On the Evolutionary Status of Extremely Hot Helium Stars - are O(He) Stars Successors of RC

2024-2025学年浙江省浙南名校联盟高二上学期期中联考英语试题Roald Dahl wrote lots of books for both children and adults, and lots of people say that he is their favourite children’s author. We’ve compiled a list of our favourite Roald Dahl books for you.James And The Giant PeachAfter his parents are killed by a rhinoceros, four-year-old James is forced to live with his horrible aunts, Spiker and Sponge. After years of being treated as a slave by them (and being forced to sleep on the floor), James accidentally creates a giant peach, in which he escapes and flies around the world. For company, he has a gang of giant talking insects to chat to.The TwitsQuite possibly the most horrible couple ever, this book tells the story of Mr. and Mrs. Twit and the horrible tricks they play on each other. Roald Dahl hated beards, so it’s no wonder that Mr. Twit’s beard is full of disgusting stuff including sardine (沙丁鱼) tails, and tomato sauce, sprouts of old vegetables, pieces of cornflakes, foul and smelly cheese, squashed flies and bits of eggs and bacon! Don’t worry, his wife is equally horrible!Fantastic Mr. FoxFarmers Boggis, Bunce and Bean are determined to catch Mr. Fox, and this is the story of how they try to trap him by digging him out as he tunnels for food for his family. But the farmers seem to forget that foxes are known to be smart for good reason.MatildaFive-year-old Matilda is a genius who loves books and reading — but unfortunately for her, her parents lik e watching TV and tricking people and they have no idea how clever she is. It’s all made worse by her horrible headmaster Miss Trunchbull, who likes swinging children by their hair and throwing them out of the window. But when Matilda discovers she has supernatural powers, the fun begins!1. If Jim has a preference for stories about wise animals, which book would you recommend?A．Matilda . B．The Twits .C．Fantastic Mr. Fox . D．James And The Giant Peach .2. What do James And The Giant Peach and Matilda have in common?A．Both characters are kindly adopted.B．Both characters have special powers.C．Both characters enjoy reading and insects.D．Both characters live with horrible relatives.3. In which column of a magazine can you find the passage?A．Literature Salon. B．Fashion Trends.C．Cooking Delights. D．Technology Today.BLACK MYTH: WUKONG, China’s first AAA video game, has proved a big success. Within an hour of its release on August 20, the game rose to the top of the global chart on Steam, a leading gaming platform. Over 2.2 million active players were recorded at its peak.Adapted from the Chinese classic Journey to the West, Black Myth: Wukong recreates the story of its most beloved character. What sets the game apart is its stunning graphics, immersive game play and its deep connection with traditional culture. Players not only enjoy the game for its combat (打斗) and storyline but also for its fine recreation of historical sites. “The ancient buildings in the game are well integrated with t he storyline. I’m planning to visit the filming locations soon to experience the cultural heritage first hand,” said a player from Beijing. In addition to artistic illustrations, the game developers used 3D scanning technology to recreate these ancient wonders. This allows for a more lifelike insight into China’s architectural past.The game’s impact reaches beyond the virtual world, though. An interest in ancient architecture has grown among young people. In response, Shanxi Province, one of the game’s key filming locations, is actively promoting its rich cultural resources to meet the growing demand. Known as the “treasure of ancient Chinese architecture,” Shanxi is home to 531 nationally protected cultural heritage sites. They make up 10.5 percent of Chin a’s total, the highest in the nation. Among 36 filming locations of Black Myth: Wukong, 27 are located in Shanxi. “We’ve received oceans of visitors a day since July, a threefold increase year on year (同比),” said Liu Xiaogang, the director of the scenic ar ea. Most of the visitors are fans of the popular game who have traveled long distances to the location, he added. On the day of the game’s release, tourism interest in Shanxi reportedly doubled compared to the previous month.To capitalize on this trend, Shanxi quickly rolled out an ancient architecture tour on August 22, Besides the “Follow Wukong Through Shanxi” route map, it has also developed a variety of cultural products.4. What distinguishes “Black Myth: Wukong” from other games?A．It is the most successful game.B．It employs advanced technology.C．It features attractive characters.D．It is integrated with traditional culture.5. How does the author show the game’s impact on tourism?A．Using statistics. B．Giving a definition.C．Listing examples. D．Making a comparison.6. What does the phrase “capitalize on” mean in the last paragraph mean?A．Take advantage of. B．Make money from.C．Catch up with. D．Catch on.7. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A．The game sparked interest in ancient Chinese literature.B．The government launched measures to promote tourism.C．Tourism interest doubled in Shanxi compared to last year.D．Most protected cultural heritage sites are located in Shanxi.Do you know that the human brain doesn’t rea ch full maturity (成熟) until people are in their mid-20s? Brains develop our emotions first and our capacity for reasoning second.Before the age of about 25, the brain relies heavily on the limbic system (大脑边缘系统), which is responsible for emotional responses, while the logical, decision-making part (known as the prefrontal cortex) is still in the process of developing. It’s not that the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) doesn’t function at all for the first 25 years of life —rather, that it’s a work in progress.To understand how the mind works, it can be useful to know the roles that these two parts of the brain play. The limbic system processes sensory information — everything you see, smell, touch, taste, hear. When you sense danger, this translates to fear and w ill likely lead to action. It’s also the part of the brain involved in seeking out rewards and new experiences, which might be found through spending time with friends or doing exciting activities. Meanwhile, some of the important roles of the prefrontal cortex are to plan ahead, control impulsive (易冲动的) behaviours, and drive social interaction and self-awareness. It might be helpful to think of the limbic system as the accelerator and the prefrontal cortex as the brakes.Having a fully functioning accelera tor when your brakes don’t quite work yet might seem like a recipe for disaster — and sometimes it can be. But your brain is evolving in this way for a good reason: to allow you to adapt to your environment. Scientists call this plasticity (可塑性). This special quality is what makes the teen years the best time to keep your options open, learn new skills, and to prepare for the future. In evolutionary terms, it’s extremely beneficial, but can also come with some challenges.Understanding more about the inner workings of the brain at different life stages can help you to better respond, communicate, and seek support when it’s needed. Plus, it can teach you to be nicer to yourself and let go of mistakes. It’s worth remembering that not everything you do is a ful ly conscious decision — some of it is heavily influenced by the way your developing brain works.8. What is the function of the first paragraph?A．To set the background. B．To present a discovery.C．To introduce the topic. D．To express the purpose.9. What is more likely to occur in teenagers and young adults?A．Higher levels of self-control. B．Afore frequent impulsive behaviors.C．More cautious risk assessment. D．Stronger long-term planning abilities.10. Which of the following can you infer from the passage?A．The prefrontal cortex doesn’t function for the first 25 years.B．The limbic system develops later than the prefrontal cortex.C．Sensory information is closely related to the prefrontal cortex.D．Immature decisions are acceptable during developmental years.11. What is mainly talked about in the last paragraph?A．Benefits of delayed brain maturation.B．Biological basis of adolescent risk-taking.C．Emotional Functions of the limbic system.D．Value of understanding brain development.Despite ChatGPT positioning itself as a productivity booster for workers, two recent studies show that women use it 16 to 20 percentage points less than men, even when employed in the same jobs or fields. This indicates that not everyone has embraced the technology.A study by researchers from the University of Chicago and the University of Copenhagen surveyed 100,000 Danish workers across 11 professions on their usage of ChatGPT, relating responses with personal data like income and education. The results indicated that women less tended to use ChatGPT compared to men in the same fields For instance, while about one-third of female teachers employed ChatGPT, this number rose to half among males. Even within the same companies performing similar tasks, a 16 percentage point difference was observed. This gap suggests that a lack of confidence among women, who reported the need for training, might contribute to lower adoption rates.Another potential explanation comes from research by researchers at Aalto University and the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). It revealed a gender imbalance in ChatGPT usage among students, with female students in NHH’s undergraduate program being 18 percentage points less likely to use it frequently. This trend was particularly evident among mid-to-high-performing women. Follow-up questions indicated that high-achieving women would self-enforce restrictions, suggesting a ‘good girl’ behavior where they prefer to accomplish tasks independently without shortcuts. Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology.A lack of AI experience can be costly when entering the job market. Researchers surveyed 1,143 hiring managers and found that they value high-performing women with AI skills 8% more than those without. This advantage does not apply to men, indicating rewards for women who relax their self-imposed bans,Tera Allas from McKinsey warns that Al, chiefly used by men, might eventually tailor more for them, potentially shutting women out in the long term. However, Danielle Li of MIT notes these studies don’t prove if men’s ChatGPT use results in better or more productive work. Currently, she suggests, the technology might just be a digital toy, and high-achieving women might excel at avoiding distractions.12. What do we know about the studies mentioned in the first two paragraphs?A．Less than 16% females use AI to teach.B．Everyone does not welcome AI technology.C．Males use AI for work 50% more than females.D．People from 11 different countries are interviewed.13. Which may contribute to the lower adoption rate of ChatGPT among women?A．Self-set limits. B．Workplace gender inequality.C．Digital skills gap. D．Insufficient technology access.14. What is true according to Paragraphs 4 and 5?A．Current ChatGPT usage improves productivity.B．Women without AI experience are valued equally.C．Women may be excluded if not adopting technology.D．Hiring managers don’t consider AI skills when evaluating.15. What is the main idea of the passage?A．ChatGPT usage varies between genders.B．ChatGPT is effective in boosting productivity.C．Hiring managers value AI skills in candidates.D．High-achieving women avoid using ChatGPT.Overthinking can trap you in a cycle of worry and doubt, making decisions feel impossible. 16 Below are three strategies to help you break free and start living the life you deserve.Limit the Time You Spend on DecisionsOne of the main causes of overthinking is the fear of making the wrong decision, which often leads to hours, days, or even weeks of indecision. To counter this, give yourself a time limit to make decisions. By imposing a timelimit, you force your brain to focus on what truly matters. 17Overthinking, driven by worries about the past or future, pulls you from the present and increases stress. Mindfulness is a powerful solution to overthinking because it settles you in the here and now. When falling into a cycle of overthinking, pause and take a few deep breaths. 18 These simple practices bring you back to the present and help interrupt the cycle of overthinking.Take Action to Break the CycleOverthinking leads to inaction, fueling more overthinking. One of the most effective ways to disrupt this cycle is to take immediate action, no matter how small. Action breeds progress, and progress helps quiet the overthinking mind. Taking action also builds confidence. 19 This realization can significantly reduce the need to overthink as you learn to trust your ability to adapt and respond in real time.Overthinking is a trap, but it’s on e you can escape. By limiting your time on decisions, practicing mindfulness, and taking action, you can break free from the mental chatter holding you back. 20When I was a young boy, our home was located near a public swimming pool. During the summer months, I developed a daily ________ of swimming and playing there for countless hours. The best thing of all was a ________ where you could purchase a refreshing Coca-Cola for just fifteen cents and a bag of chips for only a dime (十美分). Often my Mom or Nana would often give me a quarter before I left, ensuring I could enjoy a ________.Sometimes, however, they were ________ or busy. On such days, I would try to search the couch cushions (坐垫), hoping to find some ________ change that had fal len out of someone’s pockets. Much to my delight, I frequently found coins like dimes and ________ even a quarter. With the newfound treasure, I’d ________ to the pool, with change in my hand and happiness in my heart. I remember looking between the cushions in the winter a few times but not even find a ________.Only recently did it ________ me why I always found money in the couch cushions during summer but not in winter. I ________ Mom, Nana, or Dad secretly placed coins there. They knew it would ________ my day. Of course, they never ________ anything about it, even after I had grown up. I guess some secrets are too good to ________. I believe that maybe an unobserved act of kindness has a special joy to it. You get no ________ for it, at least not to your face. Yet, it fills your heart with pure happiness. And you know that you are making this world a much more loving and joyful place. But, no act of kindness is ever truly ________. God sees them all. God loves them all. And God smiles down upon them all.21.A．routine B．schedule C．habit D．plan22.A．bench B．stand C．cart D．counter23.A．drink B．meal C．feast D．treat24.A．present B．unoccupied C．inaccessible D．unavailable 25.A．spare B．extra C．additional D．necessary26.A．rarely B．regularly C．occasionally D．seldom27.A．walk B．rush C．hesitate D．wander28.A．cent B．dime C．dollar D．quarter29.A．seize B．bless C．confuse D．strike30.A．claim B．suspect C．acknowledge D．ignore31.A．make B．ruin C．improve D．enhance32.A．suggest B．deny C．mention D．detect33.A．keep B．spot C．share D．distribute34.A．recognition B．award C．feedback D．appreciation 35.A．unnoticed B．unseen C．ignored D．hidden阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1081. Wood is an environmentally friendly building material because it _____ carbon dioxide, absorbing it during growth and retaining it even after it has been turned into lumber.A. dispersesB. eradicatesC. sequestersD. respiresE. regulates2. Despite the fact that it is quite difficult to find, in everyday discourse, causal explanations taking the form Hume proposed, many philosophers have regarded Hume’s model as _____ causal accounts.A. paradigmatic ofB. unworkable forC. tendentious aboutD. superfluous toE. irreducible to3. Goodin notes that people have (i)_____ cognitive capacities and that they therefore must consider some factors as (ii)_____ so as to be able to make decisions about other things.4. Some people (i)_____ translations of great literary works—especially those insistent on a literal translation for whom no rendering is ever (ii)_____ enough.5. It was not until 1995 that a planet beyond our solar system was first sighted, a discovery that greatly excited astronomers. Many had supposed that the processes that gave rise to our solar system were not (i)_____, and that there were other planets in the universe. Now, observations had (ii)_____.6. The longer the migratory route, the more fat migrating birds must accumulate as fuel for their flight. The gain in body mass would make birds obese by human standards, and should render them unable to fly, but this gain is (i)_____ premigratory (ii)_____ of digestive organs, inactive during migration, and by the (iii)_____ of the mu scles that power the flight.Soil communities are dependent on plants for organic matter. Plants provide organic matter for soil communities through the decomposition of leaf litter, by oozing nutrients from roots, or through other methods of deposition of organic compounds into the soil environments. As a result of these diverse methods by which plants supply resources, unique soil communities form under different plant species and under plant communities that differ in composition. If a nonnative plant species invades an above-ground community of flora and fauna, it can alter links between the native above-ground community and the below-ground soil community. For example, an invading nonnative plant could alter the quantity of leaf litter production, which would alter nutrient contributions to the soil.7. According to the passage, plants supply resources to soil communities by which of the following methods?A. Some plants supply resources to soil communities by promoting diversity of above-ground flora and fauna.B. Some plants supply resources to soil communities by oozing nutrients from their roots.C. Some plants supply resources to soil communities by depositing leaf litter.8. Which of the following statements about the connection between above-ground plants and below-ground soil communities can be inferred from the passage?A. Because of the nature of the link between above-and below-ground communities, many soil communities are deficient in nutrients.B. The extent to which soil communities are dependent on above-ground plants is extremely variable from one soil community to another.C. Because different plants supply resources to soil communities in different ways, distinctive soil communities form under different plant communities.Based on evidence from tree rings, pollen samples and other records, scientists have for a long time assumed that interglacials—warm interludes between ice ages—were as mild and uniform as the Holocene, the present interglacial, has been for all of its 8,000 to 10,000 years. But new research in Greenland has put this assumption into question.Researchers on two teams, the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), have analyzed two different cylinders of ice, each about two miles in depth, pulled up from the Greenland ice sheet. Such ice cores trap gases, bits of dust, and other chemicals that were present in the snow that fell over Greenland for thousands of years and then became compressed into ice. By studying these components, scientists have obtained a detailed archive of many aspects of climate, including air temperatures, snowfall, and concentrations of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere.Findings from the upper sections of the cores have confirmed what scientists already knew climate during the last ice age fluctuated rapidly. But scientists were astonished by findings from the lower sections of the GRIP core, which provided a close look at an interglacial period other than our own, the Eemian interglacial, a period that lasted from 135,000 to 115,000 years ago. Data from GRIP seem to indicate that the Eemian climate swung at least as wildly as the climate of ice age periods.Researchers’ clues to the Eemian climate come from measurements of the ratios of two slightly different types of oxygen, isotopes oxygen-16 and oxygen-18, preserved in the GRIP core. These ratios register the fluctuations of air temperatures over the seasons and years. When the air was warm, vapor containing the heavier isotope, oxygen-18, condensed and formed precipitation, in the form of snow, more readily than did vapor containing oxygen-16. Thus, snow that fell during warmer periods contains proportionally more oxygen-18 than snow deposited during cold spells. Evidence of rapid climate shifts was also drawn from other sources, such as measurements of amounts of dust and calcium ions in the ice layers during cold periods: winds were strong, causing calcium-rich dust from loess deposits, which are composed of loose surface sediment, to blow across the ice sheet. Thus, differing amounts of dust in the layers also indicate changing climatic conditions.However, finds from the lower section of GISP 2 do not confirm those of GRIP. The wild climate swings shown by GRIP in the last interglacial are not seen in the GISP2 core. According to a GISP 2 scientist, the weight of flowing glacial ice above has stressed the lower sections of both cores. This may have deformed the lower ice, disrupting its annual layers and thereby causing the discrepancy between the records. Still, some climatologists believe GRIP’s record may be the more reliable of the two. It was drilled closer to a location called the ice divide, where stresses would have been lower, they say.9. The passage is primarily concerned withA. refuting certain scientific theories about Earth’s climatic historyB. outlining new findings concerning Earth’s climate during ice agesC. discussing new research that may challenge a long-held scientific assumption about Earth’s climatic historyD. describing the climatic changes that occurred when Earth moved from an ice age into an interglacial periodE. reconciling conflicting evidence concerning climatic changes.10. Which of the following describes research that is most clearly analogous to the testing done by GRIP scientists?A. Scientists studying the formation of the Sahara desert measure the rate of topsoil erosion in the region"B. Scientists seeking to determine the age of a particular fossil measure the percentage of its carbon atoms that have decayedC. Scientists researching vision in flies measure and compare the amounts of vitamin A found in the retinas of several fly species."D. Scientists investigating the development of life on Earth measure and compare the amount of oxygen used by various organisms along the evolutionary scale.E. Scientists plotting the fluctuations in rainfall in the early rain forests measure the presence of certain gases trapped in tree rings of older trees.11 According to the passage, which of the following is the most accurate statement of what scientists believed, prior to the GRIP findings, about Earth’s climate?"A. Over the c ourse of Earth’s history, interglacials have become progressively milderB. Earth’s overall climate has been generally mild since the planet’s formationC. During both interglacials and ice ages, Earth’s climate has fluctuated violently.D. During ice ages, Earth’s climate has been highly variable, whereas during interglacials it has been mild and stable."E. During interglacials, Earth’s climate has been highly variable, whereas during ice ages it has been uniformly cold and icy.12. The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to have been true of the oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 isotopes found in the lower sections of the GRIP core?"A. There was significantly more isotope oxygen-18 than isotope oxygen-16 in the ice layers.B. There was significantly more isotope oxygen-16 than isotope oxygen-18 in the ice layers.C. Ratios of isotopes oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 varied in the ice layers.D. Layers containing isotope oxygen-18 placed stress on the layers containing isotope oxygen-16, possibly distorting them."E. Isotope oxygen-16, being lighter, was located mainly in the upper layers, whereas oxygen-18 had settled into the lower layers.13. In spite of her fascination with chance, coincidence, and contingency, Stanning’snovels are _____ constructed, written from the head rather than the heart.A. hastilyB. extravagantlyC. painstakinglyD. meticulouslyE. evocativelyF. i mpulsively14. Although traditionally artists have rightly been seen as the most _____ audience for the work of their colleagues, today taste is also created by critics and curators and occasionally by collectors.A. arbitraryB. volatileC. perceptiveD. impulsiveE. subjectiveF. d iscerning15. Every serious attempt at a historical portrait of the past will subtly absorb the milieu and temperament of its living author, however _____ he or she sets out to be.A. entertainingB. comprehensiveC. objectiveD. engagingE. rigorousF. i mpartial16. Although we no longer have to rely on salt to keep food from spoiling, our appetite for it is _____: most people eat much more salt than they need.A. involuntaryB. inconstantC. unabatedD. unpredictableE. undiminishedF. i nsatiable166Although several ancient cultures practiced mummification, mummies from ancientEgypt are generally more well-preserved than mummies of similar antiquity from other cultures. One possible explanation for this difference is that the mummification techniques or material used by ancient Egyptians were better than those of other cultures. A second, more likely, explanation is that the extremely dry climate of ancient Egypt was largely responsible, given that dryness promotes the preservation of organic remains generally.17. Which is the following provide the most support for the argument?A. The materials used by ancient Egyptians for mummification were not used by any other ancient culture that practiced mummificationB. Some ancient Egyptian mummies are better preserved than other ancient Egyptian mummies form around the same time.C. No ancient people living in very damp areas practiced mummification.D. Bodies from ancient Egyptian tombs dating from before the practice of mummification began are almost as well preserved as ancient Egyptian mummies.E. Ancient mummies discovered in places other than Egypt have typically not been as well protected from the elements as ancient Egyptian mummies were.57Recent studies of the Philippine fruit bat fauna have confirmed some previoushypotheses regarding bats on oceanic islands: for example, species richness[ the number of different species in a particular area] and abundance are generally highest in the lowlands and decrease with increasing elevation. With few exceptions, each endemic species [species native to a particular place] is restricted to the modern islands that made up a single island during periods of low sea level, and genetic differentiation has been influenced by the ecology of the species and the current and past geographic and geological conditions. However, far more previous hypotheses have been overturned than supported. Some endemic Philippine species use disturbed habitat as extensively as nonendemic species that are widespread in Southeast Asia. Levels of genetic variation within all species are high, not low, and rather than showing evidence of an intrinsic vulnerability to extinction from natural causes, independent lineages of these bats have persisted in rather small areas for very long periods of time(often millions of years) in spite of frequent typhoons and volcanic eruptions. While colonization from outside areas has clearly contributed to the high species richness, speciation within the archipelago has contributed at least a quarter of the total species richness, including many of the most abundant species.18. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. draw on studies of the Philippine fruit bat in proposing a new theory regarding bats on oceanic islandsB. show how recent research on the Philippine fruit bat reflects debates about bats on oceanic islandsC. argue for the relevance of certain new evidence pertaining to the Philippine fruit bat or the study of bats on oceanic islandsD. discuss recent investigations of Philippines fruit bat in light of conventional wisdom regarding bats on oceanic islandsE. explain why the Philippine fruit bat is atypical among bats on oceanic islands in terms of genetic variation19. The primary function of the highlighted text is toA. identify a finding from the Philippine fruit bat studies that will have a significant impact on how oceanic bats generally are viewedB. point out a hypothesis that has been the subject of considerable disagreement among researchers studying oceanic batsC. present evidence that is difficult to reconcile with other recent findings regarding the Philippine fruit batD. illustrate a widely held view about oceanic bats generally that was confirmed by the Philippine fruit bat studiesE. identify a feature of the Philippine fruit bat that does not appear to apply to oceanic bats generally20. Which of the following can be inferred from t he passage about the “recent studies”?A. They point to the need for a significantly revised perspective on oceanic island bats generally.B. They were undertaken with the assumption that Philippine fruit bats were somewhat atypical among oceanic bats.C. They remain some what controversial among researchers because of the number of standard hypotheses that they tested.D. They have largely confirmed what scientists thought about the Philippine fruit bat.E. They suggest that bats on oceanic islands are more vulnerable to extinction than previously thought.。

牵牛花的花骨朵是什么形状的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Mesmerizing Geometry of Buttercup PetalsHave you ever really taken a close look at the bright yellow flowers dotting fields and gardens in the spring and summer? The buttercup is one of the most common wildflowers, seemingly simple but containing an intricate geometric form that has captivated naturalists and mathematicians alike. The distinct shape of buttercup petals displays the perfect union of nature and mathematics.At first glance, a buttercup appears to be made up of five simple petals arranged in a radially symmetric pattern around the center. However, upon closer inspection, you'll find that each petal has a very unique curved shape that almost resembles a cup or spoon. The curved surfaces flow together elegantly, forming soft undulating lines.This curvaceous shape is not just aesthetically pleasing, but it follows a precise mathematical equation describing what is known as a semi-cubical parabola. How can a tiny flower petalpossibly be related to such an advanced mathematical concept? Let me try to explain it in simpler terms.Essentially, if you were to take a cross-section of a buttercup petal, the outline would trace the curve of a semi-cubical parabola. This distinct curved line can be generated by an equation involving the cube root of a variable. It's a non-linear relationship that arches back on itself, creating that distinctive lip or lip-like overhang.Mind you, the buttercup didn't consciously derive this equation itself. Rather, it is an exquisite example of mathematical patterns occurring naturally in nature through millions of years of evolution. These types of geometrical archetypes can be found virtually everywhere you look in the natural world, from seashells to hurricanes to galaxies. The semi-cubical curves of buttercup petals are simply one visually striking example among countless others.What's particularly fascinating is that this exact samesemi-cubical curve can be found in the design of extremely advanced machinery, specifically in the rotating components of modern turbines and jet engines. The curved surfaces help optimize airflow and minimize turbulence, vibration, and drag.So you could say that the humble buttercup has been an unheralded pioneer in aerodynamic design!While certainly not the intent of the flower, this example highlights the deep connections between mathematics, nature, engineering, and so much more. Patterns and equations transcend arbitrary human boundaries between subjects. There are universal principles, laws, and forms that apply across all disciplines when you start looking at the fundamental rules that govern the behavior of our universe.As a student, recognizing and appreciating these types of connections across subjects has definitely enriched my education and deepened my understanding. It's all too easy to treat different classes like sealed boxes, failing to see how core concepts in one area can illuminate ideas in another. Looking for the math in nature, or the natural phenomena that inspired human innovation, opens up an entire new dimension.My suggestion? Next time you're walking by a patch of buttercups, pause for a moment. Pluck one of the flowers and take a close look at those captivating curved petals. Study the geometry, the flowing lines, the patterns that repeat at every scale. Let it inspire a sense of wonder about the profoundmathematical underpinnings of even the most unassuming objects in the world around us.Then, think about a jet engine spinning at thousands of revolutions per minute and how those cutting-edge turbine blades may have gotten their unique twisted shape from ancient evolutionary wisdom encapsulated in a simple meadow flower. Pretty cool unifying concept, no?Nature is an endless book of marvels and a vast reservoir of mathematical biomimicry just waiting to be tapped by inquisitive minds. The key is keeping your senses attuned to the fascinating shapes, structures, and patterns that surround you each day. With intentional observation and an insatiable curiosity, you'll start to perceive the world through a new lens of appreciating the symbiotic relationships between math, science, nature, and every discipline.Who would think that studying the petal geometry of an ostensibly humble blossom could empower such deep reflections? Just another example of how profound insights can be found in the most unassuming of places. You just have to take the time to observe, think deeply, make connections, and marvel at the amazing world around you. I know I certainly will never look at a buttercup the same way again.篇2The Intricate Beauty of Dandelion PetalsWhen I was a little kid, dandelions were just those pesky yellow flowers that seemed to sprout up everywhere in our yard.I remember my dad spending endless hours trying to rid our lawn of their scattered sunny heads, grumbling about how they were an invasive weed. Little did I know at the time, but the dandelion is far more than just an unwanted guest on a perfectly manicured lawn. In fact, if you take a close look at its delicate petals, you'll discover an intricate beauty that is truly remarkable.The bright yellow petals of the dandelion flower are arranged in a stunning spiral pattern around the central disc. From a distance, they appear simple - just thin, strap-like ribbons radiating out. But if you lean in close, you'll see that each petal is intricately shaped, with a slightly curved edge that gently tapers to a point. The petals aren't flat either, but rather have a subtly ruffled texture, with microscopic ridges that create the lightest hint of creasing.What's even more fascinating is that the number of petals and the tight spiral pattern they form actually follow the Fibonacci sequence found in nature. This mathematical patternshows up everywhere, from seashells to galaxies, and reflects the "golden ratio" that is considered the most aesthetically pleasing arrangement. On the dandelion, the petals perfectly conform to this natural design.I remember once counting the petals as a kid, trying to determine if the old wive's tale about being able to tell the time by counting them was true. Of course, it wasn't an accurate timekeeping method, but I was utterly transfixed by the fact that each flower head contained a very specific number of petals, with seemingly no variation. After tallying up several flowers, I noticed most had either 34, 55 or 89 delicate yellow rays. These just happen to be consecutive Fibonacci numbers.The petals emerge tightly coiled in a hypnotic spiral, only gradually unfurling and fanning out as the flower matures and blooms. At first, they overlap in layers, like shingles on a roof, each one hugging the center tightly. As they extend outward, the spiral pattern becomes more visible. It's like an intricate, miniature sunburst in petal form.I find it mind-boggling that something as common and readily dismissed as a dandelion harbors such an incredible display of natural geometry and mathematical principles. Whatwe perceive as a simple wildflower is actually a showcase of the divine order and patterns inherent in nature itself.In addition to their enchanting arrangement, dandelion petals have other intriguing properties. They are covered in a finely textured layer of miniature promontories that render the petals appear velvety. These tiny protrusions help capture sunlight to aid in photosynthesis and warmth. The petals also have a radial array of faint pleats emanating from the center, creating the gentlest rippling effect.Despite their thin, fragile appearance, dandelion petals are surprisingly tough. They can withstand heavy rainfall, wind, and even light snowfall without getting weighed down. Their bright color also helps attract pollinating insects from far distances.While many view dandelions as a nuisance weed, they are anything but to me. Ever since I was a young child, poring over their tiny sun篇3The Captivating Contours of the Peony BlossomOf all the magnificent floral specimens that grace the gardens and wildflowers of our world, few can match the sheer grandeur and allure of the peony. This regal bloom, with its lushpetals unfurling in a dazzling array of hues, has long been a source of fascination and inspiration for artists, poets, and nature enthusiasts alike. But beyond its vibrant colors and intoxicating fragrance, the peony's true splendor lies in the intricate and mesmerizing structure of its blossoms, each one a masterpiece of nature's artistry.As a student of horticulture, I have had the privilege of studying the peony's unique floral anatomy up close, and I must confess, the more I observe its delicate intricacies, the more I am left in awe. The peony's petals, arranged in a spiral pattern, form a voluptuous, globular shape that seems to defy the laws of symmetry. Yet, within this apparent chaos lies a profound order, a harmonious interplay of curves and folds that unfold in a breathtaking dance of nature's design.At first glance, the peony's blossom may appear to be a simple, spherical mass of petals, but upon closer inspection, one discovers a world of complexity and beauty hidden within its folds. Each petal is a delicate canvas, adorned with subtle veins and textures that lend depth and character to the flower's overall appearance. As the petals unfurl, they reveal a tapestry of colors, ranging from the palest blush of pink to the deepest, most velvety crimson, each hue blending seamlessly into the next,creating a symphony of shades that is at once vibrant and soothing.But the true magic of the peony's form lies in its ability to captivate the eye and inspire the imagination. As the petals curl inward, forming a voluptuous, ruffled center, they create a sense of movement and depth that seems to draw the viewer in, inviting them to explore the intricacies of its design. It is as if each blossom is a miniature universe, a world unto itself, waiting to be discovered and appreciated.Perhaps one of the most striking features of the peony's form is its ability to evoke a sense of sensuality and femininity. The lush, curvaceous petals seem to embody the essence of grace and beauty, their soft folds and undulations evoking the gentle contours of the human form. It is no wonder, then, that the peony has long been a symbol of romance and passion, its voluptuous blooms a fitting representation of the depths of human emotion and desire.Yet, beyond its aesthetic appeal, the peony's form also serves a practical purpose, one that is essential to its survival and propagation. The intricate arrangement of petals, coupled with the delicate filaments that adorn the center of the bloom, creates a perfect environment for pollination. As bees and other insectsflit from flower to flower, they become unwitting participants in the peony's reproductive cycle, carrying precious pollen from one blossom to the next, ensuring the continuation of this magnificent species.In the realm of horticulture, the study of floral anatomy is not merely an academic pursuit; it is a window into the wonders of nature, a means of appreciating the intricate designs and evolutionary adaptations that have allowed these delicate beings to thrive and flourish. Through the lens of the peony's form, we can glimpse the incredible complexity and ingenuity of nature's handiwork, and in doing so, we are reminded of the profound interconnectedness of all living things.As I contemplate the peony's resplendent blooms, I am struck by the realization that this flower is not merely a decorative ornament, but rather a living, breathing embodiment of the beauty and resilience of life itself. Its ability to captivate and inspire, to evoke emotions and ignite the imagination, is a testament to the power of nature to touch our souls and remind us of the inherent wonder that surrounds us.In conclusion, the peony's flower, with its intricate petals and mesmerizing contours, is a true masterpiece of nature's artistry. Its form is not merely a pleasing aesthetic, but a study in thedelicate balance of form and function, a celebration of the intricate web of life that binds all living beings together. As students of horticulture, it is our duty to appreciate and honor the beauty and complexity of these wondrous creations, for in doing so, we not only deepen our understanding of the natural world, but we also nurture a sense of reverence and gratitude for the incredible tapestry of life that surrounds us.。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：恐龙为什么会变成鸟类写一个小英语作文呢全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why Dinosaurs Evolved into BirdsHave you ever looked up at the sky and watched birds soaring effortlessly through the air? It's hard to believe that those graceful winged creatures are actually modern-daydescendants of massive, earth-shaking dinosaurs. But the evidence is clear – birds are the living evolutionary survivors of one incredible group of dinosaurs known as theropods.This idea might seem crazy at first. After all, dinosaurs were huge scaly beasts, while birds are warm-blooded, feathered, and capable of powered flight. But when you really start digging into the scientific evidence, the evolutionary connection becomes undeniable. Let me take you through some of the key reasons why scientists are confident that birds descended from dinosaurs.Feathered DinosaursOne of the most mind-blowing discoveries in paleontology over the last few decades has been the incredible number of feathered dinosaur fossils found in places like China and Canada. Creatures like Archaeopteryx, Microraptor, and Anchiornis sported unmistakable feathers – the earliest known examples in the fossil record.At first, paleontologists thought feathers only appeared in bird-like dinosaurs, but we've now found evidence of extensively feathered dinosaurs that were definitely not birds or their closest relatives. Dinosaurs like the tiny Caudipteryx and the massive, shaggy Yutyrannus show us that feathers first emerged forreasons other than flight, like insulation, display, or other purposes we don't fully understand yet.But one thing is clear – many dinosaurs were already rocking proto-feathers tens of millions of years before the first birds evolved. This provides a clear evolutionary pathway for how dinosaur feathers could have eventually become modified for aerial abilities in their bird descendants.Skeletal SimilaritiesAs incredible as the feathered dinosaur fossils are, the skeletal evidence for the dinosaur-bird connection is even more compelling. When you compare the skeletons of birds to those of certain small, agile theropod dinosaurs like Velociraptor or Deinonychus, the similarities are downright spooky.Birds and these dino-predecessors share over 100 anatomical traits, including:• A ball-and-socket joint in the shoulder for flapping wings• A thin, semi-rigid body for streamlining• A long, stiff tail with a flexible base• A lightweight, bird-like skull• A wishbone formed by fused collarbone bones• Air sacs similar to those used in bird respirationThis extremely close skeletal structure indicates that birds almost certainly descend from the same maniraptoran theropod lineage as these dinosaurs. After all, it would require over 100 bizarre, random evolutionary coincidences to explain away these skeletal similarities if birds and dinosaurs were not directly related.In fact, some scientists argue that modern birds are practically just living dinosaurs, highly evolved though they may be. There's even an entire group of scientists called "dinosaur renaissance" researchers who interpret bird behavior, anatomy, and abilities through the lens of their dinosaurian origins. Talk about taking things full circle!The Dinosaur Metabolic RevolutionOkay, you might be thinking – even if birds and some dinosaurs looked alike and had feathers, how could a lumbering beast like T. rex ever become a soaring falcon?Well, it turns out that dinosaurs as a whole were undergoing an incredible evolutionary transformation around 200 million years ago. Fossils show evidence that dinosaurs were becomingmore active, energetic, and warm-blooded long before birds evolved.Scientists have studied dinosaur growth rates, bone structure, respiratory systems, and more to determine that dinosaurs were very different from the sluggish, cold-blooded reptiles of their time. In many ways, they were practicing endothermy (warm-bloodedness) and had mammal-like metabolic rates millions of years before the first true mammals even appeared.So rather than requiring a wildly improbable leap from cold-blooded lizard-like metabolisms to the heated metabolic engine required for flight, birds could capitalize on the already warm-blooded, active, insulative biological toolkit that their dinosaur ancestors had already evolved. Not only that, but the need to constantly burn energy birthed a range of dinosaur adaptations that would later enable flight, like expanding air sac respiratory systems and efficient bird-like skeletons.The Dawn of FlightWith feathers already present, skeletons optimized for movement, and souped-up warm-blooded metabolisms to power them, theropod dinosaurs were primed to beat their wings at some point in their evolution. And that's exactly whatseems to have happened, through a transition known as the dinosaurian-avian transition.Around 150 million years ago in the late Jurassic period, we start to see archeological evidence of feathered theropod dinosaurs engaging in some form of aerial behaviors. Little dino species like Anchiornis and Microraptor had feathered wings optimized for some kind of arboreal gliding or assisted flapping and parachuting, if not full powered flight.From there, it was only a matter of evolution iterating on those incipient aerial abilities over millions of years for "birds" to eventually emerge – highly derived feathered theropods capable of true, powered flight. The oldest currently known fossil unambiguously considered a "bird" is the iconic Archaeopteryx, which lived around 150 million years ago and combines a dinosaurian skeleton with modern avian wings.After Archaeopteryx, avian evolution proceeded at breakneck pace, resulting in a dazzling array of feathered species with specialized adaptations like toothless beaks, keeled breast bones for improved flight muscles, and fused trunk skeletons. Birds spread across the globe, surviving and thriving even when the dinosaurs met their ultimate demise via the K-T mass extinction event around 66 million years ago.The Living DinosaursSo there you have it! The next time you admire a robin delicately perched on a tree branch or watch a hawk soar effortlessly above, remember – you're really just marveling at the adapted, airborne descendants of fearsome dinosaurian apex predators. That little bird at your feeder? It's a pint-sized Velociraptor that swapped teeth and claws for a beak and wings.Birds are indeed dinosaurs, just highly derived "avian" dinosaurs that gradually transformed over the course of millions of years. They're the living, breathing evidence of evolution at its finest, starting as just a humble lineage of feathered theropods and eventually becoming the effortless lords of the sky.The next time someone tries to claim that dinosaur-to-bird evolution is "just a theory," you'll be prepared to show them just how airtight the evidence really is. Birds are dinosaurs, and their existence is proof of the incredible power of evolutionary change over long timescales. So let's celebrate these magnificent living dinosaurs soaring above us, for they are the revered survivors of an age gone by.篇2Why Did Dinosaurs Evolve into Birds?Have you ever wondered how birds came to be? Where did they originate from? Well, it's a fascinating story that begins millions of years ago with the dinosaurs that roamed the Earth. That's right, our feathered friends today can trace their ancestry back to those massive, scaly creatures! Let me take you on a journey through time to unravel this incredible evolutionary mystery.During the Mesozoic Era, which spanned from approximately 252 to 66 million years ago, dinosaurs dominated the landscape. These reptilian giants came in all shapes and sizes, from the towering long-necked sauropods to the fearsome meat-eating theropods. It was within this latter group that the ancestors of modern birds emerged.One of the key pieces of evidence that links birds to dinosaurs is the presence of feathers. Yes, you read that right –feathers! Paleontologists have discovered fossilized remains of various theropod dinosaurs bearing intricate patterns of feathers or feather-like structures. These "dino-fuzz" fossils provide a compelling link between the scaly skin of reptiles and the feathered bodies of birds.But what purpose did these feathers serve for dinosaurs? Scientists believe that feathers initially evolved for insulation anddisplay, much like how modern birds use them for warmth and attracting mates. Over time, however, these feathery structures became more complex and aerodynamic, paving the way for the evolution of flight.One of the most famous feathered dinosaurs is Archaeopteryx, often referred to as the "first bird." This remarkable creature, which lived around 150 million years ago, possessed a unique combination of avian and reptilian features. It had feathered wings, a beak, and a bony tail – characteristics that firmly place it as a transitional form between dinosaurs and modern birds.As time progressed, these feathered dinosaurs continued to evolve, developing more specialized adaptations for flight. Their bones became lighter and hollow, their forelimbs transformed into wings, and their tails shortened. This gradual process of natural selection favored those individuals better equipped for aerial locomotion, ultimately giving rise to the diverse array of bird species we see today.One fascinating aspect of this evolutionary journey is the connection between the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and the rise of modern birds. Around 66 million years ago, a catastrophic event, likely an asteroid impact, led to the demise ofthe iconic dinosaur species. However, the feathered dinosaurs, being smaller and capable of flight, had a better chance of survival. This opened up new ecological niches for them to thrive, allowing them to diversify and evolve into the multitude of bird species we know and love.As a student, I find the story of how dinosaurs evolved into birds absolutely captivating. It's a testament to the incredible power of evolution and natural selection, shaping life on our planet over millions of years. Just imagine, the next time you see a bird soaring gracefully through the sky or chirping outside your window, you're witnessing the living descendants of those mighty dinosaurs that once ruled the Earth!But the story doesn't end there. Birds continue to evolve and adapt to their ever-changing environments, diversifying into an astonishing array of species with unique traits and behaviors. From the majestic eagles soaring high above to the tiny hummingbirds hovering gracefully, each bird species is a living testament to the remarkable evolutionary journey that began with their dinosaur ancestors.So, the next time you come across a dinosaur exhibit or watch a documentary about these prehistoric giants, remember that you're not just looking at ancient history – you're witnessingthe origins of our modern-day feathered friends. The connection between dinosaurs and birds is a fascinating example of how life on Earth is constantly evolving, adapting, and finding new ways to thrive.In conclusion, the transformation of dinosaurs into birds is a remarkable story of survival, adaptation, and篇3Why Dinosaurs Evolved Into BirdsHi everyone! For my science essay this semester, I've decided to explore one of the most fascinating transitions in the history of life on Earth - how dinosaurs evolved into modern birds. I've always been really interested in dinosaurs and it's crazy to think that birds are actually direct descendants of those ancient, reptilian giants. Let me take you through the key evidence and theories around this incredible evolutionary journey.First off, let's set the scene - the late Cretaceous period around 100-66 million years ago. At this time, dinosaurs completely dominated the landscape as the preeminent terrestrial vertebrates. They came in all shapes and sizes, from the largest sauropods to the ferocious theropods like T. Rex. However, diversity was beginning to dwindle as the climate grewwarmer and drier. It was the perfect environment for a new lineage to take hold - one that would eventually replace the non-avian dinosaurs entirely.That lineage was coelurosauria, a group of small to medium-sized theropods closely related to modern birds. When we look at fossils of these dinosaurs, the similarities are striking - many had feathers (more on this shortly), wishbones, lightweight hollow bones, three-toed feet and other distinctly bird-like characteristics. A decade ago, the seven species of feathered dinosaurs had been identified. Today, there are over 40 species, with new fossils being discovered all the time that blur the line between what we consider dinosaurs and birds.Let's talk about feathers - one of the most important evolutionary adaptations that eventually allowed dinosaurs to conquer the skies as birds. While traditionally we think of feathers for flight, their original purpose may have been very different, providing insulation to help small dinosaurs regulate body temperature. Over millions of years, as feathers became more intricate and complex, they branched outward from the dinosaur's bodies and elongated, making it possible to eventually co-opt them for aerodynamic purposes. Remarkably preserved fossils like Archaeopteryx and Microraptor showfeathered dinosaurs had not yet mastered powered flight, but were experimenting with proto-wings and developing the capacity for aerial navigation.Of course, the evolution of feathers is only part of the story. Skeletal transformations also played a key role. Compared to their massive ancestors, bird-like dinosaurs like Velociraptor developed lighter, more airfoil-shaped bodies with high surface area to weight ratios ideal for flying. Their bones becamethin-walled and hollow, reinforced with interior struts for strength while reducing mass. A stiff, salad plate-shaped bone formed at the shoulder joint, which became the wishbone we see in birds today used for flapping wings. Their snouts shrank while their forelimbs transformed into proto-wings. Even their lungs evolved into an incredibly efficient avian respiratory system optimized for supplying oxygen during vigorous flapping.But why did all these incremental adaptations accumulate in the evolutionary lineage that ultimately gave rise to birds? Well, it likely came down to maintaining a competitive advantage for hunting or foraging in prehistoric ecosystems that were being radically reshaped by geological events. Being able to nimbly navigate through trees and other obstacles, or even achieve short bursts of aerial locomotion to ambush prey, would havegiven these feathered dinosaurs a major leg up on their rivals. As the Age of Dinosaurs drew to a close due to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, it was this newly evolved capacity for flight that allowed birds to survive the cataclysm. While the huge lumbering dinosaurs perished, the agile feathered fliers lived on.Perhaps the most compelling evidence of this dinosaur-bird transition comes from genetic analysis. By comparing genetic code across thousands of breeds, orders and families of modern birds, scientists have pieced together an avian family tree stretching back over 100 million years. And at the root? Theropod dinosaurs like the famous Velociraptor. Molecular biology has revealed the unmistakable fingerprints of this ancient inheritance, from the genomic parallels between dinosaur and bird egg embryo development, to the DNA links between dino and bird lungs. We are separate branches of life extending from the same deep evolutionary roots.So in summary, while birds exhibit numerous wildly unique adaptations from their dinosaur ancestors, the evidence is overwhelming that they directly evolved from a lineage of feathered theropods over 100 million years ago. Incremental changes in body shape, skeletal structure, respiration, feathers,and ultimately the ability to fly enabled these agile meat-eaters to survive and thrive as the world around them changed dramatically. Incredibly, modern birds carry the genetic legacy of the once mighty dinosaurs that ruled the prehistoric world. It boggles my mind to think that the sparrows and robins we see every day are effectively living dinosaurs! I'm so fortunate we have the fossil records and scientific tools to reconstruct this epic evolutionary story. The dinosaur-bird connection is one of those amazing reminders of the awesomeness of nature and the processes that drive it.Thanks for reading my essay! I had a great time geeking out over this fascinating prehistoric journey. Dinosaurs have captivated me ever since I was a kid, so tying their origins to birds I see every day in my backyard is simply mind-blowing. Evolution is an incredible thing. While the dinosaurs may be gone, their majestic descendants continue soaring through our skies as avian reminders of the awesomeness of life on Earth. I hope you enjoyed exploring this topic as much as I did!。

翻译答案(1)1. is a product of the evolutionary process2. a gas which unites with many substances3. absorb as much knowledge as he can4. appearances are sometimes deceiving/deceptive5. have people realized how important it is to be economical with water (2)1. are extremely good2. ate to our hearts’ content3. are controlled by this switch4. as overpraise you to your face5. The applicant returning from abroad has an advantage over others in that (3)1. Caught in a sudden downpour2. beaten black and blue3. deprived him of his political rights4. can we adapt (ourselves) to the society quickly after we graduate5. can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course(4)1. develop/cultivate the good habit of reducing pollution2. enrich their knowledge and experience3. Few people do not complain about the tediousness of their jobs4. Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there5. the project of the exhibition center be completed on schedule(5)1. What a pity it is to waste the food2. fit our actions to those of other people3. food, clothing, shelter, and transportation4. got plentiful relief from the government5. produced more than twice as many TV sets in 1998 as the before(6)1. Either you or I am mistaken about2. grips his mother’s arm (firmly)3. had he started the computer than it stopped working4. what you fail to get by force5. had no choice but to surrender on the spot(7)1. such a short time left to prepare for the exam2. had to swallow his words3. has been under the care of her husband4. it crucial to abide by the safety regulations5. or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church (8)1. help them in every way possible2. have been working instead of studying3. mobilize the army in an emergency4. complete the project a month ahead of schedule5. symbols as are used to represent chemical elements(9)1. Kept within houses2. is short of manpower, materials and money3. are being replaced by the computer and the projector4. It is unbearable to meet as well as to depart5. the suspect is guilty can he put him in prison(10)1. is a man of great enterprise2. I had had your opportunities when I was young3. may I sit in for the first week4. is entitled to nine year’s compulsory education5. reality always remains far apart from the ideal(11)1. over the correct remedies to apply2. Only when the workers’ demands are satisfied3. the waiter came up bearing a basket of peaches4. measures were taken to solve the problem of traffic jams5. invigorate the large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises(12)1. More than one person has noticed2. the noise outside (should) interfere with her son’s sleep3. my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services4. You should have invited her to your graduation ceremony5. a method by which the agricultural production can be raise on a large scale (13)1. Rain or shine/ whether it is raining or fine2. it not been for the reservoir3. putting it into effect is quite another4. nothing remains of its former glory5. eliminate the bad/negative effect of the rumor on the innocent people(14)1. as we admire his gift for art2. No sooner had we cut in the wheat3. The two countries broke off diplomatic relationship4. the whole project is doomed to failure/fail5. they (should) set up a special board/ committee to examine this problem (15)1. some of which are very interesting2. What makes the world develop so fast3. Students should draw a lesson here4. try to stage a comeback5. had the two countries signed the peace treaty than one of them launched an attack on the other(16)1. Their coming to help2. oppose the drafting/ call-up of Black youth3. when taken according to the directions/ instructions4. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods5. not so much in one’s good luck as in his persistent efforts/ more in one’s persistent efforts than in his luck(17)1. whether I can count on your vote2. most of whom were English majors3. occurred to him suddenly4. of failing to fulfill its promise to improve urban traffic conditions5. the number of people who died on highways has exceeded(18)1. plan to double their investment2. contains many buildings of exceptional quality3. than they began to work4. The accused is suspected of being involved in5. an assistant whom he can rely on to deal with(19)1. distinguishing between red and green/ telling red from green2. rather than proclaims one’s own3. reminded me of my own childhood4. check up all the facts before he writes a report5. True that he has a well-paid job, but it doesn’t follow that(20)1. only to be told that she couldn’t come by then2. prepared batches of qualified graduates3. three to five times that of ordinary households4. I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated5. is willing to spare no efforts to investigate the case(21)1. ended up in a draw2. Any government that turns a blind eye to this point3. staring at him, he felt ashamed of having made4. has implemented a series of reforms5. in weighing, measuring, and experimenting with various kinds of ocean lives(22)1. Having finished their homework2. helps to build up both physical strength and will-power3. who will take over as president of the Foundation4. if machines really thought as men do5. got himself involved in as many extra-curricular activities as possible(23)1. In order not to disturb them2. not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates/ more a fall in death rates than a rise in birth rates3. As the children become financially independent4. interfere with the recovery of the ozone layer5. had to be at the mercy of the imperialist powers(24)1. is not as simple as it appears2. serve the economic development3. whose words you never can make out4. normally uses evaporation as a means of cooling5. had I lit the candle than it was put out(25)1. if he plans his/ her time carefully2. always makes adequate preparations3. was deprived of his gold medal4. with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate5. that exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness(26)1. He has some vague ideas about what to do2. anger flared from her eyes3. They wrote the notices in several languages4. Hitler was armed to the teeth5. while animal behavior depends mainly on instinct/ whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on instinct(27)1. arose from careless driving2. as well as thorough knowledge of plant structure3. However hard some people in the audience tried to upset him4. more like a news report than a shout story5. has been degraded to a lower position for negligence of duty(28)1. relieve pressure and tension2. Whether a large family is good or not3. which they hope will help solve the case4. are reflected in facial expressions5. every employee in the food companied (should) have his health checked twice a year(29)1. if only we can get to the next petrol-station2. tend to put on weight3. the majority of people believe that it is a life time study4. through facial expressions and by making noises5. the administration must be cleaned of graft and corruption(30)1. not so much a scholar2. the thinner the air becomes3. trying to deduce its operating principle4. we keep good hours and restrain smoking and drinking5. As can be seen from his neat resume and the application letter, and his gentle manners (31)1. brought me back to earth2. for helping police persuade a woman not to commit suicide3. when a knock at the door awakened her4. is likely to push up global temperature5. will we be able to make great effects to overcome our complacency(32)1. in the last office but one2. Seeing that everyone was absorbed in his/ her book3. warned me just now not to water flowers at noon4. effective measures should be taken before things get worse5. Those who constantly expose themselves to new ideas(33)1. When the plane is to take off2. Despite the fact that the old couple leads a very plain life3. of you to donate so much money to the people in the disaster area4. (should) attend the faculty meeting that is held every other week5. Owing to the basic conflict of interest between them(34)1. broaden/ expand our horizons2. he substituted for the injured player3. a triangle whose three sides are of unequal length4. live up to the trust and expectations of the people5. requirement for obtaining a driving license will result in a decrease in traffic accidents (35)1. She displayed great self-control2. suggests treating the case with a new drug3. tells me what she is thinking4. successful business lies in a healthy body and mind5. but how much knowledge you have absorbed that really counts(36)1. The denser a liquid is2. The main reason why juveniles commit crimes is3. the railway will be extended to our village4. the couple found it virtually impossible to make ends meet5. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body(37)1. theory should be combined with practice2. there can surely be no doubt that we will succeed3. they have modernized their village4. to have no access to the health service5. have tracked down the escaped prisoner who hides himself in the mountain (38)1. however much it costs2. has exceeded one billion3. but only those who are adequately prepared and highly qualified4. the decision to build a nuclear power station in the suburbs5. the importance of knowledge can never be overemphasized(39)1. With industries and business developing2. because he has a loose tongue3. is attached to that famous university4. it is estimated that there will be 6.5 million vehicles5. Otherwise he wouldn’t have left the work half done(40)1. It’s needless to day2. which is easily concealed by habits3. No invention has received more praise and criticism4. no wonder the audience came full of expectations, but left very much disappointed5. did more practical things than made some empty promised。

2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试北京卷英语试卷养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题 1. 5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

I’d just arrived at school, ready for another school day. I was reading a book in the classroom when there was an 1 . “Today at 1: 10 there will be auditions (面试) for a musical.” My friends all jumped up in excitement and asked me, “Will you be going, Amy?” “Sure,” I said. I had no 2 in drama, but I’d try out because my friends were doing it.At 1:10, there was a 3 outside the drama room. Everyone looked energetic. I hadn’t expected I’d be standing there that morning. But now that I was doing it, I 4 felt nervous. What if I wasn’t any good?I entered the room and the teachers made me say some lines from the musical. They then 5 my singing skills and asked what role I wanted to play. The teachers were smiling and praising me. I felt like I had a 6 , so I said, “A big role.” They said they’d look into it. I started getting really nervous. What if I didn’t get a main role?Soon, the cast list was 7 . My friends checked and came back shouting, “Amy, you got the main role!” Sure enough, my name was at the top. I just stared at it and started to 8 . I was so happy.After two months we were all prepared and ready to go on stage. It was fun. And when people started 9 , that gave me a boost of confidence. It stayed with me and made me feel 10 . I realised that by trying something new, I can have fun — even if it means stepping out of my comfort zone.1．A．assignment B．initiative C．announcement D．interview2．A．hesitancy B．interest C．worry D．regret3．A．game B．show C．play D．line4．A．suddenly B．continuously C．originally D．generally5．A．advertised B．tested C．challenged D．polished6．A．demand B．credit C．dream D．chance7．A．traded B．posted C．questioned D．claimed8．A．well up B．roll in C．stand out D．go off9．A．whispering B．arguing C．clapping D．stretching10．A．funnier B．fairer C．cleverer D．braver第二节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。

选择一种你喜欢的恐龙英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Favorite Dinosaur: The Mighty Tyrannosaurus RexEver since I was a little kid, I've been absolutely obsessed with dinosaurs. I had dinosaur toys, dinosaur books, dinosaur clothes - you name it, I had it. While I loved learning about all the different species, one dinosaur always stood out as my ultimate favorite: the Tyrannosaurus Rex, hands down the most famous and iconic dinosaur of them all.What's not to love about T-Rex? Just look at that massive head, those tiny arms, and those powerful jaws filled with teeth like bananas. T-Rex was basically a real-life monster that actually roamed the Earth millions of years ago. The very thought of coming face-to-face with a 40-foot tall, 7-ton killing machine like that is enough to make your blood run cold.Yet as terrifying as Tyrannosaurus was, I've always been captivated and entranced by this prehistoric apex predator. There's just something primally awesome about an animal that was essentially a bite-force demolition derby champion. T-Rexdidn't have claws or spikes or body armor - it just had brute force and those jaws that could chomp through even the toughest prey.Ever since the first relatively complete Tyrannosaurus skeleton was discovered in 1902, people have been utterly spellbound by this beast from the late Cretaceous period. Part of the appeal is how much we actually know about T-Rex compared to other dinosaurs. While fossils for any dinosaur are extremely rare, thousands of T-Rex fossils have been found, including nearly 50 somewhat complete skeletons.Thanks to all of those remains, scientists have been able to reconstruct this prehistoric predator in amazing detail. We know it had binocular vision and an excellent sense of smell to help it hunt. Its strong jaws could bite down with forces eclipsing 6 tons. Those tiny arms were still strong enough to pull down prey. And it was a shockingly intelligent creature for its time with a brain similar in complexity to modern reptiles.Tyrannosaurus Rex also perfectly encapsulates the brutality and violence of life back in the late Cretaceous period around 66 million years ago. T-Rex lived in a true dinosaur hellscape populated by huge prey like Triceratops, Edmontosaurus, and Ankylosaurus as well as other fearsome predators likeDakotaraptor. This was a kill-or-be-killed world of epic struggles between Titanic beasts unlike anything seen on Earth today.While Tyrannosaurus was undoubtedly the biggest badass around, it likely didn't reach full monster status until later in life. Research suggests T-Rex started off as a more typical carnivore around 6 feet long, getting more terrifying with age. The largest adult specimens could exceed 40 feet from head to tail and is estimated to have weighed more than 7 tons. Just imagine a creature that size barreling down on you while you're out for a walk - definitely not something you want in your neighborhood!T-Rex also displays some characteristics that helped make it such an efficient ambush predator. Its mouth could open extremely wide, almost 180 degrees, to help get every last chunk of meat off its prey. Those massive conical teeth weren't just for show either - they were incredible at slicing through flesh and even bone. The arms may have been puny, but they were still powerfully muscled and likely helped T-Rex grapple its food once it had clamped down.Beyond all of its physical attributes, there's also just the sheer mystique and coolness factor surrounding Tyrannosaurus Rex. When you think about dinosaurs, you're inevitably picturing that classic T-Rex skeleton in an attack pose with those tiny armsoutstretched. It has become an icon of prehistoric times, a true symbol for 165 million years of fantastic beasts that once ruled our planet.While I find T-Rex totally awesome, I can definitely understand why it has also terrified people throughout history. The very existence of a creature this monstrously large and powerful is the stuff of nightmares. Early European explorers in America actually referred to the first T-Rex fossil discoveries as remains of a "terrible lizard," providing the name Tyrannosaurus Rex itself. It's not hard to envision the fear these remains must have evoked in superstitious people who couldn't even conceive of a reptile this humongous roaming Earth.In more recent times, T-Rex has become one of the most iconic movie monsters thanks to its starring roles in Jurassic Park and other dinosaur films. There's something primal about seeing this legendary beast brought to life on the big screen, chasing down jeeps and snapping at cowering humans. While those movies took plenty of artistic license, they did help make the general public fall even more in love with T-Rex and its legendary status.For me though, appreciating Tyrannosaurus Rex is much more than just being impressed by its physical stats orheightened by Hollywood productions - it's a sense of awe at how incredible nature can be. When I look at a T-Rex skeleton or fossil, I'm not just seeing a bunch of old bones, but a relic of a world entirely alien to our modern existence. T-Rex is like a portal transporting us back across unfathomable stretches of deep time to a period when the entire Earth looked completely different.Tyrannosaurus helps put into perspective just how transitory humanity is in the span of life on this planet. While we may feel hugely important walking around as the dominant species today, the reign of dinosaurs like T-Rex stretched for around 165 million years - longer than the current span of time separating modern humans from the very first mammals. When you look at it through that lens, we are but the latest blip in a much longer continuum of life, no more significant than T-Rex itself in the grand scheme of things.That kind of deep time and geological perspective is easy to lose in our modern, technology-fueled world. Having something like a Tyrannosaurus fossil to observe and learn about provides a powerful connection to the utterly foreign primordial ooze that life on Earth bubbled up from. We may feel detached from nature with our climate-controlled buildings and smartphones,but something like T-Rex reminds us that we're all just evolved beasts at our core, still subject to the same primal drives that governed the reign of the dinosaurs.So while T-Rex may have gone extinct 66 million years ago, it still looms massively over our collective conscience and view of the natural world to this day. It serves as a reminder of both the beauty and terror that life is capable of producing through millions of years of blind evolution. To me, Tyrannosaurus Rex will forever be the ultimate icon of a prehistoric period unimaginably different than our modern day - a relic of when truly monstrous beasts roamed a alien world that still birthed all of life as we know it today. T-Rex is a link to our deepest primordial ancestry, and a badass monster that will never stop captivating our imaginations.篇2My Favorite Dinosaur - The Mighty Tyrannosaurus RexEver since I was a little kid, I've been absolutely obsessed with dinosaurs. While other kids were into superheroes or princesses, I was devouring every book, movie, and museum exhibit about those awesome prehistoric creatures. Out of all the dinosaurs, one has always stood out as my clear favorite - theTyrannosaurus Rex, or T-Rex for short. That massive carnivore has fascinated me for as long as I can remember.I still vividly recall the first time I learned about T-Rex. It was during a school field trip to the natural history museum when I was about 6 years old. As we wandered through the dinosaur exhibit, I stopped dead in my tracks when I saw the towering skeletal reconstruction of a T-Rex looming overhead. I was utterly awestruck by the sheer size and ferocity of this beast that lived millions of years before humans even existed.As I gazed up at those massive bone-crushing jaws lined with serrated teeth as long as a grown man's hand, I could easily picture the T-Rex ripping its unfortunate prey to shreds. The thick trunk-like legs and powerful tail just radiated raw strength and power. Even in death as just a fossilized skeleton, the T-Rex commanded fear and respect. From that moment on, I was hooked - I needed to learn absolutely everything I could about this "Tyrant Lizard King."Over the years, I devoured any book, documentary, or article that contained new information about Tyrannosaurus Rex. I was endlessly fascinated by the scientific details we've uncovered about its appearance, behaviors, and place on the evolutionary tree of life. We now know T-Rex stood around 12-13 feet tall,measured over 40 feet long, and weighed around 7-8 tons when fully grown.Those stumpy but incredibly muscular arms were definitely not useless like the "Tyrant Lizard" nickname suggests - they were likely used for grasping prey and even sparring with rivals during mating battles. The iconic massive head housed a 5-foot long jaw able to bite down with the force of a tank cannon, easily crunching through bone.And despite the classic conception of T-Rex as a solitary monster hunting alone, evidence now suggests these apex predators may have actually been pack hunters, using coordinated ambush tactics to bring down huge prey like Triceratops or Edmontosaurus. Just imagine a whole calvacade of 8-ton T-Rexes closing in for the kill! Terrifying stuff.But as much as I'm amazed by the science behind the "King of the Dinosaurs," I'm equally captivated by the mystery and legacy of this iconic species. We tend to look at dinosaurs through the lens of statistics and biological facts. But we often overlook how these creatures actually experienced the world around them around 65-68 million years ago during the late Cretaceous period.What did a T-Rex actually see, hear, smell, and feel as it roamed the lush plains and forests of ancient North America? How did it interact with other dinosaurs and creatures that shared its world? What were its earliest memories as a hatchling futilely trying to capture small prey with those comically tiny arms and jaws? As an adult, what was its typical day like as it patrolled its territory and hunted for food?While we may never know the answers to those questions, it's fun to imagine yourself stepping into the life of a T-Rex. I often daydream about what I would experience if I could magically transform into the last surviving Tyrannosaurus for a day. I picture the rush of hunting in a ferocious pack of my kind, the thrill of finally taking down a plant-eating dinosaur after a tense chase, and the bone-shaking power I would feel with every bite of those self-sharpening teeth.Or I fantasize about the unbridled freedom of wandering alone for miles across the untamed prehistoric landscape, my senses heightened and on alert for prey. How incredible it would be to come face-to-face with other legendary dinosaur species like Triceratops, Ankylosaurus, and fellow mega-carnivores like Spinosaurus or Giganotosaurus and establish dominance over the era's most ferocious beasts!Whether roaming in a pack of raging T-Rexes or towering over the ancient wilds as a solitary giant, it would be a humbling experience to step into the life of a creature that reigned as an undisputed king long before humans even existed. Tyrannosaurus Rex is the closest we may ever get to Earth's equivalent of dragons from mythology - a true monster of monstrous proportions.That's likely why T-Rex has such an enduring hold on our imaginations and remains a permanent icon of pop culture, from the fearsome enemy in classic films like Jurassic Park to fun kids shows like The Land Before Time's clueless villains Screech and Thud. We all share an instinctive fascination and respect for this shockingly efficient prehistoric killing machine. How can anyone not look at Tyrannosaurus and feel a shiver of primal fear and awe?Thankfully, of course, the age of the dinosaurs is long gone and we'll never have to cross paths with these massivemeat-eaters in real life. But part of me wishes I could have witnessed the reign of the T-Rex and all its contemporaries with my own eyes, rather than just studying their remains in books and museums.Maybe that's why I'm so drawn to this legendary carnivore - because T-Rex epitomizes the power, brutality, and sheer spectacle of life in the primordial world before humans existed. While science can reveal many secrets about these creatures' biology and behaviors, the T-Rex will always retain an air of mystery that ignites our imaginations and connects us to our planet's deep prehistoric past.Tyrannosaurus Rex was quite literally the king of an era that no human will ever experience. And for me, that makes this dinosaur not just another museum specimen, but a symbol of life's untamed majesty when left to evolve and thrive without human interference. The mighty T-Rex commands our respect, ignites our curiosity, and reminds us that long before we came along, truly colossal wonders ruled this earth.篇3My Favorite Dinosaur: The Mighty Tyrannosaurus RexEver since I was a little kid, I've been obsessed with dinosaurs. There's just something so fascinating about those massive creatures that roamed the Earth millions of years ago. Of all the dinosaurs, one has always stood out as my absolute favorite –the Tyrannosaurus Rex, the "King of the Tyrant Lizards."I still remember the first time I learned about T-Rex. I was probably around 5 years old, and my parents took me to the natural history museum. As soon as I laid eyes on the towering skeletal replica, with those massive teeth and tiny arms, I was hooked. From that day on, I read every book about T-Rex that I could get my hands on.What makes Tyrannosaurus so captivating? For starters, it was one of the largest land carnivores of all time, reaching up to 40 feet long and weighing up to 8 tons. Just imagine – that's about as long as a school bus and as heavy as an elephant! With a massive skull over 5 feet long and teeth up to 9 inches in length, T-Rex was the apex predator of its time, around 68-66 million years ago in the late Cretaceous period.Those gigantic jaws could crush bones with ease, aided by an incredibly powerful bite force estimated at up to 7 tons per square inch. That's one of the strongest bite forces of any terrestrial animal in Earth's history. T-Rex's binocular vision and heightened sense of smell also made it an incredible hunter, able to detect prey from miles away.Despite its massive size and ferocious predatory abilities,T-Rex actually had relatively tiny arms, only about 3 feet long. For years, scientists were baffled about their purpose. Some thoughtthey were essentially useless vestiges, while others hypothesized they could have been used for grasping prey or mates. More recent theories suggest the arms may have played a role in pushing the dinosaur up from a lying position or in keeping its massive body balanced while running.Speaking of running, you might be surprised to learn that Tyrannosaurus was actually a pretty fast mover for its size. Estimates put its top speed anywhere from 10-25 mph, which is faster than you can sprint! Can you imagine a 8-ton beast charging at you at those speeds? That's the stuff of nightmares.Of course, T-Rex couldn't have been that successful of a predator without the brains to back it up. Its brain was about the size of a gorilla's and was more advanced than that of other dinosaurs, with enhanced visualization and sense integration abilities to aid in hunting.For me, the most exciting revelation about T-Rex in recent years has been the discovery of evidence that it was likely covered in feathers, at least during adolescence. While the classic image of a scaly, lizard-like Tyrannosaurus will always be iconic, the prospect of a feathered, almost bird-like appearance opens up incredible possibilities for reimagining this fearsome beast.One of my favorite things to do is imagine what it would have been like to actually encounter T-Rex in person. With its powerful sense of smell, towering height, and thunderous footsteps, it would have been impossible not to realize this gargantuan killer was approaching. The roar alone, which could have been over 90 decibels according to some experts, would have been absolutely terrifying.If it did spot you as potential prey, good luck outrunning it. T-Rex's massive striding speed meant it could have easily chased you down over long distances. At that point, your only hope would be finding cover or playing dead, as the mighty carnivore couldn't bend down very far to pick you up. Otherwise, one bite would have been the end. Not a pleasant thought!While Tyrannosaurus Rex was indeed a terrifying killing machine, I've always felt a special connection to this dinosaur. Maybe it's the predatory mystique, or perhaps it's the striking image of such an apex beast that makes it so compelling. For me, T-Rex represents the amazing diversity of life that once existed on our planet – a reminder of how even the most outlandish creatures were able to evolve and thrive.Could we ever see the return of something like T-Rex? While scientists have had some limited success with extracting DNAfragments from preserved fossils, the advancement of genetic technology needed to actually clone an extinct creature is still extremely far off, if even possible. For now, we can only imagine what it would be like to roam the Earth alongside these massive beasts.As a kid, I used to have nightmares about being chased by T-Rex. I can vividly recall the thunderous footsteps shaking the ground, the deafening roars echoing all around, and the sheer terror of being stalked by such an unstoppable killing machine. Now, those same visions give me a thrilling sense of awe and excitement about the lost world of the dinosaurs.T-Rex will forever hold a special place in my heart. It captures the majesty, the power, and the incredible journey of life that has unfolded over millions of years on this planet we call home. While the King of the Dinosaurs may be long extinct, its legend will never truly die. Tyrannosaurus Rex is more than just an ancient creature – it's an inspiration, reminding us that even the most daunting obstacles can be overcome through resilience, determination and the sheer force of will to survive against all odds.。

高中英语完型填空易错点分析策略单选题80题1.She often______her homework late at night.A.doesB.makesC.takesD.has答案：A。

“do one's homework”是固定搭配，表示“做家庭作业”；“make”通常表示“制作”；“take”有“花费、带走”等意思；“have”表示“有”等意思，在这里不符合语境。

2.The news______very important.A.seemsB.looksC.appearsD.sounds答案：A。

“seem”表示“似乎、好像”，后面可以接形容词；“look”通常表示“看起来”，后面一般接形容词，但是语气上更强调外表；“appear”也有“似乎、好像”的意思，但用法稍有不同；“sound”表示“听起来”，后面一般接形容词，这里“news”是“重要的”，用“seem”更合适。

3.He______angry when he heard the bad news.A.gotB.becameC.turnedD.grew答案：B。

“get angry”“become angry”“turn angry”“grow angry”都有“变得生气”的意思，但是“become”强调变化的过程，更符合听到坏消息后生气的语境；“get”比较口语化；“turn”通常表示颜色等的变化；“grow”有逐渐变化的意思。

4.The teacher______us to study hard.A.asksB.tellsC.wantsD.hopes答案：C。

“ask sb. to do sth.”表示“要求某人做某事”；“tell sb. to do sth.”表示“告诉某人做某事”；“want sb. to do sth.”表示“想要某人做某事”；“hope to do sth.”但是不能用“hope sb. to do sth.”，所以这里选“wants”。

托福阅读真题第141篇TheEmergenceofCivilization（答案文章最后）Starting around 8000 B.C.E., the most extensive exploitation of agriculture occurred in river valleys, where there were both good soil and a dependable water supply regardless of the amount of rainfall. In the Near East, this happened in the Fertile Crescent, the region extending up the Nile Valley in Egypt, north through the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria), and southeast into the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia. The richest soil was located in the deltas at the mouths of the rivers, but the deltas were swampy and subject to flooding. Before they could be farmed, they needed to be drained and irrigated, and flood-control systems had to be constructed. These activities required administrative organization and the ability to mobilize large pools of labor. In Mesopotamia, perhaps as a consequence of a period of drought, massive land-use projects were undertaken after 4000 B.C.E. to cultivate the rich delta soils of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The land was so productive that many more people could be fed, and a great population explosion resulted. Villages grew into cities of tens of thousands of persons.These large cities needed some form of centralized administration. Archaeological evidence indicates that the organization initially was provided by religion, for the largest building in each city was a massive temple honoring one of the Mesopotamian gods. In Uruk, for example, a 60-foot-long temple known as the White House was built before 3000 B.C.E. There were no other large public buildings, suggesting that the priests who were in charge of the temples also were responsible forgoverning the city and organizing people to work in the fields and on irrigation projects building and maintaining systems of ditches and dams.The great concentration of wealth and resources in the river valleys brought with it further technological advances, such as wheeled vehicles, multicolored pottery and the pottery wheel, and the weaving of wool garments. Advances in metal technology just before 2000 B.C.E. resulted in the creation of bronze, a durable alloy (or mixture) of about 90 percent copper and 10 percent tin that provided a sharp cutting edge for weapons.By 3000 B.C.E., the economies and administrations of Mesopotamia and Egypt had become so complex that some form of record keeping was needed. As a result, writing was invented. Once a society became literate, it passed from the period known as prehistory into the historic period. In fact, the word “history” comes from a Greek word meaning “narrative”—people could not provide a detailed permanent account of their past until they were able to write.The totality of these developments resulted in the appearance, around 3000 B.C.E., of a new form of culture called civilization. The first civilizations had several defining characteristics. They had economies based on agriculture. They had cities that functioned as administrative centers and usually had large populations. They had different social classes, such as free persons and slaves. They had specialization of labor, that is, different people serving, for example, as rulers, priests, craft workers, merchants, soldiers, and farmers. And they had metal technology and a system of writing. As of 3000 B.C.E., civilization in these terms existed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China.This first phase of civilization is called the Bronze Age because of the importance of metal technology. The most characteristic Near Eastern Bronze Age civilizations, those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, were located in river valleys, were based on the extensive exploitation of agriculture, and supported large populations. Bronze was a valuable commodity in these civilizations, the copper and tin needed for its manufacture did not exist in river valleys and had to be imported. Bronze was therefore used mainly for luxury items, such as jewelry or weapons, not for everyday domestic items, which were made from pottery, animal products, wood, and stone. In particular, bronze was not used for farming tools. Thus, early civilizations based on large-scale agriculture, such as those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, were feasible only in soils that could be worked by wooden plows pulled by people or draft animals such as oxen. Other Bronze Age civilizations, however, such as those that arose in the Levant and eastern Mediterranean took advantage of their location on communication routes to pursue economies based on trade.【Paragraph 1】Starting around 8000 B.C.E., the most extensive exploitation of agriculture occurred in river valleys, where there were both good soil and a dependable water supply regardless of the amount of rainfall. In the Near East, this happened in the Fertile Crescent, the region extending up the Nile Valley in Egypt, north through the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria), and southeast into the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia. The richest soil was located in the deltas at the mouths of the rivers, but the deltas were swampy and subject to flooding. Before they could be farmed, they needed to be drained and irrigated, and flood-control systems had to beconstructed. These activities required administrative organization and the ability to mobilize large pools of labor. In Mesopotamia, perhaps as a consequence of a period of drought, massive land-use projects were undertaken after 4000 B.C.E. to cultivate the rich delta soils of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The land was so productive that many more people could be fed, and a great population explosion resulted. Villages grew into cities of tens of thousands of persons.1. Which of the following helps explain why “the most extensive exploitation of agriculture occurred in river valleys”?A. In river valleys farmers did not have to depend on rain for water.B. The soil in river valleys did not require irrigation.C. Swampy areas in river valleys were easy to drain.D. The expanding populations in river valleys provided large pools of labor.2. Why does the author mention “a period of drought”?A. To help explain why the richest soils in the Near East were located in the deltas at the mouths of the Tigris andEuphrates RiversB. To suggest a reason for undertaking the massive effort to make the deltas of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers farmableC. To identify a condition that often affected agricultural production in MesopotamiaD. To support the idea that mobilizing large pools of labor after 4000 B.C.E. required significant administrative organization3. According to paragraph 1, what was one result of the farming systems developed in river deltas in the Near East?A. There was a large increase in the overall amount of food produced.B. Large pools of labor became available to perform administrative tasks.C. The soil in these deltas grew much richer.D. The number of farming villages surrounding cities increased.【Paragraph 2】These large cities needed some form of centralized administration. Archaeological evidence indicates that the organization initially was provided by religion, for the largest building in each city was a massive temple honoring one of the Mesopotamian gods. In Uruk, for example, a 60-foot-long temple known as the White House was built before 3000 B.C.E. There were no other large public buildings, suggesting that the priests who were in charge of the temples also were responsible for governing the city and organizing people to work in the fields and on irrigation projects building and maintaining systems of ditches and dams.4. According to paragraph 2, the fact that temples appear to have been the only large public buildings in Mesopotamian cities has been interpreted as evidence that these citiesA. needed some form of central administrationB. were initially administered by priestsC. were all governed from UrukD. had difficulty organizing workers for building projects【Paragraph 3】The great concentration of wealth and resources in the river valleys brought with it further technological advances, such as wheeled vehicles, multicolored pottery and the pottery wheel, and the weaving of wool garments. Advances in metal technology just before 2000 B.C.E. resulted in the creation of bronze, a durable alloy (or mixture) of about 90 percent copper and 10 percent tin that provided a sharp cutting edge forweapons.5. Paragraph 3 indicates that technological advances affected all of the following EXCEPTA. transportationB. clothing manufactureC. warfare and huntingD. the distribution of wealth and resources【Paragraph 4】By 3000 B.C.E., the economies and administrations of Mesopotamia and Egypt had become so complex that some form of record keeping was needed. As a result, writing was invented. Once a society became literate, it passed from the period known as prehistory into the historic period. In fact, the word “history” comes from a Greek word meaning “narrative”—people could not provide a detailed permanent account of their past until they were able to write.【Paragraph 5】The totality of these developments resulted in the appearance, around 3000 B.C.E., of a new form of culture called civilization. The first civilizations had several defining characteristics. They had economies based on agriculture. They had cities that functioned as administrative centers and usually had large populations. They had different social classes, such as free persons and slaves. They had specialization of labor, that is, different people serving, for example, as rulers, priests, craft workers, merchants, soldiers, and farmers. And they had metal technology and a system of writing. As of 3000 B.C.E., civilization in these terms existed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China.6. The word “defining” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. importantB. obviousC. identifyingD. interesting7. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are true of the first civilizations EXCEPTA. Their soldiers and priests also worked as farmers.B. Their populations were divided into different social classes.C. They had developed technologies for working with metals.D. They were typically administered from large cities.【Paragraph 6】This first phase of civilization is called the Bronze Age because of the importance of metal technology. The most characteristic Near Eastern Bronze Age civilizations, those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, were located in river valleys, were based on the extensive exploitation of agriculture, and supported large populations. Bronze was a valuable commodity in these civilizations, the copper and tin needed for its manufacture did not exist in river valleys and had to be imported. Bronze was therefore used mainly for luxury items, such as jewelry or weapons, not for everyday domestic items, which were made from pottery, animal products, wood, and stone. In particular, bronze was not used for farming tools. Thus, early civilizations based on large-scale agriculture, such as those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, were feasible only in soils that could be worked by wooden plows pulled by people or draft animals such as oxen. Other Bronze Age civilizations, however, such as those that arose in the Levant and eastern Mediterranean took advantage of their location on communication routes to pursue economies based on trade.8. According to paragraph 6, which of the following was true of at least some civilizations of the Bronze Age?A. They did not develop urban centers with large populations.B. They did not use metals to make bronze.C. They had an economy that was not based on agriculture.D. They did not use bronze for luxury items such as jewelry.【Paragraph 6】This first phase of civilization is called the Bronze Age because of the importance of metal technology. The most characteristic Near Eastern Bronze Age civilizations, those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, were located in river valleys, were based on the extensive exploitation of agriculture, and supported large populations. ■Bronze was a valuable commodity in these civilizations, the copper and tin needed for its manufacture did not exist in river valleys and had to be imported. ■Bronze was therefore used mainly for luxury items, such as jewelry or weapons, not for everyday domestic items, which were made from pottery, animal products, wood, and stone. ■In particular, bronze was not used for farming tools. ■Thus, early civilizations based on large-scale agriculture, such as those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, were feasible only in soils that could be worked by wooden plows pulled by people or draft animals such as oxen. Other Bronze Age civilizations, however, such as those that arose in the Levant and eastern Mediterranean took advantage of their location on communication routes to pursue economies based on trade.9. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This significantly limited the availability of bronze.Where would the sentence best fit?10.【Directions】An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices donot belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.After 4000 B.C.E., organized drainage and flood-control projects in the Fertile Crescent allowed cultivation of river deltas and led to large population increases.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Before the rise of large cities with complex economies, there had been no need for any kind of administrative structure to organize workers, and thus religion tended to be the only source of authority.B. By 3000 B.C.E., a number of agricultural societies had emerged as civilization characterized by large cities, centralized administrations, specialization of labor, class divisions, metal technology, and writing.C. Although river-valley societies had to import the metals for making bronze, the first phase of civilization is known as the Bronze Age because of the importance of metal technology in these societies.D. Large cities functioned as administrative centers, creating a concentration of wealth and resources that stimulated technological advances, such as the invention of writing and the creation of bronze.E. For a culture to be considered a civilization, it must have independently invented its own form of writing and become generally literate, thereby moving from prehistory into the historic period.F. The creation of bronze made it possible for civilizations based on large-scale agriculture to be located far away from the river valleys.。

P2191. Environment limits the geographic distribution of species. 环境限制了物种在地理上的分布。

2. On small scales, individuals within populations are distributed in patterns that may be random,regular, or clumped. 在小尺度上，群体内个体的分布模式，可能是随机的，固定的，或聚集的。

3. Population density declines with increasing organism size. 种群密度随有机体大小的增加的下降。

4. Abundance 丰度：研究体系中被研究元素的相对含量。

5. Niche 生态位：物种在环境中所处的地位以及食物、行为等细节。

6. Fundamental niche 基础生态位：一个物种在无别的竞争物种存在时所占有的生态位。

7. Population 种群：在一定时间内占据一定空间的同种生物的所有个体。

8. Realized niche 实际生态位：有别的物种竞争存在时的生态位。

P2421. Dispersal can increase or decrease local population densities. 扩散可以增加或减少当地的种群密度。

2. Ongoing dispersal can join numerous subpopulations to form a metapopulation. 许多亚群可以加入正在扩散的种群形成一个集合种群。

3. A survivorship curve summarizes the pattern of survival in a population. 存活曲线总结了种群的生存模式。

4. The age distribution of a population reflects its history of survival, reproduction, and potential forfuture growth. 种群的年龄分布反映了其在历史上的生存，繁殖，和未来的增长潜力。