01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
01 元素和元素周期表
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.
质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。
The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:
这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如:
oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
氮氧= = = = N霓虹灯啊= = = =不镁镁
Some elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:
一些元素,长久以来,根据他们的拉丁名字符号,例如:
iron==Fe(ferrum) copper==Cu(cuprum) lead==Pb(plumbum)
铁= =铁(铁)的铜= =铜(缓蚀剂)引线= =铅(铅)
A complete listing of the elements may be found in T able 1.
一个完整的上市的元素可以被发现于表1。
Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds1. In 1869, D.Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns2. Such an arrangement is called a periodic
在十七世纪后期开始的工作罗伯特·波以耳,提出当前一个元素的接受和运用的概念,产生了
可观的知识大量调查的特性及其compounds1元素。在1869年,D.Mendeleev和l .迈耶,独立工作能力,提出了周期性的律法。在现代形式,法律规定的特性是周期函数的元素的原子编号。换句话说,当元素的顺序列出增加原子序数、元素有相近的财产落在了明确的间隔沿名单。由此,我们有可能安排的名单表格元素的元素有相似的性质columns2放置在垂直。这样的安排被称为一个周期
Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements.
每个水平排的元素构成一段时间。但应该注意的是,不同长度的时期。这是一个非常短只包含二元素,后面跟着两个短的每8元素,然后两个长期的18个元素组成。下一个阶段包括32元素,最后一期明显不完整的。这样的安排、元素在同一垂直柱有相似的特点。这些圆柱构成化学家庭或组。这个团体的成员为首的两8-element时期为主要集团指定的元素,其他组的成员被称为过渡或内在过渡元素。
In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the line —the metalloids-have properties characteristic of - both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals.
