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光衍射法测量低频液体表面波衰减系数祁建霞;苗润才;董军【摘要】为了对低频液体表面波的衰减系数进行测量,利用液体表面波的光衍射方法,得到了稳定、清晰的衍射图样,并发现了衍射条纹强度分布与光斑入射点位置有关.对此进行了理论分析,得到了衍射条纹强度分布与液体表面波振幅之间的解析关系式以及表面波振幅随距离变化的实验数据.结果表明,可以根据衍射条纹的强度分布来测量液体表面波的衰减系数,与经典流体力学理论相比较,符合较好.这一结果对测量液体的物理参量是有帮助的.【期刊名称】《激光技术》【年(卷),期】2008(032)005【总页数】4页(P496-498,520)【关键词】测量与计量;衰减系数;光衍射;声表面波【作者】祁建霞;苗润才;董军【作者单位】西安邮电学院,应用数学与应用物理系,西安,710121;陕西师范大学,物理与信息技术学院,西安,710062;西安邮电学院,电子与信息工程系,西安,710121【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN247引言20世纪60年代激光的问世，使声表面波(surface acoustic wave,SAW)的光学可视化研究成为可能。
这种方法是利用表面波对光的调制作用，根据反射光或透射光强度分布与表面波的关系及表面波与表面物理参量之间的关系，通过检测光强分布来研究表面物理特性。
对于高频SAW,绝大部分研究是建立在声波光衍射效应的基础上。
根据声光衍射原理,如果SAW的频率较大,则引起的衍射光角分离较大,所以这类实验大多是针对超声表面波进行的[1-7]。
对于频率小于几赫兹的液体SAW，通常采用激光表面波斜率扫描技术,因为在这一频段,SAW 波长比扫描激光光斑大得多[8-10]。
尽管BARTER[11-12]曾采用透射成像技术分析过这些频率下的SAW，但在他的研究中，液体必须染色，因此对像水这样的透明液体，该方法就不太适用。
为了克服这些问题，作者建立了表面波激光干涉法测量技术[13-14]，对几十赫兹的液体表面波进行了研究。
2024年中考第一次模拟考试（深圳卷）英语（考试时间：70分钟试卷满分：75分）一、完形填空（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将相应的字母编号涂黑。
There was a lonely kitten in a small village. She had no families or friends, so she spent her days lying around. She wanted to make friends with others, but everyone was too busy to 1 her.One day, the kitten saw a group of children playing in the 2 . She walked to them quietly, hoping to make some friends. But as soon as she got close, they started 3 her. They said she was too small and too dirty to play with them.The kitten was heartbroken. She 4 the park, crying. She didn’t understand why nobody wanted to be her friend. She felt so lonely and 5However, she met an old cat who was sitting by a tree. The old cat asked her what was wrong, and the kitten told her everything. The old cat listened 6 and then said, “Don’t worry, little one. I will be your 7 . And I will teach you how to be strong and brave.”The kitten was surprised and thankful. She spent the rest of the day with the old cat, learning how to 8 trees. She also learned how to be confident.From that day on, the kitten was never 9 again. She had a friend who loved her and taught her everything. Whenever she saw the children in the park, she would walk by them 10 because she knew that she didn’t need their approval(认可) to be happy.1．A．save B．notice C．punish D．miss2．A．river B．forest C．park D．street3．A．playing with B．laughing at C．shaking hands with D．taking photos of 4．A．ran away from B．arrived at C．drew a picture of D．heard of 5．A．excited B．satisfied C．nervous D．unloved6．A．impolitely B．angrily C．carelessly D．patiently7．A．friend B．follower C．interviewer D．protector8．A．plant B．climb C．burn D．protect9．A．embarrassed B．tired C．lonely D．bored10．A．quietly B．shamefully C．proudly D．slowly二、阅读理解（共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握大意，然后从11～25各题所给的A、B、C、D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
上海市普陀区2024届高三一模英语试题(含听力）一、听力选择题1. What are the speakers talking about ?A．Their neighbors.B．Their holiday plans.C．Their favorite part-time jobs.2. What does the man suggest the woman do?A．Read the school magazine.B．Help him with an article.C．Join the school band.3.A．On May 10.B．On May 9.C．On May 8.D．On May 7.4. What went on at Cooper's last night?A．A movie show.B．A birthday party.C．A sales promotion.5.A．Improving health B．Building muscle C．Flexibility D．Weight loss二、听力选择题6. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. What might be the symptom of exam stress according to the speaker?A．Eating disorder.B．Muscle ache.C．Brain injury.2. How many ways are talked about to deal with exam stress?A．Two.B．Three.C．Four.3. What’s the purpose of the speaker?A．To warn.B．To complain.C．To inform.7. 听下面一段长对话，回答小题。
1. Where are the speakers?A．In the man’s house.B．In a clothing store.C．In a design company.2. What does the woman say about her business?A．It focuses on personal needs.B．It only provides formal clothing.C．It attracts mainly young customers.3. When will the wedding take place?A．In one week.B．In four weeks.C．In one year.8. 听下面一段较长对话，完成以下小题。
广东广雅中学花都校区2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Pacific Science Center fieldtrips have gone virtual! Bring the fun and excitement of a PacSci fieldtrip to your students while engaging them with enriching content designed to enhance your curriculum (课程) and arouse their curiosity. PacSci’s educators join your classroom live from our Curiosity Studio, and lead students through live sessions featuring some of your favorite STEAM activities. Each program is 40 minutes long. We may be able to accommodate shorter or longer programs to fit your needs!A V AILABLE PROGRAMSPiece of MindCost: $ 300Maximum Number of Participants: 40Best for Grades: 6-10Description: Be inspired by the power of the brain as students learn how it controls memory, movement, and sight. Discover how the brain functions through live activities and fun puzzles, and see a real human brain sample!Stick the LandingCost: $500 (includes 3 sessions)Maximum Number of Participants: 30Best for Grades: 9-12Description: Over the course of 3 sessions, use the steps of the engineering design process to build a model of a Mar slander. Dive into past and future missions to Mars and carefully consider the criteria and restrictions for real Mars missions. Learn how engineers are just one of the many careers that contribute to complex solar system missions.Night Sky TonightCost Varies by Group Size·1-99 participants: $ 250·100-199 participants: $ 350·200+participants: $550Maximum Number of Participants: UnlimitedBest for Grades: 3-12Description: Become a true backyard astronomer. Learn how living on a giant spinning ball changes what can be seen each night. Discover how to find stars, and even how the sky can be used to find directions!Ecosystem InvestigatorsCost: $ 200Maximum Number of Participants: 50Best for Grades: 3-8Description: Work as a team to create a virtual ecosystem model revealing how living and non-living parts connect and interact in an aquatic (水生的) environment. Using new knowledge about ecosystem interactions, become a wetland scientist and explore the relationship between organisms in a real pond sample. For more details, please check out our Program Requirements. 1．What can we learn about Pacific Science Center fieldtrips?A．Each program is for one certain grade.B．The expense for each program varies.C．The length for each program is unchangeable.D．Every program has a max number of participants.2．Cooperation is needed in the program .A．Piece of Mind B．Stick the LandingC．Nigh tSky Tonight D．Ecosystem Investigators3．The passage is intended for .A．tour guides B．research scientistsC．school teachers D．program designersEver wonder what happens to spacecraft after they get launched to space? Well, that is where my job as an instrument operations enginecr comes in. My job consists of planning,generating, and operating scientific instruments in-flight. I am grateful for having worked on missions at Saturn, the Moon, and our own planet Earth.When I was a high-schooler, I was unsure of what college I wanted to attend, or what major I wanted to choose. After recciving an email from a college called Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), I decided to apply to a summer program they were offering will the encouragement of my mom. After participating in that program, I knew that MIT was the right university for me. The passionate students and boundless opportunities developed a feeling of belonging in me that in me to apply and eventually get accepted.The most exciting and fulfilling part of being an engineer is that I am able to work on projects that benefit humanity. When people think of the space industry, they picture the outer reaches of our solar system. What they may not imagine is the great body of work being done to study our own home — Earth. I am thankful to have a career that allows me to commit myself to that responsibility.The highlight of my career has been witnessing the end of the Cassini mission to Saturn. Some of the people on the team had been working on the mission for longer than I had been alive, but they still treated me as one of their own. I was given the opportunity to operate the cameras that would catch breathtaking images of the planet. And when the Cassini spacecraft had run out of fuel, I quickly learned that it was not just the end of the mission, but the end of a team. The night we watched with bittersweet longing as its signal faded to nothing is something that 1 will always keep in my memories. And while Cassini will be remembered for its historic contributions, what I will remember it for is the team it brought together.My friends often ask why a girl could achieve all these. I always grew up a big fan of fiction.1 read the Harry Potter books and loved anything fantasy. I realized that a common theme of hero stories is that the hero must always make a choice to start their adventure. If you don’t pick up the sword in your own story because you are afraid of what may happen next, you risk not having a story at all.4．Why did the author apply to MIT?A．The majors in MIT interested her.B．Her mother urged her to go to MIT.C．She set this goal as a high-schooler,D．A summer program made her love MIT.5．What does the author think about her occupation?A．Her job can be be finished easily.B．It’s hard for a girl to have such a career.C．She is proud to work for human well-being.D．The Hany Potter books contribute to her work.6．What does the author value most in the Cassini mission?A．Its historic contributions.B．Breathtaking images of the planet.C．The teammates that work alongside.D．The opportunity to operate the cameras. 7．What does this text probably come from?A．A science magazine.B．A biography.C．A memoir.D．A profile.The California sea otter (海獭), once hunted to the edge of extinction, has staged a thrilling comeback in the last century. Now, scientists have discovered that the otters’ success story has led to something just as remarkable: the restoration of their declining coastal marsh (沼泽) habitat.Elkhorn Slough, a coastal marsh within Monterey Bay, had been experiencing severe damage. The root cause was a growing population of shore crabs, which fed heavily on the marsh plants, weakening the structural integrity of the habitat. Coastal marshes like these are not only natural defenses against storm waves but also serve as important carbon storage areas and water-cleaning systems.The conservation-driven comeback of the sea otter has been crucial. California’s coastlines were once alive with sea otters. Sadly, they were nearly wiped out at the hands of fur traders. In the 1980s, conservation efforts aided these otters in re-occupying large areas of their former range. Now, Elkhorn Slough has the highest concentration of sea otters in California, with a population of about 100. By naturally feasting on crabs, the otters have helped a significant regrowth of plant life. Brent Hughes, a scientist working alongside Angelini, led a three-year study. Their findings were clear: in areas with sea otters, crab numbers fell markedly. This led to a resurgence in plant growth, which in turn stabilized the soil and lowered the rate of soil washing away.As the sea otter population continues to restore, their positive impact on coastal ecosystems is likely to increase. It not only showcases the sea otter as a central species—a species that has asignificant effect on its natural environment—but also highlights the essential nature of top predators (捕食者) in preserving ecological harmony. “My honest reaction was—this could become a classic in the literature,” says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restoration also helps people by reducing flooding. “Suddenly, sea otters go from just cute things we like to something that can protect our livelihoods and our properties.”8．What change did the disappearance of sea otters bring about?A．Fewer predatory crabs.B．More coastal plant life.C．Better water-cleaning effect.D．Worse coastal ecological balance.9．What does the underlined word “resurgence” in paragraph 3 mean?A．Barrier.B．Advancement.C．Expansion.D．Revival. 10．What is the author’s purpose in quoting Lekelia Jenkins?A．To highlight the importance of coastal marshes.B．To introduce a new research study on sea otters.C．To demonstrate the practical benefits of sea otters.D．To emphasize the need for increased conservation efforts.11．What message is conveyed from sea otters’ impact?A．The necessity for controlled hunting.B．The interconnectedness of the ecosystem.C．The drawbacks of wildlife reintroduction.D．The need for human intervention in nature.We are a social animal. Indeed, it is our sociality — such as the ability to make sense of each other, to communicate, to work cooperatively and, finally, to create culture — that marks us off from other animal species.But then why are we everywhere striving to increase our isolation and limit our contact with others? As musician David Byrne argues in an essay published last month, it is a striking fact about the new technologies that have so come to shape our lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit our need for human contact. Online shopping? Check. Automated checkout? Check. Ride hail apps? Check.Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, known as“autonomous operation”. This is perhaps even more pronounced with new technologies on the horizon. Take the MOOC, the teacher less virtual classroom. As Byrne notes, this is meant to deliver the values of a learning environment without, well, without the environment — you get to stay at home — no teacher, but also, no fellow students.Byrne isn’t claiming we are consciously choosing to isolate ourselves. We shop online because it is convenient. The absence of contact with others is a side-effect. Maybe even an unavoidable one, as one of the things that makes online shopping so easy is precisely the absence of contact with other people.But Bryne’s thought is that whatever our intention, the tendency of our tech to isolate us may be a feature, not a bug. His hypothesis is that we actually, at some level, crave (渴望) the increased isolation and we are actually making technologies to satisfy impulses that, in some way, go beyond — or against — our social nature. But I wonder, is this really new?Even if we are social by nature, and do everything we can to embed ourselves socially, the need to find ways to be alone is, well, nothing new. It’s also striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the old days, books, newspapers, TV: nowadays, the latest apps — also connect us. We read about each other. What we read gives us information to share with each other.I am well aware of the data that shows the more time you spend on social media, the sadder and more isolated and envious you feel of others. But how novel is the isolating effect of social media? Being there reminds me a lot of what it was like to be social in high school — you have a vivid sense of your status and your standing in relation to others, and you have to deal with that.This may be isolating, sure. But it’s the isolating face of the social lives we’ve always had. It is isolating because of the ways technology brings us into real contact with others, not because it removes that contact.I wonder whether more isolation is a real option, after all.12．How does musician David Byme think of new technologies?A．New technologies facilitate our lives.B．New technologies weaken our sociality.C．New technologies distinguish humans from other species.D．New technologies enhance cooperation between humans.13．Which of the following best reflects “autonomous operation?A．Getting a toothbrush via a hotel delivery robot.B．Teaching mom how to establish a smart home.C．Seeking help by calling human customer services.D．Having an online meeting at home with colleagues.14．Which of the following might the author agree?A．Technology offers fresh insights into our social status.B．Actions seemingly isolating can bond people.C．Social platforms help bring people closer.D．Social media has come to define our life.15．What would be the best title for the passage?A．What Technologies Do to Human Nature?B．Do Technologies Shape Our Lives?C．How Isolation Changes with Connection?D．Can We Erase Human Element?Once people finish reading a book, they are likely to have an impulse to write about it. Those who read and write a lot may want to become book reviewers. 16 . But most have at least a high school diploma and, in many cases, they have a college degree in literature or a related field. For professional book reviewers, an English or writing degree is also a popular choice.It generally takes much patience to become a book reviewer. Also, it’s important to learn much about book reviewing ahead of time. Read as many book reviews as possible to get an idea of the tone and content of the reviews. And remember book reviews are a little different from book critiques. 17 .If you want to become a book reviewer, it’s necessary to determine what type of book you wish to review. Most book reviewers specialize in one specific type. 18 . Whichever type you want to review, you should truly enjoy reading it and be relatively knowledgeable about common themes and plot methods.19 . Even if the reviews are never published, it’s important to have pieces of book reviews. Most editors won’t hire a reviewer without any pieces of book reviews. It may be easier to start writing for a university newspaper or a local newspaper while you’re still in college.Another option is to write reviews and post them on a blog. Thus, you prepare yourself for becoming a book reviewer.Most book reviewers do not work for one particular medium and are paid per piece.20 . In exchange, they will receive free books to review, sometimes ahead of their publication dates. It can be difficult to get started, as with any freelance writing career, but for someone who enjoys reading and writing about books, it is an excellent choice.A．And the salary can be highB．Some simply write book reviews on a voluntary basisC．Interestingly, there are different types of book reviewersD．It can be popular fiction, historical fiction or anything elseE．They are traditionally less formal compared with the latterF．It’s impossible to become a reviewer without writing some reviewsG．There are no specific educational requirements for becoming book reviewers二、完形填空In Favour of Simple WritingDo you edit text messages carefully before sending them? If so, you may be the kind of person who takes pride in 21 even the simplest message. If you do not, you may see yourself as a go-getter, one who values excitement and speed over22 : get it done decently now rather than perfectly later.People are constantly receiving messages, from the mailbox to the inbox to the text-message alert. What to read, what to skim (略读) and what to ignore are decisions that nearly everyone has to make dozens of times a day. A new book titled All Readers are Busy Nowadays makes the argument for being the careful kind of 23 , even in informal lines. The authors also present well-established 24 that have long been prized in guides to writing.Take “less is more”. Most books on writing well advocate the advice to 25 needless words. The authors, however, have 26 the idea. In an email to thousands of school-board members asking them to take a survey, cutting the count from127 to 49 words almost 27 the response rate.Keeping messages to a 28 idea—or as few as absolutely needed—helps ensure that they will be read, remembered and acted on. 29 the number of the available options has the same effect, too. A link in an email, 30 , attracted 50% more clicks when presented alone than when it was sent alongside a second additional link.Syntax (句法) and 31 matter, too. It is more 32 to adopt short and active sentences, with common words familiar to everyone. From Facebook posts to online-travel reviews, even brief, informal pieces of writing that follow these rules get more likes and shares.If everyone is a busy reader, everyone is a busy writer, too. That may make it tempting to sent as many messages as 33 as possible and hope for the best. But from essays to text messages organizing dinner plans, devoting time to the needs of readers has provable 34 . If you are so busy that you write an undisciplined message which readers scan, ignore and delete, then you might as well have not 35 it at all.21．A．conveying B．understanding C．crafting D．sending 22．A．care B．quantity C．simplicity D．technology 23．A．reader B．poster C．learner D．writer 24．A．structures B．principles C．aims D．alternatives 25．A．remove B．ignore C．reconsider D．interpret 26．A．conveyed B．translated C．tested D．shaped 27．A．lowered B．affected C．doubled D．maintained 28．A．basic B．positive C．definite D．single 29．A．Recording B．Reducing C．Counting D．Estimating 30．A．in comparison B．after all C．for instance D．in particular 31．A．word-choice B．pattern-design C．target-setting D．platform-selection 32．A．difficult B．suitable C．challenging D．common 33．A．carefully B．often C．politely D．quickly 34．A．outcomes B．points C．figures D．benefits 35．A．received B．written C．read D．answered三、语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
想象一下沙滩上的场景用英语描述作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Sandy Adventures at the BeachThe warm sun was shining down on me as I stepped out of the car. I could already smell the salty air and hear the waves crashing against the shore. My heart was racing with excitement because today was the day - we were finally going to the beach!As soon as my feet hit the hot sand, I kicked off my sandals to really feel it between my toes. The sand was so soft and fine, like a warm blanket under my feet. I started running towards the water, my arms swinging wildly as I tried to get there as fast as I could.The bright blue ocean stretched out in front of me, sparkling like a million tiny diamonds under the sun's rays. Little waves rolled up onto the shore, leaving behind perfect shells and bits of colorful seaweed. I bent down to scoop one up, tracing the swirling patterns on its surface with my finger. So many treasures just waiting to be found!I kept wandering down the beach, squinting my eyes to watch seagulls soaring high overhead. Their calls reminded me of my baby brother's shrieks of joy. Up ahead, I noticed a flock of birds pecking at something in the sand. As I got closer, I realized they were eating up all the leftover crumbs and scraps from a family's picnic. Those silly birds didn't seem bothered by me at all as I tried to shoo them away.That's when the most amazing thing happened - I felt something tug at my toes! I let out a loud yelp and stumbled backwards, landing with a soft "poof" on my bottom in the warm sand. Once I caught my breath, I brushed the sand off my legs and inched closer to inspect the hole where I had felt the tugging sensation.At first, all I saw were a bunch of tiny bubbles coming up through the damp sand. But then, a little crab poked his head out, waving his pinchers at me defensively! He was so funny looking with his sideways walk and beady little eyes. I watched him scuttle around for a while before he disappeared back into his sandy home.By this point, I could hear my parents calling for me to come join them on our big beach towels. They had picked the perfect spot - close to the water but not too close to get splashed by thebigger waves rolling in. I plopped myself down next to them, shaking my head wildly to get the sand out of my hair as they laughed.My dad started unpacking our lunch while my mom slathered us all up with sunscreen. Once we had gobbled down our sandwiches, chips, and cookies, it was finally time for the best part - playing in the waves!I charged into the cool, refreshing ocean water, shivering with delight as it splashed up against my legs and tummy. The saltwater tingled on my skin and lips. As a huge wave came barreling towards me, I tried to jump over it but ended up getting crashed into and soaked from head to toe. I could taste the saltiness in my mouth as I came up sputtering and giggling uncontrollably. This was so much fun!Out of the corner of my eye, I noticed a young boy digging furiously in the damp sand nearby. Every few seconds, he would jump up excitedly, run towards the ocean to fill his bucket with water, and then hurry back to keep working on his project. As I wandered closer, I could see he was trying to build a sand castle!I watched admiringly as he carefully sculpted and shaped the sand into towers and turrets. He stuck a bright red flag right in the center when he was finally done.By this time, the sun was starting to dip lower in the sky. I turned around to see my dad waving us back over to our spot to start packing up our things. I was sad for our beach day to be over, but I knew it just meant we'd have to come back again soon.As we headed back towards the car, I looked down at my sandy, wrinkled toes and feet completely caked in dirt. I ran my fingers through my tangled, salty hair. My skin felt warm and tingly from the sun's rays. I was exhausted, but it was the best kind of tired - the tired you feel after a long, joy-filled day of nonstop adventures and making wonderful memories.I couldn't wait to come back to the beach again. Who knows what other incredible sights, sounds, and surprises would be waiting for me next time on the sandy shores? I'd just have to return again soon to find out!篇2The Magical BeachI close my eyes and take a deep breath, instantly transported to my favorite place in the entire world - the beach! The salty sea air tickles my nose as the warm breeze gently brushes against myface. I can already feel the soft sand beneath my feet as I eagerly run towards the glistening ocean.As I get closer, I can hear the rhythmic crashing of the waves against the shore. The sound is like a calming melody, beckoning me forward. I kick off my sandals and let my toes sink into the warm, golden sand. With each step, I leave a trail of tiny footprints behind me. The sand feels like silk between my toes, and I can't help but wiggle them around, savoring the sensation.Finally, I reach the water's edge, and the waves playfully lap at my feet, almost as if they are inviting me to join them. I hesitate for just a moment before plunging forward, the cool water a refreshing contrast to the heat of the day. I wade further out, the salty water swirling around my legs. Looking down, I can see my toes peeking out from beneath the clear, turquoise surface.I dive forward, plunging my head beneath the gentle waves. Under the water, everything is quiet and peaceful. I open my eyes, and the world takes on a beautiful, dreamlike quality. Small fish dart back and forth in front of me, their colorful scales shimmering like jewels. I reach my hand out, trying to catch one, but they are too quick, disappearing into the endless blue.I surface again, shaking the water from my hair. The sun is high in the sky, its warm rays bathing the entire beach in a golden glow. In the distance, I can see a few seagulls gliding effortlessly on the breeze, their wings outstretched. They let out their familiar squawking cries, adding another layer to the symphony of the beach.As I gaze up and down the shoreline, I notice families and friends setting up colorful umbrellas and beach towels. Children are building sandcastles, carefully sculpting towers and molding intricate details. Their delighted squeals fill the air as the waves inevitably come crashing in篇3A Day at the BeachCan you imagine being at the beach on a beautiful summer day? I sure can! The beach is one of my favorite places to go. Just thinking about it makes me smile from ear to ear.First thing in the morning, my family loads up the car with all our beach stuff. We pack towels, sunscreen, snacks, beach toys, umbrellas, and anything else we might need for a fun-filled day. The drive to the beach feels like it takes forever because I'm just so excited to get there!When we finally arrive, I quickly jump out of the car, leaving a trail of flip-flops behind me as I race towards the amazing scene in front of my eyes. The bright sun is shining high up in the perfectly blue sky. I can hear the crashing waves and screeching seagulls as I get closer.My first step onto the warm, grainy sand makes me wiggle my toes with happiness. I take a big breath of the salty air. Ahh, this is what the beach smells like! I love it. I scan my surroundings, trying to take in all the sights and sounds at once.Up ahead, I see a few kids around my age building an epic sandcastle. They're digging moats and sculpting towers, working hard under the hot sun. Maybe I'll join them later and we can make the castle even more awesome together.To my left, a family is setting up chairs, umbrellas, and coolers for their beach hangout. The little kids are splashing in the shallow water, laughing and having a blast. Their dog is running around like a maniac, kicking up sand wherever it romps. I'll have to be sure to go say hi to that cute pup!As I keep looking around, I spot a beach volleyball game going on not too far away. The players are super into it, with a small crowd cheering them on. I can hear the hollow "bump" sounds as they whack the ball back and forth over the net.Playing volleyball on the soft sand looks really fun – and tiring too!My gaze shifts out towards the sparkling blue-green ocean. The waves are rolling in one after another, some larger than others. It looks so refreshing and inviting. I can't wait to jump in and go for a swim! A few courageous surfers are out there too, bobbing up and down as they search for the perfect wave to ride. How awesome would it be to learn how to surf one day? Just the thought of standing up on a surfboard makes my heart pound with excitement.There sure is a lot of cool stuff happening at the beach today. The whole place is filled with energy and life. It's like one big happy party!Suddenly I feel a tap on my shoulder. "Let's go set up our spot!" my mom calls out. She's already started walking towards a nice open area on the sand, our big mesh beach bag stuffed with all our gear trailing behind her.I run over and grab one of the big heavy umbrellas to help set it up. Mom shows me how to twist it into the sand so it gets stuck in place and creates a nice shady spot for us to relax. My brother joins in and starts tossing out beach towels in a circle around the umbrella, staking our claim on this cozy little area.Once we've got our home base all set up, it's time for some fun in the sun! I quickly strip off my shirt and shoes, getting ready to run into the refreshing ocean. But first, I need to apply sunscreen. I hate how the greasy lotion feels, but I know it's important to put it on so I don't get burned. Mom helps get the sticky stuff all over my face, arms, and back. There, now I'm ready!I take off sprinting towards the welcoming waves, laughing and kicking up sand along the way. Other kids are running in beside me, all of us having a blast. When the cool water touches my toes for the first time, I shout out from the refreshing sensation. But I don't stop – I just keep barreling deeper into the fun!When the gentle waves reach about mid-way up my body, I let myself plop down into the salty water. Ahh, this is pure bliss! I duck my head under for a few seconds, getting my hair nice and wet. When I pop back up, I shake my head back and forth, spraying agua droplets everywhere. A couple kids near me mimic the motion and soon we're all cracking up in a fit of giggles.We spend what feels like hours splashing around in the waves, taking turns swimming out deeper and riding the swells back towards shore. Time flies when you're having fun! After myfingers start to get pruney, I decide to head back to our spot for a rest and a snack.The hot sand feels great between my toes as I stroll back, my swimsuit dripping wet. Our little area under the big umbrella looks so nice and inviting. Dad is already there, relaxing in one of the low-seated beach chairs we brought and sipping an ice-cold lemonade. He sees me coming and waves me over."Hey there beach bum! Having a good time?" he asks with a smile as I plop down onto one of the big flat towels.I flash him a huge cheesy grin as I reach into the mesh bag and grab a baggie of trail mix. "The best time ever!"I munch away happily on the salty snack, enjoying the peaceful moment under our shady umbrella. A nice ocean breeze kicks up, gently rustling the umbrella above us. I gaze out at the sparkling blue water, watching the waves roll in and out in a never-ending pattern.This is what the beach is all about – being surrounded by sun, sand, and the refreshing saltwater. Getting to relax, have fun, and make special memories with my family. Just us enjoying the simple pleasures of the outdoors together on a beautiful summer day. I feel so content and happy here."Hey kiddo, you ready to go for a walk along the shoreline and look for some shells?" Dad's voice breaks me out of my beachy daydream.I hop up and brush the sand off my legs. "You know it! Let's go on a shell hunt!"Hand-in-hand with my dad, I stroll alongside the gently crashing waves. We keep our eyes peeled for any unique or colorful seashells getting washed ashore. Every few minutes, I spot one and dart over to snatch it up, adding to the growing collection in my hands.We wander quite a ways down the beach, laughing and talking about all the cool shells and other treasures we've discovered. A piece of sea glass, a dried-up sand dollar, even a wacky looking driftwood stick! By the time we circle back, I have an awesome handful of beach finds that I can't wait to add to my shell collection at home.As we get closer to our spot, I see Mom waving us over with a big smile. She's got a couple of fresh drinks and snacks set out for us on a small towel that she must have just picked up from the snack shack. A ice cold lemonade for me? Yes please!I plop down on my towel and chug down the tart, sugary goodness in just a few big gulps. Ahh, that really hits the spot! I crunch away on the handful of Cheetos she brought me, licking the neon orange dust off my fingers after every bite. Mom laughs as she watches me devour the treats – she knows my love for salty, cheezy snacks all too well!After re-fueling, I'm re-energized and ready for more! "Hey mom, can Pat and I go build a sandcastle together?" I ask with an eager smile, pointing over to the two kids I saw making a epic fort earlier.She thinks for a second, then nods. "Sure honey, just don't go too far. And be sure you both put on more sunscreen soon, okay?""We will! Thanks mom, you're the best!" I call over my shoulder as I'm already scrambling up and dashing over to my soon-to-be sandcastle co-creators. Today is turning out to be such an awesome day at the beach!Over the next couple of hours, Pat and I work hard to construct our dream sandcastle masterpiece. We dig holes and trenches to pour water into for sticky, solid building sand. We use shovels, buckets, and hands to sculpt tall towers, winding tunnels, and intricate designs carved into the side walls. Everytime a wave rushes up to our fort, we have to quickly remake or repair parts of it that get washed away.By the time the lifeguards start blowing their whistles for the nighttime beach closing, our once simple sandcastle has turned into an epic medieval-style creation! We gave it篇4The Magical BeachThe sun was shining bright and warm on my face as we pulled into the sandy parking lot. I could smell the salty air and hear the waves crashing against the shore. My heart was racing with excitement - we were finally at the beach!As soon as my parents parked the car, I jumped out and started gathering all of our beach supplies. I insisted on carrying as much as my little arms could hold - the colorful striped umbrella, the big blue cooler filled with drinks and snacks, and my favorite inflatable surf rider toy. My baby sister had her little shovel and pale ready for some serious sand castle construction.We trudged across the burning hot sand, my bare feet sinking down with each step. The sand felt like a million tiny pillows massaging the soles of my feet. When we finally foundthe perfect spot, my dad quickly stuck the umbrella into the ground, creating a much-needed patch of shade for us to sit under.My mom laid out the big tie-dye beach blanket and I plopped myself right down, kicking off my sandals and wiggling my toes in the soft sand. The beach was absolutely packed with people - there were kids of all ages running around, building sandcastles, tossing frisbees, and playing games. Teenagers were blasting music and working on their tans. Families just like mine were setting up camp with coolers, chairs, and umbrellas.As soon as we were settled in, I was desperate to get in the water. "Can I go swimming pleeeease?" I begged my parents. After negotiating to go at least waist-deep but no further, I grabbed my surf rider and ran towards the sparkling blue-green ocean.The water was cool and refreshing as the salty waves rushed over my feet and ankles. I could feel the wet sand squishing up between my toes. I kept walking further and further out until the waves were crashing against my chest. With a huge smile, I plopped down on my surf rider and let the gentle rolling waves carry me up and back towards shore.After riding the waves for what felt like hours, I was starving!I raced back to our umbrella where my parents had our picnic lunch all set out - juicy watermelon slices, salty chips, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, and ice cold lemonade. We all sat together munching happily while listening to the soothing sounds of the crashing waves.With my tummy full, I decided it was time to see who could build the most impressive sand castle. My little sister and I got to work digging holes, molding towers, and decorating our architectural masterpieces with seashells. We built a whole sandy kingdom with a tallmain castle, a moat, and lots of smaller houses and structures surrounding it. A few hard-working ants even moved in as the first residents of our new sand city!As the afternoon wore on, the hot sun began to set, painting the sky in vibrant shades of pink, purple, and orange. My dad challenged us to a family frisbee competition out in the shallow water as the tide came rolling in. We took turns throwing the disc back and forth, cheering each time someone made an incredible diving catch or skillful trick shot. The frisbee flew high, low, and every which way as we all worked up a sweat from laughing and running around.When it grew too dark to keep playing, we gathered our belongings and headed back up the beach towards the car. My sister and I dragged our feet, clearly exhausted but wishing we could stay just a little bit longer. As we reached the parking lot, I turned back to take one last look at the vast, sparkling ocean. The sunset was nearly finished, with just a tiny sliver of bright orange still visible above the rolling waves.I sighed deeply, already feeling nostalgic for our amazing beach day. The salty air, the warm sand, the refreshing ocean water, and the sweet taste of watermelon - all of those sights, smells, and experiences were forever implanted in my memory. I couldn't wait to come back to the magical beach again and make more wonderful family memories.On the ride home, I dreamed about dolphins jumping through the waves, pirate ship adventures, and undiscovered buried treasure still waiting to be篇5The Magical BeachI love going to the beach! It's one of my favorite places in the whole world. Every time I step onto the warm, golden sand, I feel like I'm entering a magical land full of adventure and fun.First, there's the sound of the waves crashing against the shore. It's a soothing, rhythmic sound that always makes me feel calm and relaxed. As the waves roll in, they leave behind little pools of water and interesting patterns in the sand. Sometimes, I like to dig my toes into the wet sand and let the water wash over my feet. It feels so cool and refreshing!Then, there's the smell of the salty sea air. It's a unique scent that reminds me of the vastness of the ocean and the endless possibilities it holds. I take a deep breath and let the salty air fill my lungs, imagining myself as a brave sailor exploring uncharted waters.But the best part of the beach is the sand itself. It's like a giant sandbox that stretches as far as the eye can see. I love running barefoot, feeling the grains of sand squish between my toes. Sometimes, I even bury my feet and let the warm sand envelop them like a cozy blanket.And what would a beach be without seashells? I spend hours combing the shoreline, searching for the most beautiful and unique shells. Some are smooth and pearly white, while others are spiral-shaped or covered in intricate patterns. I like to hold them up to my ear and listen to the sound of the ocean trapped inside.But the real fun begins when the tide starts to come in. As the waves creep closer and closer to our masterpieces, we watch in anticipation, wondering if our castles will withstand the force of the ocean. Sometimes, they do, but more often than not, they crumble and wash away, leaving us to start all over again. But that's okay, because building sandcastles is all about the journey, not the destination.When the sun starts to set, the beach takes on a whole new beauty. The sky turns into a breathtaking canvas of oranges, pinks, and purples, reflecting off the water's surface like a mirror. It's a sight that never fails to fill me with wonder and awe.As the day comes to an end, I reluctantly gather my belongings and prepare to leave this magical place. But I know that tomorrow, or the next day, or the day after that, I'll be back, ready to create new adventures and make more memories on the sandy shores. The beach is a special place where imagination and reality collide, and I can't wait to return and experience its magic all over again.篇6A Day at the BeachThe salty smell of the ocean air hit me as soon as we stepped out of the car. I could hear the waves crashing against the shore in the distance. My heart raced with excitement – we were finally at the beach!"Come on, hurry up!" I called to my parents as I raced ahead down the sandy path to the beach. I couldn't wait to feel the warm sand between my toes and the cool ocean water lapping at my feet.When I reached the end of the path, the beach opened up before me like a vast playground. The sand stretched out as far as I could see in both directions. Families had staked out their spots with brightly colored umbrellas, towels, and chairs. Kids were running, screaming, and splashing in the shallow waves along the shoreline.I spotted an open area near the water's edge and ran over, kicking off my sandals. The sand was deliciously hot under my feet. I wiggled my toes down into it, feeling the grains shift and move around them. Up ahead, the waves rolled in one after another, the sunlight sparkling off the turquoise surface."Wait for us!" My mom called out as her and my dad finally caught up, loaded down with our beach bags, cooler, and chairs. They set up our spot, staking the umbrella down into the sand. Ihelped spread out our towels, already feeling a little sweaty from the warm summer sun beating down.The second everything was set, I took off for the water, not even waiting to put on my swimsuit. The waves washed over my feet and ankles as I wandered further out. The water was cool and refreshing. Little sandpipers skittered away from the incoming waves around me.I bent down and let the next wave crash against my hands, sending up a splash of salty spray. Tiny fish darted away from the churning whitewater. Out deeper, I could see people swimming, bobbing up and down with the rolling ocean swells."Let's get your swimsuit on so you can go out further," My dad called from their spot on the sand. He was already stripping off his shirt, ready to come join me.I ran back and quickly pulled on my bathing suit, too excited to care about modesty. While my dad took his time putting on sunscreen, I headed back down to the water's edge. The damp sand made perfect canvases for digging and shaping.I used my hands to mold towers, domes, and caves, packing the sand down tightly. Each time the waves rushed up the beach, they would start to erode and collapse my constructions. But Iwould just pat the sand back into place and start over again when the water retreated.Eventually my dad came over and we waded out deeper into the waves together. We jumped and splashed, diving under the bigger swells. He taught me how to boogie board, catching a wave and riding it for a few seconds before tumbling off into the froth.After swimming for a while, I was starting to feel a rumbling in my stomach. We headed back to claim our spot on the beach and have some lunch. My mom had packed a simple picnic –sandwiches, carrot sticks, grapes, and juice boxes. We snacked as we watched other beachgoers strolling by, tossing frisbees, and search for shells along the tideline.With my hunger satisfied, I convinced my parents to take a walk with me down the beach to go explore the rocky tide pools. We carefully climbed over and around the craggy boulders and outcroppings, checking each pool for marine life. In one, we spotted bright green sea anemones waving their tentacles in the currents. In another, a deep purple sea star clung to the bottom.I learned to look closely at the rocks and seaweed forwell-camouflaged creatures like crabs and snails. One friendly little hermit crab let me pick it up briefly and examine its swirledshell up close before I returned it gently to the pool. We spent a fascinated hour becoming briefly acquainted with the hidden ecosystem before heading back to our spot.On the return trip, I raced ahead of my parents, looking for the perfect shell or piece of sun-bleached driftwood to add to my collection as a souvenir. Every few yards, I would stop and stuff another treasure into the mesh bag I had brought.Once we made it back to our umbrella, towels, and chairs, I dumped out my bag to sort through my haul. There were scallop shells, clam shells, sand dollars, and even a beautifulsand-blasted piece of green sea glass! I arranged。
区域大气-海浪-海洋耦合模式的建立张进峰;黄立文;文元桥;邓健【摘要】The air-wave-sea interaction in typhoon process includes thermal interaction processes and dynamic interaction processes in the air-sea interface. This paper fully considers the effect of ocean change induced by the atmosphere on the atmosphere motion and the effect of atmospheric disturbance induced by the ocean on the upper ocean, the mesoscale atmospheric model MM5, the third-generation ocean wave model WAVEWATCH-III and ocean model POM are coupled using the Agent-based Coupler, the regional atmosphere-wave-ocean model is developed.%台风天气过程中海-气-浪相互作用是通过海-气界面的热力过程和动力过程等物理过程来实现的.通过全面考虑大气诱导的海洋变化对大气的效应和海洋诱导的大气扰动对海洋的效应,从海-气-浪相互作用过程中海-气界面的热力过程和动力过程2个方面,应用分布式多平台耦合器将大气模式MM5、海浪模式wAVEwATCH-Ⅲ和海洋模式POM进行耦合,建立了一个区域大气-海浪-海洋耦合模式.【期刊名称】《武汉理工大学学报（交通科学与工程版）》【年(卷),期】2011(035)003【总页数】4页(P587-590)【关键词】大气-海浪-海洋;耦合模式;台风;海-气-浪相互作用【作者】张进峰;黄立文;文元桥;邓健【作者单位】武汉理工大学航运学院,武汉430063;武汉理工大学航运学院,武汉430063;武汉理工大学航运学院,武汉430063;武汉理工大学航运学院,武汉430063【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U675.12对台风天气过程的模拟、预报必须全面考虑大气诱导的海洋变化对大气的效应和海洋诱导的大气扰动对海洋的效应，即海－气间双向响应和反馈的影响.Hasselmann［1］最早提出了建立“大气－海浪－海洋耦合模式”来进行天气预报、气候模拟和预测的构想.Perrie等［2］将波浪对海－气相互作用的影响进行参数化，以此为基础建立了一个海浪－大气－海洋耦合模式.Moon等［3］、Zhao等［4］和Chen等［5］提出了一个新的海－气动量通量参数化方案，为发展高分辨率的完全耦合大气－海浪－海洋模式打下基础.本文对近年来的有关研究工作进行总结［6－7］，旨在建立一个描述台风天气过程中海－气－浪相互作用的区域大气－海浪－海洋耦合模式.1 耦合模式的理论基础台风天气过程中海－气－浪相互作用是通过海－气界面的热力过程和动力过程等物理过程来实现的.图1为建立的区域大气－海浪－海洋耦合模式所反映的台风过程海－气－浪相互作用示意图.在海－气界面的动力过程中，大气主要通过动量通量来影响海洋，动量通量主要是指风应力（surface wind），大气通过风应力驱动海水流动形成海流，并促进海水的垂直交换，同时风应力驱动海洋并产生海浪，而海浪的充分成长将改变海面粗糙度（sea surface roughness）并影响大气的状态.在海－气界面的热力过程中，大气主要通过感热通量、潜热通量、长波辐射和短波辐射等热通量来影响海洋，海洋则通过海表面温度（SST）的改变来影响大气，海－气界面温差的改变常常影响海－气之间的热交换，从而影响大气的运动.图1 海－气－浪相互作用过程示意图1.1 海－气界面动力过程海－气－浪相互作用过程中的一个重要方面是海－气间的动量交换，这种交换是通过海面风应力场来完成的，海洋上层的流场和海浪场都是由风应力来驱动的，大气模式预报的动量通量是通过海洋模式动量方程中的上边界条件加入的式中：ρ0为海水平均密度；D为水深；τx，τy分别为x和y方向上的风应力；Km为动量的垂直混合系数；Cd为拖曳系数.海表应力τ一般采用块体公式来计算式中：ρa为空气密度；u10为10m高风速.在计算中，拖曳系数的计算是非常重要的，它决定了海－气动量的传输率，计算海面风应力首先要确定阻力系数.理论上，Cd依赖于风速、大气稳定度、测风高度、海面粗糙度.在本文的计算中，分2种情况给出其表达式.1）当不考虑波浪的反馈作用时，取拖曳系数为海面10m高度风速的函数，表达式为2）当考虑波浪成长状态的影响时，取拖曳系数为海浪引起的海面粗糙度的函数式中：z0为海面粗糙度；κ为Karman常数（0.40）.海面粗糙度是表征海面粗糙程度的物理量，它是海－气相互作用过程中一个非常重要的物理量.大气模式MM5中有关海面粗糙度的计算是采用经典的Charnock计算公式：z0＝βu2＊／g.式中：z0为海面粗糙度；β为Charnock参数，取值为0.032；u＊为摩擦速度；g为重力加速度.根据公式，由于Charnock取值为常数，海面粗糙度只与摩擦速度有关，即只与风速有关.说明MM5中只考虑了大气向海洋输送能量，而忽略了海面产生的波浪对大气的反馈作用.当大气通过风应力驱动海洋时，形成的表面波使得海面粗糙度增大，从而影响大气的运动，海面风场受到影响后又会影响海浪的分布，如此循环.因此，真实的海面粗糙度不仅仅与风速有关，同时与海浪也有密切的关系.根据 AGILE，ASGAMAGE，AWE，FETCH，HEXOS，HEXMAX，RASEX，SWADE，SWS2和WAVES等大量观测试验表明，海面粗糙度与风浪状态密切有关，对有效波高、波陡、波龄等海浪状态参数具有依赖性.本文建立的区域大气－海浪－海洋耦合模式采用了几种典型的海面粗糙度参数化方案.具体的海面粗糙度参数化方案如下.1）Smith1992参数化方案 Smith［8］对HEXMAX实验数据进行了重新分析，并对所测得的风应力进行订正，以纠正由于附近物体的存在导致的流变形问题，推导出海表面粗糙度关于风速和波龄的函数关系式，最后利用订正后的HEXMAX实验数据得到了海面粗糙度随波龄的变化关系式该关系式的无因此形式为式中：u＊为摩擦速度；cp为相速度；（cp／u＊）为波龄.从式中可见，波龄增大，海面粗糙度减小.2）Johnson1998参数化方案 Johnson等［9］分析了RASEX实验数据.首先对海－气相互作用中涉及到的物理量进行了量纲分析和简化，得到了一定条件下的海面粗糙度表达式式中：f（cp／u＊）为波龄的函数，且Charnock数随波龄的增大而减小，当Charnock数取常数0.018时，由此算得摩擦速度与RASEX实验测得的符合得很好，但是当单独使用RASEX数据拟合时，却发现Charnock数随波龄的增大而增大.在波龄的一定取值范围内，再用最小二乘法拟合了满足特定条件的海面粗糙度表达式3）TY2001参数法方案 Taylor等［10］联合HEXMAX，Ontario湖和RASEX 的实验数据，发现波龄公式在有风区和水深限制影响的区域不能正确地预测出海面粗糙度的变化，当使用波陡（Hs／Lp）对海面粗糙度无因次化能与这些数据很好的符合，提出粗糙度关于波高和波陡的关系式式中：Hs和Lp分别为主频波的波高和波长.此式与实验室风浪槽、湖泊、开阔海域中的数据同时符合很好，把以前很多分散的观测结果协调起来，但对波龄较短的风浪，此式与观测结果有差异.4）Oost2002参数法方案 Oost［11］等对1996年在北海南部Meetpost Noordwijk（MPN）研究平台进行的ASGAMAGE实验数据的分析表明，海面粗糙度是关于波龄和摩擦速度的函数，相对于波陡而言，波龄的作用更为显著，提出的海面粗糙度关系式如下.式中：Lp为主频波的波长；u＊为摩擦速度；cp为相速度；（cp／u＊）为波龄.从式中可以看出，Oost提出的方案中海面粗糙度与波长成正比，但随波龄增大而减小.5）Drennan2003参数化方案 Drennan［12］等（2003）采用FETCH，WAVES，AGLIE，SWADE，HEXOS五组实验得来的数据，利用分组平均方法，得到用均方波高无因次的海面粗糙度与波龄的关系为式中：Hs为主频波的波高；u＊为摩擦速度；cp为相速度；（cp／u＊）为波龄.从式中可以看出，Drennan提出的方案中海面粗糙度与波高成正比，也随波龄增大而减小.1.2 海－气界面热力过程为使海洋模式能预报SST，将海洋模式中温度／盐度输送方程修改为温度／盐度预报方程.将大气模式预报的瞬变净热通量（包括海面感热通量H、蒸发潜热通量LE、净长波辐射通量F和净短波辐射通量S）通过关于位温θ的上边界条件加到温度输送方程右边第三项（垂直扩散项）中，即式中：cp为比定压热容；AH，KH为位温的水平和垂直扩散系数.在式（13）中，规定海面感热通量H、蒸发潜热通量LE、净长波辐射通量F3部分主要作用于海洋模式的表层，即F－H－LE被第一垂直层全部吸收，但允许海表净短波辐射通量S以e－折尺度向次表层穿透，第k层穿透的短波辐射通量为这里，A＝0.62，L1＝0.6m，L2＝20m，Zk＝D× σ，即S的62%按0.6m的e折尺度衰减，S的38%按20m的e折尺度衰减.由于盐度是一个重要的海水状态变量，盐度场的好坏将直接影响海洋的热力学和动力学特征.在盐度输送方程（形式同式（12），仅将位温θ改为盐度s）中，右边第三项垂直扩散项改写为式中：E为海水的蒸发率；P为降水率；E－P为净淡水通量.在海洋模式中直接引入淡水通量是很困难的至少目前还没有公认的比较理想的办法.在本文中因积分时间较短，盐度变化不大，因此在后面的试验中，式（15）右端项暂取为0.2 耦合模式的建立本文区域大气－海浪－海洋耦合模式的模式分量选择第五代中尺度大气模式MM5（Meso－scale Model 5）、第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH－Ⅲ和普林斯顿大学发展的海洋数值计算模式POM（princeton ocean model）.根据上述海－气界面热力过程和动力过程的描述，本文利用MM5，WAVEWATCH－Ⅲ和POM建立一个描述台风天气过程中海－气－浪相互作用的耦合模式.耦合模式是采取信息双向交换的方式来实现的，信息双向交换过程主要通过基于移动代理技术的分布式多平台耦合器（agent－based coupler）.交换的信息主要包括大气模式地面层、海洋模式表层和海浪的有关物理参量，这些参量包括MM5每时步计算的海面风应力、感热通量、潜热通量、净长波辐射通量和净短波辐射通量以及降水率和蒸发率；POM每时步计算的海温插值到海表后而形成的SST；WW3计算的海面粗糙度等.由于MM5，POM和WW3是3个独立的模式，在耦合过程中的进行信息交换时，涉及到各物理量的单位／符号转换、信息交换频率（使能捕捉中尺度过程）、海陆标志匹配、格点内插与平滑以及参量守恒性保证等，两个模式中叉点和逗点经纬度、海陆标志、时间步长以及维数等参数在耦合模式积分开始前需要从大气模式传递到海洋（海浪）模式或者反之.信息交换出现在0°N～41°N，99°E～131°E之间的水点上和一个海洋模式时步上（即交换频率为1 440s）.海洋模式上边界由当前时次大气模式预报的海面风应力、感热通量、潜热通量、净长波辐射通量和吸收的太阳短波辐射通量强迫.大气模式底边界如为陆面，则由地面能量平衡预报的地面温度强迫，如为海洋且位于耦合区域内时，由上一时次海洋模式预报的SST强迫，位于耦合区域外的其他区域则由周平均SST强迫.耦合模式系统时间交换频率为1 440s.3 结束语本文从海－气界面的热力过程和动力过程两个方面对台风天气过程中海－气－浪相互作用进行了分析，并通过大气模式MM5、海浪模式WAVEWATCH－Ⅲ和海洋模式POM对海－气之间的动量通量和热通量交换进行了描述，以此建立了一个区域大气－海浪－海洋耦合模式，从机制上更好地描述了台风天气过程中海－气－浪相互作用.在进一步的研究中，还需要选取台风个例进行数值试验，对耦合模式的有效性进行检验.参考文献［1］Hasselmann K.Ocean circulation and climate 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壮观的海景英语作文Title: A Spectacular Seascape。
The beauty of the sea is an endless source of inspiration and awe. Standing on the shore, with the salty breeze caressing my skin and the rhythmic sound of waves crashing against the rocks, I am reminded of the vastness and power of nature. It's a sight that fills me with wonder and admiration.As I gaze out at the horizon, I am greeted by a mesmerizing panorama of blue. The sea stretches out as far as the eye can see, blending seamlessly with the sky above. The sun, casting its golden rays across the water, creates a dazzling spectacle that dances upon the waves. It's as if nature itself is putting on a show just for me.The waves, with their relentless ebb and flow, add a sense of rhythm to the scene. They crash against the shore with a mighty force, sending sprays of foam into the air.Each wave is unique, carving its own path across the surface of the sea before dissolving back into the vast expanse.But it's not just the waves that captivate me; it's the life that thrives beneath the surface. As I peer into the clear, azure waters, I catch glimpses of colorful fish darting to and fro. Schools of them move in unison, their scales glinting in the sunlight. It's a bustling metropolis beneath the waves, teeming with activity and energy.And then there are the seabirds, soaring gracefully overhead. Their cries echo across the water as they glide effortlessly on the breeze. They dive and swoop, their wings catching the light as they hunt for fish below. It's a symphony of sound and motion, a testament to the harmony of life by the sea.But perhaps the most breathtaking sight of all is the sunset. As the day draws to a close, the sky ignites with a riot of colors – hues of orange, pink, and purple paint the heavens in a glorious display. The sun dips below thehorizon, casting long shadows across the water andsignaling the end of another day.In the end, it's moments like these that remind me ofthe sheer beauty and power of the natural world. The sea, with its ever-changing moods and infinite expanse, has away of putting everything into perspective. It's a reminder that, no matter how busy life gets, there is always time to pause, reflect, and appreciate the wonders that surround us.。
