构词法之派生法

英语构词法

一、构词法之派生法的讲解

英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。

派生 Derivation

前缀

前缀 含义 例词

a- 处在…… arise, aside, alone

en- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslave

dis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear,

disorder, disagree

un- 不

做相反动作 unable, unknown, uncommon,

uncomfortable, unfair, unclose,

undress, uncover, untie

in-

im-

ir-

il- 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient,

incorrect

impossible, impersonal, impolite,

immature, impractical

irregular, irresponsible

illogical, non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference,

non-conductor, non-stop

de- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）

anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascist

mis- 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand,

misfortune

re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,

co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education

ex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-president

tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope

super- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower,

under- 在……之下 underline, underestimate,

underground,

inter- 相互，之间 international, interact,

inter-change

sub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious,

subcontinent,

trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate vice- 副 vice-premier, vice-president

semi- 半 semifinal, semicircle,

semi-automatic

bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的

tri 三个 triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车,

triplets三胞胎

mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national,

multi-coloured

kilo- 千 kilometre, kilogram

后缀

后 缀 例 词

名

词 -er farmer, weaver, pain-killer,

murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker,

cooker, recorder, heater

-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess

-or conductor, sailor, transistor,

operator,

-ar beggar

-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese

-ian musician, Egyptian, physician

-ist scientist, dentist, communist,

socialist, -ent/-ant assistant

-ment argument, judgment, government

-ness happiness, greatness, illness,

coldness, sleeplessness

-tion dictation, preparation, repetition,

action, information, invention

-ing building, wedding, painting

-ship leadership, friendship, hardship

-age shortage, marriage, leakage

-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty,

twenty, thirty, certainty

-th truth, warmth, length, growth,

fifteenth, fourth

-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance,

appearance

-ence dependence, confidence, reference,

entrance, defence

-ful mouthful, handful, plateful,

-al refusal, denial, arrival

-y difficulty, possibility,

-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom

-ism socialism, materialism 注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。

-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。

后 缀 例 词

形

容

词 -al central, industrial, national, natural

-an European, American, Australian

-ern eastern, northern, southern

-able reasonable, horrible, terrible,

believable, comfortable, forgettable,

sensible

-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,

-ish childish, Swedish, selfish

-ive destructive, collective, active,

creative, effective

-y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy,

healthy, funny

-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless,

sleepless, fearless, limitless

-en golden, wooden, woolen

-ous courageous, famous, continuous,

serious, various

-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary

-ic realistic, historic, poetic

-some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome,

handsome -like childlike, womanlike, manlike

-ant ignorant, significant, observant,

important

-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent

-ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly,

brotherly, motherly

-ish childish, foolish

后 缀 例 词

动

词 -ize realize, modernize, mechanize,

criticize,

-en widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen,

widen, shorten, quicken, deepen

-fy Simplify, beautify, terrify,

后 缀 例 词

副

词 -ward(s) forward, northward, backward,

downward

-ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly,

happily, friendly

二、课堂巩固练习

Ⅰ.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the

left.

( ) 1. enrich A. trying to find jobs

( ) 2.

semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost ( ) 3.

troublesome C. of, having, using imagination

( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp

( ) 5.

job-hunting E. half a circle

( ) 6.

limitless F. causing trouble

( ) 7.

imaginative G. make rich, improve in quality,

flavour, etc.

( ) 8. defrost H. without limit

Ⅱ.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks.

1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)

2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)

3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy)

4. It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow.

(heavy)

5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______.

(invent)

6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years.

（foreign）

7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)

8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple)