A model for market share distribution

市场营销管理及其概念MARKETING MANAGEMENTITS CONCEPTWHAT IS MARKETING MANAGEMENT?Marketing management refers to an organisational discipline that focuses on applying marketing orientation, methods and techniques practically inside business organisations and also focuses on the way a firm manages its marketing activities and resources.Marketing management also called the science and art of selecting target markets for products and services and gathering, retaining, and growing consumer market through creating,communicating and delivering superior customer value.Marketing is known as a process used for determining what kinds of products and services might become able to grab customers’ attention and to gain their interests. Furthermore, it is the strategies a business organisation needs to follow in practising sales, business development, and communication-related activities to run its regular operations.According to the definition provided by the American Association of Marketing, marketing management is a process of planning and execution of the conception, distribution, and promotion of thoughts, ideas related to goods and services for creating, exchanging andsatisfying individual as well as organisational objectives.The concept of marketing management involves marketing and management. Management is a set of processes related to planning, organizing, directing, motivating, coordinating, and controlling a business organisation’s various activities. On the other side, marketing stands as the procedure of sa tisfying customers’ wants and needs.Management of different types of marketing activities of an organisation called Marketing Management. In support of the statement made by Philip Kotler, marketing management includes planning, analysing, implementing and controlling programs that are designed for bringing the desired exchanges with the targetaudiences to gain personal as well as mutual gain.Marketing management heavily relies on the adoption and coordination of product, price, place, and promotion for achieving the required response from the target audience. It focuses on the physical and psychological factors of Marketing. The physical marketing factors focus upon fulfilment of the demand and needs to buy better products by accessing better distribution channel and other functions.On the other side, psychological factors use to focus on discovering consumers’ wants and needs along with the changing patterns of their buying behaviour, preferences, habits and more.Elements of Marketing ManagementMarketing management practices are very important for every business as it helps businesses to understand and gauge the exact need and want of their target customers. It helps companies to improve products and services for satisfying customers’ needs optimally.Expand the technique to reach potential customers.While practising marketing management activities, a company needs to focus on five different concepts such as production concept, product concept selling the concept, the marketing concept, and societal marketing concept. The production concept is oriented with the market domination of a business. This concept has emerged with the concept of capitalism during the mid-1950s.During the 1950s as per production concept, companies were primarily concerned with manufacturing, production, and issues related to production and manufacturing efficiency. Companies that follow this concept believe that primarily customers want products which are accessible and affordable.Product concept works on the basis of an assumption made that customers use to prefer products with greater price and quality and the availability of such products does not influence their buying decision.Selling concept uses to focus on making actual sales of products and services. It focuses on every possible way of selling a product, without considering the product quality or customers’ need for the product.The marketing concept is the concept of promoting a product into a market and towards its prospective customers. A company which focuses on this concept uses to place its consumers at its centre and gears its all activities towards those consumers.A company always aims to measure and understand its target customers’ wants and needs and in order to understand it the company sets and executes marketing strategies according to the market research starting from the product conception to sales.Relative to the other marketing concept, the concept of societal marketing is new. It highlights the wants and needs of a company’s target market along with the act of delivering better customer value compared to thecompetitors. Moreover, it emphasizes the significance of customer and social well-being by consumer welfare and societal welfare.Concepts of Marketing ManagementIn today’s rapidly growing and changing market competition, customers’ choice, companies use to consider all these concepts to set effective marketing strategies. The more the marketing strategies are effective the great a company becomes able to achieve its marketing objectives within less time and cost. All the five above mentioned market concepts are required to be followed properly by every business organisation in order to perform its marketing management practices in the most effective way.Besides these marketing management concepts, there are seven basic principles that arerequired to be followed by every business organisation while conducting marketing management practices. These seven marketing principles are a product (or service), price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence. All these elements of marketing are tremendously significant for a company to plan, develop and market a product successfully. Now we will tell you about the Functions and Importance of Marketing Management.Functions and ImportanceMarketing management process is solely concerned with chalking out a definite program, after analysing and forecasting the prevailing market carefully. It helps an organisation to execute its plans in order to achieve its objectives. The concept of marketingmanagement becomes very important for business organisation intended to meet rapidly increasing market competition as well as the requirement for more improved distribution methods for reducing cost and increasing profits.In today’s highly competitive busi ness environment, marketing management becomes one of the most vital functions in a business enterprise. It assists a business organisation to apply marketing techniques inside and outside of the organisation and to manage resources of the organisation that are held for conducting marketing activities.The reasons for which marketing management become very important to include its ability to satisfy customers’ needs, increase a company’s market share, production of new and existingproducts, launch new and improved products, and reduce the cost of distribution and sales.It also important because it provides employment opportunities and hence fulfils social obligations, and raises a country’s per capita income. By creating and increasing demand for products and services it accelerates market growth, competition, and new product development.In terms of creating a highly effective strategy of marketing management, every business organisation is required to have a clear and strong understanding of its own business operations, market from where it operates, and the customers for whom it operates.In order to assist a company to understand the market and the behaviour of customers located in the market, marketing management takes a vital role by performing different types of functions. The key functions of marketing management are discussed below:Setting marketing objectives: Every business organisation has its own objectives and goals. Marketing objectives of an organisation include the targets it wishes to reach or achieve through marketing. These marketing objectives need to be in coherence with the organisation’s overall objectives which can be short-term or long-term depending upon the marketing type. By managing marketing related activities, a company becomes able to achieve its marketing objectives easily.Planning: The root of every business is planning. It requires that a company’s marketing managers need to aware of every factor influences the external and internal business environment that might impact the company and its business operations. The managers must be able to forecast their company’s future condition by considering the environmental conditions. Once a company sets its marketing objectives, it starts to formulate a roadmap to follow for achieving these objectives. The company plans the way and formulates strategies, devices procedures and policies to achieve the goals it has set previously.Organising: Organising is a process of implementing the plan. Organising includes identification and grouping those activities which could contribute to achieving the marketinggoals of an organisation. In the field of marketing management, organising is a way by following which a company’s management functions are organised to make each function contributes its best in the achievement of the marketing objectives. Organising includes every obligations, responsibilities, and supremacy of the people working as a member of a company’s marketing team.Directing: For the managers of a company, it is their obligation to supervise whether the employees are working effectively and efficiently in order to support the organisation to meet its goals. The managers of a company provide directions to the employees on how to work and what to achieve. Hence, the direction of a company’s management personnel motivates employees to give their best for the organisationthey work in. Proper direction of managers or management personnel not only motivates employees but also inspires them, guides them and build a good relationship with them by exercising effective leadership practices within an organisation. It ensures smooth and conflicts free working environment that ultimately assists a company to meet its marketing objectives and goals.Coordinating: It refers to the harmonious adjustments of marketing activities by an organisation. It involves the task of creating coordination among different activities of a business organisation such as product planning, development of a product, forecasting of sales, transportation, warehousing and more.Staffing: It is the procedure of hiring a required number of skilled personnel and employees for several positions in an organisation. In order to manage the existing market, skilled employees are selected through an interview and after then they placed in different positions that suit them the best. The human resource manager along with the marketing manager selects personnel and employees and then trained them to make them fully capable of providing their best for the organisation. By appropriate staffing, managers ensure the organisation about gaining the maximum benefit from the employees recruited by them. Employment of the right and highly efficient employees is a crucial task in ensuring the success of the market plan.Controlling: The procedure of comparing the planned marketing activities with results andafter that, rectifying errors, if any, is called controlling. Hence, in order to practice controlling activities, an organisation must set some standards and its actual marketing performance needs to be compared with those standards for finding out flaws or defects. Then, corrective actions need to be taken for enhancing marketing activities. Controlling ensures a company that its performance does not deviate from its standards. While performing controlling activities, the performance standards established by the marketing managers of a company are often represented in terms of products (in units) produced, number of damaged or defective products, customer service level, costs, revenue, profits and more.Evaluation: The functions of marketing management also involve analysis andevaluation of the productivity of a company’s marketing campaigns, programs as well as evaluation of its employees’ performance. This particular function of marketing management helps an organisation to detect the loopholes of its marketing activities and to reset or reshape its marketing activities to achieve its marketing objectives successfully.Functions of Marketing ManagementImpact of Marketing Management on an Organisation’s SuccessIn today’s highly competitive business world, marketing acts as the interface between an organisation and its external environment i.e. its surroundings, more specifically with customers. It becomes one of the most crucial andsignificant activities of modern corporate companies and their management.The rapidly increasing competitive pressure, ever-changing markets, shorter product life-cycles in the globalised world becoming increasingly important to consider because these allow a company to create real-time corporate value. In accordance with the growing demand for conducting marketing practices, the management of marketing activities also increased.Marketing management practices of a company help it to focus on its customers’ d emands in a consistent manner and make it more capable of capitalising its potential customers. It assists a company to make need-oriented focus to transform potential customers into actualcustomers, to create brand image and value and to build a profound insight into the customers and the industry from where it operates.Marketing management practices helps a company to reduce barriers to its growth. In terms of promoting and making a company and its products familiar to the target audience, marketing plays the most important role. The process of managing the here major marketing activities like segmenting, targeting and positioning ensures a product’s success and failure Appropriate strategies of marketing management practices helps a company to identify the most profitable customer segment i.e. the target market, and to develop marketing events and campaigns for optimising the consumers belongs to the target market.。

经济学专业英语词汇Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理 Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average revenue 平均收益average product of labour 劳动平均产量average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率 capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设 ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线 Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化choice 选择change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化Coase theorem 科斯定理cobweb model 蛛网模型Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数 collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析 compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数 compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量 competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场 complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息 completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件 closed set 闭集condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件 concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变 constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿 consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间 continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数 contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减 deduction 演绎法demand 需求 demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头dynamic models 动态模型diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减 diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论 duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线 Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型 efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性 endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量 excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理 excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性 exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值 expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济 externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线fixed costs 固定成本first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数 flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶 收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品 homogeneity 齐次性Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准 homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数 homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性 increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增 inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息 information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新 input 投入 input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险 intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率 intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化 invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数 investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线，isoprofit curve 等利润曲线soquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地 law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率 law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型leisure 闲暇least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败 market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构 market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节 market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法 Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数 maximization 极大化 microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资 misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削 monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断 monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价 monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金 monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡 Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源 Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好 nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性 nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性 nonprice competition 非价格竞争 nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品 normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数 oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场 oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本 optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束 perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置 optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序 ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值 price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线 product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线 production efficiency 生产效率 production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线 productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率 productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学 proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线 public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择 public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争 rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换 pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型 quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率 rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数 regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学 resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置 returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬 revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益 revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数 revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视 second derivative --阶导数 second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务 set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期 short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡 short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数 socialism 社会主义solution 解 space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡 Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析 stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略 subsidy 津贴 substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应 substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性 symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切 taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束 technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济 transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿VValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值 variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量 visible hand 看得见的手 vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡 Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润。

risk ratio for any security in relation to that of the overall
market. Therefore, when the expected rate of return for any
security is deflated by its beta coefficient, the reward-to-
The model was introduced by Jack Treynor, William Sharpe, John Lintner and Jan Mossin independently, building on the earlier work of Harry Markowitz on diversification and modern portfolio theory. Sharpe received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (jointly with Markowitz and Merton Miller) for this contribution to the field of financial economics.
E(ri ) R f i (E(rM ) R f )
Where:
E(ri ) is the expected return on the capital asset
Rf is the risk-free rate of interest
i (the beta coefficient) is the sensitivity of the asset returns to
risk ratio for any individual security in the market is equal

Good morning/afternoon, esteemed colleagues and guests. Today, I am honored to present a comprehensive competitive analysis of our industry. As we navigate the ever-evolving market landscape, understanding our competitors is crucial for our strategic planning and long-term success. In this presentation, I will delve into the key players in our industry, their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and how we can capitalize on these insights to stay ahead.---IntroductionOur industry is characterized by rapid technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and intense competition. To maintain our competitive edge, it is imperative that we not only understand our own strengths and weaknesses but also those of our competitors. This analysis will provide a detailed overview of the competitive landscape, highlighting the key players and their strategic positioning.---Market OverviewTo begin, let's take a look at the market overview. Our industry has seen significant growth over the past few years, driven by factors such as technological innovation, increasing consumer awareness, and favorable economic conditions. However, this growth has also attracted new entrants and intensified competition.Key Competitors1. Company A- Strengths: Company A is known for its innovative products, strong brand reputation, and extensive market reach. Their customer service is exceptional, and they have a loyal customer base.- Weaknesses: Despite their strengths, Company A faces challenges in terms of high production costs and limited product customization options.- Opportunities: By investing in research and development, Company A can expand its product line and cater to a wider audience.- Threats: The company is at risk of losing market share to moreagile competitors who can quickly adapt to market changes.2. Company B- Strengths: Company B has a robust distribution network andefficient supply chain management. They offer competitive pricing and have a strong presence in emerging markets.- Weaknesses: The company's product offerings are limited, and they lack a strong brand identity compared to their competitors.- Opportunities: By focusing on product innovation and enhancingtheir brand value, Company B can attract more customers and increase market share.- Threats: The company is vulnerable to fluctuations in raw material prices and supply chain disruptions.3. Company C- Strengths: Company C is renowned for its customer-centric approach and exceptional product quality. They have a strong focus on sustainability and social responsibility.- Weaknesses: The company's pricing is higher than its competitors, which may limit its appeal to price-sensitive consumers.- Opportunities: By leveraging their strong brand and reputation, Company C can expand into new markets and diversify their product offerings.- Threats: The company may face challenges in maintaining its product quality and meeting increasing customer expectations.---SWOT AnalysisTo further understand the competitive landscape, let's conduct a SWOT analysis for our company.Strengths- Innovative product offerings: Our products are designed to meet the evolving needs of our customers.- Strong R&D capabilities: We invest heavily in research and development to stay ahead of the curve.- Skilled workforce: Our employees are highly trained and committed to delivering exceptional service.Weaknesses- Limited market presence: We have a smaller market share compared to our competitors.- High production costs: Our production costs are higher than those of some competitors.- Limited distribution network: Our distribution network is not as extensive as some of our competitors.Opportunities- Emerging markets: There is significant growth potential in emerging markets.- Collaborations: Partnering with other companies can help us expand our market reach and diversify our product offerings.- Technological advancements: New technologies can help us improve our product offerings and reduce production costs.Threats- Intense competition: The industry is highly competitive, with new entrants and established players vying for market share.- Economic downturns: Economic instability can affect consumer spending and our bottom line.- Regulatory changes: Changes in regulations can impact our operations and profitability.---Strategic RecommendationsBased on our analysis, here are some strategic recommendations to enhance our competitive position:1. Focus on product innovation: Continue to invest in research and development to create unique and high-quality products.2. Expand our market reach: Identify and enter new markets to increase our market share.3. Enhance our brand: Develop a strong brand identity to differentiate ourselves from competitors.4. Optimize our supply chain: Streamline our supply chain to reduce costs and improve efficiency.5. Leverage technology: Utilize new technologies to improve our product offerings and customer experience.---ConclusionIn conclusion, understanding our competitors is crucial for our success in this dynamic industry. By analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of our competitors, we can develop effective strategies to stay ahead. Let us work together to capitalize on these insights and achieve our strategic goals.Thank you for your attention, and I am now open to any questions you may have.。