大一希腊罗马神话期末复习英文

A Mid-term Examination inGreek and Roman MythologyName:__________ Class:_________ Score:_________I. Match the gods/goddesses and their roles in mythology. (10%)( ) 1. Diana A. goddess of grain( ) 2. Poseidon B. goddess of hunting, the moon( ) 3. Hades C. god of the sea( ) 4. Hera D. queen of Olympus; goddess of marriageand childbirth( ) 5. Ceres E. goddess of arts and crafts and defensivewar; goddess of wisdom( ) 6. Athena F. goddess of beauty and sexual desire ( ) 7. Aphrodite G.. god of war( ) 8. Mars H. metal smith of the gods( ) 9. Hermes I. ruler of the Underworld; lord of the dead( ) 10. Hephaestus J. Zeus’messenger, guardian of travelers,merchants and thievesK. one of the Fates who determine thelength of each mortal’s lifeII. Choose a word/phrase from the following list to fill in each of the blanks with, changing their forms if necessary. (20%)1.The report presented by the scientist to the government was extremely _______ - no one could understand it.2.He was ________ by her beauty, but lacked the courage to speak to her.3.Another round of negotiations were conducted on the Middle East under the _______ of the UN.4.Seeing the ________ expression on his father’s face, the boy immediately knew what was awaiting him.5.While the president was casually chatting with his supporters, his body-guards were _______, looking for any single sign of danger.6.The scientist spent all his life researching the ____________ of his hometown.7.Showing disrespect to gods according to many cultures is to invite ______.8.The young man had about him a(n) _______ of youth and health.9. When the theater caught fire, there was a great______.10. The desk was a ______ of papers and unopened letters.III. Multiple Choice Questions (10%)( )1. The Iliad and the Odyssey were both written by _______.A. VirgilB. OvidC. HesiodD. Homer( )2. Many transformation stories can be found in _________, a collection of poems written by ____.A. Metamorphosis; OvidB. Theogony, HesiodC. Persians, AeschylusD. Aeneid, Virgil( )3.The spinners of the thread of human destiny were __________.A. the MusesB. the GracesC. the FatesD. the Furies( )4.Zeus changed Io a _______ hide her from Hera.A. bearB. heiferC. snakeD. bull( )5.Leda and the Swan was supposedly painted by __________.A. Peter Paul RubensB. Gustave MoreauC. Sandro BotticelliD. Leonardo da Vinci( )6.Pandora replaced the lid of her box, with only one thing left at the bottom - _______.A. warB. famineC. hopeD. disease( )7.Arachne was a _____, who was punished by ______.A. hunter; DianaB. titan; ZeusC. weaver; MinervaD. king; Hera( )8.When we say someone has Midas’ ears, we are commenting on his ________.A. wealthB. poor judgmentC. prideD. avarice( )9.The gods who ruled the heavens, the ocean and the Underworld, respectively, were ______.A. Jupiter, Pluto and SaturnB. Jupiter, Apollo and Neptune D. Jupiter, Neptune andPluto( )10.If you throw a sop to Cerberus, you are trying to _______.A. kill someoneB. bribe someoneC. avoid being killed by someoneD. enjoy a blissful afterlife.IV. Read each literary excerpt carefully and do the following: (a) underline all the mythological allusions, and (b) explain their meanings according to the context of the excerpt. (20%)1. We feasted that evening as on nectar and ambrosia. (Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, 1847)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2.There was, as I have said, a Minerva fully armed. (Marilynne Robinson, Mother Country, 1889) ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________3.Trinity College had undertaken the Sisyphean task of repairing all of its historic Front Square.(John Brady, A Stone of the Heart, 1988)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________4.Antoine and Francoise with their children, but without ever knowing why, joined the refugees for the sake of their vision of elysium and because of Don Emmanuel’s enthusiasm. (Louis De Berni res, The War of Don Emmanuel’s Nether Parts, 1990)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5.It was hard to imagine H.E. sniffing after some other country woman, or being discovered mounting one of the milking girls. H.E., even when he was twenty-seven, would not have made a credible farmyard satyr. (Thomas Keneally, The Playmaker, 1987)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________V. Look at the following paintings and tell briefly the mythological stories depicted therein. (20%)1._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________VI. Essay question: (A) choose ONE from the list of questions and answer the question you’ve chosen, and (B) tell what you have learned from this course. You should write at least 150 words. (20%)1.What is the significance of the story of Proserpine?2.What are the different character traits between Apollo and Bacchus?3.What is the relationship between hubris and nemesis (cite at least one mythological story as an example)?4.What aspect does the Pandora myth show about the ancient Greek society?Your question：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________。

Greco‎-Roman‎Mytho‎l ogy Study‎Guide‎, part 1Part 1.1. Who are the Twelv‎e Olymp‎i an Gods, and what are their‎power‎s?Zeus. He is lord of the sky.Hera.prote‎ctor of marri‎a g e, famil‎i ar with magic‎.Posei‎d on.God of the sea, horse‎s, and of earth‎qu ake‎sAres. He is the god of war.Athen‎a.She is the godde‎s s of the city, handi‎c raft‎s, and agric‎u ltur‎e.Apoll‎o.He is the god of music‎,Artem‎i s. the godde‎s s of chast‎i tyHepha‎e stus‎.Lame god of fire and the forge‎.Aphro‎dite.Godde‎s s of love, roman‎c e, and beaut‎y.Demet‎e r.Godde‎s s of agric‎u ltur‎eHesti‎a.Calm godde‎s s of home and homel‎i fe,Herme‎s. He is the god of thiev‎es and the god of comme‎r ce.2. Who was Prome‎t heus‎? Why was he impor‎t ant to the human‎race?He was one of the Titan‎s.Becau‎s e he broug‎h t down fire to man.3. What happe‎n ed when Pando‎r a's box was opene‎d?All the pains‎that might‎plagu‎e manki‎n d such as Old Age,Labor‎,sickn‎e ss.Insan‎i ty,Vice,and Passi‎o n flew in a cloud‎,stung‎ Epime‎th eus‎and Pando‎r a in every‎part of their‎bodie‎s,and then attac‎k ed the race of morta‎l s.4. What were the Five Ages of Man, and what happe‎n ed after‎them?The Golde‎n Age,the Silve‎r Age,the Bronz‎e Age,the Age of Heroe‎s,the Iron Age5. What did King Midas‎wish for, and what probl‎e ms did his wish bring‎him?He asked‎ that whate‎v er he might‎ touch‎shoul‎d be chang‎e d into gold.He turne‎d food into gold so he could‎n’t eat,starv‎ation‎ seeme‎d to await‎ him.6. How does the story‎of Perse‎p hone‎expla‎i n the diffe‎r ence‎of the seaso‎n s?7. What is Tarta‎r us, and who is its king?Tarta‎ru s is the deepe‎r of the Under‎w orld‎,the priso‎n of the Sons of the Earth‎.Hades‎ is its king.Part 2.8. How did Hippo‎m enes‎win his race again‎s t Atala‎n taWith the help of Venus‎.9. Why did Daphn‎e becom‎e a laure‎l tree?She asked‎ h er fathe‎r to chang‎e he form to prote‎c t her from being‎pursu‎i ng.10. Why did Cupid‎fall in love with Psych‎e?Cupid‎ was surpr‎i sed by Psych‎e’s wonde‎rful beaut‎y that wound‎e d him with his own arrow‎,conse‎quent‎l y,inste‎a d of makin‎g Psych‎e fall in love with some ragge‎d begga‎r,himse‎l f fell in love with Psych‎e.11. Why did Venus‎/Aphro‎d ite advis‎e Adoni‎s not to attac‎k wild anima‎l s?12. What did Hera do to Echo when she found‎out that Echo was lying‎to her, and what happe‎n ed to Echo when Narci‎s sus died?She passe‎d sente‎n ce upon Echo in words‎.13. What was the name of the statu‎e that Pygma‎l ion fell in love with?Galat‎e a14. What objec‎t was the direc‎t cause‎of the tragi‎c end of Pyram‎u s and Thisb‎e?Part 3.15. Who was Perse‎u s's fathe‎r?Zeus16. Why did Acris‎i us put Perse‎u s and his mothe‎r in a coffi‎n and throw‎them into the sea?He was alarm‎e d by an oracl‎e which‎ h ad told him that Perse‎u s would‎be the instr‎u m ent‎of his death‎.17. Who was Medus‎a?She was a terri‎b l e monst‎e r who had laid waste‎ the count‎r y18. Why did Polyd‎i ctes‎send Perse‎u s to kill Medus‎a?For an easy acces‎s to Danae‎.19. How did Perse‎u s save Andro‎m eda from the sea monst‎e rHe kille‎d the sea monst‎e r20. Why did Jason‎want the Golde‎n Fleec‎e?He was requi‎r ed to attem‎p t what was thoug‎h t to be an impos‎si ble‎deed to satis‎f y the deman‎ds ofa hard-heart‎e d taskm‎aster‎.21. What was the name of the ship the Argon‎a uts saile‎d on?The Argo.22. Who were two of the Argon‎a uts?Argos‎,Tiphy‎s23. How did Medea‎help Jason‎when he fough‎t the crop of armed‎men?She instr‎u cted‎ him that he shoul‎d throw‎ stone‎s into their‎ midst‎ so that they would‎attac‎k each other‎rathe‎r than Jason‎ himse‎lf.24. How did Medea‎get her fathe‎r's ship to stop chasi‎n g the Argon‎a uts?She murde‎r ed her young‎e r broth‎er Apsyr‎t os and cut him up into small‎piece‎s which‎she threw‎over the side of the ship.Aeete‎s stopp‎e d to pick up the piece‎s,and so the Argo made good her escap‎e.25. What was Hercu‎l es famou‎s for?He was famou‎s for his stren‎g th and coura‎g e and for his legen‎d ary adven‎tu res‎.26. Why did Hercu‎l es have to compl‎e te twelv‎e labor‎s?He was told to serve‎ Eurys‎th eus‎ f or twelv‎e years‎and win immor‎t alit‎y by perfo‎rming‎ the labor‎s the king impos‎e d upon him27. Name six of the twelv‎e labor‎s of Hercu‎l esThe Nemea‎n Lion,the Hydra‎,the Ceryn‎i tian‎ Hind,the Eryma‎n thia‎n Boar,the Stymp‎h alia‎n Birds ‎,the Augea‎n Stabl‎e s28. How did Hercu‎l es demon‎s trat‎e his stren‎g th in his infan‎c y?29. How did Hercu‎l es kill the Hydra‎?He dippe‎d his arrow‎s in the Hydra‎’s blood‎or venom‎and so made them poiso‎n ous30. What cause‎d the death‎of Hercu‎l es?The poiso‎n of Hydra‎.。

Section1:T or FSection2:ChoiceSection3:Explain idioms•1、Pandora’s Box 灾难之盒含义:to open Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone、来源:Pandora's box involves a mythological story in which the a box was given to a human who was warned never to open the box, but his curiosity made him open it resulting in a disaster、•2、The Horn of Amalthea丰饶角含义:A symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, nuts, other edibles, or wealth in some form、来源:One day, as Amalthea played with little Zeus, she accidentally broke off her horn、To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus made the broken horn always be full of whatever its owner desired、•3、The Midas/Golden Touch点石成金含义:Ability to turn everything he touched into gold、if someone has the Midas touch, everything they do is successful and makes money for them来源:Midas’s job knew no bounds and as soon as he got home, he ordered the servants to set a splendid repast on the table、•4、A Procrustean Bed 强迫一致含义:When something is Procrustean, different lengths or sizes or properties are fitted to an arbitrary standard、来源: Procrustes was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who physically attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed、•5、Sow the Dragon Teeth挑起纠纷含义:The dragon's teeth, once planted, would grow into fully armed warriors、来源:In Greek myth, dragon’s teeth feature prominentl y in the legends of the Phoenician prince Cadmus and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece、•6、Apple of Discord祸根含义: A euphemism for a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute、来源:The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis、In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti(‘for the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party、Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite、Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient、He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War、•7、The Heel of Achilles唯一的弱点含义:A deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially leads to downfall来源:The mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common、Thetis treated Achilles with Ambrosia, making him invulnerable、Thetis burned away his mortality in the house fire except on the heel, with which he was held、Thetis dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel、•8、Penelope’s Web永远做不完的工作含义:The tactics of delaying sth on purpose; the task that can never be finished来源:Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who was called to fight in the Trojan War、She waits twenty years for the final return of her husband 、In order to put off remarriage, She has devised tricks to delay her suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished、Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, one of twelve unfaithful serving women, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors、•9、Between Scylla and Charybdis进退维谷含义:Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom expresses the meaning of "having to choose between two evils"、来源: Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily、They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa、According to Homer, Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool、•10、Necklace of Harmonia不祥之物含义:Necklace of Harmonia brought great misfortune to all of its wearers or owners、来源:Aphrodite bore a daughter, Harmonia, from Ares' seed、Harmonia married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes、Upon hearing of the royal engagement, Hephaestus presented Harmonia with an exquisitenecklace as a wedding gift、The necklace was made by Hephaestus' own hand and was cursed to bring disaster to any who wore it、•13、A Sisyphean Task含义:Endlessly laborious or futile来源:Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men、He was condemned forever to roll a huge stone up a hill in Hades only to have it roll down again on nearing the top、•15、Give a cake to Cerberus含义:bribe来源:Cerberus is a watchdog at the gates of Tartarus、He would let the souls in but not out、However he could be bribed with a honey cake on occasion or with sweet music、Section4:Explain in English the meaning of following terms、15% (5)•1、Anthropomorphism神人同形同性In Greek myth, the gods and goddesses are not only personifications of the forces of the universe, they are seen as beings much like common men and women、The te rm for this is “Anthropomorphism”, meaning “in the form of a human being、”•2、The Five Ages of Men五个时代The Golden Age; the Silver Age; the Bronze Age; the Heroic Age; the Iron Age•3、Tartarus 地狱The deeper region, where the Titans had been imprisoned(Tartarus itself formed a dismal picture, it had gates of bronze guarded by Cerberus, surrounded by fire, encased by triple wall, and within, the wailing and cries of those being punished、It is the underworld zone of eternal torment, where the greatest sinners have been punished for their wrong doing、)•4、The Elysian Field 天堂领域The paradise for the Greeks•5、The Asphodel Field 充满游魂的地方A field inhabited by wandering souls•6、Styx 冥河A river in Hades across which Charon ferried the souls of the dead、•7、Hubris 过分骄傲Overbearing pride or presumption、•8、Satyr森林之神,好色的人Satyrs are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus 、In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing•9、Maenad 酒神的女祭司,异常激动的女人Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by him into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication、In this state, they would lose all self-control、•10、Narcissism 自恋Narcissus is a man who was renowned for his beauty、He was exceptionally proud, in that he disdained those who loved him、Nemesis saw this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was merely an image、Unable to leave the beauty of his reflection, Narcissus died、•11、Harpy鹰身女妖Half woman, half bird ;vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bird with the head of a woman•12、Xenia好客Xenia is the Greek concept of hospitality, or generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home、•13、Dionysia 酒神节(in ancient Greece) festivals of the god Dionysus, an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus•14、Aegis 羊皮盾(宙斯及其女儿雅典娜所持的帝盾)A shield hold by Athena、Under one’s aegis means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source、15、Metamorphosis 变形,变质A person or thing develops and changes into something completely different、( 变形a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft、)•16、Demigod 半人半神A less important god, especially one who is half god and half human、•17、Centaur 人首马身的动物,半人马A creature with the head, arms, and chest of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、( In classical mythology, a centaur is a creature with the head, arms, and body of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、)•18、The Deucalion FloodAphrodite's magic girdle was a golden girdle that caused men and gods to fall hopelessly in love with her、( Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly,and disliked the deadly wrongs of men .He decided to clear the earth of them all.Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to help.Soon the whole world sank in a vast ocean, and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood,all but two poor Thessalians .)Section5:Essay questions 15 %( 3)•Unit 1: Examples of mythological accounts explaining the explainable、Uranus lay upon Gaia and made love to her without stop、(The interplay between rain and soil that makes plants come to life and grow、)Human Beings fashioned from clayGods and heroes descending into the Underground in the west and emerging in the East、( Sun rises in the East and sets in the West、)Persephone lived three months in the Underground with her husband and returned to live with her mother Demeter for the rest of year、(The return of spring after winter、)Eros, equipped with his sharp and blunt arrows, brings about many tragedies of human love、(Freud’s theory about love or sex as the most fundamental drive from humans、)•Unit 2: Similarities between “the first woman” i n the Greek(Pandora) and Christian creation myth(Eve)Eve was the instigator of tbe whole affair, for through her beauty and her wiles she seduced Adam to taste of the forbidden fruit、"Woman is like an apple, lovely without, rotten within、"Eve was lured by the snake、Pandora was driven by her curiosity、Their behaviors caused evil and plagues to human-beings、•Unit 3: Reasons that ancient Greeks tend to depict Zeus as a promiscuous man, an unfaithful husband?Zeus’ fatal Weaknesses: an uncontrollable lus t for sexual driveThis shows the anthropomorphism、The ancient emperors usually had many lovers, so the Greeks depict Zeus as a promiscuous man、This also shows the ancient Greeks’ imagination for a man、Reproduction is blessing、•Unit 4: Symbolic meaning of Olive Tree in the Greek story and Holy BibleWhen Poseidon and Athena disputed as to which of them should give the name to the capital of Attica, the gods decided, that it should receive its name from him who should bestow upon man the most useful gift、Poseidon then created the horse, and Athena called forth the olive tree, for which the honor was conferred on her、The olive branch in Bible appears in the story of Noah’s ark、When the water receded, a dove flied with an olive branch in its mouse、In the Greek story, Olive Tree means peace and wealth、In the Holy Bible , Olive Tree appeared after the flood ,so it represents peace、•Unit 5:•Differences between Athena and AresAres: thirst for the “hand to hand combat” and the “frenzy of battle and bloodshed”Athena: “war for the purposes of justice”, “peaceful settlements” "war at a distance", “strategic planning of war”•What are the distinctive features of Dionysus as a religious festival?The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of Dionysus、The central event was the performance of tragedies and comedies、Dionysus was a god, mirroring the innate wildness of humanity which Athenians abhorred and tried to control、The Dionysia was a time to let out their inhibitions through highly emotional tragedies or irreverent comedies、People dressed like Satyrs and Maenads、Some men dressed as women and women as men、The Dionysia was also marked by an element of role-reversal and boundary-crossing: lower class citizens could mock the upper class; or women could insult their male relatives、•What are the Apollonian and Dionysian elements in music style and human psyche?•Unit 6•Interpretation of the Furies’, Apollo’s and Athena’s judgment on Orestes’ matricide、( See the scripts in PPT for Unit 6)Orestes is being hounded and terrorized by the Furies for the blood crime of matricide、Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra, who murdered his father Agamemnon、(背景)Furies: holiness of motherhood, reminiscent of matriarchies; tribal laws = an eye for eyeApollo: laws of males-dominated societyAthena: representing the voice of womanhood to deny mother’s role as the creator、•In the tales of Callisto being transformed into a bear, and Acteon being transformed into a stag, what common theme does the “transformation” reveal?Ancient Greeks were sober and contemplative、They explore the mystery of human identify and human destiny、1) Transformation from human to non- human which indicates the loss of human identifies、2) Inescapable destiny of “the Hunter being hunted”•Unit 7•How do you interpret the landscape imagery in the story of Narcissus? (See PPT for session 7)Landscape imagery:"There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks、Nor did the mountain goats resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it, and the rocks sheltered it from the sun、His tears fell into the water and disturbed the image、The "stillness" of clear fountain suggests Narcissus' insusceptibility to the lust of the world、While his tears disturbed the image, his lust of eyes had "deflowered" him, taking away his virginity - a pure soul and a peaceful mind、•Interpretation of how Cupid (Eros) falls in love with Psyche、(See the scripts in PPT for unit 7)The erotic love (Eros) and the spiritual love (Psyche) belong together in an inseparable union、The symbol ic meaning of “the union of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche” is "animating spirit"、In Venus's garden there are two fountains: one with sweet water, the other one with bitter、Cupid fills two vases with each and then goes to Psyche's bedchamber where she is sleeping、Cupid proceeds to leta few drops from the bitter fountain water fall on her lips, then touches her side with his pointed arrow、Feeling the touch of the arrow, Psyche wakes up, opens her eyes, and seems to be gazing straight at Cupid who is invisible、This startles Cupid enough that he ends up wounding himself、Cupid immediately sets out to repair the damage he has done to Psyche, and pours a few drops of the sweet water in her hair、•Interpretation of ancient Greeks’ attitudes toward immortality in the love story of Tithonus and EosAncient Greeks against immortal youth、They thought that a man shouldn't desire in any way to vary from the kindly race of men, or pass beyond the goal of ordinance、•Unit 8&9• 1 Why is Perseus regarded as a perfect hero?Perseus was the most perfect Greek hero in myths、He was the only Greek hero who maintained supportive relationship with women throughout his career、In his pursuit of glory, he exhibited both courage and wisdom、In killing Medusa, he outwitted the monster by his shrewdness and tricks rather than mere courage and strength、He was favored by gods when he was alive and after his death, he was transformed into a constellation、• 2 What is Greeks’ conception of Hero as the story of Heracles/Jason reveals、Hercules is Greece's greatest heroes in myth, is the embodiment of strength, courage and wisdom、Jason :youthful confidence and the spirit of adventurecourage to come alone to capture a kingdomleader of a group of heroesvaliance to fight enormous evils and conquer monsterssuccess in accomplishing the impossible• 3 What is Greeks’ conception of destiny as the story of Oedipus reveals?It reflects the contradiction between human will and fate, hero of courage, integrity, kindness, courage to take responsibility、Highlight the complex relationship between necessity and contingency, the fate of the "uncertainty" and "frustrated"、Describes the fate predominates in Western myth point of view、The riddle of the Sphinx is a symbol of human self-understanding and self-discovery for the first time, began the era of human philosophy、It is also the ancient Greece formation of new moral concepts, expressing the painful memories of humanity from barbarism to civilization、•Unit 10• 1 Please interpret the bird imagery i n Odysseus’ speech树上坐着一窝小鸟,一窝嗷嗷待哺的麻雀,鸟巢筑在树端的枝桠上,叶片下,雏鸟嗦嗦发抖,一窝八只,连同生养它们的母亲,一共九只。

Unit Four Titanic and Olympian GenealogyI.Gaia’s Children (p. 37; 477)II. Uranus vs/& Cronus Cronus vs/& Zeus1.What psychoanalytical motifs can you find in the birth stories of Cronus and Zeus?2.What role did Mother (Gaia and Rhea) play in the birth story of the son(Cronus and Zeus)?3.What role did Gaia play in each change of the divine administration? Why did she always side withthe sons in overthrowing their fathers? Why did she create the most formidable opponent of Zeus? Cronus and Zeus’s Bir th1.Father-Son Rivalry: hostility between Father and Son and alliance of Mother with Son: Father’sfear of his son and his life-denying policy, and Son’s rebellion against Father to avenge his Mother and with the help of Mother(Psychological reading:Mother-Son-Father triangle & Freudian pre-oedipal theory and Oedipus complex)2.The replacement of the old by the young and the war between the two generationsEtiological reading:A.the ancient tribal部落的practice of strongest son overthrowing his old tribal father-leader (bykilling him, or through ritual castration阉割to show the loss of virile有男性气概或生殖力的authority of the old, or leaving him to die or kill himself;B.the ancient matriarchal rites of killing the male consort to ensure fertility of human community;with the castration, taking away the driving life power and ending the paternal/male authority；C.the animal kingdom, to ensure the quality of the flock.3.With the castration of Uranus, separates the sky from the earth, beginning the binary二元对立的structure of the universe4.The prototype 原型of Homicide---Patricide or the first treacherous brutality of murder case for the purpose of power 弑父/君；---Cannibalism 食人War between Old and Young GodsHow do you interpret the war between the Titans and the Olympians?III. The Principal Gods Family Tree (p.41)(Heaven) Uranus = Gaia (Earth)|---------------------------------------| | | | |Cronus = Rhea Coeus = Phoebe Iapetus = Theia/Clymene| | |---------------------- Leto = Zeus|=Zeus| ----------------| | | | |Persephone| | Prometheus|Athena |--------- | || | | Atlas Epimetheus--------------- Apollo Artemis | || | | | |Ares Hebe Hephaestus Zeus=Maia Zeus=Dione| |Hermes AphroditeFrom Edith Hamiltion's Mythology4.In what specific ways do the old and the new divine families resemble a human family?5.In aspect of sex, how different was the Olympian family membership from that of the Titanic? Whatdid the change signify? What was the major diffe rence between Cronus’s reign and Zeus’s in terms of familial and societal structure?V. Minor Gods and GoddessesGroups:the Charites (Graces) the Fatesthe Furies (Eumenides) the Harpiesthe Hesperides the Horaethe Muses the SirensNymphs: (Hama)dryads of woods;River gods and Nereids;the wind gods: Eurus, Auster, Zephyrus, Boreas Individuals:Hecate Nemesis 正义女神Eros小爱神Eris不和女神Eos（Aurora）黎明女神Pan潘神Hebe侍女神Hymen主婚神Iris彩虹女神Nike胜利女神Circe巫术女神Asclepius药神Heroes and Demi-gods:Bellerophon （Chimera, Pegasus）Chiron, the centaurPerseus (Medusa)HeraclesTheseus (minotaur)Jason (golden fleece)Orpheus (music, Eurydice)Daedalus (aviator, inventor, Icarus)heroes of Thebes (Oedipus)heroes of Trojan War (Agamemnon, Achilles, Hector, Odysseus, Ajax) AeneasFour great expeditionsthe journey of the Argonautsthe Calydonian boar huntSeven against Thebesthe Trojan WarTwo great adventure storiesOdysseus’s home journey to IthacaAeneas’ journey to Italy4 Famous familiesHouse of Thebes:Cadmus, Amphion, Zethus, Europa,/Laius, Jocasta, Oedipus,/Eteocles, Polynices, Antigone /Agave, Pentheus/NiobeHouse of Atreus:Tantalus, Pelops/Atreus, Thyestes/Agamemnon, Clytemnestra, Menelaus, Helen, Aegisthus/Iphigenia, Orestes, and ElectraHouse of Troy:Teucer; Dardanus/Erichthonius, Ilus/Laomedon/Priam, Hecuba, Hesione, Anchises/Hector, Paris, Cassandra, Helenus, Troilus/AeneasThe most terrible monstersthe Calydonian boar—killed by Meleager and AtalantaCerberus---3-headed dog of Underworld;Typhon and Echidna;the Chime’ra ---head lion, body goat, tail serpent; daughter of Typhon and Echidna; killed by Perseusthe Cyclops --- one-eyed giants, Poseidon; wounded by OdysseusEchidna---half woman, half serpent; Ceto and Phorcysthe Harpies ---winged, faces of women, bodies of vultures and sharp claws; Poseidon, killed or driven away by Zethes and Calaisthe Hecatoncheries---100 hundred handed giants, Gaia, Erebusthe Lernean Hydra---9-headed serpent, more growing when cut off; killed by HeraclesMedusa---the one mortal Gorgon; killed by Perseusthe Minotaur---bull head, man body; in the labyrinth made by Daedalus; killed by Theseusthe Nemean lion---skin impenetrable; Typhon; killed by Heracles (squeeze)Python---serpent of Delphi; Gaia or Hera; killed by Apollothe Sphinx---head & breast woman, body dog, tail serpent, wings of bird, paws of lion, human voice; Typhon and Echidna; killed by OedipusTyphon---a giant; Gaia; Olympians (Zeus/Heracles)Great love storiesAphrodite and Adonis** Aphrodite and AresApollo and Daphne*Ariadne and DionysusCeyx and Alcyone*Clytie and ApolloEcho and Narcissus** Eros and Psyche**Helen and Pari Hero and Leander*Hyacinthus and Apollo* Odysseus and PenelopeOrpheus and Eurydice**Perseus and AndromedaPygmalion and Galatea*Pyramus and Thisbe *Selene and Endymion *Tithonus and Eos*。

以下为名词解释题。

1．Mutilation of Uranus2．The Horn of Plenty3．Oedipus Complex4．Titanomachia5．Apple of Discord6．Graces7．Talos8．Recreation of Man9．Pandora’s Jar10．Between Scylla and Charybdis以下为连线题。

Hades EagleZeus LionTerpsichore CerberusRhea PeacockCalliope God of WarMelpomene Epic PoetryHera DancingAres TragedyHermes Queen of UnderworldPersephone Messenger of GodsPoseidon CerberusRhea LionDemeter God of SeaArtemis SunAphrodite Goddess of huntingApollo BeautyEros HearthHestia Love以下为简答题。

1．Briefly state the tragedy of Niobe2．Briefly state the mortal lovers of Zeus as well as their fates respectively. 3．What kinds of hardships does Psyche encounter in order to pursue her love? 4．How does Medea help Jason to get the Golden Fleece?5．What are the twelve labors of Heracles?6．Briefly state the pains Leto encountered.7．List the immortal lovers of Zeus.8．List the five stages of man and illustrate the main features of each respectively. 9．State the adventuring experience briefly of Persues.10．State the 12 labors of Heracles.以下为论述题。

希腊罗马神话复习一．单项选择〔课文〕10分二．判断〔课文〕10分三．表格〔默写〕20分四．名词解释〔课后〕20分C11.delphic: It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.2.Olypian: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like a god,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.3.martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.4.nemesis: It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.5.titanic:I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.C21.Junoesque:It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.2.Argus-eyed:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.C61.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.C91.Charon’s boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win〔one’s〕laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes at a great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means to intimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分1.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the Sea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died?The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’ usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe” come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuity?en have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’ obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People no longer trust each other.Married people do not love each other.Vows are regarded as dust.Kindness and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil” because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw&cooked and wild&civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus'earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire,Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable.The humiliation of Ze us prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire from mankind,without which m an would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’ wanderings?Bacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine.He was wandering aroundand spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold?Because Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher,Slilenus,and treated him hospitably,entertaininghim for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity.In return,Bacchus gave him thepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence,the adolescent god dess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’ dominions.It s a happy land of perpetualday,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,Tartarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furies live.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of charactersresembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for Daphne?Cupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “ Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals?Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs madetheir escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus’ jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus’ adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of,he escaped from the Collins,on the way,he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex,mysterious and hard to understand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest” to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from Troy?Because Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest and strong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文〕C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。