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教学设计概念盛群力教学设计是教育教学过程中至关重要的一环，是指教师根据教学目标和学生的需求，有目的地选择教学内容、教学方法和教学手段，组织课堂教学活动的全过程。
而“概念盛群力”是一种教学设计方法论，强调教师在设计教学时要全面了解学生的需求，尊重学生的个体差异，并在教学过程中利用概念的力量激发学生的思维和创新能力，从而达到教学的最佳效果。
教学设计的重要性不言而喻。
一个好的教学设计可以激发学生的学习兴趣，提高教学效果；相反，一个教学设计不当的课堂就会使学生产生厌学情绪，学习效果大打折扣。
因此，教师在进行教学设计时必须要有一个清晰的规划，以确保教学能够顺利进行。
在教学设计中，概念盛群力指的是通过引入概念，使学生能够主动思考、独立探究，从而提高他们的学习能力。
概念是指一种抽象的思维方式，可以用来解释和理解世界的各种现象和规律。
在教学设计中，教师可以通过引入适当的概念，激发学生的思考，帮助他们理解知识的本质，培养他们的创新能力。
在教学设计中运用概念盛群力的方法有很多。
首先，教师可以通过教学引入适当的概念，使学生能够主动探究，并运用概念解决问题。
例如，在学习数学时，教师可以引入“比例”这个概念，让学生通过比较和计算，理解比例的含义，并运用比例解决实际问题。
通过这样的教学设计，学生能够更好地理解数学知识，提高解决问题的能力。
其次，教师可以通过概念的引入，激活学生的思维能力，培养他们的创新意识。
例如，在物理学的教学中，教师可以引入“能量”这个概念，通过实验和探究，让学生理解能量的概念，并运用能量的原理解决实际问题。
通过这样的教学设计，学生不仅能够理解物理知识，还能够培养他们的科学思维和创新能力。
教学设计中的概念盛群力还可以通过多元智能的教学来实现。
多元智能理论认为每个人都具有多种智能，而不仅仅是传统的智商。
在教学设计中，教师可以根据学生的智能特点，选择适合的教学内容和教学方法，从而更好地调动学生的智慧和潜能。
例如，在英语教学中，教师可以通过音乐、绘画、体育等不同的形式，引入语言学习的概念，促进学生的多元智能发展。
第十二课创新思维要多路探索课时1发散思维与聚合思维的方法课程标准知能目标核心素养4.2了解发散思维中所采取的推测等方法；概括发散思维的特点；知道聚合思维和发散思维的功能。
1.理解发散思维、聚合思维的含义及必要性。
2.掌握发散思维与聚合思维的方法并能结合实际情况加以运用。
3.把握发散思维与聚合思维的辩证关系。
科学精神：通过对发散思维、聚合思维的辩证关系及其所采用的方法的理解，培养科学精神。
一、发散思维的方法1.发散思维的必要性：为了揭示事物可能存在的其他性质和关系，寻求事物可能具有的其他功能和作用。
2.发散思维的含义：根据已知的事物信息，从不同的角度、不同的方向思考，以寻求解决问题的多样性答案的思维方式。
3.思维发散的技法(1)检核表法：主要是通过对所设想问题的几个方面进行详细检查，从看似“毫无问题”的事物中找到思维创新的突破口，以求产生创新的思路。
(2)信息交合法：利用已有的或引进的事物信息，通过列举的方法，将不同信息有目的地进行组合，以产生新的思路。
(3)头脑风暴法：是一种集思广益的群体思维发散技法。
它以会议的形式开展，原则是“延迟评判”“以量求质”。
4.发散思维的作用：帮助人们发现新问题，对所要解决的问题提供众多新设想。
二、聚合思维的方法与功能1.聚合思维的必要性：为了揭示不同事物之间的联系，把握事物的整体发展。
2.聚合思维的含义：聚合思维是利用已有的知识和经验，把众多信息逐步引导到条理化的逻辑思路中，以便得出合乎逻辑的解决问题的方案。
3.聚合思维的方法与重要功能：在思维聚合的过程中，需要多次运用比较、分析、抽象、归纳、演绎、综合等逻辑思维方法，它们的一项重要功能，是在众多零散的知识之间建立起内在联系，从而把看似互不相关的知识贯穿起来，聚焦所要解决的问题。
4.发散思维与聚合思维的关系(1)区别：在思维方向上，发散思维是从一个出发点向四面八方想，向新奇、独特之处想，是扩散、辐射；聚合思维是从四面八方向一个目标点想，向联系、共同之处想，是收敛、集中。
第1讲分类加法计数原理与分步乘法计数原理【考点梳理】知识点一分类加法计数原理完成一件事有两类不同方案，在第1类方案中有m 种不同的方法，在第2类方案中有n 种不同的方法，那么完成这件事共有N ＝m ＋n 种不同的方法．知识点二分步乘法计数原理完成一件事需要两个步骤，做第1步有m 种不同的方法，做第2步有n 种不同的方法，那么完成这件事共有N ＝m ×n 种不同的方法．知识点三两个计数原理的区别与联系分类加法计数原理分步乘法计数原理相同点回答的都是有关做一件事的不同方法种数的问题不同点针对的是“分类”问题不同点各种方法相互独立，用其中任何一种方法都可以做完这件事各个步骤中的方法互相依存，只有每一个步骤都完成才算做完这件事知识点四两个计数原理的应用用两个计数原理解决计数问题时，最重要的是在开始计算之前要仔细分析两点：一、要完成的“一件事”是什么；二、需要分类还是需要分步．(1)分类要做到“不重不漏”，分类后再分别对每一类进行计数，最后用分类加法计数原理求和，得到总数．(2)分步要做到“步骤完整”，即完成了所有步骤，恰好完成任务．分类后再计算每一步的方法数，最后根据分步乘法计数原理，把完成每一步的方法数相乘，得到总数．【题型归纳】考点一分类计算原理【例1-1】（2021·全国·高二单元测试）如图所示，从甲地到乙地有3条公路可走，从乙地到丙地有2条公路可走，从甲地不经过乙地到丙地有2条水路可走．则从甲地经过乙地到丙地和从甲地到丙地的走法种数分别为（）A．6，8B．6，6C．5，7D．6，2【例1-2】（2021·江西·横峰中学）由数字1，2，3组成的无重复数字的整数中，偶数的个数为（）A．15B．12C．10D．5【考点精练】1．（2021·甘肃·静宁县第一中学）如图所示，在A，B间有四个焊接点1，2，3，4，若焊接点脱落导致断路，则电路不通，则焊接点脱落的不通情况有（）种.A．9B．11C．13D．152．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）从1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9这9个数字中任取两个，其中一个作为底数，另一个作为真数，则可以得到不同对数值的个数为（）A．64B．56C．53D．513．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）设椭圆22xa＋22yb＝1的焦点在y轴上，其中a∈{1，2，3，4，5}，b＝{1，2，3，4，5，6，7}，则满足上述条件的椭圆个数为（）A．20B．24C．12D．114（2021·全国·高二课时练习）算盘是中国古代的一项重要发明．现有一种算盘（如图1），共两档，自右向左分别表示个位和十位，档中横以梁，梁上一珠拨下，记作数字5，梁下五珠，上拨一珠记作数字1（如图2中算盘表示整数51）．如果拨动图1算盘中的三枚算珠，可以表示不同整数的个数为（）A．16B．15C．12D．10考点二分步计算原理【例2-1】（2021·全国·高二课时练习）一植物园的参观路径如图所示，若要全部参观并且路线不重复，则不同的参观路线共有（）A．6种B．8种C．36种D．48种【例2-2】（2021·福建·泉州科技中学）埃及胡夫金字塔是古代世界建筑奇迹之一，它的形状可视为一个正四棱锥，如图，将一个四棱锥的每一个顶点染上一种颜色，并使同一条棱上的两端异色，如果只有5种颜色可供使用，则不同的染色方法总数为（）A．180B．240C．420D．480【考点精练】1．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）沪宁高铁线上有六个大站：上海、苏州、无锡、常州、镇江、南京，铁路部门应为沪宁线上的六个大站(这六个大站之间)准备不同的火车票的种数为（）A．15B．30C．12D．362．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）现有四件不同款式的上衣与三条不同颜色的长裤，如果选一条长裤与一件上衣配成一套，那么不同的选法种数为（）A．7B．64C．12D．813．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）（多选题）有4位同学报名参加三个不同的社团，则下列说法正确的是（）A．每位同学限报其中一个社团，则不同的报名方法共有43种B．每位同学限报其中一个社团，则不同的报名方法共有34种C．每个社团限报一个人，则不同的报名方法共有24种D．每个社团限报一个人，则不同的报名方法共有33种4．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）将3个不同的小球放入4个盒子中，不同放法种数为（）A．81B．64C．14D．12考点三两个计数原理的综合运用【例3-1】（2021·全国·高二课时练习）用0、1、2、3、4、5可以组成多少个无重复数字的（1）密码箱的四位密码；（2）比2000大的四位偶数．【例3-2】（2021·全国·高二课时练习）用()*3,n n n ≥∈N 种不同的颜色给如图所示的A ，B ，C ，D 四个区域涂色，要求相邻区域不能用同一种颜色.（1）当6n =时，图①、图②各有多少种不同的涂色方案？（2）若图③有180种不同的涂色方案，求n 的值.【考点精练】1．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）已知甲的车牌尾数为9，他的四位同事的车牌尾数分别为0，2，1，5，为遵守当地某月5日至9日5天的限行规定（奇数日车牌尾数为奇数的车通行，偶数日车牌尾数为偶数的车通行），五人商议拼车出行，每天任选一辆符合规定的车，但甲的车最多只能用一天，则不同的用车方案种数为（）A．64B．80C．96D．1202．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）王华同学有课外参考书若干本，其中有5本不同的外语书，4本不同的数学书，3本不同的物理书，他欲带参考书到图书馆阅读.（1）若他从这些参考书中带1本去图书馆，则有________种不同的带法；（2）若带外语、数学、物理参考书各1本，则有________种不同的带法；（3）若从这些参考书中选2本不同学科的参考书带到图书馆，则有________种不同的带法.3．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）将红、黄、蓝、白、黑五种颜色涂在如图所示“田”字形的4个小方格内，每格涂一种颜色，相邻两格涂不同的颜色，如果颜色可以反复使用，共有多少种不同的涂色方法？4．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）用0,1,2,3,4五个数字．（1）可以排成多少个三位数字的电话号码？（2）可以排成多少个三位数？（3）可以排成多少个能被2整除的无重复数字的三位数？5．（2021·全国·高二课时练习）如图，将一个四棱锥的每一个顶点染一种颜色，并使同一条棱上的两端点异色，如果只有4种颜色可供使用，则不同的染色方法有________种.。
第七课学会归纳与类比推理课时1归纳推理及其方法[课标要求] 1.了解完全归纳推理和不完全归纳推理的含义及特点。
2.掌握因果联系的含义、客观性和探究因果联系的方法。
3.学会归纳推理及其方法。
[素养目标] 1.科学精神：运用实际事例比较完全归纳推理和不完全归纳推理，提高分析问题的能力。
增强对归纳推理的认识和认同；通过实际运用因果联系，培养理论联系实际的能力，树立科学精神。
2.公共参与：正确运用归纳推理，掌握探求因果联系的方法，科学探求事物因果联系。
一、归纳推理的含义1．含义：以个别性或特殊性知识为前提，推出一般性的结论。
这种推理形式叫作归纳推理。
2．类型(1)完全归纳推理①含义：如果归纳推理的前提遍及认识的全部对象，这样的推理就叫作完全归纳推理。
②特征：完全归纳推理对某类认识对象中每个对象具有或不具有某种属性都进行了考察，从而推出该类全部对象都具有或不具有某种属性。
这种推理的前提与结论之间具有保真关系，它是一种必然推理。
③局限性：在实际生活和工作中，由于有的认识对象太复杂，人们的精力、能力和认识的条件有限，无法对它们中的每个对象都进行考察，而且，在有些情况下，我们也没有必要对认识对象的每种情况都进行考察。
(2)不完全归纳推理①含义：如果归纳推理的前提不涉及认识的全部对象，而只涉及其部分对象，这样的推理就叫作不完全归纳推理。
②依据：凭借思维的能动性，人们不对认识对象中的全部情况逐一进行考察，只考察其中的部分情况，往往也能得出一般性结论。
③特征：不完全归纳推理是根据某类认识对象中的部分对象具有或不具有某种属性，推出该类全部对象具有或不具有某种属性的归纳推理。
不完全归纳推理的前提与结论之间的联系是或然的。
二、归纳推理的方法1．要保证完全归纳推理的结论真实可靠，必须具备两个条件(1)断定个别对象情况的每个前提都是真实的。
(2)所涉及的认识对象，一个都不能遗漏。
2．提高不完全归纳推理结论的可靠程度，需要在认识对象与有关现象之间寻找因果联系。
MAS Intimates Thurulie Clothing factory in Sri Lanka28101214161821222630364042464850525658606264676874767980838486Step by step2There are countless definitions of sustainability.Many are based on the three-pillar model:a project is considered sustainable when it responds equally to economic,ecological,and social factors–which often can be measured only subjectively–and brings these into lasting balance.Balance.That sounds desirable.But we all know that it is often very difficult to achieve balance in practice;we are usually forced to weighand trade off various interests.But even then we can produce notable achievements,certain aspects of which might even be exemplary.In this publication the Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction presents a new clothing factory at Thulhiriya in Sri Lanka,the production site of an international clothing maker.The first phase of this buildingwas finished mid-2008.I visited the factory a few months later and quickly recognized that this exemplary project also has its weaknesses.For example,one could have covered the entire roof with photovoltaic panels.Columns in the halls could have reduced steel consumption.The aluminum roofing represents a significant amount of gray energy. Perhaps they could have avoided reshaping the pond on the site,and damaging flora and fauna by dredging.One could have done many things differently.But still,the factory is impressive–also in terms of sustainability.As an engineer I haveseen uncounted industrial buildings in my lifetime,but no project has impressed me as favorably as this two-story building.Passive cooling reduces energy consumption.A hydroelectric plant supplies 90percent of the power requirement,and photovoltaic panels cover the34rest.Once the final wing is constructed,the factory will give1,300people work–in a country beset by tsunami and civil war.Despite limited resources,much has been done with this building to enhance its sustain-ability profile.When I think back on my visit,I remember women of Sinhalese and Tamil descent working together in groups.I see happy young people before me, pouring out of the sewing halls to enjoy lunch together beside the pond.The surroundings of the pond are thickly vegetated again;no signs remain of the shovel excavator that enlarged it.The recuperative capacity ofnature is so strong here that even massive interventions are not so decisive as in other global regions;accordingly,they must be assessed differently than elsewhere.I am impressed by the commitment of the people who have created notjust a building but a system–not a perfect one,but,measured on the imperfect scale of sustainability,a very good one.And that in itself is an outstanding achievement.See page79for an interview with Hansjürg Leibundgut:“Making an industrial building fundamentaly sustainable.”58Sustainable development and architecture are multifarious subjects intertwined with many other complex issues.To make sustainable construction easier to understand,assess,and practice,the Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction developed a five-point definition.These five so-called“target issues”serve to measure the degree to whicha building contributes to sustainable development.Three of the fivetarget issues align with the primary goals of the Rio Agenda:balanced environmental,social,and economic performance.A further target issue applies specifically to building–the creation of appropriate buildings, neighborhoods,towns,and cities.The final target issue recognizes the need for significant advancements that can be applied on a broad scale.These five target issues are explained in detail and illustrated at/target.The following section of this book is a summary of the five criteria and how MAS Intimates Thurulie meets them.910Significant advancements in construction practice must be applied on a broad scale to support global sustainability.Practices and ideas that transfer best are those that are affordable,simple,and broadly applicable.Quantum change and transferabilityMAS Intimates Thurulie claims to be the world’s first clothing factory powered solely by carbon-neutral sources.The building is a visionary depar-ture from the traditional factory.It meets very high standards for ethics and environmental stewardship in manufacturing.As a model building under Marks&Spencer’s eco-initiative Plan A,the project sets an example forthe company,the apparel industry,and other industries.Compared with the average factory,the design is outstanding in virtually every respect.As the flagship factory of MASHoldings,the building is a globally publicized icon that symbolizes the company’s commitment to sustainabledevelopment.1112Ecosystems worldwide are suffering under tremendous pressure.Buildings must conserve finite resources and minimize greenhouse gas emissions.Built environments must be healthful for humans,animals,and plants.Green buildings contribute to a healthy natural environment by reducing waste,controlling pollution,and treating land,air,and water as precious resources.Ecological quality and energy conservationMAS Intimates Thurulie was designed in compliance with USGBC standards for green buildings and complies with LEED*Platinum standards.This certifica-tion attests outstanding overall environmental performance.Energy required for operation is 25percent lower than that of com-parable factories.Only renewable and carbon-neutral energy sources are used.The building is carefully situated on the intensively planted site to minimize its footprint and maximize open space.Every drop of water on the site is carefully managed;consumptionof potable water is half that ofcomparable factories.To reduce the gray energy in the building,the main exterior walls are made of compressed stabilizedearth block manufactured 40kilo-meters from the site.*LEED (Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign)is the Green Building Rating System™of the U.S.Green Building Council.Platinum is thehighest LEED rating.Buildings that have attainedthis rigorous level of certification are among thegreenest in theworld.1314As the global population expands,ethical imbalance becomes another threat to sustainability.In developing countries,the chief mandate of construction is to ensure basic needs such as shelter,water,schools,and access to goods,services,and medical care.In developed countries,the challenge is to achieve socially equitable stewardship of natural resources.All settlements and buildings should respond to emotional and psychological needs of people by providing stimulating environments,raising awareness of important values,inspiring the human spirit,and bonding society.Sustainable construction includes fair and respectful treatment of everyone involved during the design,construction,use,and recycling of buildings and cities.Ethical standards and social equityHealth and well-being of staff are central to the design of MAS Intimates Thurulie.The building offers a comfortable,healthful,and attractive indoor environment for all users.As part of its service to employees,the plant transports employees to and from work,provides free lunches for staff,trains workers,and provides on-site conveniences such as medical care and banking.The production floor is divided into separate areas where workers collaborate in teams,enhancing productivity and employee satisfaction.The eco-factory is an ethicalresponse to consumers who called for stronger environmental stewardship.The beautiful and stimulating environment is uplifting;thefactory is a place where peoplefeel treated with respect anddignity.16Buildings must be financially feasible to build,operate,maintain,and ultimately remove.They should support sustainable economic mechanisms,activities,and purposes.Construction projects can stimulate local economies,lead to broader economic integration,help establish long-term bases for livelihoods,and serve to distribute wealth.Economic performance and compatibilityMAS Intimates Thurulie is designed for lean manufacturing;the factory is profitable to operate,displaying energy efficiency,operational efficiency,and high productivity.Because operation is very efficient,the payback period for the extra cost of making the building green is only five years.The iconic building enhances the brand equity of the manufacturer,MAS Intimates;its group,MAS Holdings;and its retailer,Marks &Spencer.The new factory helps revive a former industrial center,reestab-lishing a local economic base and providing long-term employmentfor 1,300people.As a motor of the new MAS FabricPark,the plant is central to thefurther development of an efficientmanufacturinghub.171922Apparel production and export accounts for two-thirds of Sri Lanka’s industrial product.The three-billion-dollar industry is the country’s largest export earner,directly and indirectly supporting one million of the nation’s twenty-one million inhabitants.Thulhiriya Textile Mills was established in 1968as a state institution in Thulhiriya,a rural community 65kilometers northeast of Colombo.In the 1970s the 68-hectare park was the largest mill complex in Asia,the motor of the regional economy,and a driver of national industrial development.The complex declined after it was privatized in the 1980s.Further invest-ments and improvements were made,but the complex ultimately failed.It was closed in 2003,which devastated the local economy.The state tried to revive the complex,but without success.In 2006the government of Sri Lanka invited MAS Holdings,the country’s largest clothing manufacturer,to lease the complex and revitalize it as a privately managed industrial park for textile processing and export.Thus MAS Fabric Park was formed from the remnants of its forty-year-old fore-runner.The new lingerie factory MAS Intimates Thurulie opened there in 2008,initially employing several hundred people,and returning economic prosperity to the district.Costs in Sri Lanka are higher than those in most of Asia,so Sri Lankan companies pick niches to survive.MAS makes sophisticated,high-value garments such as lingerie for Victoria’s Secret and other leading brands.MAS Intimates Thurulie manufactures lingerie exclusively for Britain’s biggest clothier,Marks &Spencer,which operates around 900stores worldwide,including more than 600in the UK.Marks &Spencer conducted a customer survey in 2006that showed that 78percent of its customers MAS Fabric Park and MASIntimates24wanted to know what materials go into the products they buy,where and how the items are made,and what the associated environmental impact is.Answering to this customer response,Marks &Spencer devised Plan A –a USD 340million,five-year,company-wide environmental and social sustainability program.Plan A comprises a hundred points to be achieved by 2012,one of which is establishing model green factories that supply goods to Marks &Spencer.Marks &Spencer invited three Sri Lankan suppliers to build such model factories;MAS Intimates Thurulie was the first plant to be designed in line with this plan.MAS believes the building is the first purpose-built green clothing factory in the world.All items produced at the factory are sold wholesale to Marks &Spencer.The bulk is shipped from Colombo to England,and a fraction to Marks &Spencer franchise holders based in Dubai,Hong Kong,and India.The building cost USD 2.66million.Marks &Spencer financed USD 400,000of the sum,paying for much of the green design and for the plant’s photo-voltaic system,the largest in Sri Lanka.Although MAS invested a greatamount in the factory,Marks &Spencer pays no premium for the products,and provides no guarantee to purchase the merchandiseproduced.Site descriptionMAS Fabric Park is located in Thulhiriya,five kilometers from ahub where two important highways intersect.The park possesses well-developed infrastructure with roads,all utilities,and a water-treatmentplant.The land is zoned into areas for industrial,warehousing,residential,commercial,institutional,and religious uses,and it includes small greenzones.The residential zone is planned for200people;80people live there,18of whom work at MAS Intimates Thurulie.MAS considered several sites in the industrial park for its new factory.Instead of reusing one of the vacant buildings in the park,the largestof which measures500,000square meters,the company built a newstructure on an undeveloped site at the northern tip of the park.Decidingwhether to build on a greenfield site or reuse buildings or building sitesis a central issue in sustainable construction.Greenfield construction2627Site plan 1Main entrance 2Workers’entrance 3Visitors’entrance A Entrance house B Lockers C South wingD Main hallENorth wing FShrine G Administrative wingG CA EF 123requires compelling justification because each project of this type is another step in the incessant march to cover the earth with buildings and paving.The chosen site had formerly served as a deer park and as a recreational site.It measures3.32hectares and is roughly trapezoidal,bordering Kurunegala Road to the east,the Ma Oya River bank reservation to the west,a DogiEFA factory to the south,and an electrical substation to the north.The general solar orientation is toward the northwest.The rolling terrain tumbles six meters from the highest point in the south cornerto the lowest point in the west.Steep slopes are located only along the southern boundary.The soil is laterite with high clay content.The climate is typical of the lowland wet zone of southwest Sri Lanka. Diurnal temperature fluctuation is greater than annual or seasonal fluctuation.Average daily temperatures vary from23°to30°Celsius.High temperatures exceeding32°C occur about65days a year.The region has more than100rain days a year,with approximately2,400millimetersper year of rainfall.Humidity averages74percent,but can easily approach 90percent in early morning and late evening during most of the year.On the eastern half of the site grew tall grass,shrubs,and trees.A man-made pond,measuring about6,900square meters,has long occupied much of the western half of the site,which is densely covered with maturetrees and thick shrubs(see back cover).This productive and sensitive biome is unfortunately zoned for industrial development.MAS wisely avoided building on this riparian area;in fact,the building effectively blocks development of it.28The thrust of the site design is to efficiently accommodate the factory and to maximize open space.This was achieved by planning a two-story building with a footprint of only 6,780square meters,or roughly fifteen percent of the site.The remaining open space was either left undisturbed or planted for erosion control.The pond and the dense woods on the western part of the site were retained.Most large trees on the site were preserved.The building is located near the center of the site,situated in response to the terrain,climate,soil,and hydrology.Natural topography and drainage patterns were preserved as much as possible by situating the building along the contour lines and raising Building G (see page 27)on stilts.The entrance to the site is at the southern tip.Pedestrian and vehicular circu-lation are segregated at the entrance and routed efficiently.The main road for trucks on the site follows the eastern boundary,leading directly to the load-ing docks.The employee entrance is just north of the main gate,and includes locker rooms and parking for 25bicycles.Farther to the northwest is the visitor entrance.Immediately to the west of the entrance are ten parking spaces for cars of visitors and staff.Most of the 800staff who work at the plant today commute by bus.It can be noted that if all staff were to commute by car,in the U.S.fashion,the site would be a parking lot.All roads,walks,and terraces on the site are paved with cement-stabilized earth instead of sealed pavement.The porous surface reduces runoff and helps recharge the ground-water.Paving covers about ten percent of the site.About 400trees were planted,doubling the number on the site.Essentially all areas not occupied by the building,pond,or pathways are planted with trees,most of them in the courtyards and in the green belt to the east of the building.The vegetation helps keep the factory cool.Shading of the building and grounds will keep the building an estimated 1to 2°C cooler when the 30SitedesignGround floor plan1Main entrance2Workers’entrance3Locker rooms4Loading dock5Raw material storage 6Finished goods storage 7Visitors’entrance8Compressor room9Holistic medical center 10Shrine1098765432132trees mature and the green canopy spreads.Requirements for watering and maintenance are reduced because endemic and adapted species were selected.Rare,endangered,and medicinal species were planted as well.Thulhiriya is in the intermediate climate zone of Sri Lanka.The site can host plants from the country’s wet zone and dry zone.Species from both zones are present.For example,at the top of the cascade,dry-zone plants thrive in the strong sun.At the base,where water accumulates,wet-zone plants thrive in the moisture.The green roofs of the building are planted with a local grass variety and some medicinal herbs.This flora requires little maintenance.No drop of water that enters the site is lost without providing some benefit.Green areas are designed to absorb up to 25millimeters of rain before runoff begins.Erosion is controlled by porous surfaces,dense planting,and,where necessary on steep slopes,stabilized soil.Runoff is channeled to the retention pond,which serves as the primary irrigation source for plants on the site.The pond was dredged and enlarged to increase its irrigation capacity.Native fish species and indigenous water plants were introduced.MAS reports that the number and variety of species on the site has expanded significantly,especially reptiles and birds,including waterfowl.The facility is used during daylight hours only.At night the site is left to nature,and emissions of light and noise are kept low.The image of MAS Intimates Thurulie is that of a factory in a garden paradise,because three quarters of the verdant site remains unbuilt.Except for the untouched forest,the greenery and water are handled primarily as scenery or functional amenities and secondarily as natural habitat.By placing greater emphasis on site ecology,the environmental impact of this model green factory could be further reduced.Our concept of landscaping mustexpand34from “design”–using natural features for functions such as beautification,shading,irrigation,or soil stabilization –to include habitat –maintaining natural spaces as pieces of a larger fabric essential to wildlife survival.MAS Intimates Thurulie could fully apply this concept by embracing the tenet protect ,connect ,and recreate .The pond is designed primarily for retention of irrigation water,decorated with islands and a footbridge,and designed for visitors to walk around it.The trails could be closed,and the bridge removed to prevent human intrusion into the biotope.Much of the bank is unnaturally steep and devoid of typical flora;nature is a perfect guide for appropriate slopes and variegated planting.The fence around the site prevents manyanimals,particularly mammals,from entering the site,foraging,or reaching the pond;it could be opened to allow passage and connect isolated habitats.The field to the east of the building is a monoculture turf dotted with trees –a 3,000-square-meter lawn;it could be developed into valuable habitat if it were designed and planted with nature as the model by adding a diversity of tall grasses,large plants,and shrubs,all allowed to undergo seasonal cycles of blooming,going to seed,and withering,with minimal intervention,otherwise known as “grounds maintenance.”Such improvements would be relatively easy to make at MAS Intimates Thurulie.They would not only enhance the building's status as an environ-mentally attuned factory,they could serve as an instructive example of vital but often overlooked ecological principles that apply in every backyard.Exemplary ecological site design could serve to sensitize and educate plant employees,visitors,and a potentially broader audience about design with nature.Such a plan must be part of the mission of a model green factory,especially a greenfield project that claims for itself such a large piece of land,with a floor-area ratio of1:4.Building programMAS Intimates Thurulie,conceived as a10,000-square-meter building for1,300people,is the first MAS plant designed fully in line with the MASOperating System,the company’s lean-production standard.In contrast tothe industry norm,in which the typical factory is a single large hall,thelean-production standard requires smaller production areas,each containinga complete value stream,from cutting fabric to packaging finished garments.The production floors are free from columns and other obstacles so thateach production team can arrange its machinery to best suit the garmentsbeing made.The arrangement of electrical receptacles and lighting fixturesprovides the same flexibility.In the first year of operation the floor layoutwas changed several times to accommodate efficient production of newarticles.styles of3637Cafeteria Upper floorplan38In addition to the comfortable atmosphere in the production halls,the workers enjoy a range of service spaces and amenities.Each hall has its own service spaces including mechanics’room,meeting areas,and toilets.The cafeteria,offices,board rooms,reception foyer,and main corridorsenjoy views of the pond.The shrine,to the north,stands beneath a mature Bo tree,or sacred fig (ficus religiosa).This tree has special significance to Buddhists,the predominant local religious pany standards require adequate circulation paths,barrier-free accessibility throughout the building,and compliance with all relevant fire and safety requirements.Showers,toilets,and lockers for employees are provided at the main entrance area.The plant infirmary provides holistic medical services.The administrative wing houses chiefly offices and meeting rooms.The collaborative style of working at the plant calls for places for impromptu meetings without the trappings of isolated meeting rooms.The company calls these quiet,open work areas relaxstations.Section40Sustainable approachBoth MAS Holdings and Marks &Spencer intended the factory to be an iconic model for green manufacturing,to set new standards for design,construction,and operation.Incorporating advanced technology in most areas,the building does this in several ways.To realize a sustainable design,the design team applied a three-point philosophy of respect for the site,respect for users,and respect for eco-systems.These three aims,complementing the functional and commercial requirements for the project,served as selection criteria for all materials and systems used in the building.The design is inspired by traditional Sri Lankan architecture,built partially on stilts,with courtyards,amid lush greenery.The building is energy efficient and the indoor climate is comfortable,a challenging combination in the tropics.It is powered by carbon-neutral sources,and it uses half the water of comparable factories,even though the grounds are a veritable garden.The facility incorporates an anaerobic digestion system for sewage treatment.These are all suggestions of PlanA.Passive coolingThe building is designed for efficient production,a comfortable atmos-phere,and low energy consumption.Meeting these three criteria in thetropics means mastering above all one thing–cooling.Cooling is achievedat the plant primarily by passive design and secondarily by active systems.Passive design measures include the orientation and massing of buildingvolumes,controlled fenestration and ventilation,shading of the buildingand its surroundings,and thermal mass and solar reflectivity of thefacades and roofs.EastElevation4243The high angle of the sun during most of the year makes the south facade the easiest to shade and the east and west facades the most difficult. Thus,the main building volumes,the production spaces,are aligned on an east-west axis,the north and south facades being the largest.This orientation makes it easier to block direct solar radiation.The massing of the building volumes and the positioning and sizing of windows permit daylight to enter as natural illumination without causing substantial heat gain.Horizontal shading intercepts the northern sun at midyear and the southern sun later in the year.Thermal roof load,the largest contributor to heat gain and indoor discomfort in the tropics,is controlled by a combination of green roofs, photovoltaic roofs,and cool roofs.Green roofs cover1,757square meters of the building.They are installed on concrete decks over shortspan spaces in the administrative wing.Covered with turf and plants,the high thermal mass of this roof absorbs heat without transmitting it into the building. The cool roof is a lightweight metal roof assembly over the longspan production halls.The white metal,with a solar reflectivity index of79, reflects nearly eighty percent of the solar energy that reaches theroof.44The photovoltaic roof covers 200square meters of the building with solar panels.This system not only prevents thermal gain,it transforms the solar energy into electricity.Another passive means of keeping the building cool is to cool the micro-climate,or reduce the ambient heat around the building.The heat-island effect around the building is controlled by shading,by covering parking areas,by using lighter,reflective paving around the building instead of dark,heat-absorbent paving,and by shading the courtyards between the building volumes.The combination of the many passive cooling measures reduces the thermal load to a level that can be handled by environmentally efficient cooling systems instead of power-hungry conventionalsystems.Once the final wing is complete,the facility will accommodate 1,300occupants,including nearly 1,100machine operators.With a worker-centered design,industrial processes follow the high-productivity MAS lean-manufacturing standard.The production floor is separated into five halls on two floors.This makes climate control more efficient and it allows housing complete value chains within each hall.At the time of writing,all wings of the facility were built except the north wing,the construction of which is scheduled to begin in 2009.Just-in-time manufacturing processes dramatically reduce storage space required for raw materials and finished goods at the plant,leaving more area for production.The production spaces are designed for inventory-free operation,meaning that the day's raw materials are delivered in the morning and the finished and packed garments leave the floor in the evening.The internal layout is designed to minimize transportation.Everything machine operators need is within arm’s reach,and dedicated spaces are provided for systematic problem-solving.The layout provides visual connection between offices and production floors.The plant is wireless-network enabled,and nearly all computer users have laptops and mobile phones linked to the company phone system,giving staff the mobility to work anywhere in the facility.Managers are encouraged to work with their teams in small groups on the production floor.Meeting areas and lounges are interspersed throughout the building,encouraging impromptu exchanges.46Productionmodel。
课时2分析与综合及其辩证关系课程标准知能目标核心素养3.1理解分析与综合的辩证关系。
1.理解分析与综合的含义，掌握分析与综合的方法。
2.把握分析与综合的对立统一，明确辩证分合的要求。
科学精神：通过掌握分析与综合的方法以及辩证分合的内涵与要求，培养科学精神。
一、分析与综合的含义1.分析的思维方法(1)分析的含义：分析就是把认识对象分解为各个部分、各个要素、各个层次，或者把认识对象的复杂的发展过程分解为若干阶段，分别加以认识的一种思维方法。
(2)分析的具体方法①定性分析：是确定研究对象是否具有某种性质或某种成分的分析。
②定量分析：是确定研究对象在某个方面的量“有多少”的分析。
③功能分析：确定研究对象是否具有某些功能或具有哪些功能的分析。
④因果分析：确定引起某一现象发生或变化原因的分析。
⑤矛盾分析：辩证唯物主义阐明了事物矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系、主要矛盾和次要矛盾的关系、矛盾的主要方面和次要方面的关系，有利于人们在实践中抓住重点问题，认清事物性质。
这是最高层次、最具概括性的分析。
2.综合的思维方法(1)综合的含义：综合是一种把认识对象的各个部分、各个要素、各个层次和不同发展阶段，按照其固有的联系联结和统一起来进行考察的思维方法。
(2)综合的方法①哲学中的综合：旨在把握物质世界的本质和事物发展的普遍规律。
②科学研究中的综合：人们常常运用结构综合和功能综合等多种方法，获得对研究对象整体结构、所具功能的认识，从整体上把握具体研究对象的性质和规律。
二、分析与综合的辩证关系1.分析与综合的相辅相成：从辩证思维角度看，分析是综合的基础，综合是分析的先导；分析为综合做准备，而综合的结果又指导人们继续对事物进行新的分析。
2.辩证的分析与综合(1)理论依据：辩证的分析与综合是客观事物的矛盾在思维中的反映。
辩证的分析与综合方法是矛盾分析法的体现。
(2)总体要求：辩证地理解和运用分析与综合方法，要在分析的基础上揭示事物的整体，在综合得到的整体中指导分析。
