Be-Subjunctive 英语语法-bi动形式

Subjunctive moodThe subjunctive in the present system is a formal category, as d istinguished from the old categorization which, semantic as it apparently is, used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested. What used to be expressed by means of the formally indistinctive subjunctive mood is now chiefly expressed by means of modal auxiliaries (see Chapter 7), past tense forms (see 5.1.2), past perfect forms (see 5.2.4), etc.Our trimmed subjunctive mood falls into two major types: the be-subjunctive and the were-subjunctive. The be-subjunctive is further divided into the formulaic subjunctive and the mandative subjunctive. For example:God bless you. (formulaic be-subjunctive)They insisted that he be given the job. (mandative be-subjunctive)If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (were-subjunctive)3.1 Be-subjunctiveThe be-subjunctive is formally marked by the use of the base of the verb; that is, the verb invariably occurs in the base form free from the concord constraints with the subject and from the tense agreement with other verbs. Such a verb form is normally found in two environments: certain set phrases of a formulaic character, mostly expressing benedictions or maledictions, and the that-clause following certain verbs, adjectives and nouns denoting volition.a. Formulaic be-subjunctiveThe formulaic be-subjunctive is largely confined to a few fixed expressions, expressions which extend a good wish, which may call down curses upon somebody or place an evil wish, and which may propose a will or indicate a special attitude:God bless you.God save the Queen!Long live liberty!Heaven help us!God damn you!Heaven forbid that...So be it then.Far be it from me to...Be that as it may...Come what may...Suffice it to say that...Such expressions are rare and not very productive in modern English. They are mostly archaic expressions of a will which could well be expressed in many other ways, such as using let, may, etc. Learners of English may learn by heart the few well-established sayings but are not encouraged to coin similar expressions on their own.b. Mandative be-subjunctiveThe base form of the verb is also used in the that-clause when the superordinate clause contains an element denoting volition:He insisted that he do the job on his own.It is important that she talk to him in person.Their advice was that I use a new name, move to new place and start a new life.The following is a list of such elements which commonly introduce a that-clause containing the mandative subjunctive:V erbs: advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, move, order, prefer,propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, etc.Adjectives:advisable, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, necessary, etc. Nouns:advice, command, decision, decree, demand, motion, order, proposal,recommendation, request, requirement, resolution, suggestion, etc.The mandative be-subjunctive is more common in American English than in British English, where it is often replaced by should+infinitive as an alternative. Also, the mandative be-subjunctive is preferred in formal English while in a less formal context it can be replaced by other verb forms in spite of the condemnation in textbooks for being non-standard.c. Other uses of be-subjunctiveThe be-subjunctive is also found, especially in formal English, in an adverbial clause of condition, concession, etc. typically introduced by if, though (although, even though), whatever, whether, lest, etc.:If he be found guilty, he will be punished.If he be elected chairman, we shall all resign.Though he be reduced to poverty, he will never be dishonest.I shall follow him even though he slay me.Whatever be your reason for that, we shall not tolerate your dishonesty.Whether he confess or not, he shall face the severest punishment.The movie star is wearing sunglasses lest he be recognized.Home is home, be it ever so homely.Immediate actions must be taken if need be.In such contexts, the more usual verb forms are the simple present tense and may/should+infinitive, except for the last two which are formulaic in nature.3.2 Were-subjunctiveThe were-subjunctive is the smallest grammatical category because it has only one form—were. It is used with all subjects regardless of their person distinctions, thus formally contrasting with the indicative forms of be.The subjunctive were is usually found in subordinate clauses expressing hypothesis (in which case was could often be used as an informal alternative if possible):If she were here now, he wouldn't be that rude.If only she were here.If he were to arrive now, he'd still be too late for the interview.He speaks as if he were the boss here.I wish he were here with us.Suppose he were to fail.Note that in more fixed expressions, the were-subjunctive is generally preferred or probably obligatory:If I were you, I wouldn't tell her the news.He is my best friend—my second self, as it were.Also note that were, not was, can be used to introduce a conditional clause with inverted word order:Were it to rain tomorrow, the opening ceremony would have to be postponed.Were he to arrive now, he'd still be late for the interview.。

自考现代英语语法重点(总24页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Chapter 1 The Structureof the English Sentence(第一章绪论)一、难点、重点1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次词如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。

所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次词素2． Morphemes词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。

）什么是词素(morpheme)词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。

词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。

词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。

某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。

所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。

词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。

英语语法a bar of candy/ gold a drop of blood a series of filmsan ear of barley a loaf/ slice of bread a band of musiciansa crew of sailors a flock of birds a flock of sheepa swarm of wasps a sheet of paper a troop/ arm/ batch of soldiersa glass of beer a roll/ peal of thunder a fit/ peal of laughtera cup of tea a ray of sunshine a bar of chocolatea cake/ bar of soap a drop of oil a drop/ bucket of watera cluster/ swarm of ants a stick of chalk a grain/ bucket of sanda cup of coffee a bottle/ gill/ pint/ quart of wine a display of couragea fit of temper a peal of applause a ray/ flash of lighta display of power a board of directors a cluster/ bunch of flowersa packet of cigarettes a beach of examiners an army of beggarsa congregation of prayers a staff of teachers a troupe of actors名词解释：Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general.The infinitive:It occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to, the former being called the to-infinitive (or simple called infinitive as the unmarked form of the category), and the latter the bare infinitive (as the marked form of the category).Non-finite verb phrase of clause:A phrase or clause where the main verb occurs in the non-finite form is termed a non-finite phrase or clause.Be-subjunctive:It is formally marked by the use of the base of the verb. That is, the verb invariably occurs in the base form free from the concord constrains with the subject and from the tense agreement with other verbs. The be-subjunctive is further divided into the formulaic subjunctive and the madative subjunctive. The finite clause and non-finite clause:The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicates. The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms.Fronting:Fronting is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked position to the marked presubject position.Non-gradable adjectives:Non-gradable adjectives are the adjectives acting as attributes (more, latter, indoor, etc), adjectives denoting provenance (British, French, etc.) and adjectives with an absolute meaning (average, excellence, perfect, etc).Collective noun:Collective nouns are generally countable nouns, but even in the singular they refer to groups of people, animals or things, such as family, class, team, government, committee, etc.Central coordinator:Central coordinators are typically used to put together units at the same time syntactic level. They include and, or and but.Mass noun:Those that can not take plural are mass noun, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc.Plural invariablesThey are 1> names of tools and articles of dress consisting of two equal parts: compasses, jeans, pants, etc.2> Some collective nouns: cattle, people, police, etc.3> Geographical names of mountain ranges, water falls, groups of islands: the Rockies, the Balkans, Niagara Falls, etc.4> Other nouns ending in-s: achieves, arms, etc.AdjunctAn adjunct is a word (often an adverb) or a group of words which we add to a clause to say something about circumstance of an event or situation, for example: when, where or how it occurs.Singular invariable:They are proper nouns like country names and mass nouns like those denoting sciences, subjects, diseases, and games. For example: the United State, the United Nations, Black, Jones, classics, physics, bronchitis, bowls, etc.Antecedent:The antecedent is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies, e.g. in the sentence “Is there something you want to tell me?” something is an antecedent.Morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed “morph” which realized the morpheme.Double relative clause:Double relative clause is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than one relation clause modifying the same head word. e.g. This is the only book I bought which challenges this common belief.Attributive adjectiveAn attributive adjective refers to an adjective that modifies a noun and stands either before or after the noun in a noun phrase, e.g. in the phrase “an old car”, old in an attributive.Subjunctive moodIt is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested.Compound sentencesThe compound sentences is a sentence that contains more than clause, usually joined by conjunctions like and, or, but, etc.DeterminerDeterminer refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the heat word.简答：1.What are the two major types of alternative questions?They are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g.A: Would you like tea or coffee?B: Tea, please.And the type of WH-questions, e.g.A: What do you like, tea or coffee?B: Tea, please.2.Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our idea. When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.3.Explain the syntactic distinction between the predicative and non-predictive use of modalauxiliary with example.The syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary is clear in the following two sentences:!> He can’t have been there yesterday.2>He couldn’t be there yesterday.The two sentences reveal two quite different uses of the modal auxiliary. The first sentence, where the predictive can’t relates to impossibility and the main verb is marked for past time reference, refers to the speaker’s present denial of possibility of past event. In the second, the modal auxiliary itself, in non-predictive use, is marked for past tense, referring to lack of ability in the past.4.What’s the function of relative pronoun?The relative pronoun serves as a “link” between the relative clause and its antecedent. It performs two functions: showing concord with its antecedent and indicating its function within the relative clause.5. Provide example to illustrate nominal, verbal and causal ellipsis.1> Nominal ellipsis: Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.2> Verbal ellipsis: -- Have you seen him before?-- Yes, I have (seen him before).3> Clausal ellipsis: -- Are you OK?-- Yes (I am OK).6.If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to?When tense points to the temporal locatio n of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time”.7. Apart from querying the truth of a statement, what other potential functions can a NO question perform?They may be regarded as the speaker’s invitations or suggestions, made in a tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumptions. They are like imperatives. For examples: Won’t you come in?Won’t you sit down?They can also be like exclamations:Isn’t it lovely?Aren’t you silly?8. List the type of antecedents?The antecedent is divided into nominal antecedent. Nominal antecedents fall into different subclasses: they may be common nouns or proper nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. Non-nominal antecedent can be subdivided into three types: clause, verb phrase, predictive adjective.9. Provide examples to illustrate result-adjuncts and purpose-adjuncts that are introduced by so that.He worked harder, so that he managed to pass the examinations. (result)He worked harder so that he could pass the examinations. (purpose)10. Provide example to illustrate the three degree of comparison.My bother is as tall as me. (positive degree)My bother is taller than my father. (comparative degree)My bother is the tallest in the family. (superlative degree)11. When the simple present refers to the present time, what are its characteristic uses?When the simple present refers to the present time, it is suitable for the general timeless statements or the expression of so-called “eternal truths”. At the same time, it also denotes the present existence or state of affairs. Besides, it can express regular recurrence such as a habit, and it is also found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.12. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa.When nouns refer to people, and the relation between the nouns is one of definition, classification, etc., genitives are preferred. When nouns refer to inanimate, lifeless objects, and the head words of noun phrases are classifying adjective, of-phrase are preferred.13. What is the primary of a WH-question?The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when, why, whose, which and how.14. What are contingency adjuncts? How many types of contingency adjuncts have we recognized?Contingency adjuncts are an adverbial category that includes adjunts denoting some kind of cause-effect relation. They can be divided into subclasses: reason-adjuncts, result-adjunts, purpose-adjunts, concession-adjuncts and condition-adjunts.15. Explain the difference between a double relative clause and an embedded relative clause.In double relative clauses, there are two relatives, one enclosing the other, whereas in embedded relative clause there is only one relative clause which itself is embedded in a clause.16. Provide examples to illustrate some different types of time adjuncts.1> when- adjuncts: soon, on Friday morning, now, etc.2> duration-adjuncts: for ten years, very long, since we met, etc.3> frequency-adjuncts: daily, weekly, often, etc.17. What kind of relative clause do we normally use to modify a non-nominal antecedent? Give some examples.We normally use non-relative clause to modify a non-nominal antecedent.e.g. 1> Her husband is my brother and my wife is her sister, which makes us double in-laws.2> She dance well, which I don’t.3> Nick is tall, which I will never be.18. Where are given information and the new information located in the sentence.Generally speaking, the given information is offered at the beginning in each sentence while the new information in consistently found in the predicate which normally constitutes the latter half of a sentence.19. Explain the relationship between tense and time.Time and tense are not the same thing: time is concept and tense is a grammatical device. Different tenses can express the same period of time, such as the present.20. What are the two major types of exclamations?The two major types of exclamations are WHA T-exclamations and HOW-exclamations. The former is followed by a noun phrase, the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb.21. What is the pseudo-passive?A pseudo-passive sentences is form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectival zed so that it becomes a subject complement in the SVC structure. As an adjective, therefore, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.22. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in question.When a positive answer expected, assertive words can be used in question, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebody waiting for me? And in affirmative sentences in which there are if clauses, putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used, such as: If anyone calls me, it must be John. It’s odd that he should say anything like that. He is better than anyone else in this class.23. List the major types of postponement.Postponement is generally realized by active-to-passive transformation, by extra position of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements.24. Provide example to illustrate reference as realized by pronouns, demonstratives and comparison.1> Reference by pronouns: Look at the man, I think he’s the person wanted by the police.2>Reference by demonstratives: They finally arrived at an agreement to stop fire. That agreement saved by the country from war.3> Reference by comparison: John is both stupid and lazy. His brother is no better.25. Provide examples to illustrate nominal, verbal and clausal substitution.1> Nominal substitution: I know I need a good car, but I can’t afford one.2> Verbal substitution: -- Have you finished all the essays?--I have done one.3> Clausal substitution: --Is he the right person for the job?-- I suppose so.26. What’s the major function of preposition? And list the two types of preposition.The major function of preposition is connect words of nouns verbs and adjectives to other part of the sentence. We divide preposition into two types: simple preposition and complex preposition.27. Provide examples of partial inversion and complete inversion.Partial inversion: Under no circumstances can you underestimate you rival.Complete inversion: The door burst open and in rushed a large angry crowed.28. What is a unified text?The unified text is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent. 29. As a future time expression, what special meaning does the simple presents impart?When there is something we conceive as unalterable and we can be as confident of as we are of the given facts, we use the simple present to refer to the future time. Something that happens on calendaror timetable falls into this category.30. What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature?The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are: think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect. They are the verbs that express “opinion”.31. What are the three principle of concord?The three complementary principles of concord are the grammatical principle, the notional principle and the principle of proximity.32. What order do the different types of place adjuncts follow when they co-occur?When place adjuncts of different types co-occur, they usually follow this order: distance + direction + source + goal + position.33. What are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix?The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented. That is, it adds new meaning to a base. Most of prefixes do not change word classes while only a few (like a-, be-, em /en-etc.) change word classes. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes. They change nouns to verbs, adjectives, or change adjectives to nouns, verbs, or adjectives to adverbs.34. What are the four major types of sentences and what discourse functions are they normally associated with?The four major types of sentences are declaratives, interrogatives imperatives and exclamatives. These four types are respectively associated with giving information, requiring actions and expressing the speaker’s impression of something.35. Why is the past tense often used for politeness?Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a suggestion less direct. It is more polite to use the past tense on the part of the speaker..36. Do we always use the singular verb with a clausal subject?No. Generally, a one-clause subject takes the singular verb and a two-clause subjects, the plural verb. The notional principle of concord applies if the context suggests the plurality of a one-clause subject.37. Provide examples to illustrate the three major types of non-finite subordinate clause.1> Infinitive clauses: He didn’t know what to do with his enemy.2> -ing participle clauses: she kept nodding her head from time as though understanding every word of his lecture.3> -ed participle clauses: work hard until told to stop.38. What are the typical expressions of the future time?The future time can be expressed by will/ shall do something, he going to do something, present progressive, and simple present.39. What are some of the constraints that the double genitive is subject to?The second noun is the double genitive almost always refers to persons, never to objects. And the first noun usually has indefinite reference (typically premodified by the indefinite article) and the second noun is always definite.40. Distinguish root, stem and base as morphological terms.“Root”, “stem” and “base” may refer to the same thing in same cases, but they are different from each other in that: A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes haven been removed; A root is not farther analyzable in morphological forms; A stem has to do with inflectional features and is thepart that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed; A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.41. Explain the principle of proximity of concord with examples.The principle of proximity denotes “agreement o f the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject”. For example: Neither my wife nor I am coming to the ceremony.Not only the layers but also the coach was responsible for the defeat.42. List the types of subordinate clauses.Subordinate clauses are usually divided into three types by their function: relative clauses, adverbial clausesand nominal clauses. In form, subordinate clauses may also be divided into finite clauses non-finite clause and verbless clauses.43. Explain the differences between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone.With a rising tone, the question express the speaker’s neutral expectation of the hearer’s response an d to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement.With a falling tone, the speaker asks for the hearer’s confirmation of the statement. It can be regarded as similar to an exclamation.44. What are generic reference and specific reference?Generic reference and specific reference are the two uses of articles. Generic reference indicates the whole species or king, while specific reference indicates one specific people or thing.45. Given the present time as its most important meaning, what is special about the simple present when it is used to refer to the past and the future?When the simple present refers to the past, it brings the past events or states to the present time as if they were actually happening at the moment of speech, it is used in narrative writing to achieve vividness. It can be found in 1> newspaper headline, 2>photographic options, 3> state direction and 4> utterances with verbs of communication (say, hear, tell, etc.) Simple present referring to the future is common in dependent clauses.46. What concord principle do we normally apply to the existential sentence?Concord in the existential sentence normally complies with the notional principle. The verb agrees with the notional subject.47. What are restrictive adjectives and non-restrictive adjectives?A restrictive adjective helps identify the reference of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. Whereas a non-restrictive adjective merely provide some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent.48. Point out instances of the sativa and dynamic uses of prepositions with reference to spatial relations.The car was parked in front of the building. (In front of indicates a static location)He jumped into the river. (Into indicates the direction of a movement)49. What are the differences between determiners and adjectives?Determiners and adjectives are different in five ways:1> Determiners usually precede adjectives in premodification;2> The choice of determiners is often determined by the head word but not that of adjectives;3> Adjectives describe the head word by showing its characteristics determine the head word by identifying or quantifying.4> Adjectives can postmodify the head word, but not determiners (except enough);5> Adjectives have comparative forms, inflectional or periphrastic, but not determiners (except few, little, many and much).50. What are some of the typical semantic components of the present progressive?Some of the typical semantic components of the present progressive are: duration, simultaneity, temporariness, incompleteness, vividness, emphasis, etc.下面是语法术语：语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structrural word名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concret moun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentwence否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case c宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood虚拟语气 subjunctive mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression英国英语 British English美国英语 American English用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic肯定词非肯定词some any 一些something anything 一些事somewhere anywhere 某处；任何地方somehow in any way 以某种方式somewhat any（the）在某种程度上still any longer 仍然；（不）再already yet 已经；尚（未）sometimes ever 有时；曾经too either 也助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。

高中英语知识点归纳语法虚拟语气的使用与变化英语知识点归纳：语法虚拟语气的使用与变化虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）是英语语法中的一种特殊形式，用来表示虚构、非事实或假设的情况。

本文将对英语中虚拟语气的使用和变化进行归纳。

一、虚拟语气的用途1. 表达愿望和建议：- I wish/If only + 过去式：表达对过去情况的遗憾和不满。

例如：I wish I had studied harder for the exam.（我希望我当时能更努力地学习。

）- Would rather (that) + 主语 + 过去式：表达对现在或将来情况的偏好。

例如：I would rather you came with us.（我宁愿你和我们一起去。

）- It's time (that) + 主语 + 过去式：表示现在是做某事的时候。

例如：It's time you went to bed.（现在是你上床睡觉的时候了。

）2. 表达虚构的情况：- If + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + would/could + 动词原形：表示与现在事实相反的假设情况。

例如：If I were you, I would apologize.（如果我是你，我会道歉。

）3. 表达建议、要求、命令等：- It is important/necessary/advisable/essential... + that + 主语 +（should）+ 动词原形：表示建议或要求。

例如：It is necessary that he (should) finish the task on time.（他必须按时完成任务。

）二、虚拟语气的变化形式1. 一般现在时和一般过去时：- 一般现在时变为虚拟语气时，动词be的过去式用were；- 一般过去时变为虚拟语气时，动词的过去式使用过去完成时的形式。

2. 现在进行时和过去进行时：- 现在进行时变为虚拟语气时，be动词的现在分词形式变为were。