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ISO9001：2015标准目录1 范围2 规范性引用文件3 术语和定义4 组织的背景4.1 理解组织及其背景4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望4.3 质量管理体系范围的确定4.4 质量管理体系5 领导作用5.1 领导作用和承诺5.2 质量方针5.3 组织的作用、职责和权限6 策划6.1 风险和机遇的应对措施6.2 质量目标及其实施的策划6.3 变更的策划7 支持7.1 资源7.2 能力7.3 意识7.4 沟通7.5 形成文件的信息8 运行8.1 运行的策划和控制8.2 市场需求的确定和顾客沟通8.3 运行策划过程8.4 外部供应产品和服务的控制8.5 产品和服务开发8.6 产品生产和服务提供8.7 产品和服务放行8.8 不合格产品和服务9 绩效评价9.1 监视、测量、分析和评价9.2 内部审核9.3 管理评审10 持续改进10.1 不符合和纠正措施10.2 改进附录 A 质量管理原则文献1 范围本标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理体系要求：a)需要证实其具有稳定提供满足顾客要求及适用法律法规要求的产品和服务的能力；b)通过体系的有效应用，包括体系持续改进的过程，以及保证符合顾客和适用的法律法规要求，旨在增强顾客满意。
本标准规定的所有要求是通用的，旨在适用于各种类型、不同规模和提供不同产品和服务的组织。
注1：在本标准中的术语“产品”或“服务”仅适用于预期提供给顾客或顾客所要求的产品和服务；注2：法律法规要求可称作为法定要求。
2 规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。
凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
GB/T 19000-2016 质量管理体系基础和术语（ISO9000：2015，IDT）3 术语和定义GB/T 19000-2016界定的术语和定义适用于本文件。
4 组织环境4.1 理解组织及其背景环境组织应确定与其宗旨和战略方向相关并影响其实现质量管理体系预期结果的能力的各种外部和内部因素。
【权威解读】临床检验专业15项医疗质量控制指标（2015年版）作者：王治国费阳康凤凤王薇张路何法霖钟堃陈文祥质量控制指标(简称质量指标)是对一组固有特征满足要求的程度的衡量(ISO15189：2012)。
它不但可监测和评价检验全过程(检验前、检验中和检验后阶段)中各个关键步骤的性能满足要求的程度，同时还可监测实验室非检验过程，包括实验室安全和环境、设备性能、人员能力、文件控制系统的有效性，这些都是实验室质量管理的宝贵资源。
同时，ISO15189：2012也表明：'实验室应建立质量指标以监控和评估检验前、检验和检验后过程中的关键环节。
应策划监控质量指标的过程，包括建立目的、方法、解释、限值、措施计划和监控周期。
应定期评审质量指标以确保其持续适宜。
'质量指标能对检验全过程差错进行定量评估，通过与质量规范进行比较来帮助实验室改进服务质量，达到质量目标。
为进一步加强医疗质量管理，规范临床诊疗行为，促进医疗服务的标准化、同质化，国家卫生计生委组织麻醉、重症医学、急诊、临床检验、病理、医院感染6个专业国家级质控中心，制定了相关专业的质控指标(国卫办医函[2015]252号)。
并要求各省级卫生计生行政部门加强对辖区内质控中心和医疗机构的培训指导，加强指标应用、信息收集和反馈工作。
应国家卫生计生委要求，参照IFCC质量指标，依据卫生部临检中心开展的多次质量指标调查，通过国家临床检验质量控制专家委员会多次会议研讨，最终遴选出15项质量指标。
本文将对国家卫生计生委发布的15项临床检验质量指标进行具体解读，以期在临床检验质量指标的实际应用上给实验室一些参考。
一、质量控制指标的定义和计算公式质量控制指标 定义 计算公式标本类型错误率 类型不符合要求的标本数占同期标本总数的比例 类型不符合要求的标本数/同期标本总数标本容器错误率 采集容器不符合要求的标本数占同期标本总数的比例 采集容器不符合要求的标本数/同期标本总数标本采集量错误率 采集量不符合要求的标本数占同期标本总数的比例 采集量不符合要求的标本数/同期标本总数血培养污染率 污染的血培养标本数占同期血培养标本总数的比例 污染的血培养标本数/同期血培养标本总数抗凝标本凝集率 凝集的标本数占同期需抗凝的标本总数的比例 凝集的标本数/同期需抗凝的标本数检验前周转时间中位数 检验前周转时间是指从标本采集到实验室接收标本的时间(以分钟为单位)。
ISO9000:2015,ISO9001:2015最新版标准综合说明【参考】2012年，ISO组织开始启动下一代质量管理标准新框架的研究工作，继续强化质量管理体系标准对于经济可持续增长的基础作用，为未来十年或更长时间，并提供一个稳定的系列核心要求；保留其通用性，适用于任何类型、规模及行业的组织中运行；将关注有效地过程管理，以便实现预期的输出。
通过应用ISO 导则，增强其同其他ISO 管理体系标准的兼容性和符合性；以推进其在组织内实施第一方，第二方和第三方的合格评定活动；利用简单化的语言和描述形式，便于加深理解并统一对各项要求的阐述。
ISO9001：2015草案标准的主要变化在于其格式变化，以及增加了风险的重要性，其主要的变化包括：采用与其他管理体系标准相同的新的高级结构，有利于公司执行一个以上的管理体系标准。
风险识别和风险控制成为标准的要求。
要求最高管理层在协调质量方针与业务需要方面采取更积极的职责。
重要的七大变化有：1；采用新的高级结构，2；风险管理引入标准、但不再使用预防措施，3；新的要求、组织的环境背景，4；更加提升过程方法的应用，5；更适用于“服务”型组织，6；文件化的信息，7；七项质量管理原则。
二、关于ISO9000的相关方和内外部环境方面：组织应确定外部和内部那些与组织的宗旨、战略方向有关、影响质量管理体系实现预期结果的能力的事务。
需要时，组织应更新这些信息。
在确定这些相关的内部和外部事宜时，组织应考虑以下方面：a) 可能对组织的目标造成影响的变更和趋势；b) 与相关方的关系，以及相关方的理念、价值观；c) 组织管理、战略优先、内部政策和承诺；d) 资源的获得和优先供给、技术变更。
注1：外部的环境，可以考虑法律、技术、竞争、文化、社会、经济和自然环境方面，不管是国际、国家、地区或本地。
注2：内部环境，可以组织的理念、价值观和文化。
4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望组织应确定：a) 与质量管理体系有关的相关方b) 相关方的要求组织应更新以上确定的结果，以便于理解和满足影响顾客要求和顾客满意度的需求和期望。
中华人民国建设部公告第620号建设部关于发布国家标准《综合布线系统工程验收规》的公告现批准《综合布线系统工程验收规》为国家标准，编号为GB50312-2007,自2007 年10月1日起实施。
其中，第5.2.5条为强制性条文，必须严格执行。
原《建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程验收规》GB/T50312-2000同时废止。
1总则2环境检查3器材及测试仪表工具检查4设备安装检验5缆线的敷设和保护方式检验5.1缆线的敷设5.2保护措施6缆线终接7工程电气测试8管理系统验收9工程验收附录A综合布线系统工程检验项目及容附录B综合布线系统工程电气测试方法及测试容附录C光纤链路测试方法附录D综合布线工程管理系统验收容附录E测试项目和技术指标含义附：条文说明1总则1.0.1为统一建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程施工质量检查、随工检验和竣工验收等工作的技术要求，特制定本规。
1.0.2本规适用于新建、扩建和改建建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程的验收。
1.0.3综合布线系统工程实施中采用的工程技术文件、承包合同文件对工程质量验收的要求不得低于本规规定。
1.0.4在施工过程中，施工单位必须执行本规有关施工质量检查的规定。
建设单位应通过工地代表或工程监理人员加强工地的随工质量检查，及时组织隐蔽工程的检验和验收。
1.0.5综合布线系统工程应符合设计要求，工程验收前应进行自检测试、竣工验收测试工作。
1.0.6综合布线系统工程的验收，除应符合本规外，还应符合国家现行有关技术标准、规的规定。
2环境检查2.0.1工作区、电信间、设备间的检查应包括下列容：1工作区、电信间、设备间土建工程已全部竣工。
房屋地面平整、光洁，门的高度和宽度应符合设计要求。
2房屋预埋线槽、暗管、孔洞和竖井的位置、数量、尺寸均应符合设计要求。
3铺设活动地板的场所，活动地板防静电措施及接地应符合设计要求。
4电信间、设备间应提供220V带保护接地的单相电源插座。
5电信间、设备间应提供可靠的接地装置，接地电阻值及接地装置的设置应符合设计要求。
XX有限公司质量手册QUALITY MANUAL(符合GB/T19001-2015 idt ISO9001:2015标准)---QM---2016版本： C修改码： 0受控号：编制：办公室（2015年12月3日）审核：（2015年12月3日）批准：（2015年12月3日）2015年12月3日发布 2016年1月1日实施发布令为规范公司行为，保证产品质量满足顾客要求，提高公司信誉和产品竞争能力，使质量管理与国际惯例接轨，本公司建立了系统化、文件化的质量管理体系。
该体系符合GB/T19001－2015 idt ISO9001：2015标准的要求，编制了C版《质量手册》，规定了质量管理体系的组织结构、管理职责和质量管理体系过程的控制要求。
根据公司发展和管理提升的需要，结合2015版标准转换，经领导层决策，对现版文件换版，发布了C版《质量手册》。
C版《质量手册》阐述了我公司新阶段的质量方针和质量目标，是实施、保持公司质量管理体系的纲领性文件和进行质量管理的公司法规，也是向顾客提供质量保证的证实文件，并作为第三方质量管理体系认证的依据，要求全体员工必须严格贯彻执行。
从二0一六年一月一日起实施。
特批准发布2015年12月3日任命书为了贯彻执行GB/T19001-2015 idt ISO9001：2015标准的要求，加强对质量管理体系的管理，特任命同志为本组织的管理者代表。
管理者代表的职责是：a）确保质量管理体系符合标准的要求；b）确保各过程获得其预期输出；c）报告质量管理体系的绩效及其改进机会，特别向最高管理者报告；d）确保在整个组织推动以顾客为关注焦点；e）确保在策划和实施质量管理体系变更时保持其完整性。
总经理：2015年12月3日我公司为保证产品质量始终得到顾客的满意，经管理者代表组织员工按总经理对方针、目标的要求，进行了讨论，形成了公司的质量方针和目标，并经过了总经理批准。
现声明如下：1.质量方针：诚信为本以质量求生存科技创新追求行业领先水平在质量管理中，我公司认真按照GB/T19001-2015 idt ISO9001：2015《质量管理体系要求》进行质量管理，生产中严格按照顾客要求和产品标准进行生产，诚信为本，科技创新，生产出顾客满意的高附加值的机械产品。
现行工程建设规范标准目录（2015年最新）现行工程建设标准目录(2015年)一、现行工程建设国家标准目录(建筑工程)序号标准名称标准编号1.房屋建筑制图统一标准GB/T50001-20102.建筑模数协调标准GB/T50002-20133.砌体结构设计规范GB50003-20114.木结构设计规范GB50005-20035.建筑地基基础设计规范GB50007-20116.建筑结构荷载规范GB50009-20127.混凝土结构设计规范GB50010-20108.建筑抗震设计规范GB50011-20109.室外给水设计规范GB50013-200610.室外排水设计规范GB50014-200611.建筑给水排水设计规范GB50015-200312.建筑设计防火规范GB50016-200613.钢结构设计规范GB50017-200314.冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范GB50018-200215.岩土工程勘察规范GB50021-200116.湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范GB50025-200417.工程测量规范GB50026-200718.供水水文地质勘察规范GB50027-200119.室外给水排水和燃气热力工程抗震设计规范GB50032-200320.建筑采光设计标准GB/T50033-201321.建筑照明设计标准GB50034-201322.建筑地面设计规范GB50037-201323.人民防空地下室设计规范GB50038-200524.高层民用建筑设计防火规范GB50045-9525.工业建筑防腐蚀设计规范GB50046-200826.烟囱设计规范GB50051-201327.低压配电装置及线路设计规范GB50054-201128.通用用电设备设计规范GB50055-201129.建筑物防雷设计规范GB50057-201030.交流电气装置的接地设计规范GB/T50065-201131.汽车库、修车库、停车场设计防火规范GB50067-9732.建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准GB50068-200133.给水排水工程结构设计规范GB50069-200234.钢筋混凝土筒仓设计规范GB50077-200335.烟囱工程施工及验收规范GB50078-200836.普通混凝土拌和物性能试验方法GB/T50080-200237.普通混凝土力学性能试验方法GB/T50081-200238.普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法GB/T50082-200939.40.自动喷水灭火系统设计规范GB50084-2001（2005年版）41.喷灌工程技术规范GB/T50085-200742.锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范GB50086-200143.沥青路面施工及验收规范GB50092-9644.住宅设计规范GB50096-201145.水泥混凝土路面施工及验收规范GBJ97-8746.总图制图标准GB/T50103-201047.建筑制图标准GB/T50104-201048.建筑结构制图标准GB/T50105-201049.建筑给水排水制图标准GB/T50106-201050.混凝土强度检验评定标准GB/T50107-201051.地下工程防水技术规范GB50108-200852.卤代烷1211灭火系统设计规范GBJ110-8753.膨胀土地区建筑技术规范GBJ112-201354.滑动模板工程技术规范GB50113-200555.暖通空调制图标准GB/T50114-201056.火灾自动报警系统设计规范GB50116-201357.民用建筑隔声设计规范GB50118-201058.混凝土外加剂应用技术规范GB50119-201359.土工试验方法标准GB/T50123-9960.给水排水工程基本术语标准GB/T50125-201061.砌体基本力学性能试验方法标准GB/T50129-201162.钢筋混凝土升板结构技术规范GBJ130-9063.工程结构设计基本术语和通用符号GBJ132-9064.城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准GB50137-201165.水文观测标准GB/T50138-201066.建筑灭火器配置设计规范GB50140-200567.给水排水构筑物工程施工及验收规范GB50141-200868.粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规程GB/T50146-201469.电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范GB50147-201070.电气装置安装工程电力变压器、油浸电抗器、互感器施工及验收规范GB50148-201071.电气装置安装工程母线施工及验收规范GB50149-201072.电气装置安装工程电气设备交接试验标准GB50150-200673.泡沫灭火系统设计规范GB50151-201074.混凝土结构试验方法标准GB/T50152-201275.工程结构可靠度设计统一标准GB50153-200876.采暖通风与空气调节术语标准GB50155-9277.道路工程制图标准GB50162-9278.混凝土质量控制标准GB50164-201179.古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范GB50165-9280.火灾自动报警系统施工及验收规范GB50166-200781.电气装置安装工程电缆线路施工及验收规范GB50168-200683.民用建筑热工设计规范GB50176-9384.城市居住区规划设计规范GB50180-93（2002年版）85.蓄滞洪区建筑工程技术规范GB50181-9386.公共建筑节能设计标准GB50189-200587.多层厂房楼盖抗微振设计规范GB50190-9388.构筑物抗震设计规范GB50191-201289.建设工程施工现场供用电安全规范GB50194-201490.土方与爆破工程施工及验收规范GB50201-201291.建筑地基基础工程施工质量验收规范GB50202-200292.砌体结构工程施工质量验收规范GB50203-201193.混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范GB50204-200294.钢结构工程施工质量验收规范GB50205-200195.木结构工程施工质量验收规范GB50206-201296.屋面工程质量验收规范GB50207-201297.地下防水工程质量验收规范GB50208-201198.建筑地面工程施工质量验收规范GB50209-201099.建筑装饰装修工程质量验收规范GB50210-2001100.建筑防腐蚀工程施工及验收规范GB50212-2014101.水喷雾灭火系统设计规范GB50219-95102.城市道路交通规划设计规范GB50220-95103.建筑内部装修设计防火规范GB50222-95(2001年版) 104.建筑工程抗震设防分类标准GB50223-2008105.建筑防腐蚀工程质量验收规范GB50224-2010106.并联电容器装置设计规范GB50227-2008107.工程测量基本术语标准GB/T50228-2011108.现场设备、工业管道焊接工程施工及验收规范GB50236-2011109.建筑给水排水与采暖工程施工质量验收规范GB50242-2002 110.通风与空调工程施工质量验收规范GB50243-2002111.输气管道工程设计规范GB50251-2003112.工业安装工程质量检验评定统一标准GB50252-2010113.电气装置安装工程低压电器施工及验收规范GB50254-2014 114.电气装置安装工程电力变流设备施工及验收规范GB50255-2014115.电气装置安装工程起重机电气装置施工及验收规范GB50256-96116.电气装置安装工程爆炸和火灾危险环境电气装置施工及验收规范GB50257-96117.自动喷水灭火系统施工及验收规范GB50261-2005118.气体灭火系统施工及验收规范GB50263-2007119.工程岩体试验方法标准GB/T50266-2013120.给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范GB50268-2008121.地基动力特性测试规范GB/T50269-2013122.制冷设备、空气分离设备安装工程施工及验收规范GB50274-2010123.压缩机、风机、泵安装工程施工及验收规范GB50275-2010 124.起重设备安装工程施工及验收规范GB50278-2010126.城市规划基本术语标准GB/T50280-98 127.泡沫灭火系统施工及验收规范GB50281-2006 128.城市给水工程规划规范GB50282-98 129.城市工程管线综合规划规范GB50289-98 130.土工合成材料应用技术规范GB50290-98 131.城市电力规划规范GB50293-1999 132.风景名胜区规划规范GB50298-1999 133.建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准GB50300-2013 134.建筑电气工程施工质量验收规范GB50303-2002 135.电梯工程施工质量验收规范GB50310-2002 136.消防通信指挥系统设计规范GB50313-2013 137.智能建筑设计标准GB/T50314-2006 138.砌体工程检测技术标准GB/T50315-2011 139.城市排水工程规划设计GB50318-2000 140.建设工程监理规范GB/T50319-2013 141.城市建设档案著录规范GB/T50323-2001 142.冻土工程地质勘察规范GB50324-2001 143.民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范GB50325-2010 144.建设工程项目管理规范GB/T50326-2006 145.住宅装饰装修工程施工规范GB50327-2001 146.建设工程文件归档整理规范GB/T50328-2001 147.木结构工程试验方法标准GB/T50329-2012 148.建筑边坡工程技术规范GB50330-2013 149.给水排水工程管道结构设计规范GB50332-2002 150.建筑中水设计规范GB50336-2002 151.固定消防炮灭火系统设计规范GB50338-2003 152.智能建筑工程质量验收规范GB50339-2013 153.混凝土电视塔结构技术规范GB50342-2003 154.建筑物电子信息系统防雷技术规范GB50343-2012 155.建筑结构检测技术规范GB50344-2004 156.屋面工程技术规范GB50345-2012 157.干粉灭火系统设计规范GB50347-2004 158.安全防范工程技术规范GB50348-2004 159.建筑给水聚丙烯管道工程技术规范G/T50349-2005 160.民用建筑设计通则GB50352-2005 161.建筑工程建筑面积计算规范GB/T50353-2013 162.建筑内部装修防火施工及验收规范GB50354-2005 163.住宅建筑室内振动限值及其测量方法标准GB/T50355-2005 164.历史文化名城保护规划规范GB50357-2005 165.建筑项目工程总承包管理规定GB/T50358-2005 166.住宅性能评定技术标准GB/T50362-2005 167.民用建筑太阳能热水系统应用技术规范GB50364-2005169.混凝土结构加固设计规范GB50367-2013 170.住宅建筑规范GB50368-2005 171.气体灭火系统设计规范GB50370-2006 172.通信管道与通道工程设计规范GB50373-2006 173.通信管道工程施工及验收规范GB50374-2006 174.建筑工程施工质量评价标准GB/T50375-2006 175.绿色建筑评价标准GB/T50378-2014 176.工程建设勘察企业质量管理规范GB/T50379-2006 177.工程建设设计企业质量管理规范GB/T50380-2006 178.消防通信指挥系统施工及验收规范GB50401-2007 179.硬泡聚氨酯保温防水工程技术规范GB50404-2007 180.建筑节能工程施工质量验收规范GB50411-2007 181.城市抗震防灾规划标准GB50413-2007 182.城市绿地设计规范GB50420-2007 183.预应力混凝土路面工程技术规范GB50422-2007 184.工程建设施工企业质量管理规范GB/T50430-2007 185.城市消防远程监控系统技术规范GB50440-2007 186.城市公共设施规划规范GB50442-2008 187.建筑灭火器配置验收及检查规范GB50444-2008 188.村庄整治技术规范GB50445-2008 189.古建筑防工业振动技术规范GB/T50452-2008 190.水利水电工程地质勘察规范GB50487-2009 191.大体积混凝土施工规范GB50496-2009 192.建筑基坑工程监测技术规范GB50497-2009 193.固定消防炮灭火系统施工与验收规范GB50498-2009 194.建设工程工程量清单计价规范GB50500-2013 195.建筑施工组织设计规范GB/T50502-2009 196.民用建筑设计术语标准GB/T50504-2009 197.建设工程计价设备材料划分标准GB/T50531-2009 198.建筑卫生陶瓷工厂节能设计规范GB50543-2009 199.建筑结构加固工程施工质量验收规范GB50550-2010 200.民用建筑节水设计标准GB50555-2010 201.建材工业设备安装工程施工及验收规范GB/T50561-2010 202.城市园林绿化评价标准GB/T50563-2010 203.室外作业场地照明设计规范GB50582-2010 204.岩土工程勘察安全规范GB50585-2010 205.环氧树脂自流平地面工程技术规范GB/T50589-2010 206.乙烯基酯树脂防腐蚀工程技术规范GB/T50590-2010 207.住宅物防雷工程施工与质量验收规范GB50601-2010 208.住宅区和住宅建筑内通信设施工程设计规范GB/T50605-2010 209.智能建筑工程施工规范GB/T50606-2010 210.房屋建筑和市政基础设施工程质量检测技术管理规范GB5618-2011 212.钢管混凝土工程施工质量验收规范GB50628-2010 213.板带轧钢工艺设计规范GB50629-2010 214.建筑工程绿色施工评价标准GB/T50640-2010 215.建筑施工企业安全生产管理规范GB50656-2011 216.钢结构焊接规范GB50661-2011 217.坡屋面工程技术规范GB50693-2011 218.砌体结构加固设计规范GB50702-2011 219.建设工程施工现场消防安全技术规范GB50720-2011 220.建材工程术语标准GB/T50731-2011 221.民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范GB50736-2012 222.通风与空调工程施工规范GB50738-2011 223.复合土钉墙基坑支护技术规范GB50739-2011 224.挤压钢管工程设计规范GB50754-2012 225.钢结构工程施工规范GB50755-2012 226.无障碍设计规范GB50763-2012 227.复合地基技术规范GB/T50783-2012 228.混凝土结构现场检测技术标准GB/T50784-2013 229.民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准GB/T50785-2012 230.建筑电气制图标准GB/T50786-2012 231.民用建筑太阳能空调工程技术规范GB50787-2012 232.城镇给水排水技术规范GB50788-2012 233.建筑工程绿色施工规范GB/T50905-2014 234.砌体结构工程施工规范GB50924-2014 235.消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范GB50974-2014 236.建筑照明设计标准GB50034-2013 237.混凝土结构用成型钢筋制品GB/T29733-2013 238.建筑用节能门窗第1部分：铝木复合门窗GB/T29734.1-2013二、现行工程建设行业标准（建筑工程）序号名称标准号1.装配式混凝土结构技术规程JGJ1-20142.高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程JGJ3-20103.高层建筑箱形与筏形基础技术规范JGJ6-20114.建筑变形测量规程JGJ8-20075.混凝土泵送施工技术规程JGJ/T10-20116.设置钢筋混凝土构造柱多层砖抗震技术规程JGJ/T13-947.混凝土小型空心砌块建筑技术规程JGJ/T14-20118.早期推定混凝土强度试验方法JGJ/T15-20089.民用建筑电气设计规范JGJT16-200810.蒸压加气混凝土应用技术规程JGJ/T17-200811.钢筋焊接及验收规程JGJ18-201212.钢筋混凝土薄壳结构设计规程JGJ/T22-201213.回弹法检测混凝土抗压强度技术规程JGJ/T23-201114.民用建筑热工设计规程（试行）JGJ24-8615.档案馆建筑设计规范JGJ25-201016.严寒和寒冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准JGJ26-201017.钢筋焊接接头试验方法标准JGJ/T27-200118.建筑涂饰工程施工及验收规范JGJ/T29-200319.建筑机械使用安全技术规程JGJ33-201220.建筑机械技术试验规程JGJ34-198621.施工现场临时用电安全技术规范JGJ46-200522.城市道路和建筑物无障碍设计规范JGJ50-200123.普通混凝土用砂，石用量标准及检验方法JGJ52-200624.普通混凝土用碎石或卵石质量标准及检验方法JGJ53-9225.普通混凝土配合比设计规程JGJ55-201126.建筑施工安全检查标准JGJ59-201127.混凝土拌合用水标准JGJ63-200628.建筑砂浆基本性能试验方法标准JG/J70-200929.高层建筑岩土工程勘察规程JGJ72-200430.建筑工程大模板技术规程JGJ74-200331.夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准JGJ75-200332.施工企业安全生产评价标准JGJT77-201033.建筑地基处理技术规范JGJ79-201234.建筑施工高处作业安全技术规范JGJ80-9135.建筑钢结构焊接技术规程JGJ81-200236.钢结构高强度螺栓连接的设计、施工及验收规程JGJ82-9137.软土地区工程地质勘察规范JGJ83-201138.建筑岩土工程勘察基本术语标准JGJ84-9239.预应力筋用锚具、夹具和连接器应用技术规程JGJ85-201040.建筑工程地质钻探技术标准JGJ/T87-201242.无粘结预应力混凝土结构技术规程JGJ/T92-200443.建筑桩基技术规范JGJ94-200844.冷轧带肋钢筋混凝土结构技术规程JGJ95-201145.钢框胶合板模板技术规程JGJ96-201146.工程抗震术语标准JGJ/T97-201147.砌筑砂浆配合比设计规程JGJ/T98-201048.高层民用建筑钢结构技术规程JGJ99-9849.建筑抗震试验方法规程JGJ101-9650.玻璃幕墙工程技术规范JGJ102-200351.塑料门窗工程技术规程JGJ103-200852.建筑工程冬期施工规程JGJ/T104-201153.机械喷抹灰施工规程JGJ/T105-201154.基桩高应变动力检测规程JGJ106-200355.钢筋机械连接通用技术规程JGJ107-201056.建筑工程饰面砖粘结强度检验标准JGJ110-200857.建筑与市政降水工程技术规范JGJ/T111-9858.建筑玻璃应用技术规程JGJ113-200959.钢筋焊接网混凝土结构技术规程JGJ114-201460.冷扎扭钢筋混凝土构件技术规程JGJ115-200661.建筑抗震加固技术规程JGJ116-200962.民用建筑修缮工程查勘与设计规程JGJ117-9863.冻土地区建筑地基基础设计规范JGJ118-201164.建筑照明术语标准JGJ/T119-200865.建筑基坑支护技术规程JGJ120-201266.既有建筑地基基础加固技术规范JGJ123-201267.危险房屋鉴定标准（2004年版）JGJ125-99（2004年版）68.外墙饰面工程施工及验收JGJ126-200069.建筑施工门式钢管脚手架安全技术规范JGJ128-201070.既有采暖居住建筑节能改造技术规程JGJ129-200071.建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范JGJ130-201172.居住建筑节能检验标准JGJ/T132-200973.金属与石材幕墙工程技术规范JGJ133-200174.夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准JGJ134-201075.载体桩设计规程JGJ/T135-200776.贯入法检测砌筑砂浆抗压强度技术规程JGJ/T136-200177.多孔砖砌体结构技术规范JGJ137-200178.型钢混凝土组合结构技术规程JGJ138-200179.玻璃幕墙工程质量检验标准JGJ/T139-200180.预应力混凝土结构抗震设计规程JGJ140-200481.通风管道技术规程JGJ141-200482.地面辐射供暖技术规程JGJ142-200483.多道瞬态面波勘察技术规程JGJ/T143-200485.混凝土结构后锚固技术规程JGJ145-200486.建筑施工现场环境与卫生标准JGJ146-201387.建筑拆除工程安全技术规范JGJ147-200488.混凝土异型柱结构技术规程JGJ149-200489.建筑门窗玻璃幕墙热工计算规程JGJ/T151-200890.混凝土钢筋检测技术规程JGJ/T152-200891.民用建筑能耗数据采集标准JGJ154-200792.建筑轻质条板隔墙技术规程JGJ/T157-200893.古建筑修建工程施工与质量验收规范JGJ159-200894.施工现场机械设备检查技术规程JGJ160-200895.建筑施工模板安全技术规范JGJ162-200896.建筑施工木脚手架安全技术规范JGJ164-200897.地下建筑工程逆作法技术规程JGJ165-201098.建筑施工碗扣式钢管脚手架安全技术规范JGJ166-200899.湿陷性黄土地区建筑基坑工程安全技术规程JGJ167-2009 100.建筑外墙清洗维护技术规程JGJ168-2009 101.清水混凝土应用技术规程JGJ169-2009 102.建筑施工土石方工程安全技术规范JGJ180-2009 103.房屋建筑与市政基础设施工程检测分类标准JGJ/T181-2009 104.锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术规程JGJ/T182-2009 105.液压升降整体脚手架安全技术规程JGJ183-2009 106.建筑工程资料管理规程JGJ/T185-2009 107.逆作复合桩基技术规程JGJ/T186-2009 108.塔式起重机混凝土基础工程技术规程JGJ/T187-2009 109.施工现场临时建筑物技术规范JGJ/T188-2009 110.建筑起重机械安全评估技术规程JGJ/T189-2009 111.建筑工程检测试验技术管理规范JGJ190-2010 112.建筑材料术语标准JGJ/T191-2009 113.钢筋阻锈剂应用技术规程JGJ/T192-2009 114.混凝土耐久性检验评定标准JGJ/T193-2009 115.钢管满堂支架预压技术规程JGJ/T194-2009 116.液压爬升模板工程技术规程JGJ195-2010 117.建筑施工塔式起重机安装、使用、拆卸安全技术规程JGJ196-2010 118.混凝土预制拼装塔机基础技术规程JGJ/T197-2010 119.施工企业工程建设技术标准化管理规范JGJ/T198-2010 120.型钢水泥土搅拌墙技术规程JGJ/T199-2010 121.喷涂聚脲防水工程技术规程JGJ/T200-2010 122.建筑施工工具式脚手架安全技术规范JGJ202-2010 123.建筑施工企业管理基础数据标准JGJ/T204-2010 124.建筑门窗工程检测技术规程JGJ/T205-2010 125.海砂混凝土应用技术规范JGJ206-2010 126.装配箱混凝土空心楼盖结构技术规程JGJ/T207-2010128.轻型钢结构住宅技术规程JGJ209-2010 129.建筑工程水泥—水玻璃双液注浆技术规程JGJ/T211-2010 130.地下工程渗漏治理技术规程JGJ/T212-2010 131.现浇混凝土大直径管桩复合地基技术规程JGJ/T213-2010 132.铝合金门窗工程技术规范JGJ214-2010 133.建筑施工升降机安装、使用、拆卸安全技术规程JGJ215-2010 134.铝合金结构工程施工规程JGJ/T216-2010 135.纤维石膏空心大板复合墙体结构技术规程JGJ217-2010 136.混凝土结构用钢筋间隔件应用技术规程JGJ/T219-2010 137.抹灰砂浆技术规程JGJ/T220-2010 138.纤维混凝土应用技术规程JGJ/T221-2010 139.建筑工程可持续性评价标准JGJ/T222-2011 140.预拌砂浆应用技术规程JGJ/T223-2010 141.预制预应力混凝土装配整体式框架结构技术规程JGJ224-2010 142.大直径扩底灌注桩技术规程JGJ/T225-2010 143.低张拉控制应力拉索技术规程JGJ/T226-2011 144.低层冷弯薄壁型钢房屋建筑技术规程JGJ227-2011 145.民用建筑绿色设计规范JGJ/T229-2010 146.倒置式屋面工程技术规程JGJ230-2010 147.建筑施工承插型盘扣式钢管支架安全技术规程JGJ231-2010 148.水泥土配合比设计规程JGJ/T233-2011 149.择压法检测砌筑砂浆抗压强度技术规程JGJ/T234-2011 150.建筑外墙防水工程技术规程JGJ/T235-2011 151.建筑遮阳工程技术规范JGJ237-2011 152.混凝土基层喷浆处理技术规程JGJ/T238-2011 153.建（构）筑物移位工程技术规程JGJ/T239-2011 154.人工砂混凝土应用技术规程JGJ/T241-2011 155.住宅建筑电气设计规范JGJ242-2011 156.房屋建筑室内装饰装修制图标准JGJ/T244-2011157.房屋白蚁预防技术规程JGJ/T245-2011 158.底部框架-抗震墙砌体房屋抗震技术规程JGJ248-2012 159.拱形钢结构技术规程JGJ/T249-2011 160.建筑钢结构防腐蚀技术规程JGJ/T251-2011 161.无机轻集料砂浆保温系统技术规程JGJ253-2011 162.建筑施工竹脚手架安全技术规范JGJ254-2011 163.采光顶与金属屋面技术规程JGJ255-2012 164.钢筋锚固板应用技术规程JGJ256-2011 165.预制带肋底板混凝土叠合楼板技术规程JGJ/T258-2011 166.自保温混凝土复合砌块墙体应用技术规程JGJ/T323-2014 167.石灰石粉在混凝土中应用技术规程JGJ/T318-2014 168.劲性复合桩技术规程JGJ/T327-2014 169.预应力高强钢丝绳加固混凝土结构技术规程JGJ/T325-2014 170.建筑工程裂缝防治技术规程JGJ/T317-2014 171.水泥土复合管桩基础技术规程JGJ/T330-2014 172.预拌混凝土绿色生产及管理技术规程JGJ/T328-2014 173.密肋复合板结构技术规程JGJ/T275-2013 174.单层防水卷材屋面工程技术规程JGJ/T316-2013三、主要职业安全健康标准目录序号标准名称标准编号1 涂装工程安全设施验收规范AQ5201-20072 安全预评价导则AQ8001-20073 生产经营单位安全生产事故应急预案编制导则AQT9002-20064 企业安全生产标准化基本规范AQT9006-20105 建筑卷扬机GBT1955-20086 安全帽GB2811-20077 安全帽测试方法GBT2812-20068 安全色GB2893-20089 安全标志及其使用导则GB2894-200810 声环境质量标准GB3096-200911 高处作业分级GBT3608-200812 职业眼面部防护焊接防护第1部分：焊接防护具GBT3609.1-200813 职业眼面部防护焊接防护第2部分：自动变光焊接滤光镜GBT3609.2-200814 手持式电动工具的管理、使用、检查和维修安全技术规程GBT3787-200615 特低电压限值GBT3805-200816 塔式起重机GBT5031-200817 起重吊运指挥信号GB5082－198518 塔式起重机安全规程GB5144-200619 机械电气安全机械电气设备第1部分：通用电气条件GB5226.1-200820 安全网GB5725-200921 起重机试验规范和程序GBT5905-201122 起重机钢丝绳保养、维护、安装、检验和报废GBT5972-200923 钢丝绳用普通套环GBT5974.1-200624 钢丝绳夹GBT5976-200625 起重机械安全规程第1部分：总则GB6067.1-201026 剪切机械安全规程GB6077-198527 安全带GB6095-200928 安全带测试方法GBT6096—200929 建筑材料放射性核素限量GB6566-201030 爆破安全规程GB 6722-200331 电梯制造与安装安全规范GB7588-200332 涂装作业安全规程安全管理通则GB7691-201133 机械安全防护装置固定式和活动式防护装置设计与制造一般要求GBT8196-200334 重要用途钢丝绳GB8918-200635 缺氧危险作业安全规程GB8958-200636 焊接与切割安全GB9448-199937 高处作业车GBT9465-200838 足部防护电绝缘胶鞋GB12011-200939 防止静电事故通用导则GB12158-200640 机械安全避免人体各部位挤压的最小间距GB12265.3-199741 工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准GB12348-200842 建筑施工厂界环境噪声排放标准GB12523-201143 起重机械超载保护装置GB12602-200944 生产过程危险和有害因素分类与代码GBT13861-200945 用电安全导则GBT13869-200846 剩余电流动作保护装置安装和运行GB13955-200547 涂装作业安全规程喷漆室安全技术规定GB14444-200648 起重机安全标志和危险图形符号总则GB15052-201049 粉尘防爆安全规程GB15577-200750 弧焊设备安全要求第5部分：送丝装置GBT15579.5-200551 弧焊设备安全要求第7部分：焊炬（枪）GBT15579.7-200552 弧焊设备安全要求第11部分：电焊钳GB15579.11-199853 弧焊设备安全要求第12部分：焊接电缆耦合装置GB15579.12-199854 常用化学危险品贮存通则GB15603-199555 消防安全标志设置要求GB15630-199556 钢管脚手架扣件GB15831-200657 消防应急照明和疏散指示系统GB17945-201058 污水综合排放标准GB8978-200259 建筑施工场界环境噪声排放标准GB12523-201160 污水海洋处置工程污染控制标准GB18486-200161 混凝土外加剂中释放氨的限量GB18588-200162 室内装饰装修材料人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量GB18580-200163 室内装饰装修材料溶剂型木器涂料有害物质限量GB18581-200964 室内装饰装修材料内墙涂料中有害物质限量GB18582-200865 室内装饰装修材料胶粘剂中有害物质限量GB18583-200866 室内装饰装修材料木家具中有害物质限量GB18584-200167 室内装饰装修材料壁纸中有害物质限量GB18585-200168 室内装饰装修材料聚氯乙烯卷材地板中有害物质限量GB18586-200169 室内装饰装修材料地毯、地毯衬垫及地毯胶粘剂中有害物质限量GB18587-200170 建筑施工场界环境噪声排放标准GB/T12523-201171 环境保护档案管理规范建设项目环境管理HJ/T8.3-199472 合成树脂乳液外墙涂料GB/T9755-200173 环境管理体系要求及使用指南GB/T24001-200474 质量管理体系要求GB/T19001-200875 绿色建筑技术导则建设部科技部76 高处作业吊篮GB19155-200377 机械电气安全电敏防护装置第1 部分：一般要求和试验GBT19436.1-200478 一般用途钢丝绳GBT20118-200679 塔式起重机稳定性要求GBT20304-200680 机械安全防止上下肢触及危险区安全距离GB23821-200981 环境管理体系规范及使用指南GB/T24001-200482 碗扣式钢管脚手架构件GB24911-201083 吊笼有垂直导向的人货两用施工升降机GB26557-201184 职业健康安全管理体系要求GBT28001-201185 机械电气安全安全相关电气、电子和可编程电子系统的功能安全GB28526-2012四、主要环境保护标准目录序号标准名称标准编号1.城市区域环境振动标准GB10070-19882.声环境质量标准GB3096-20083.环境空气质量标准GB3095-20124.建筑材料产品及建材用工业废渣放射性物质控制要求GB6763-20005.建筑施工场界环境噪声排放标准GB12523-20116.恶臭污染物排放标准GB14554-937.锅炉大气污染物排放标准GB13271-20018.大气污染物综合排放标准GB16297-19969.污水综合排放标准GB8978-200210.生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准GB16889-200811.车用汽油有害物质控制标准GWKB11-201112.危险废物焚烧污染控制标准GB18484-200113.生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准GB18485-200114.饮食业油烟排放标准（试行）GB18483-200115.污水海洋处置工程污染控制标准GB18486-200116.混凝土外加剂中释放氨的限量GB18588-200117.建筑材料放射性核素限量GB6566-201018.民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制标准GB50325-201019.建筑装饰装修工程质量验收规范GB50210-200120.室内装饰装修材料人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量GB18580-200121.室内装饰装修材料溶剂型木器涂料有害物质限量GB18581-200922.室内装饰装修材料内墙涂料中有害物质限量GB18582-200823.室内装饰装修材料胶粘剂中有害物质限量GB18583-200824.室内装饰装修材料木家具中有害物质限量GB18584-200125.室内装饰装修材料壁纸中有害物质限量GB18585-200126.室内装饰装修材料聚氯乙烯卷材地板中有害物质限量GB18586-200127.室内装饰装修材料地毯、地毯衬垫及地毯胶粘剂中有害物质限量GB18587-200128.城市区域环境噪声测量方法GB/T14623-199329.建筑施工场界环境噪声排放标准GB/T12523-201130.城市区域环境噪声适用区划分技术规范GB/T15190-199431.锅炉烟尘测试方法GB/T5468-199132.饮食业油烟净化设备技术要求及检测技术规范（试行）HJ/T62-200133.环境保护档案管理规范建设项目环境管理HJ/T8.3-199434.合成树脂乳液外墙涂料GB/T9755-200135.危险废物贮存污染控制标准GB18597-200136.危险废物填埋污染控制标准GB18598-200137.一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准GB18599-200138.含多氯联苯废物污染控制标准GB13015-9139.电磁辐射防护规定GB8702-8840.辐射防护规定GB8703-8841.危险货物品名表GB12268-201242.环境管理体系要求及使用指南GB/T24001-200443.质量管理体系要求GB/T19001-200844.建筑施工现场环境与卫生标准JGJ146-201345.绿色建筑评价标准GB50378-200646.绿色建筑技术导则建设部科技部47.民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范GB50325-201048.建筑内部装修设计防火规范GB50222-95（2001年版）。
①The FamilyThe structure of a family takes different forms around the word and even in the same society. The family’s form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences.1 Another good title for this passage would be (What Makes a Family?)2 A nuclear family is defined as(a married couple with their minor children )3 The information in this passage would most likely be found in(an anthropology textbook.)4 The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through(pointing out similarities. )5 The word mobility means (readiness to move . )②Seeing the World Centuries AgoIf you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene1 This passage is mostly about（where three early travel writers went and wrote about ）2 Ibn Battutah traveled（throughout the Muslim world ）3 The books of the three writers were popular because（they told of strange and exotic locales）4 The overall organization of this passage is through（chronological order）5 In this passage attest means to（give proof of ）③I ’ll Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.1 The music composed by David cope is about(Classical music)2 By developing a computer software, David cope aimed(to write an opera)3 What did cope realize about a great composer’s brain?(It creates an accurate database.)4 Who is Emmy?(a computer software. )5 We can infer from the passage that (Emmy did much more work than a composer.)④“Lucky” Lord Lucan — Alive or DeadOn 8th November 1974 Lord Lucan, a British aristocrat, vanished.1The public are still interested in the investigation because（Lord Lucan has never been found）2 It is thought that Lucan killed the nanny because（it was dark and he thought she was Lady Lucan ）3 Aspinall thought Lucan killed himself by（sinking his boat ）4 Lucan could have been killed because people（thought he might talk to the police about them if he was caught ）5 Ex-detective MacLaughlin claimed that Mr Barry Haplin（was really Lord Lucan in disguis)⑤Oseola McCartyLATE ONE SUNDAY AFTERNOON in September 19991 This woman shocked and inspired the world because（she gave her life savings to help others through university）2 She managed to save so much money because （she had worked hard, saved hard and invested carefully）3 She gave her money away because （she wanted others to have the opportunity to escape a hard life）4 When her generosity was made （hundreds of people put money into the fund）5 McCarty became famous because(of her generosity) ⑥Tales of the Terrible PastIt is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history.1 This passage is mostly about（two novels that deal with slavery）2 Beloved is set（in Ohio after the Civil War）3 The writer seems to feel that（the books are worthwhile but challenging）4 The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their（portrayal of violence）5 The word appalling means （terrible）The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don’t. In fact, computers don’t even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a ―purpose‖.Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger orentertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might ―want‖ to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the ―goal‖ to learn more about restaurants.②The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged version of a children's toy which had been in use for many years. Sivrac's ―celeriferé‖ had a wooden frame, made in the shape of a horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle, and pushed hard against the ground with your legs —there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes, but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets.Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the ―celeriferé‖ and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. ―Celeriferés‖ were not popular for long, however, as the spinning of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so, the wooden celeriferéwas the origin of the modem bicycle.③Working MotherCarefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number of mothers who just have towork. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity . Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated.There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady acros s the street. In reality,however, many parents don’t have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members .Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in.All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children, it’s not the quantity of time you spend with them, it’s the quality that matters. ④Teaching and LearningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect student to be familiar with the (information)in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The （ideal）student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the student’s responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class islimited.If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.1)Men Smell of Cheese and Women of OnionsLittle girls may be made of sugar and all things nice, but their armpits smell of onions. (1)（B）And while free of slug or snail odours, men’s armpits pack a powerful cheesy whiff.That’s the conclusion of research in Switzerland that involved taking armpit sweat samples from 24 men and 25 women after he had spent time in a sauna or ridden an exercise bike for 15 minute. (2)（E）The researchers found marked differences in the sweat from men and women.―Men smell of cheese, and women of grapefruit or onion,‖ says Christian Starkenmann of Firmenich, a company in Geneva that researches flavours and perfumes for food and cosmetics companies.The team found that the women's armpit sweat constrained relatively high levels of an odourless sulphur-containning compound – 5 milligrams per milliliter of sweat versus 0.5 milligrams in men.When the researchers mixed this compound in the lab with bacteria commonly found in the armpit, the bugs turned it into a thiol - a previously discovered odour from armpits that is akin to onion.―The more sulphur precursor we added, the more intense was the malodour,‖ says Starkenmann, whose team’s results appear in Chemical Senses.(3)（A）Bacterial enzymes turn the otherwise odourless precursor into the malodour._The men, meanwhile, had relatively high levels of an odourless fatty acid which turned into a cheesy odour when exposed to the same types of bacteria. The balance of oniony to cheesy precursors in women’s sweat made it smell worse than men’s as rated by independent smell assessors. (4)（D）Nest; the team hope to develop new ingredients for deodorants that fight the smells.―We could make inhibitors that neutralise the precursors, or block the bacterial enzymes that do the conversion,‖ says Starkenmann. Some researchers are sceptical that gender is the main deciding factor, arguing that the patterns found in Swiss volunteers might not apply to other populations with different diets and genetic background. (5)（F）“Other factors include what you eat. what you wash with, what you weat and what genes you inherit,” says Tim Jacob of Cardiff University in the UK.neutralize v.中和armpit n. 腋（部）sulphur n.硫malodour n.难闻的气味，enzymen.酶grapefruit n.葡萄柚thiol n.硫醇1. smell of onions：.....闻起来像洋葱2. ... is akin to onion：......近似于洋葱答：（1）B（2）E（3）A（4）D（5）F A Bacterial enzymes turn the otherwise odourless precursor into the malodour.B And while free of slug or snail odours, men’s armpits pack a powerful cheesy whiff.C Most cases of skin odor is associated with break down of the compounds found in sweat by bacteria that live on the skin.D Nest; the team hope to develop new ingredients for deodorants that fight the smells.E The researchers found marked differences in the sweat from men and women.F ―Other factors include what you eat. what you wash with, what you weat and what genes you inherit,‖ says Tim Jacob of Cardiff University in the UK.2)The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero who represents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thing about King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for several centuries and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.The earliest stories of King Arthur represent him as a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years around A. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale 1 is probably based on fact. Whether called Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence of such a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticity is questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel on the stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son of King Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by 2 the magician Merlin and his true identity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur from the stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere and assembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot, with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeated in battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away to the isle of Avalon.This romantic tale greatly appealed to the English and the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities of knighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroism of Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights were circulated as well.In England today, there are manysites claiming a piece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. Near Glastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere's bodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these proves that the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.词汇：Arthur n.亚瑟（中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，chivalry n. 骑士圆桌骑士团的首领）subdue v. 制服，慑服authenticity n.可靠性embellishment n. 美化，spirit v.；拐走；绑架mystique n. 神秘气氛warrior n. 战士，勇士注释1. This much of the Arthurian tale……：许多这类亚瑟王的故事2. ...was spirited away by …被偷偷地带走……1. King Arthur’s father was __(D. Uther Pendragon)2. The writer seems to feel that the truth about Arthur is that he ______.(A. Existed)3. The information in the second paragraph is mostly presented in ___.（C. order from earliest to latest）4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means ____.（A. dug up from the grave）5. Another good title for this passage would be _____.（ C. Real or Legend? ）3)Style, Not FashionStyle goes way beyond fashion: It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together. It is a unique blend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed oil and created through the world of things.(1) (A) It is a way of capturing something vibrant, making a statement about ourselves in clothes._ It is what people really want when they aspire to be fashionable. (if they aren't just adorning themselves in status symbols).Through clothes, we reinvent ourselves every time we get dressed. Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary.Style is our distinctive pattern of speech, our individual poetry.Fashion is the least of it. Style is, for starters, one part identity: self-awareness and self-knowledge. (2)(D )Y ou can’t have style until you have a sense of who you are._ And style requires security-feeling at home in your body, physically and mentally. Of course, like all knowledge,self-knowledge must be updated as you grow evolve; style takes ongoing self-assessment.Style is also one part personality: spirit: verve, attitude, wit, inventiveness. It demands the desire and confidence to express whatever mood one wishes. Such variability is not only necessary but a reflection of a person's unique complexityas a human being. (3) (F) People want to be themselves and to be seen as themselves._In order to work, style must reflect the real self, the character and personality of the individual; anything less appears to be a costume.Lastly, style is one part fashion. It's possible to have lots of clothes and not an ounce of style. But it’s also po ssible to have very few clothes and lots of style. Yes, fashion is the means through which we express style, but it takes fewer clothes to be stylish than you might imagine.Whatever else it is, style is optimism made visible. Style presumes that you are a person of interest: that the world is a place of interest that life is worth making the effort for. It also shows that you are morally responsible.It shows that you don't buy things at the whim of the marketplace or the urging of marketers.(4)_(C) Rather, you focus on what is personally suitable and expressive._ Style exposes people's ambivalence over good looks. It always demonstrates that appearances do count. Deep down we suspect this, since we ourselves make judgments about others from how they look.No one should be penalized for not having style, of course, but those who have it are distinctive and thus more memorable. (5) (E)They create a unique identity for themselves and express it through grooming and a few well-chosenclothes. They announce to the world that they are in command of themselves.adorn v.装饰，使更美观wardrobe n. (个人的）全部服装suspect v.怀疑，猜想wit n.风趣，说话风趣的人blend v.混在一起，混合ambivalence n.矛盾心理，矛盾心态答：A、D、F、C、EA It is a way of capturing something vibrant, making a statement about ourselves in clothes.C Rather, you focus on what is personally suitable and expressive.D You can’t have style until you have a sense of who you are.E They create a unique identity for themselves and express it through grooming and a few well-chosenclothes.F People want to be themselves and to be seen as themselves.The Value of TearsTears can ruin make-up, bring conversation to a stop, and give you a runny nose. They can leave you embarrassed and without energy. However, crying is a fac t of life…and tears are very useful. Even when you're not crying, your eyes produce tears.These create a film over the eye's surface. This film contains a substance that protectsyour eyes against infection.Tears relieve stress, but we tend to fight them for all sorts of reasons. "People worry about showing their emotions. They’re afraid that once they lose control, they’ll never get it back,‖ explains psychologist Dorothy Rowe.As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expressing anger.As adults we still fear the consequences of showing emotions.Almost any emotion—good or bad, happy or sad—can cause tears. Crying is a way that we release built-up emotions. Tears help you when you feel you are ready to explode because of very strong feelings. It may explain why people who are afraid to cry often suffer more heart attacks than people cry more freely.When some people become very stressed, however, they can’t cry. They may be feeling shock, anger, fear, or grief, but they rep ress the emotion. ―Everyone has the need to cry,‖ says psychotherapist Vera Diamond. Sometimes in therapy sessions, patients participate in crying exercise They practice crying so that they can get used to expressing emotion.Diamond says it’s best to cry i n safe, private places, like under the bedcovers or in the car. That’s because many people get uncomfortable when others cry in front of them. In fact, they may be repressing their own need to cry.In certain situations, such as at work, tears are not appropriate. It’s good to hold back tears during a tense business discussion.―But once you are safely behind closed doors, don't just cry,‖ Diamond says, she suggests that you act out the whole situation again and be as noisy and angry as you like. It will help you feel better. ―And,‖ she adds, ―once your tears have released the stress, you can begin to think of logical way to deal with the problem.‖Tears are a sign of our ability to feel. You should never be afraid to cry.。
