理智，不被对方情绪所左右。

其次，可以通过提供证据和数据来反驳对方的观点和主张，以事实说话，增加自己的说服力。

此外，可以寻找第三方的支持和认可，通过引入中立的观点来平衡对方的威胁和压力。

最重要的是，保持自信和坚定，坚守自己的底线，不轻易妥协。

3. 在国际商务谈判中，如何处理文化差异带来的挑战？答案：文化差异是国际商务谈判中常见的挑战之一。

首先，需要对对方的文化进行了解和尊重，避免冒犯对方的文化习俗和价值观。

其次，可以通过语言和沟通方式的调整来降低文化差异带来的障碍。

例如，使用简洁明了的语言，避免使用隐喻和口头禅。

此外，建立信任和良好的关系也是处理文化差异的关键，通过共进晚餐、参观当地景点等方式增进相互了解和信任。

4. 在国际商务谈判中，如何应对谈判中的不确定性？答案：谈判中的不确定性是无法避免的，但可以通过一些策略来应对。

首先，需要在谈判前做好充分的准备工作，了解对方的需求和底线，预估可能出现的问题和困难。

其次，要保持灵活性和应变能力，随机应变，根据谈判的进展和对方的反应做出相应的调整。

国际商务谈判试题及答案第一部分选择题一、单选题（共15个子题，每个子题1分，共15分）每个子题中列出的四个选项中只有一个符合问题的要求。

请在问题后括号内正确选项前填写此信。

1.按谈判中双方所采取的的态度，可以将谈判分为立场型谈判、原则型谈判和(a)a.软式谈判b.集体谈判c.横向谈判d.投资谈判2.在商务谈判中，双方地位平等是指双方在___上的平等。

(c)a.实力b.经济利益c.法律d.级别3.价格条款的谈判应由____承提。

(b)a、法律人员B.商务人员C.财务人员D.技术人员4.市场信息的语言组织结构包括文字结构和_____;结构。

（b） A.图形类型b.数据类型C.表格格式D.组合类型5.根据谈判者让步的程度，谈判风格可分为软弱型模式、强有力模式和(da)a.合作型模式b.对立型式c.温和型模式d.中立型模式6.在国际商务谈判中，有两种典型的报价策略，即西欧报价和（b）A.中国报价b.日本报价C.东欧报价D.中东报价7.在缺乏谈判经验的情况下，进行一些较为陌生的谈判，谈判人员应采取_____的让步方式。

(b)a、公司B.相等C.风险D.不平衡8.商务谈判中，作为摸清对方需要，掌握对方心理的手段是(a)a.问b.听c.看d.说9.谈判中的讨价还价主要体现在“加油”。

（d） A.叙述B.回答C.问题d.辩论10.谈判中最为纷繁多变，也是经常发生破裂的阶段是谈判(cb)a.初期b.中期c.协议期d.后期11.在国际商务谈判中，非人员风险主要包括政治风险、自然风险和（b）A.技术风险b.市场风险C.经济风险D.质量风险12.谈判中，双方互赠礼品时，西方人较为重视礼物的意义和(d)a.礼物价值b.礼物包装c.礼物类型d.感情价值13.谈判中以与别人保持良好关系为满足的谈判心理属于是(b)a.进取型b.关系型c.权力型d.自我型14.英国人的谈判风格一般表现为(c)a、效率B.可信度C.循序渐进D.优越感15.日本的谈判风格通常表现为（D）a.直截了当b.不讲面子c.等级观念弱d.集团意识强二、多项选择题（本主题共11个子题，每个子题1分，共11分）在每个子题列出的四个选项中，有两到四个选项符合问题的要求。

第九章习题参考答案
一、名词解释
1、询盘：交易的一方欲出售或购买某项商品，向交易的另一方询问买卖该项商
品的各项交易条件
2、发盘：交易的一方欲出售或购买某项商品，向交易的另一方提出买卖该项商
品的各项交易条件，并愿意按照这些条件达成交易，订立合同。

3、还盘：交易的一方在接到一项发盘后，不能完全同意，为了进一步洽商交易，
针对另一方的发盘内容提出不同建议。

4、克制方针：所安排的发盘有足够的吸引力，对方是不会拒不理睬的，具有一
定的余地，对方的某些要求可以考虑，或者能够保证对方的还盘是能够达到本企业的谈判目标的。

一、选择
1．D
2．B
二、问答
1．哪些环境因素对国际商务谈判的实施有重要影响？
政治状况、宗教信仰、法律制度、商业习惯、社会习俗、气候条件、财政金融以及基础设施和后勤供应系统等内容。

2．去各国谈生意时应遵循哪些行为准则？
（1）知道自己是一名外国人
（2）掌握当地文化与习俗
（3）安排好自己的行程
（4）调整谈判节奏
（5）掌握世界通用的谈判技巧
（6）你永远拥有拒绝的权利
（7）不做与你无干的事情
（8）要尊重对方
（9）重合同、守信用
（10）学习与应用。

第一章习题答案一、名词解释71.谈判:谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下,为了满足各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。

2.谈判要素:谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素,它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。

3.谈判议题:又叫谈判客体,它是指在谈判中双方要解决的问题,是谈判者利益要求的体现。

4.原则型谈判:原则型谈判最早由美国哈佛大学研究中心提出,故又称哈佛谈判术。

原则谈判强调公正原则和公平价值,主要有以下四个特征:一是谈判中把人和事分开;二是主张按照共同接受的具有客观公正性的原则和公正价值来达成协议;三是谈判中开诚布公而不施诡计,追求利益而不失风度。

四是努力寻找共同点、消除分歧,争取共同满意的谈判结果。

二、单项选择题1.B;2.C;3.A;4.D;5.B;6.A三、多项选择题1.ABC2.ABCD3.BCD4.ABCD5.ABCD6.BC7.ACD 8.ABCD四、填空题1.谈判2.谈判当事人谈判议题谈判背景3.原则型谈判4.货物买卖谈判投资项目谈判技术贸易谈判劳务谈判索赔谈判。

5.让步型谈判立场型谈判原则型谈判6.主场谈判五、回答题1.你对谈判是如何理解的?它有哪些基本点?答案要点:(1)谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下,为了各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。

(2)谈判的定义说明谈判具有目的性、相互性和协商性。

2.构成谈判的基本要素是什么?答案要点:谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素,它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。

3.如何理解谈判的特点?答案要点:谈判的特点是:谈判具有普遍性;谈判具有行为性;谈判既有合作性又有竞争性;谈判成功的标志是达成协议;谈判是信息交流过程。

4.简述谈判的主要类型。

答案要点:谈判的类型主要有:按参加谈判的人数规模划分,可以分为单人谈判和小组谈判;按参加谈判的利益主体数量不同,可以将谈判划分为双边谈判和多边谈判;按谈判进行的地点,可以划分为主场谈判、客场谈判和中立地谈判;按谈判的透明度划分,可以分公开谈判和秘密谈判;按谈判的方式划分,谈判分为口头谈判和书面谈判;按谈判的范围划分,可以分为国内谈判和国际谈判;按谈判内容划分,谈判可以分为,货物货物买卖谈判、投资项目谈判、技术贸易谈判、劳务谈判和索赔谈判;按谈判的方向划分,可以分为纵向谈判和横向谈判;按谈判方所采取的态度与方针划分可以,分为让步型谈判、立场型谈判和原1则型谈判。

第一章国际商务谈判的战术一、思考题1．什么是谈判中的战术？答题要点所谓谈判战术，是指贸易谈判中对已确定的策略措施和方法具体运用手段和技巧。

是针对谈判者的心理活动而实施的，其可以表现在谈判过程的各个不同阶段，如在开盘阶段有摸底战术等等。

2．有几种常用让步战术？各自的优缺点是什么？答题要点①在让步的最后阶段一步让出全部可让利益的让步方法；②一次性让步的战术；③一种等额让出可让利益的让步战术；④先高后低、然后又拔高的让步战术；⑤从高到低的、然后又微高的让步战术；⑥由大到小、渐次下降的让步策略；⑦开始时大幅度递减，但又出现反弹的让步战术；⑧在起始两步全部让完可让利益，三期赔利相让，到四期再讨回赔利相让部分的谈判战术。

各种让步战术的优缺点参考教材总结。

3．拖延战术按其目的分有几种？答题要点拖延战术按目的分，大致可分以下四种：①清除障碍；②消磨意志；③等待时机；④赢得好感。

4．谈判中常用的心理战术有哪些？答题要点攻心战中的满意感；“头碰头”；“鸿门宴”；恻隐术；“润滑剂”战术；“投其所好”战术；擒将战中的激将法；宠将法；感将法。

5．欲擒故纵战术包括那些战术？答题要点①稻草人；②空城计；③先纵后擒；④声东击西；⑤木马计。

6．简述以逸待劳战术的种类？答题要点谈判中的以逸待劳，就是人们常讲的“软磨硬泡”，其字意中即反映出一种对耐心、韧性的要求。

类型：①疲劳战；②沉默战术；③挡箭牌；二、案例分析案例1．问题：1．本案例具体使用了什么战术？2．杜维诺成功在什么地方？案例解析1．本案例可以讲是攻心战中的“投机所好”战术的成功范例。

2．本案中成功之处在于故意迎合饭店经理钓鱼这一爱好，使其在心理和感情上得到了满足。

从而使自己的谈判目标得以实现。

案例2．问题：1．本案例具体使用了什么战术？这种战术的具体内容是什么？2．美方失败在什么地方？案例解析1．本案例中日方使用的是扰乱战中的“以逸待劳”战术。

谈判中的以逸待劳，就是人们常讲的“软磨硬泡”，其字意中即反映出一种对耐心、韧性的要求。

Keys to the exercisesChapter 1 Fundamentals of International Business NegotiationCommunication Exercises1. Change the sentences from negative to positive.1) I want a job.2) I work hard.3) My job is terrific.4) This office is great.5) My co-workers are super.6) The Personnel Director is nice.7) My health is good.8) My attitude is positive.9) I make a good impression.10) I understand.2. Change or add to these sentences so that they do not just state what you want, but invite your negotiating partner‟s opinion.a) Could we finish at five---if that‟s all right with you?b) I hope you don‟t mind if Miss Li sits in during the negotiation?c) Perhaps we could take a break now. Is that OK?d) Could we look at these three areas this morning?e) I would like to go through the written offer clause by clause, if that‟s OK?f) Do you mind if I answer your questions at the end?3. What is meant by “negotiation”? How would you define “negotiation”?A negotiation is a meeting in which both parties need each other‟s agreement to reach a specific objective. It is the mechanism by which people trade things of value in a civilized manner. Negotiation depends on communication. It occurs between individuals acting either for themselves or as representatives of organized groups. Negotiations are very much part of working and home life. Negotiations could be either internal or external, long or short, formal or informal. The goal of negotiation is not to win but to succeed. The mechanism of successful negotiation is collaboration.In negotiations, both parties should know----why they negotiate----who they negotiate with----what they negotiate about----where they negotiate----when they negotiate----how they negotiate4. Fill in the blankshuman, negotiable, interest, giving, trust5. Answer the following questions1) Physical or survival needs; Security and safety needs; Social needs; Ego oresteem needs; Self-realization needs2) Exploration, bidding, bargaining, settling and ratifying.6. Put the following into English1) Are you negotiable?2) I‟m sure there is some room for negotiation.3) Before we have anything to negotiate, you have to make me an offer.4) We could add it to the agenda.5) Would anyone like something to drink before we begin?6) See what I can do.7) I would if I could.8) I know I can count on you.9) We‟ll come out from this meeting as winners.10) I‟ll try to make you happy.7. True or false1) T 2) T 3) T 4) F (Everything is negotiable.)5) F (bargaining stage)6) F ( Do not often. Sometimes they will follow the sequence n one aspect of thedeal and then start all over again on a second aspect.)7) T8) F (May not. Because either side may be wiling to say what it thinks or take aposition and stick to it )9) T 10)Negotiation skills1. (omitted)2. What are the elements of a successful negotiation process？There are seven basic elements that should be considered when analyzing the negotiation process:a.The relationship among the parties.b.The parties‟ interests -- why they need to reach their stated objectivesc.An understanding of the choices available if the parties cannot reachagreement, often called their BATNA -- Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreementd.Creativity which will expand the bargaining choices among which the partiescan choose to reach agreemente.Fairness -- a person who negotiates unfairly may be able to force an agreement,but the …forced‟ party will be reluctant to fulfill their share of the agreementf.Whether commitment has been reached. Will the parties each feel committedto doing what they have agreed? Is each party capable of fulfilling their share of the deal?g.Negotiation is all about communicating information. If one party knowseverything then why do they need to negotiate with anyone else?And the foundation of good negotiation is preparation. Be prepared and the negotiation will bring a result that really works. If well prepared you are less vulnerable to surprise, and that increases the likelihood you‟ll be happy with the result.3. Your client comes into your office and is exceedingly grumpy and difficult to talk to. How do you approach your client so as to make your meeting as productive as possible?Answer: (e)When the client is grumpy, their emotions will inevitably cloud their judgment and make it difficult to interact with them on substantive matters. At the same time, if they are experiencing anger, it is important to ensure them that we understand that they are upset. By acknowledging the client‟s anger and offering our assistance, the client will feel as though we are on the "same side" and treat us as friends and continue to direct their anger elsewhere- allowing us to focus on the substantive issues.Chapter 2 Proper Behaviors in International Business Negotiation Communication Skills1. What would you say if…a.Thank you./No, after you.b.Thanks. I‟ll need it.c.Thanks. That‟s very kind.d.Thanks for coming all the way.e.Thanks for helping. That was very kind of you.f. Thank you for thinking of me, but I‟m afraid I can‟t take it.2. Answer the following questions.(1) Only about half of what he or she heard(2) Not only does note taking force you to listen carefully, but it alsopsychologically throws the speaker off the balance when he or she sees younodding and furiously writing away and having a record of all the facts and basically everything said. A further benefit of note taking is that you have the perfect excuse to avoid eye contact if you are afraid to reveal your reactions to someone‟s proposals(3) Questions appear to be able to be divided into five basic functions:①Cause attention.②Get information.③Give information.④Start thinking.⑤Bring to conclusion.(4) There are two ways to assure a high degree of reliability for a nswers to yourquestions. One way is to lay the foundation for asking them. The second is through the use of the tactic called “bipolar questioning.”(5) A firm handshake gives the impression of quiet confidence and says that thisperson is glad to meet you.3. Choose the best answer.(1) D (2) C (3) B (4) A (5) (6) D (7) B (8) C (9) A (10)A4. Translate the following into English.(1) There‟s a great demand for our new product.(2) This product has good prospects.(3) We need to talk about the basic terms of the transaction.(4) If your prices are reasonable and the quality is satisfactory, we shall placesubstantial orders with you.(5) It‟s unwise for both of us to insist on his own price. Can we each make someconcession?(6) If you cannot reduce your price, we‟d rather call the whole deal off.(7) If you want to expand your business in this market, you have to take flexibleways in adopting payment terms.(8) We regret that we cannot accept your demand for direct shipment.(9) This product has many advantages compared to other competing products.(10)I‟m very glad that we have finally come to an agreement. We‟ll go on to otherterms and conditions tomorrow. Is it all right with you?5. True or false.(1) F (2) T (3) F (4) T (5) F (6) T (7) F (8) F (9) F (10) T Negotiation Skills1. The person you are negotiating with continually repeats the same argument despite the fact that you have given them a number of counterarguments. What do you do to move the negotiation forward?Answer: (a)One of the most powerful tools in negotiation is how to listen to what the other party is saying. V ery often, we are too focused on the points we are trying to get across to listen to what our counterparts are trying to say.If people keep repeating themselves, they are subconsciously sending a signal that they feel what they are saying is important. And they want us to acknowledge that we have heard and understand them.Accordingly, the best thing to do in this situation is to rephrase what they keep repeating and ask them if we have accurately restated their point. Only when they feel as though they have been heard will they be able to listen to usEffective listening involves much more than simply hearing and understanding what the counterpart is saying. Effective listening is a set of tools and techniques which expert negotiators use to gain control of the negotiation and turn it to their advantage.2. What are the key communication skills used in negotiation?(omitted)Chapter 3 Choosing the Negotiation TeamCommunication Exercises1. What is the more indirect question or statement behind the following sentences?a. I‟m not entirely convinced by these forecasts.b.We‟d like to know something about your planning.c.I‟d be interested to hear a bit about payment.d.Y our costs could cause one or two problems.e.Perhaps we could talk a little bit about figures.f.That figure looks a little on the high side.g.Delivery is an area which we‟d like to explore a little further with you.h.I‟d like to know more about your management structure.1.Write the name of the position in the blank.1) CEO/the president2) Assistant Manager, Europe3) Purchasing Clerk4) Personnel Assistant5) Vice-President, Administration3. (omitted)4. (omitted)5. Fill in the blanks1）maximum2) observers; advisers; speaking; training6. Translate the following into English1）Negotiation is a team sport.2）The negotiator‟s function is to negotiate, while the functional specialists provide specialist advice or information.3) The team leader is the person who generates enthusiasm in his team to maintainsthe morale under all conditions.4) The team members must learn that the opponent and its representatives areadversaries although they may be friendly.5）I‟m afraid you are not in our ballpark.6) Excuse me, but it seems to me we‟re giving up too much in this case.7）That‟s too great a financial burden for us.8) 10% is beyond my negotiating limit.9）If you can guarantee that on paper, I think we can discuss this further.10）Could you explain what you mean by that？7. True or false1). F 2). T 3). T 4). F (maximize) 5). T 6). F (can‟t)7). F (both sides) 8). T 9). T 10). F (There is no need to )Negotiation skills1. What do you think are the personal qualities of a good negotiator?A good negotiator needs to be:1) A good listener2)Open-minded3)Willing to do the homework to determine her/his interests, objectives,and alternatives4)Well-prepared5)Creative6)Able to merge what he knows about his own interests and resourceswith the interests and resources of his negotiation partner7)Someone who is always learning from experience, from other peopleand from history2. How to be a cool negotiator?Acting cool is a good part of successful negotiation. But one needs to make sure it is not just an act. The …coolness‟ needed for successful negotiation really means keeping a cool analytical head. If there is any chance one should prepare ahead of time: what do I want and why do I want it? What do they want and why do they want what they want?During the process, one should find ways to take a step back from the discussion and look at what is going on with that same cool head. …Why did he say that?What arguments or tactics are being used?3. How to control anger for effective negotiating?When tempted to get angry, remember to check whether or not it is your turn. If it is someone else‟s turn to get angry, sit there and take it by reminding you how wonderful you are to be in such control of your emotions.One fundamental rule is: only one person can be angry at a time. Don‟t let the situation escalate, civility will slip away awfully quickly and there will be a very tough time healing the relationship or solving the initial issue.4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of team negotiations? (omitted) Chapter 4 Preparing for Negotiation1. What would you say in these situations?1) Mrs Zhang, I‟d like you to meet Tracy Morris. She‟s our new sales clerk.2) Hello, Kathy. Nice to meet you.3) That‟s right. Y es, we once worked together in.4) I‟m terribly sorry. I‟ve forgotten your name.5) Y es, good morning. My name is … I‟ve got an appointment with…6) Did you have a good journey? It‟s very nice of you to come all this way.7) Would you like a coffee? Or Would you like something to drink?8) Good heavens, is that the time? I didn‟t realize it was so late. I really must begoing now.2. Make these sentences more concise1) He‟s an assistant in Personnel.2) She‟s the Vice-President in Sales and Marketing.3) He‟s the Assistant Manager in Domestic Sales.4) She‟s the Manager in International Sales.5) He‟s an accountant in Accounting.3. Combine these sentences as concise as possible1) She is a clerk in Purchasing at ABC Company.2) He‟s a salesman in the Asian Pacific Division at Sun Computer Company.3) She‟s the Manager of Domestic Sales at Legend Group.4) He‟s a secretary in Personnel at Huatian Hotel.5) She‟s the Vice-President of Administration at Three-One Steel.4. Do you think all negotiations need an agenda? Who should be responsible for controlling a negotiation?Informal negotiations don‟t need an agenda. In some cases, you are negotiating just one point. An agenda is often best negotiated rather than imposed at the start of a meeting. Usually the host company should be responsible for controlling the negotiation.5. How can you prepare effectively for a negotiation? What issues do you need to discuss beforehand?The essential preparation areas are firstly to ensure that everyone in the team is clear what the objectives of the negotiation are. The objectives include: What is the best we can get?What‟s the worst we can get?What is our bottom line?And secondly, to establish the role that each individual is expected to play in achieving those objectives. Namely:Who is responsible for different stages of the negotiation?What special skills/knowledge do individual members of the team have?What do we know about the other team?It is important to discuss strategies beforehand and to decide on the approach the team is going to take which include:What are the main areas of negotiation?What are likely to be the sticking points?What is the best order to discuss these points?What concessions can we give to achieve our main aim?It is also essential to discuss the communicative ways like:how we are going to maintain positive communication,who is taking notes or minutes andwho is going to ask questions and so on.6. Put the following into English1）Please take a look at the itinerary we prepared for you, and let me know if there‟s anything inappropriate, please let me know.2）We are holding a banquet here tonight in honor of our friends coming from the other side of the Pacific Ocean.3）I believe that through our joint efforts, our corporation can be satisfactory and successful.4）Let‟s come to the point, the purpose of my current visit here is to explore the possibility of doing barter trade with you.5）The contract will come into force from May 10, you can‟t go back on your words then.6）We always fulfill our promise.7）Owing to our old relationship, we hold our offer valid for one other week, afterwhich our price would probably be raised.8）I‟ll do my best; and please, try your best too.9）Y our price is too high. It‟s hard for us to accept.10）All our products are high-grade commodities; naturally the prices are different.7. True or false1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) F (unwise) 7) T 8) T9) F (fluid) 10) T 11) F（round table）12) FNegotiation Skills1. In your opinion, what are the benefits of considering your own and others‟outcomes in negotiation preparation?The benefit of considering the outcomes for ourselves and others gives us an initial sense of …what‟ people are looking for.It is far more important to look to the interests of the others. The question to ask is why do people want the outcome they are pursuing. It is easy to think of desirable outcomes in terms of money, which is in many cases what people want.When thinking ahead of time about others‟ interests, we are making a series of assumptions. We should use the negotiation process to pursue the fundamental asset of negotiation, which is information. Are the assumptions accurate? If the interests assumed are …out there‟, the answers we derive should yield a clearer understanding of the actual interests that motivate the parties and will lead to a successful agreement.2. How to measure a negotiator‟s strengths and weaknesses?In general, measuring a negotiator‟s strengths and weaknesses can involve a multiplicity of elements, but the most important are the following:1) A negotiator‟s relative strength is determined by the quality and extent of his preparation. The better one understand his/her interests and the better he/she understands the interests of other parties, the greater the chance he/she will be able to reach an elegant solution which leaves the parties feeling as if each has achieved the major portion of their goals.2) A negotiator‟s relative strength can be measured by whether people walk away thinking they would be pleased to negotiate with him again. That is to say----if people leave a negotiation thinking they never want to see him/her again, then he/she is a poor negotiator.3) A negotiator needs to understand that different issues should be treated as of different priorities in different negotiations. Sometimes the relationship is most important; other times creativity is the measure of how well one negotiates. It is always true that good communication is fundamental of a negotiator‟s strength. A good negotiator makes his points clearly understood by other parties. A better negotiator makes understanding other parties his top priority.Chapter 5 The Bargaining ProcessCommunication Exercises1. In the business world, everyone is very busy. Business calls are concise and “to the point.” Remember to be positive. Which is the best expression?1) b 2) a 3) a2. Make proposals about the following:1) I think we should cut the training budget by five per cent.2) I suggest we aim for a two per cent rise in productivity.3) How about going for a meal after work?4)Why don‟t we go to the National Forest Park this year for the companyexcursion?5) I advise you to reduce production costs.6) I propose that we shorten working hours by two and a half hours per week.3. Use the conditional constructions (if…or unless…) to exert pressure in the following situations.1) I‟m afraid we‟ll have to cancel the contract unless you reduce your fees.2) We‟ll have to choose another supplier if you can‟t pay us on time.3) That looks like the end of the negotiation, unless you can make a concession.4) I‟m afraid you‟ll lose your job unless you work harder.5) If you can‟t offer me a better working condition than this, I‟ll leave thecompany.6) I‟ll accept the new job only if I get a higher pay.7) Unless you order 10,000 pieces of this product immediately, you won‟t get aquantity discount.4. Once positions have been established in a negotiation, a process of making and responding to proposals usually follows. Which side (the customer or supplier) should start the process? What are the advantages of going first and second?The supplier will usually be expected to start this process the advantage is then given to the customer who doesn‟t have t show his hand until he first hears what the supplier is proposing. On the other hand, making a proposal first may set the parameters for discussion and it could be an advantage if you want the negotiation to go in a certain direction.5. What can cause negotiations to fail? How important is it to maintain a positive tone throughout the meeting?Negotiations can fail for a variety of reasons:competitors offer a better deal;problems seem too difficult to solve;personalities clash;negotiating styles clash.Most negotiations will encounter difficult problems. There is a much greater chance that solutions will be found if both parties keep sight of the main objectives and maintain a positive tone.6. Fill in the blanks1). Assess，differences，strengths，next round；2). Fluid，escape routes，time breaks3).Bargaining to our advantage, the skilled negotiator will:a) outsetb) situationc) roundd) satisfactione) Bluff, brinkmanshipf) parallelg) impassesh) written, equal satisfaction7. Put the following into English1) I understand perfectly.2) Let‟s compromise.3) That‟s a smart decision.4) I expect to be compensated.5).The longer we wait, the less likely we will come up with anything.6) I‟ll be expecting your call.7) I‟d like to get the ball rolling by talking about prices8) I know your research costs are high, but what I‟d like is a 25% discount.9) We‟d need a guarantee of future business, not just a promise.10) If you can guarantee that on paper, I think we can discuss this further.6.True or false1). F 2) T 3) F (positive tone) 4) T 5) T6) F (without comment)7) T 8) F (more ) 9) F (high) 10) TNegotiation Skills1. Y ou are negotiating a major purchase, and the sales agent suggests a ridiculously high price which is far above your anticipated purchase price. How do you address the agent in order to get the best price?(b) and (d)The sales agent is trying to get started on the traditional positional bargainingphilosophy of "start high, counter low and end up in the middle." In order to counter their attempts at positional bargaining, we should begin by asking them what the basis for their initial price was. This tactic will draw attention away from the initial price and create a focus on the criteria for determining a fair price. Next, we should suggest a price of our own, prove the offer with appropriate criteria and stick to our offer.2. Do you think it‟s a good idea to raise the critical issue early in the negotiation? How would you handle the aggressive position immediately adopted by others?Most negotiators start by identifying the common ground. In other words, the points which both sides agreed on. Then have a firm basis to discuss problem areas. It is important that our team do not show too strong an emotional response to the other party‟s aggression. Because they will see this as a weakness.3. How to deal with those who say " Our prices are set, we do not bargain "?Businesses were created to meet a perceived need in the marketplace. There are people who fear that if they negotiate, other parties will take advantage of them. This sort of thinking is the result of the belief that negotiation is a competitive process, and only one side can win.The Internet has created a variety of auction choices; many other companies always guarantee the lowest price. So price competition is far from dead. It is simply a matter of people‟s choice. If you want to attempt to bargain for a better deal, don‟t do business with no-negotiation companies.Chapter 6 Closing the NegotiationCommunication Exercises1. A positive comment makes people comfortable and ready to listen. Rewrite these sentences.1) Thanks for your understanding. I really appreciate it.2) Thanks for meeting me at the airport. I really appreciate it.3) Thanks for coming early. I really appreciate it.4) Thanks for working overtime. I really appreciate it.5) Thanks for your cooperation. I really appreciate it.2. A polite way to correct someone is to make the correction impersonal. Try not to use the word you. Which is a more polite correction?1) b 2)b 3) b 4) b 5) b 6) a 7) b 8) a3. Look at the expressions below. Which of them would you use to express each of these ideas in negotiating?What would you say in negotiating…if you‟ve not understood an explanation? (10)when you want to complain indirectly to someone? (7)if you do not want to accept the advice someone is giving you? (5)when you want to tell someone something? (1)when you wish to agree with someone? (2)when someone you already know is introduced to you? (6)if you want to interrupt someone? (8)when it‟s unlikely that you can do something? (3)when you would like a person to do something for you? (9)when you want to give someone some information? (4)4. Make these statements into proposals and suggestions. Be inclusive---use we rather than I. Try to word your sentences so that they encourage feedback.a. Let‟s start by looking at the sales figures.b. Perhaps we should identify who our main competitors are first.c. Wouldn‟t you agree that timing is essential?d. We think the main problem is the security system. Would you agree?e. Shall we discuss delivery issues at the end?5. Match each underlined expression (a-d) with its meaning from the expressions below and use the appropriate form of one of the expressions to complete the sentences(e-h).a. reduce our pricesb. a bargaining zonec. contingency pland. a tough negotiatore. room to manoeuvref. knock us downg. drives a hard bargainh. fall-back position6. What should happen at the end of a negotiation? What issues need to be agreed on before closing the meeting?It is important to round off a negotiation well, so that nothing remains ambiguous. Before closing the negotiation, the participants need to confirm what exactly has been achieved. They need to agree on future follow-up action and, if possible, set a date for the next or future meetings.7. What steps do you go through to close a negotiation effectively?To close a negotiation effectively we should do the following steps:1) Summarizing---summarize issues discussed---confirm objectives attained---state areas where you have yet to reach agreement or where further discussion isneeded2) Follow-up action---delegate responsibility for follow-up action and set time-scale---minute or document decisions3) Departing---confirm arrangements for next meeting (if there is to be one)---chairperson thanks participants for coming8．Fill in the blanksunsuccessful, close, maximum, enough, agenda .9. Put the following sentences into English1)I think we have discussed most of the key issues today.2) That takes care of business for today.3) We can work out the detail next time.4) We have done a lot.5) It‟s party time.6) If there are still unanswered questions, I will be happy to help.7) I think we should meet again.8) Is a week too early to meet again?9) Feel free to call me.10) Do you have a problem with the contract?10. True or false1) T 2) T 3) F (should be in agreement as to) 4) T 5) F (positive)6) T 7) F (both sides have the chance to) 8) T 9) F (informally)10) F (helpful to set up…)Negotiation Skills1. What should one NOT do in negotiation? Are there common mistakes to avoid? (omitted)2. What are the factors that can affect negotiations?Negotiation requires an open mind, good preparation, and a tremendous amount of creativity. If one always give the same kind of responses, that‟s not creative and it is not likely to contribute to a solution. If his/her response is unexpected and shows imagination, it is likely to bring others up and make them think more creatively themselves. What‟s more, the same person may respond differently on different days: health problems, issues at home or work, and other factors can also affect negotiations and make a difference.。