The Acquisition of English Plosives by Chinese Learners

英国文学-名词解释-学习好资料欢迎下载1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroicideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. Aconceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne..3.Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrotein a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, andmemories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.7.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.8.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14thcentury. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.9.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.10.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helpsevoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesth etic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.11.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独白that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life.12.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.13.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean14.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length andwhich discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.15.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expres sion of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in学习好资料欢迎下载the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.16.Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.17.Sentimentalism感伤主义：It is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrateson the distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness.18.Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man./doc/b03339706.html,ke poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.20.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as mostrepresentative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 21.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic orliterary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner.22.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas ormoral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning,a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.23.Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is aboldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a late r example.24.启蒙运动:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as theEnlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.25.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.。

判断题：正确写A，错误写BChapter 1:1. Linguistics is the systematic study of language.True.2. Linguistics deals with a particular language.False.3. Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.False.4. The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system.True.5. Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.False.6. General linguistics deals with the generalaspects of language application.False.7. General linguistics does not study theories of language.False.8. Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.False.9. Phonology studies how a sound is produced.False.10. Morphology is the study of sentences.False.11. Syntax is the study of the rules of words.False.12. Semantics is the study of word meaning.False.13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.True.14. Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.True.15. Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.True.16. Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.False.17. Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.False.18. Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.False.19. Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.True.20. Langue means competence.False.21. Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.True.22. F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.True.23. N. Chomsky is an American linguist.True.24. According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.True.25. Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.False.26. Performance is the focus of Chomsky’slinguistic study.False.Competence, instead.27. Details of language system are genetically transmitted.False.28. Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.False.29. Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.False.30. Duality of language means language is a two-level system.True.Chapter 2:1. Writing is more basic than speech.False.2. There have been some 2,500 languages in theworld.False.3. About two thirds of languages in the world have not had written form.True.4. Linguists are interested in all sounds.False.5. The limited range of sounds that are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.True.6. Phonetic similarity, not phonetic identity, is the criterion with which we operate in the phonological analysis of languages.True.7. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.True.8. The narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue results in the sound [j].True.9. [k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.False.10. [i] is a semi-close vowel.False.11. [h] is the glottal sound.True.12. [ei] is a monophthong.False.13. Phonology is of a general nature.False.14. Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages.True.15. A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.True.16. A phoneme is a phonetic unit.False.t.17. ‘Tsled’ is a possible word in English.False.18. English is a tone language.False.Chapter 3:1. The word ‘predigestion’ is composed of two morphemes.False.2. ‘Teach-in’ is a compound word.True.3. Pronouns belong to closed class words.True.4. The word ‘unacceptability’ has four morphemes.True.5. The word ‘boy’ is a free morpheme.True.6. T he morpheme ‘–or’ in ‘actor’ is an inflectional morpheme.False.7. The –s in ‘works’ of ‘He works hard.’ is a bound morpheme.False.8. The word ‘unsad’ is acceptable in English.False.9. Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language.True.10. The prefix a- in ‘asexual’ means ‘without’.True.Chapter 4:1. Phrases can consist of just one word, butmore often they contain other elements as well.True.2. In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V,A or P.True.3. In ‘a book about ghosts’, the complement is ‘ghosts’.False.The complement is ‘aboutghosts’.4. In TG, determiner is often written as Det. True.Chapter 5:1. Hyponymy is a relation of exclusion of meaning.False.2. The words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’ are relational opposites.False.3. The words ‘lead’(领导) and ‘lead’(铅球) are homographs.True.4. The words ‘flat’ and ‘apartment’ are stylistic synonyms.False.5. The words ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’ are collocational synonyms.False.6. The words ‘buy’ and ‘purchase’ are dialectal synonyms.False.7. The words ‘shock’ and ‘surprise’ are semantically different synonyms.True.8. In the sense set <freshman, sophomore, junior, senior>, ‘junior’ and ‘senior’ are co-hyponyms.True.9. The words ‘doctor’ and ‘patient’ are relational synonyms.True.10. ‘I have been to Beijing.’ entails ‘I have been to North China.’True.11. ‘His friend is coming.’ presupposes ‘He has a friend.’True.12. ‘Mary is single.’ is inconsistent with ‘Mary is married.’True.13. ‘His dumb boy spoke good English.’ isa contradiction.True.Chapter 6:1. Pragmatics is a linguistic branch that developed in the 1890s.False.2. Course in General Linguistics was published in 1889.False.3. Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.False.4. If I said to you, ‘It’s very stuffy here.’, then my illocutionary act may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.True.5. If Smith said to you in a supermarket, ‘I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me’, then his perlocutionary act is your buying him a coca-cola.True.6. According to Austin, ‘He is a boy.’ isa constative.True.7. According to Austin, ‘I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.’ is a performative.True.8. ‘Open the door!’ is a directive.True.9. ‘The room is air-conditioned.’ is an expressive.False.10. ‘We have never met before.’ is a representative.True.11. ‘I fire you!’ is a commissive.False.… is a declaration.12. ‘I will return the book to you soon.’ is an expressive.False.13. ‘Do not say what you believe to befalse’ is a maxim of relation.False.14. ‘Be brief’ belongs to the maxim of manner.True.15. ‘Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).’ belongs to the maxim of qua lity.False.16. B’s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below:A: Where do you live?B: In South China Normal University.False.17. B probably means that he doesn’t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below:A: What do you think of the lecture? (The speech maker is coming)B: Do we have classes this evening?True.18. B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you?B: I am 80.True.19. B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below:A: Are you a good student?B: Are you?True.Chapter 7:1. Sound changes tend to be systematic.True.2. The word ‘home’ was written as ‘hām’ in Old English.True.3. The word ‘mice’, which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.True.4. In Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales, we can find ‘his’ to replace ‘it’ in Modern English, as in ‘Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth’. This reflects t he change in the ‘agreement’ rule.True.5. ‘I love thee not.’ before the 16th century, has now become ‘I do not love you.’ This means the change in negation rule.True.6. The English pronoun ‘our’ has experienced a process of simplification from Old English.True.7. The word ‘fridge’ is a loan word.False.8. The word ‘walkman’ is a blend.False.9. The word ‘mike’ is a clipped word.True.10. The word ‘videophone’ is an acronym.False.11. UNESCO is a blend.False.12. The word ‘quake’ is the re sult of back-formation.False.13. ISBN means International Standard Book Number.True.14. The word ‘baby-sit’ is a word from back-formation.True.15. The word ‘question’ is a word borrowedfrom French.True.16. The word ‘tea’ is a loan word from Chinese.True.17. The word ‘education’ comes from Latin.True.18. The word ‘dinner’ comes from French.True.19. The word ‘beer’ comes from German.True.20. The word ‘meat’ we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.True.21. The word ‘holiday’ has gone through the widening of meaning.True.22. The word ‘silly’ used to mean ‘happy’ in Old English.True.23. The use of the expressions ‘to update’, ‘to host’ and ‘to check up’ indicates the influence of American English.True.24. Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.True.25. One possible account of the increasing use of ‘cheap’ instead of ‘cheaply’ in ‘He got it cheap.’ is that of the ‘theory of least effort’.True.26. The expression ‘It’s me’ is Not acceptable in English.False.Chapter 8:1. The term ‘diglossia’ was first used by Ferguson in 1959.True.2. Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.True.3. A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.True.4. Different styles of the same language can be revealed through differences at syntactic, lexical and phonological levels.True.5. One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.False.6. Of ‘reply’ and ‘answer’, the latter is more formal.False.7. M.A.K. Halliday is a British linguist.True.8. The deletion of the link verb ‘be’ as in ‘You crazy’ is typical of the sy ntax of Black English (1, 2).True.9. A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ‘desk’ [des].True.10. The use of such sentences as ‘I ain’t afraid of no ghosts’ to mean ‘I’m not afra id of ghosts’ is one of the syntactic features of Black English.True.11. Accent is an important marker of sociolect.True.12. Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.False.13. An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.True.Chapter 9:1. The word ‘dog’ often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.True.2. People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.True.3. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.True.4. The Eskimos have far more words for snowthan the English natives in that ‘snow’ is more crucial to the life of the former.True.5. For the British people, the Chinese greeting ‘Have you had dinner?’ would turn into ‘It’s fine today, isn’t it?’.True.6. It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ‘Good morning, teacher!’.False.7. The Chinese ‘uncle’means the same as the British ‘uncle’.False.8. It is proper in English to say ‘no, no’ in response to such a praise as ‘You’ve made good progress.’ to show one’s modesty.False.9. You can never ask an English native the question of his name or age.False.10. In English, the word ‘blue’ is associated with unhappy feelings.True.11. It is acceptable to translate ‘Every dog has his day.’into ‘每条狗都有自己的日子。

2016年下半年中小学教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力试题及答案解析(高级中学)一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。

请用28铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案字母按要求涂黑.错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. The Chinese recipes rapidly found __________ with foreign restaurant owners.A. favorB. flavorC. feverD. fancy2. There is every sign that new Asian immigrants are willing to __________ with Americans.A. obligeB. absorbC. assimilateD. stabilize3. In the United States, a(n) __________general is the chief lawyer in a government or city department.A. senatorB. solicitorC. councilorD. inspector4. All the flights __________ because of the hurricane, they decided to take the train instead.A. had been canceledB. having canceledC. have been canceledD. having been canceled5. Which of the following shows how the fraction "7/9" reads in English?A. Seventh-nine.B. Sevenths-nine.C. Seven-ninth.D. Seven-ninths.6.__________ man can aspire to and achieve goodness is evident throughout history.A. WhatB. WhetherC. ThatD. How7. The pair of English phonemes __________ differs in the manner of articulation.A. /k/ and /t/B. /d/ and /g/C. /s/ and /z/D. /t/ and /s/8. Which of the following shows the proper rhythmic pattern of the sentence?A. This is a 'question for 'Doctor 'Carrington.B. This is 'a 'question for 'Doctor Carrington.C. This is a 'question 'for Doctor 'Carrington.D. This 'is a 'question for 'Doctor 'Carrington.9. The pair“__________ ” are dialectal synonyms in British and American English.A. tap and faucetB. stroll and trotC. liberty and freedomD. statesman and politician10. Which of the following might be Jane's primary concern when she sincerely asks her friend"Does your farm contain 500 acres"?A. Quantity maxim.B. Quality maxim.C. Relation maxim.D. Manner maxim.11. Which of the following assumptions fails to describe the nature of vocabulary or vocabulary learning?A. Words are best learned in context.B. A lexical item can be more than one word.C. All words in one language have equivalents in another.D. Leaming a word includes learning its form, meaning and use.12. When a teacher creates a real life situation for his students to discuss, he expects them not to focus on __________ too much.A. formB. useC. meaningD. function13. It is suggested that teachers should not interrupt students for error correction when the activ-ity aims at __________ .A. accuracyB. fluencyC. complexityD. cohesion14. When asking students to quickly run their eyes over a whole text to get the gist, we are training their skill of__________ .A. scanningB. mappingC. predictingD. skimming15. Teachers who adopt the __________ model for reading comprehension may start teaching a text by introducing new vocabulary and structures.A. parallelB. serialC. top-downD. bottom-up16. It is suggested that lower-level EFLlearners learn to read by reading__________ materials.A. simple and authenticB. academic and authenticC. original and classicalD. classical and authentic17.When asking students to arrange the scrambled sentences into a logical paragraph，the teacher is focusing on__________ .A.reading skillsB.critical thinkC.proofreading skillsD.textual coherence18.Which of the following is a typical feature of formal writing?A.Archaic words are usually preferred.B.The precision of language is a priority.C.Short and incomplete sentences are preferred.D.An intimate relationship with the audience iS established.19.Which ofthe following writing activities may be used to develop students’skill of planning?A. Editing their writing in groups.B. Self-checking punctuations in their writing.C. Sorting out ideas and putting them in order.D. Cross-checking the language in their writing.20. In trying to get across a message, an EFL learner may use __________ strategies to make up for a lack of knowledge of grammar or vocabulary.A. communicativeB. cognitiveC. resourcingD. affective请阅读Passage l，完成第21-25小题。

英语文学知识测试题（有答案）英语文学知识第一章英国文学第一阶段中古英国文学（8世纪~14世纪）Old and Medieval English Literature*Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里.乔叟)（1340~1400）He is considered the father of modern English poetry because he opened a brilliant page in English literature and had a profound influence on many important English poets. It is him alone who, for the first in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.II 真题详解1.The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group ofpilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by __B____.(2005)A. William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred TennysonIII 练习题1.Which of the following does not belong to the works of GeoffreyChaucer ?BA. The Canterbury TalesB. The Vision of Piers PlowmanC .Troilus and Criseyde D. The Romaunt of the Rose2.___D____brings the readers into a world that belongs to the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.A. The Vision of Piers PlowmanB. The house of FameC. The Romaunt of the RoseD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight3. Which of the following is the translation work of Geoffrey Chaucer? __C___A. The Canterbury TalesB. Troilus and CriseydeC. The Romaunt of the RoseD. The house of Fame4.In the 14th century , the most important writer in England is ___D___.A. LanglandB. WyclifC. GowerD. Chaucer5.In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the ___A___ poetry .A .pagan B. religious C .romantic D .sentimental6.When we speak of the old English prose, we might think of __D____, who is the first scholar in English literature and has been regarded as father of English learning.A. William ShakespeareB. BeowulfC. Julius CaesarD. Venerable Bede7.__A_____is not only a prose writer but also a king of Wessex .A. Alfred the GreatB. Venerable BedeC. Adam BedeD. King Arthur8.___A____is the culmination of the Arthurian romance.A .Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. The Story of BeowulfC. The Vision of Piers PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales9. William Langland’s __B_____ is written in the form of a dream vision.A .Kublai Khan B. The Vision of Piers PlowmanC. The Dream of John BullD. Morte d’Arthur10.The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the _C____.A .French B. Latin C. Romance D. Science11.In which century was Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales written? AA. FourteenthB. FifteenthC. Sixteenth D .Seventeenth12.William Langland wrote for __D____.A. the royal familyB. the court C .the monks D .the common people13. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight focuses on ___C___.A. immediate social issuesB. the real life as well as people’s feelings and desiresC .a remote world belongs to the Celtic Legend of King Arthur and his knightsD .the imagination of the future world14. King Alfred’s Anglo Saxon Chronicle was written in ___C___ form .A. poeticB. dramaticC. proseD. none of the above第二阶段文艺复兴时期（14世纪~17世纪中期）The Renaissance PeriodThe word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristics of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. And the real main stream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.*William Shakespeare (威廉.莎士比亚)(1564~1616)He is the greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists. His sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Elizabethan poetry. And many of his plays enjoy international popularity.A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》（四大悲剧之一）King Lear《李尔王》（四大悲剧之一）Macbeth《麦克白》（四大悲剧之一）Othello《奥赛罗》（四大悲剧之一）Much Ado About Nothing 《无事生非》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与茱丽叶》The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》The Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》*Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯.培根）（1561~1626）He is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of the literary form. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.II 真题详解1.___B___is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines.（2006）A .Free Verse B. Sonnet C .Ode D .EpigramIII 练习题1.The publication of Philip Sidney’s ___B___ made sonnetsequence a popular literary form in England.A.ArcadiaB. Astrophel and Stella C .Defense of Poetry D.Utopia2.The nine-line verse stanza was originated from __A____.A.Edmund SpenserB.Philip SidneyC. Thomas MoreD. William Shakespeare3.Here is the sentence from an essay, “Read not to contradictand confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”. The essay must be __A___.A.Of Studies by Francis BaconB.The Advancement of Learning by Francis BaconC.Novum Organum by Francis BaconD.Essays by Francis Bacon4.The literary form of The Faerie Queen is _D____ .A.lyric poemB. ironic poemC.narrative poemD.allegorical poem5.In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Ant onio could not payback the money he borrowed form Shylock, because_D____.A.his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textileindustryB.his enterprise went bankruptC.Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD.his ships had all been lost6.Which of the following is not among Shakespeare’s fourgreat tragedies?BA.HamletB.Romeo and JulietC.MacbethD.King Lear7._A____is the first important English essaylist and the founder of modern science in England.A.Francis BaconB.Edmund SpenserC.William CarxtonD.Sidney8.What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?BA.NovelB.DramaC. EssayD.Poetry9.___D___exposes the corruption of vicious ambition.A.OthelloB.King LearC.HamletD.Macbeth10.Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in__C____in 1516.A.FrenchB.English/doc/b49552498.html,tinD.Italian11.William Shakespeare is one of the giants of__D____.A.RomanticismB.critical realismC.AestheticismD.the Renaissance12.How many lines does a sonnet have?CA.10B.12C.14D.They vary13.Which of the following plays written by Shakespeare is history play?CA.Juliet CaesarB. The Merry Wives of WindsorC.Henry IVD.King Lear14.Which is Christopher Marlowe’s first famous play?AA.TamburlaineB.Edward IIC.The tragical History of Doctor FaustusD. The Jew of Malta15.Which of the following is NOT the work of Sir Philip Sideny?DA.Astrophel and StellaB.Denfense of PoetryC.ArcadiaD.Samson Agonists16.Spenserian stanza is a_C_____.A.14 Line stanzaB.8 line stanzaC.9 line stanzaD.12 line stanza17.Which of the following is NOT the feature of Metaphysical poems?CA.They use conceits to express ideas in sharp and harsh manner.B.They reject the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.C.Their metaphors are commonly used in daily life.D.The form of them is often an argument with the poet’s lover,God or himself.18. “To be, or not to be”has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind. This is a quotation from__B__.A.King LearB.HamletC.Romeo and JulietD.Othello19.The first official version of Bible known as the Great Bible,was revised in___B___.A.16th centuryB.17th centuryC.18th centuryD.19th century20.In reading Shakespeare , you must have come across the phrase “The pound of flesh” by_C____./doc/b49552498.html,go in OthelloB.Lear in King LearC.Shylock in The Merchant of VeniceD.Hamlet in Hamlet21.Most of the ballads of the 15 th century focused on the legend about___C___as a heroic figure.A.Green NightsB.GawainC.Robin HoodD.Hamlet22.In the 16 th century, Thomas More’s work___D___ became immediately popular after its publication.A. Paradise LostB.A Pleasant Satire of the Throe EstatesC. The Faerie QueenD.Utopia23.___C____is from Shakespeare’s sonnet No.18.A. “Let me not to the marriage of true minds”B. “To be or not to be:that is the question”C. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day”D. “No longer mourn for me when I am dead”24.Which of the following does not belong toShakespeare’s romantic love comedie s?BA.Twelfth NightB.The TempestC.As you like itD.The Merchant of Venice25. “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man, and writing an exact man” is from__C_____’s essay Of Stuies.A.Alexander PopeB.John MiltonC.Francis BaconD.Charles Lamb26.Francis Bacon’s Essays first published in 1597 has been considered as an important landmark in the development of English___D___,and as the first collection of essays in the English language.A.poetryB.epicsC.fictionD.prose27.The Flea was written by_A____.A.John DonneB.Philip SidneyC.Thomas MoreD.William Shakspeare第三阶段新古典主义时期（17世纪中期~18世纪）The Neoclassical PeriodI 概述Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement, which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe. The movement was a furtherance of theRenaissance from the 14th century to the mid 17th century.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.It celebrated reason of nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England, a revival of interest in the old classical works was in full swing. This tendency is known as the neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Creek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of the thematic concern.*Alexander Pope (亚历山大.蒲柏)（1688~1744）Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. He first introduced rationalism to England and is one of the greatest poets in his century as well as in the English literature world.II 真题详解1.In Literture a story in verse or prose with a doublemeaning is defined as____A__.(2010)A.allegoryB.sonnetC.blank verseD.rhymeIII 练习题1.By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the handsof the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunya intends to show the prevalent political and religious_D______.A.persecutionB.improvementC.prosperityD.disillusionment2.An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative. The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding’s work__B____.A.Jonathan Wild the GreatB.Tom JonesC.The Coffee-House PoliticianD.Amelia3.Whichof following works was not written by Jonathan Swift?DA.A Modest ProposalB.Gulliver’s TravelsC.A Tale of a TubD.The Rivals4_B_____was the greatest dramatist during the Neoclassical Period in England.A.GoldsmithB.SheridanC.SternD.Fielding5.__C____is the most successful religious allegory in theEnglish language.A.GenesisB.ExodusC.The Pilgrim’s ProgressD.The Holy War6.__D___is one of Swift’s masterpiece. It is a satire oncorruption in religion and learning.A. The Way of the WorldB.Love for LoveC.The Beggar’s OperaD.A Tale of a Tub7.Many lines from Alexander Pope’s poem An Essay onCriticism have become proverbial maxims,such as: “T o err is human；to forgive, divine.”“__A____learning is a dangerous thing.”A. A littleB.LittleC.NoD. Few8. Which of the following does not belong to pioneeringefforts in the creation of the English novel?DA. John Lily’s EuphuesB.Sir Philip Sidney’s ArcadiaC.Thomas Lodge’s RosalndeD.Samuel Richardson’s Pamela9.The novel Gulliver’s Travels was written by_B____.A.Tobias SmollettB.Jonathan Swift/doc/b49552498.html,urence SterneD.John Bunyan10.Whose work signaled the beginning of the age ofRestoration Drama?BA.William WycherleyB.John DrydenC.William CongreveD.John Gay11.Which of the following books was Samuel Johnson’s monumental success?AA. A Dictionary of the English LanguageB.Oliver TwistC.The Old Curiosity ShopD.Barnaby Rudge12. Who is best remembered as the recipient of Johnson’s famous letter?BA.DickensB.Lord ChesterfieldC.Thomas HardyD.Joseph Addison13._D____’s The Pilgrim’s Progress was writtenin the form of allegory and dream.AJohn Dryden B.Francis Bacon C.John Milton D.John Bunyan14.John Dryden was all of the following EXCEPT___D____in the literary world of Restoration England .A.a poetB.a dramatistC.a literary criticD.a short story writer15.An Essay on Criticism was written by__D____, which first established his reputation as a_______.A.Francis Bacon,criticB.Francis Bacon,essayistC.Alexander Pope,playwrightD.Alexander Pope,poet16.Daniel Defoe was famous for his novel__B____which is often considered to be the first novel in English literature.A.Gulliver’s TravelsB.The Adventures of Robinson CrusoeC.The Pilgrim’s ProgressD.Oliver Twist17.A Dictionary of the English Language(1755) by___B__was the first comprehensive lexicographical work on English ever undertaken.A.Francis BaconB.Samuel JohnsonC.Alexander PopeD.John Milton18. “Yahoos”from the novel___A___written by Jonathan Swift are described to be very much similar to human beings in outward appearance and their unworthy actions as well.A.Gulliver’s TravelsB.The Adventures of Robinson CrusoeC.The Wuthering HeightsD. Sons and Lovers19.___C___’s masterpiece T om Jones provides a vivid andtruthful panoramic view of the life of the English society in the18 th century.A.Daniel DefoeB.Jonathan SwiftC.Henry FieldingD.Jane Austin20.The greatest English playwright of the 18 th century was__D___.A.Walt ScottB.Bernard ShawC.Thomas GrayD.Richard Sheridan第四阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末期~19世纪中期）The Romantic PeriodI 概述In the late 18 th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to European mainland and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion againstthe neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as “the poetic revolution”. It prevailed in England from 1798to 1837.II 真题详解1.The novel Emma is written by__D____.(2005)A.Mary ShellyB.Charlotte BronteC.ElizabethC.GaskellD.Jane Austen2.Ode to the West Wind was written by___D__.(2009)A.William BlakeB.William ShakespeareC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD.Percy B.ShelleyIII 练习题1.“Poetry is Spontaneous” was put forward by__C____.A.Robert BurnsB. William BlakeC.William WordsworthD.Charles Lamb2.Wordsworth is a___C____.A.realistB.classicistC.romanticistD.impressionist3.The author of Odw to the West Wind is__A____.A.ShelleyB.ByronC.romanticistD.impressionist4. Which of the following did not belong toRomanticism？DA.KeatsB.ShelleyC. WordsworthD.AlfredTennyson5.Prometheus Unbound was written by___D___.It appeared in the year of Peterloo Massacre.A.WordsworthB.CloeridgeC.ByronD.Shelly6.Frankenstein was filmed many times. Who wrote the book?CA.Edgar Allan PoeB.James JoyceC.Mary ShelleyD.Brain Stoker7.Which of the following poem was not written by John Keats?AA.Ode to the West WindB.Ode to AutumnC.Ode on a Grecian UrnD.Ode to a Nightingale8.Whose informal essays observed life with humor, and often in a gloomy tone?BA.Joseph AddisonB.Charles LambC.Lord ChesterfieldD.Thomas Hardy9. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein belongs to the type of___A___which is often set in gloomy castles where horrifying ,supernatural events take place.A.GothicB.RealismC.RomanticismD.Classicism10.The English poets___D____,William Wordsworth ,and Robert Southey, were known as “Lake Poets”becausethey lived in the Lake District Northwestern England at the beginning of the 19 th century.A.George Gordon ByronB.John KeatsC.Percy B.ShellyD.Samuel Taylor Coleridge11.George Gordon Byron was famous for the following works EXCEPT__B_____.A.Childe Harold’s PilgrimageB.Ode to SkylarkC.Hours of IdlenessD.Don Juan12.Prometheus Unbound is a symbolic work in the form of verse-drama written by___A____.A.Percy Bysshe ShelleyB.John KeatsC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD.George Gordon Byron13.The famous line “If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”was from__A___written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.A.Ode to the West WindB.Ode on a Grecian UrnC.Ode to a SkylarkD.Ode to a Nightingale14.__C____is one of the best known novels written by Jane Austen.A.Jane EyreB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Pride and PrejudiceD.The Wuthering Heights15.Essays of Elia and Tales from Shakespeare were。

英国文学最全名词解释名词解释1、Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. It usually have a caesura in the middle and two stresses (or accents) in each half. The number of unstressed syllables in the two halves may vary. Yet, the same consonant is repeated at the beginning of the accented syllables, either twice in the first half of the verse line and once in the second half, or vice versa. Or we can say there are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. Alliteration makes Anglo-Saxon poetry very musical in sound and acts almost the same part that rhyme plays in later poetry. English poets till today still love to use alliteratione.g. “True is the tale (caesura) I tell of my travels,/ Sing of my seafaring (caesura) sor rows and woes.2、Blank verse无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的五音步诗行）: also called unrhymed poetry, has been the dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid-sixteenth century. In 1540, from Italy, this verse form was brought into English literature by the poet Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey), who first used it in his translation of The Aeneid.Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form fornarrative and dramatic poetry.E.g. Paradise Lost by Milton3、Comedy of humours: The comedy of humours is a genre of dramatic comedy that focuses on a character or range of characters, each of whom exhibits two or more overriding traits or 'humours' that dominates their personality, desires and conduct. the English playwrights Ben Jonson and George Chapman popularized the genre in the closing years of the sixteenth century. In the later half of the seventeenth century, it was combined with the comedy of manners in Restoration comedy.In which the prevailing eccentricities and ruling passions of character are exposed to ridicule and satireE.g. Every Man in His HumourEvery Man out of His Humour4、Dramatic monologue：a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet‘s own thoughts; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric，while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy.E.g. My Last Duchess by Browning5、Epic (史诗)appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition. A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple,but full of magnificence. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf ( the pagan异教徒secular(非宗教的) poetry)Iliad 《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》The Divine Comedy《神曲》6、Gothic Novels tales of macabre, fantastic and supernatural happenings, set in haunted castles, graveyards, ruins and wild landscapes and often with a weak or innocent heroine going through some horrible experiences. Derives its name from similarities to Medieval(中古的,中世纪) Gothic architecture.A thriller designed not only toterrify or frighten the audience, but to convey a sense of moral failure or spiritual darkness. The Gothic in England begins with The Castle of Otranto in 1760, by Horace Walpole, which emphasized the supernatural mixed with the grotesque in a medieval setting.E.g. Anne Radcliffe in Mysteries of UdolphoFrankenstein(1817) by Mary Shelley7、Heroic Couplet(英雄双韵体)Heroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc). The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhymeis masculine. 3) Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.E.g. Cooper's Hillby by John Denham(德纳姆)8、Iambic pentameter: a verse lines of feet of the iambic rhythmIambic(adjective of iambus): a metrical foot consisting of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. (cf. Trochaic/trochee: a metrical foot consisting of one stressedsyllable followed by an unstressed one)Pentameter: a verse line of 5 feet.E.g. sonnet 18 by Shakespeare9、Ode：a poem intended or adapted to be sung in the ancient time, but a rhymed lyric poem often of an address in the modern times, with dignified and exalted or simple and familiar subjects. a long lyric poem, serious and dignified in subject, tone and style, sometimes with an elaborate stanzaic structure, often written to commemorate or celebrate an event or individual. Representative poets: Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats Representative：Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale10、Romance: a medieval tale based on legend, chivalric love and adventures, or a prose narrative treating imaginary characters involved heroic, adventurous, or mysterious events remote in time and place. It became a popular form of literature. The plots of romance tend to be complex, with uprising and even magical actions common.e.g. The Tempest by Shakespeare11、Sonnet：a poem consisting of 14 lines of 10 syllables each in English (11 syllables in Italian and12 syllables in French)The English sonnet: a sonnet of 14 iambic pentameter lines divided into an octave and sestet rhyming abba abba cde cde (or other rhymes in the sestet)The Shakespearian sonnet: a sonnet of 14 iambic pentameter lines divided into a 12-line unit followed by a 2-line conclusion rhyming abab cdcd efef ggE.g. sonnet 18 by Shakespeare12、Three unities （三一律）: referring to the rules set by Aristotle for tragedy which are observedin Greek tragedies and Neoclassic drama, that is a tragedy must have one single action which takes place within one day and in one place. It required that the events of a play not exceeda single day (time), be confined to a single location or to several locations within a small area (pla ce), and not have subplots (action). It is term given by Aristotle and strictly adhered in 17th Franc e and then over Europe.e.g. Cid by Pierre Corneille13、Topographical poetry: a local poetry focusing on the presentation of landscapes and praising particular parks, estates and gardens. The emergence of this kind of poetry of which can be traced to the 1730s and was defined by Dr Johnson as “local poe try, of which the fundamental object is some particular landscape.e.g. The Seasons by James Thomson14、Graveyard Poets: This group of poets mainly comprises Thomas Parnell, Edward Young, Robert Blair and Thomas Gray. They wrote melancholy poems, often with the poet meditating on human mortality problems at night or in a graveyard. Gray is the most representative and successful among them and his poem Elegy written in a Country Church-yard is partly responsible for this group to be named graveyard poets.15、Metaphysical Poetry: Metaphysical poetry is defined as poetry dating from the 17th century in Britain that has an abstract and ethereal style. Such poetry used a variety of form and structures, but employed similar styles. The term was first coined by John Dryden in 1693 when he described a poem by John Donne as affecting “the metaphysical.” It was later popularized by Samuel Johnson in 1781.e.g. The flea by John Donne16、Allegory A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, orsettings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is astory with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does nor have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to teh eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of mimetic, or represent are.The etylmological meaning of the word is broader than the common use of the word. Though it is similar to other rhetorical comparisons. An allegory is sustained lnger and more fully in its details than a metaphor, and appeals to imagination, while an analogy appeals to reason or logical. The fable or parable is a short allegory with one definite moral.E.g. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan。

华师在线网院英语语言学复习资料（考试题库）第一篇：华师在线网院英语语言学复习资料(考试题库)Which of the following forms a minimal pair? A.fear, pear B.tip, pit C.food, foot D.beat, bit 答案:DThe word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:CWhich of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice is a vegetarian‖ and ―Alice prefers eating steak‖?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme?A.understandableB.eastwardC.otherwiseD.without 答案:DWhich of the following is a directive? A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:AHow many arguments are there in ―I‘m not feeling very well‖?A.no B.one C.three D.five 答案:BThe word ―boatel‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:B‘Parent‘ and ‗child‘are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites plementary synonyms 答案:CWhich of the following is the head of the phrase ‗often read science fi ctions‘? A.often B.read C.science D.fictions 答案:B ‘That is a box‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:BThe word ―DINK‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blendC.clipped wordD.coined word 答案:AAround the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances.A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme? A.teeth B.speaking C.taken D.chaos 答案:DThe design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____.A.duality of structure B.genetic feature C.arbitrariness D.displacement 答案:B‘Like‘ and ‗dislike‘are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational oppositesplementary synonyms 答案:AWhich of the following is an expressive? A.The earth is a globe.B.Your money or your life!C.I‘m very grateful for your help.D.I fire you.答案:C‘Slim‘ and ‗skinny‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:DWhich of the following best explains the relationship between ―I like Beijing opera‖ and ―I dislike Beijing opera‖?A.inconsistencyB.anomalyC.contradictionD.entailment 答案:A /16The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Saussure D.Skinner 答案:DWhich of the following is the correct componential analysis of the word ―milk‖?A.[+DRINKS-LIQUID-COUNTABLE]B.[+FOOD-SOLID+COUNTABLE]C.[+FOOD+SOLID+COUNTABLE]D.[+DRINKS+LIQUID-COUNTABLE] 答案:D‘I like both Chinese and western food‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:CWhich of the following words is NOT a coined word?A.dacronB.kodakC.xeroxD.gym 答案:DWhich of the following is a front, close and unrounded vowel?A.[u:]B.[i:]C.[u]D.[a:] 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme? rger B.data C.trainee D.Kate‘s 答案:C Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase? A.a book on biology B.play basketball C.a rainy day D.dance happily 答案:BWhich of the following is a commissive? A.I‘m really sorry to hear that.B.I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.C.You‘d better go and see her.D.I now declare the meeting open.答案:BThe word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.four/three B.five/two C.five/three D.three/five 答案:AWhich of the following is a declaration? A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us? D.I‘ve never seen her before.答案:BThe relation between ‗furniture‘and ‗wardrobe‘is ___.A.homophony B.homography C.hyponymy D.polysemy 答案:C The word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C‘Handsome‘ and ‗pretty‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:BThe following underlined parts are termed specifier EXCEPT___? A.run quicklyB.always make mistakesC.very interestingD.the old man 答案:AWhich of the following best describes the relations between ―The police stopped the minors from drinking‖ and ―The minors were drinking‖?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:DThe first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n] B.[p,b,m] C.[t,d,n] D.[t,d,m] 答案:B How many morphemes are there in the word ―disorderly‖?A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD.Five 答案:BThe nativist view of language acquisition is held by ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Saussure D.Skinner / 16 答案:BWhich of the following is an aspirated consonant? A.[f] B.[s] C.[k] D.[r] 答案:CWhich of the following word does NOT belong to the open classes? A.hate B.able C.the D.rapidly 答案:C“Why don‘t you ask Mary for help?‖ is an instance of ____.A.representatives B.expressives C.directives missives 答案:CWhich of the following pairs of words are homographs?A.sew---sowB.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear(to pull apart)C.tec---techD.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:BLanguage acquisition refers to the child‘s acquisition of his____.A.first language B.second language C.foreign language D.target language 答案:AWhich of the following word belongs to the open classes?A.sinceB.forC.shenguage 答案:D‘Candy‘ and ‗sweets‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:AHow many morphemes can we find in the word ‗internationalize‘? A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six 答案:BWhich of the following is a representative? A.You‘d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:DWhich of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)C.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow 答案:A‘She sings very well‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:BWhich is the feature of the sound [l]? A.palatal B.glottal C.glide D.liquid 答案:D‘True‘ and ‗false‘are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational oppositesplementary synonyms 答案:BThe words ―longer‖ and ―shorter‖ are ______ opposites.A.gradable B.ungradable C.relationalplementary 答案:CWhich of the following best describes the relations betwee n ―He is an orphan‖ and ―His parents have died‖? A.Theformer is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:A‘Mr.Brown teaches us linguistics.‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:DThe Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.material B.spiritualC.folkD.none of the above 答案:AInstances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A.pronunciation B.syntax C.vocabularyD.all of the above 答案:D / 16A linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said, therefore a linguist would NOT prefer to be a(n)____.A.observer B.judge C.analyser of facts D.recorder of facts 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme? A.books B.rename C.active D.sleepy 答案:A Which side(s)of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right 答案:CWhich of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A.eyesB.earsC.sheepD.foots 答案:DWhich of the following is the hyponym of the word ―furniture‖? A.house B.kitchen C.article D.wardrobe 答案:D ‘Commence‘ and ‗begin‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:C‘It is 8 o‘clock‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:A“It‘s cold.‖ is a _____-place predication.A.no B.one C.twoD.three 答案:AWhich of the following best describes the relations b etween ―He paid a visit to Japan.‖ and ―He paid a visit to East Asia.‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.4 / 16答案:CThe words ―subway‖ and ―underground‖ are ______ synonyms.A.near B.dialectalC.collocationally-restrictedD.stylistic 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme? A.relationship B.bedroom kman D.childlike 答案:AThe following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d] B.[s] C.[u] D.[i:] 答案:B“Up you go, chaps!‖ belongs to ____ language.A.intimateB.frozenC.consultativeD.casual 答案:AWhich of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice‘s brother is in UK.‖ and ―Alice has a brother.‖?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:DThe linguist that distinguishes three social variables(Field, Mode, Tenor)that determine the register is ____.A.Chomsky B.Halliday C.Bloomfield D.Firth 答案:BHow many syllables are there in the word ―rhythmical‖?A.ThreeB.FourC.FiveD.Ten 答案:AWhich of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms? A.flour---flowerB.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoineD.criket---criket 答案:DThe word ‗predigestion‘ is composed of two morphemes.答案:错误The words ‗flat‘ and ‗apartment‘ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误 If Smith said to you in a supermarket, ' I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me' , then his perlocutionary act is your buying him a coca-cola.答案:正确B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 答案:正确Semantics is the study of word meaning.答案:错误Performance is the focus of Chomsky‘s linguistic study.答案:错误F.de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正确The narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue results in the sound [j].答案:正确A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.答案:正确In ‗a book about ghosts‘, the complement is ‗ghosts‘.答案:错误According to Austin, ' He is a boy.' is a constative.答案:正确Sound changes tend to be systematic.答案:正确Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.答案:正确Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.答案:错误Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误If I said to you, ' It' s very stuffy here.' , then my illocutionary act may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.答案:正确B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误Morphology is the study of sentences.答案:错误ISBN means International Standard Book Number.答案:正确One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误/ 16Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.答案:错误B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming)B: Do we have classes this evening? 答案:正确Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.答案:错误The word ' quake' is the result of back-formation.答案:错误The word ' education' comes from Latin.答案:正确Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确If a child calls every man ' Daddy' , then he is over-extending the meaning of the word ' Daddy'.答案:正确The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.答案:正确' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误Linguistics deals with a particular language.答案:错误Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.答案:正确Writing is more basic than speech.答案:错误The word ' silly' used to mean ' happy' in Old English.答案:正确A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.答案:正确Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确The sentence ' Himself saw John.' is acceptable in English.答案:错误According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.答案:正确‘Teach-in‘ is a compound word.答案:正确The –s in ‗works‘of ‗He works hard.‘is a bound morpheme.答案:正确‘Mary is single.‘ is inconsistent with ‗Mary is married.‘答案:正确According to Austin, ' I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.' is a performative.答案:正确Details of language system are genetically transmitted.答案:错误Syntax is the study of the rules of words.答案:错误By ' He wanted me to come' , a learner produced such an incorrect sentence as ' He hoped me to come'.This constitutes the situation of cross-association.答案:错误The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.答案:正确The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.答案:正确In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings.答案:正确Victor, a wild child, who was deprived of language contact for 12 years, was trained by Itard, but could only speak only two words in the end.答案:正确According to Littlewood, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning.答案:正确In TG, determiner is often written as Det.答案:正确A phoneme is a phonetic unit.答案:错误The words ‗buy‘ and ‗purchase‘ are dialectal synonyms.6 / 16答案:错误Linguistics is the systematic study of language.答案:正确Parole is a French word;it means the concrete language events.答案:正确Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确English is a tone language.答案:错误In the sense set < freshman, sophomore, junior, senior> , ‗junior‘ and ‗senior‘ are co-hyponyms.答案:正确' Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange).' belongs to the maxim of quality.答案:错误About two thirds of languages in the world have not hadwritten form.答案:正确Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system 答案:正确The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误The word ' holiday' has gone through the widening of meaning.答案:正确Accent is an important marker of sociolect.答案:正确[ei] is a monophthong.答案:错误‘His dumb boy spoke good English.‘ is a contradiction.答案:正确' The room is air-conditioned.' is an expressive.答案:错误Left-handers are generally less lateralized for language than right-handers.答案:正确If you scratch your nose with your left hand, it is the right hemisphere that has controlled the actions.答案:正确[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确‘I have been to Beijing.‘ entails ‗I have been to North China.‘答案:正确' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:错误Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.答案:错误The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误The term ' diglossia' was first used by Ferguson in 1959.答案:正确The pronunciation of ' this' as ' dis' is very likely to be caused by interlingual interference.答案:正确The words ‗doctor‘ and ‗patient‘ are relational synonyms.答案:正确Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.答案:错误Langue means competence.答案:错误Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.答案:错误N.Chomsky is an American linguist.答案:正确Different styles of the same language can be revealed through differences at syntactic, lexical and phonological levels.答案:正确It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!'.答案:错误Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.答案:错误Some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of ten.答案:正确There have been some 2,500 languages in the world.答案:错误[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.7 / 16答案:错误Tsled‘ is a possible word in English.答案:错误Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.答案:错误The expression ' It' s me' is Not acceptable in English.答案:错误For the British people, the Chinese greeting ' Have you had dinner?' would turn into ' It' s fine today, isn' t it?'.答案:正确Such sentences as ' there are more and more people want tobe a postgraduate student' indicate the Chinese transfer errors.答案:正确Phonology is of a general nature.答案:错误The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.答案:正确The word ' meat' we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.答案:正确Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确Intercultural communication is also called cross-cultural communication.答案:正确The expression ' mummy play ball' is typical of telegraphic speech.答案:正确General linguistics does not study theories of language.答案:错误The word ' beer' comes from German.答案:正确Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words.This is called the frequency effect.答案:正确' We have never met before.' is a representative.答案:正确The use of the expressions ' to update' , ' to host' and ' to check up' indicates the influence of American English.答案:正确The Chinese ' uncle' means the same as the British ' uncle'.答案:错误It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。

Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More??Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of unknown authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th[1] to the early 11th century,[2] and relates events described as having occurred in what is now Denmark and Sweden. Commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature, Beowulf has been the subject of much scholarly study, theory, speculation, discourse, and, at 3182 lines, has been noted for its length.3Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. In the tale, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin. The "Green Knight" offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts, and beheads him in one blow, only to have the Green Knight stand up, pick up his head, and remind Gawain to meet him at the appointed time4A ballad is a poem usually set to music; thus, it often is a story told in a song[1]. Any myth form may be told as a ballad, such as historical accounts or fairy tales in verse form. It usually has foreshortened, alternating four-stress lines ("ballad meter") and simple repeating rhymes, often with a refrain5Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where he is known for robbing the rich to give to the poor and fighting against injustice and tyranny. His band includes "three score" group of fellow outlawed yeomen – called his "Merry Men".[1] He has been the subject of numerous films, television series, books, comics, and plays. In the earliest sources Robin Hood is a commoner, but he would often later be portrayed as the dispossessed Earl of Huntingdon6Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 25 October 1400?) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.7heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales. Chaucer is also widely credited with first extensive use of iambic pentameter8The Authorized King James Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible begun in 1604 and first published in 1611 by the Church of England. The Great Bible was the first "authorized version" issued by the Church of England in the reign of King Henry VIII.[4] In January 1604, King James I of England convened the Hampton Court Conference where a new English version was conceived in response to the perceived problems of the earlier translations as detected by the Puritans, a faction within the Church of England.9The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born")[1] was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform, this is a very general use of the term.10Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535) was an English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading humanist scholar, and occupied many public offices, including Lord Chancellor (1529–1532), in which he had a number of people burned at the stake for heresy. More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in the eponymous book published in 1516. He was beheaded in 1535 when he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England.11The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively. One of the best-known sonnet writers is Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them. A Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line contains ten syllables, and each line is written in iambic pentameter in which a pattern of a non-emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, in which the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.12Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter (like that which is used in Shakespearean plays13Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an important English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem celebrating, through fantastical allegory, the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy.The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser, published first in three books in 1590, and later in six books in 1596. The Faerie Queene is notable for its form: it was the first work written in Spenserian stanza. It is an allegorical work, written in praise of Queen Elizabeth I. Largely symbolic, the poem follows several knights in an examination of several virtues.Amoretti was first published in 1595 in London by William Ponsonby. It was printed as part of a volume entitled “Amoretti and Epithalamion. Written not long since by Edmunde Spenser.” The volume included the sequence of 89 sonnets, along with a series of s hort poems called Anacreontics and an Epithalamion, a public poetic celebration of marriage 15Christopher "Kit" Marlowe (baptised 26 February 1564 – 30 May 1593) was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost Elizabethan tragedian next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death。

语言学练习题（1）第一章语言与语言学1.The study of ___________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. morphologyD. sociolinguistics2. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called __________ comes into being.A. syntax B semantics C. pragmatics D. sociolinguistics3. Which of the following statements is not the concern of psycholinguistics?A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind workd when we use language.B. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquistion in children.D. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.4. Which of the following word is the entire arbitrary one?A. Crash.B. BookC. Newspaper.D. Beautiful.5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language?A. CompetenceB. ArbitrarinessC. DisplacementD. Productivity.6. The differences between Traditional Grammar and Modern Linguitistics are all of the following EXCEPT ____________.A. descriptive vs. prescriptiveB. spoken vs. writtenC. non-Latin-based framework vs. Latin-based frameworkD. competence vs. performance7. The term__________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. Careful.B.CrackC. HandbagD. Table.9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called ___________.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Computational linguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. _________ is regarded as the “father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf11. Competence refers to ___________.A. Knowledge of meaning of words and sentence.B. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterances.C. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.D. what speakers can actually do with language.12. The subject area on the borders of linguistics and literature has become known as___________.A. linguistics stylisticsB. anthropological linguisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. mathematical linguistics13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC. speech and writingD. langue and parole14. _________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Anthropological linguistics15. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that _________.A. language is basically vocalB. language is arbitraryC. language is used for communicationD. language is productive16. ___________ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. AbstractnessC. ArbitrarinessD. Fuzziness17. Which of the following statement about language is NOT true?A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.B. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular purpose.C. Language refers to the common features of all human language.D. Language includes animal and artificial features of language.18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level --- meaningless, the grammatical level --- meaningful. This means language has the design feature of _________.A. creativeB. changeableC. arbitraryD. duality19. ________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Semantics and syntaxD. Morphology and phonology20.__________ dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.A. Johnson’sB. Lowth’sC. John’sD. Firth’s21. Langue & parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by _________.A. SaussueB. ChomskyC. Lyons Halliday22. Language has the feature of ________ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. interchangeability23.Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because __________.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems.B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world.C. we have recording devices to study speech.D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European24. Who made the distinction between competences and performance?A. Noam Chomsky.B. F. de. SaussureC. M. A. K. Halliday.D. L. Bloomfield25. N. Chomsky is a great ___________ linguist.A. SwissB. FrenchC. CanadianD. American。

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2.5%×10=25%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n)___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physicalarticulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Short answer questions(15%x3=45%)1. what features of language do you think should be included in agood, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a rule-governed system.Language is basically vocal.Language is arbitrary.Language is used for human communication.2. what are the major individual factors for SLA?The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors.the rate and ultimate success in SLA are also affected by individual learner factors.(1)The early years of one’s life before puberty;(2)They must have strong motivation, instrumental or integrative;(3)The extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community, that is , acculturation.(4)Learner’s personality.3.State briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study?⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes.⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.⑷It’s recognized that children acquired their native language without explicit learning, which a second language is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2learner.⑸A rule can be learned before it is internalized(i.e. acquired),but having learned a rule does not necessarily preclude having to acquire it laterIII. Text Analysis (10%x3=30%)Read the following passage and answer the questions in your answer sheet.About one of man’s frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote, “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.”This observation is related to a principle by which I try (without always succeeding) to live. I believein living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, or to miss anything in the only reality I know. It is futile to dwell on the past. What existed or happened in the past may have been beautiful or exciting and may now bring profound and precious memories; but the past is dead, and it is not healthy for living spirits to linger over a world inhabited by ghosts. The past may also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk, of unfortunate deeds that “cannot be undone,”of sad words like “might have been.”However, it is painful and pointless to fixate on a period that cannot be relived or repaired. It is unproductiveself-punishment. The past must be kept in its place, outlived and outgrown.It is also useless to worry about the future. Why fly to heaven before it is time? What anxious visions haunt the person who thinks too much about the future? He may envision the horrible mushroom cloud; the earth shriveling from radiation; the overpopulated, abused earth gone dead. He may imagine his own life going awry, appointments missed; advancements given to someone else; his house burned to the ground; his love lost; everything in his life as in a nightmare, slipping away from him. There is no end to the disasters a person can worry about when he focuses anxiously on the future. There are events in his future, including his own demise, over whichhe has little or no control, but he can ruin his life worrying about them. There are some disasters he may be able to prevent, but he must do that by living well in the present, not simply by worrying about the future.The present moment, which is even now moving into the past, is the reality I know, and I don't want to miss it. The wild-cherry cough drop dissolving in my mouth is sweet and soothing. Even my sore throat and back-ache have meaning. The cool night air, the crackling noises of my furnace, my cat yawning and stretching -- these, are the tangible realities I can recognize. They exist in this moment, together with my own breathing, the warm lamp overhead, the jerking of my typewriter. Along with these are the realities of other people and of all life on this earth, which matters to me now, not at some past or future time.Everyone needs a sense of history, I think, particularly a feeling for his own roots, but history needs to keep its distance to be appreciated. It is also vital to have some sense of direction, which means making plans for the future but not becoming preoccupied with them. What is most important, I believe, is living in the present, that is, being alive now.Questions:What is the thesis statement in the passage? (5 points) How does the writer develop his ideas in this passage? (10 points)Please comment on one of the author’s views. (10 points)。