先进制造技术(英文版第三版)唐一平,第八章翻译

先进制造技术（英文）课程编码：202299 课程英文译名：Advanced Manufacturing Technology 课程类别：学科基础选修课开课对象：机械工程机自动化专业开课学期：5学分：2学分；总学时：32学时；理论课学时：32学时；实践学时：学时；上机学时： 0 学时先修课程：大学英语教材：先进制造技术(英文版)，唐一平，机械工业出版社，2004年2月第1版第2次印刷，（ISBN 7-111-10803-5）参考书：【1】21st Century Manufacturing, Paul Kenneth Wright, 清华大学出版社，2002【2】先进制造技术专业英语阅读，屈利刚，化学工业出版社，2006一、课程的性质、目的和任务先进制造技术（AMT）是一门动态的、以传统的机械制造技术为基础，融合包括计算机、信息、自动控制、材料、能源、环保、管理科学等学科成果的，新技术与现代系统管理交叉的新兴课程，并且随着新科技、新理念的不断出现而不断更新、充实和发展。

先进制造技术是机械类本科学生掌握和了解现代制造技术发展情况和技术前沿的基础选修课程，既是基础英语教学的后续英语教学课程，也是一门双语教学的学科基础课程。

通过本课程学习，使学生尽快熟悉机械专业的技术词汇，广泛阅读专业文献，全面了解先进制造技术的最新发展动态，更新制造技术理念。

本课程的任务是：1．了解目前制造业中先进的制造技术和制造工艺；2．了解国内外先进制造技术的发展趋势；3．了解先进制造技术的应用情况和场合；4．初步掌握使用英语进行专业交流能力。

二、课程的基本要求在熟悉机械专业的技术词汇的基础上，培养学生具有查寻最新的技术资料和广泛阅读本专业领域最新文献及使用英语进行专业交流等能力。

三、教学内容及学时分配四、习题及课外教学要求1）结合本科生导师的研究内容，利用因特网查阅相关的文献资料2）选择一个主题，参加课堂上模拟的“21世纪制造业前沿国际论坛”，使用英语进行专业交流，并作为课程考核一部分。

先进制造技术（英文版第三版）唐一平，第二章翻译P21计算机网络是一个热门的话题，这些天，各大报纸，流行杂志，专业杂志，甚至广播和电视都在谈论“性”和“国家信息基础设施，信息高速公路”。

让我们想象一下，一个国际信息高速公路可能看起来像：来自世界各地的?用户将能够连接到网络。

会有大学，政府机构和高速接入，全球商业设施。

?网络将使用标准的通信协议。

通信协议是建立一系列的法规数据交换的一致性（处理器和终端之间提供访问），不管什么品牌的电脑使用，无论是操作系统，无论计算机的尺寸。

?用户在这样的全球网络将能够交换电子邮件另一个消息传递的瞬间，在几秒或几分钟否则。

网络可以让不只是一对一的通信，但也将提供工具，让相隔距离个人组和时间进行讨论。

?网络将提供一个简单的，用户登录的标准方法世界各地的计算机上。

个人将利用这不仅从他们的家中或办公室，但也会利用网络在旅行的时候，他们可以回家。

?导航工具将很容易为个人巡航网络，看大学，商家提供的信息，图书馆，基础，和个人。

?指数）Q工具允许用户去浏览大型数据库，快速定位感兴趣的文档。

?用户将能够检索和播放电影，声音，和多媒体文件。

P22?网络将支持实时通信：人们可以互相交谈在线（打字，或者，使用合适的设备，通过音频链接），甚至会利用网络游戏的实时虚拟现实游戏。

?最后，网络将是一个双向的公路。

用户并不认为自己是消费者；相反，工具会使人成为一个信息提供者相对容易。

个人可以发布简历，他们写了论文，他们的家庭照片，他们的作品。

互联网是一个真正的，功能，全球数据网络。

所以，互联网可以被描述为一个“网络。

最快，最有能力的网络世界不会很有用的如果没有有价值的信息，为人们检索。

互联网不仅是人对人的电子邮箱中；它也是一个知识库^各种信息，“发布”信息的全球供应商。

中有一些信息是如何在网络中交换：许多大学都建立校园信息系统，或cwises，作为一种在一个地方，巩固校园信息和计算服务。

最cwises是通过互联网访问。

第一部分6.5 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing6.5.1 IntroductionIndustrial countries are beginning to face one of the consequences of the rapid development of the last decade. Wide diffusion of consumer goods and shortening of product lifecycles have caused an increasing quantity of used products being discarded. In Europe, 800,000 tons of old television sets, computer equipment, radios, and measuring devices, and 3 million tons of automobile equipment are thrown into the national garbage center each year. In the United States, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by house-holds and industrial establishments is about 4 pounds per person each day. According to a current report, the United States has lost more than 70% of its landfill sites in the past 10 years. The report also infers that landfills in many states are reaching their permitted capacities. Facing this environmental problem, both the government and industrial companies are making more strict regulations to promote environmentally friendly products and technology. For example, the governments of Germany and the US require that manufacturers take responsibility for the disposal of their products. The Green Plan of Canada was proposed in 1990 to reduce the stabilization of CO2, and other greenhouse emissions by the year 2000. Some governments have set up official eco-labeling schemes, intended to inform customers of environmentally friendly products. All of these regulations intend to minimize the environmental impact of products.Products affect the environment at many points in their lifecycles. These environmental effects result from the interrelated decisions made at various stages of a product’s life. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line, its environmental attributes are largely fixed. Therefore, it is necessary to support the design function with tools and methodologies that enable an assessment of the environmental consequences (such as emissions, exposure, and effects) in each phase. Environmentally conscious design and manufacturing (ECD&M) is a view of manufacturing that includes the social and technological aspects of the design, synthesis, processing, and use of products in continuous or discrete manufacturing industries. The benefits of ECD&M include safer and cleaner factories, worker protection, reduced future costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, improved product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. Environmentally conscious technologies and design practices will also allow manufacturers to minimize waste and to turn waste into a profitable product.6.5.2 OverviewAlthough manufacturing industries contribute significantly to prosperity, they also generate approximately 5.5 billion tons of non-hazardous waste and 0.7 billion tons of hazardous waste each year. Fig 6.5.1 shows the waste generated during raw material extraction, material processing, manufacturing, and material reprocessing from end-of-life products. Historically, much effort focused on the proper treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous waste from industries. Unfortunately, this reactive environmental protection approach cannot completely solve the problems of potential toxic or hazardous materials releasing from products or the waste stream into the environment. To effectively protect the environment, pollution control must be incorporated into every aspect of manufacturing.Fig 6.5.1 Mineral Waste Material Supply, Utilization, and Disposal System As opposed to the traditional “end-of-pipe” treatment for pollution control, ECD&M is a proactive approach to minimize the product’s environmental impact during its design and manufacturing, and thus to increase the product’s competitiveness in the environmentally conscious market place. There are two general approaches to ECD&M. In the first approach (zero-wasted lifecycle), it is assumed that the environmental impact of a product during its lifecycle can be reduced to zero. The cycle can be absolutely sustainable, and the product may be designed, manufactured, used, and disposed of without affecting the environment. The emphasis in this approach is to create a product cycle that is as sustainable as possible. Sustainable production means that products are designed, produced, distributed, used and disposed of with minimal (or none) environmental and occupational health damages, and with minimal use of resources (material and energy). The sustainability of a system can be considered as the ability of that system to be maintained or prolonged. The second approach (incremental waste control lifecycle) is based on the premise that there is a certain amount of negative impact from the current process cycle. This impact can be reduced or cleaned based on some improvement in technology that is named as incremental waste lifecycle control. This approach is to reduce the negative impact of hazardous materials through clean technology. A “cleaner technology” is a source reduction or recycling method applied to eliminate or significantly reduce hazardous waste generation.Research on ECD&M can be categorized into two areas, namely, environmentally conscious product design and environmentally conscious process design, also called environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM). Whitmer II, Olson, and Sutherland developed a hierarchy comprised of environmentally conscious products (Fig 6.5.2). At the first level of the hierarchy, theoverall objectives for the system are considered when creating an environmentally conscious product. At the second level, the four groups represent a post-use process that can be employed to achieve the objectives. The third level consists of the five design factors that can facilitate the post-use processes and in turn accomplish the overall goal. This hierarchy shows the method of retiring products, whether the designers intend to have the product discarded in a landfill, or whether they plan to reuse or recycle part or all of the product.Fig 6.5.2 Hierarchy for Designing an Environmentally Conscious ProductThe principle of ECM is to adopt those processes that reduce the harmful environmental impacts of manufacturing, including minimization of hazardous waste and emissions, reduction of energy consumption, improvement of materials utilization efficiency, and enhancement of operational safety. Sandia National Laboratories’ Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Programs Department describes ECM as “the deliberate attempt to reduce ecological impacts of industrial activity without sacrificing quality, cost, reliability, performance, or energy utilization efficiency.” The activities of ECM emphasize largely extracting the useful product from raw materials, the avoiding of waste generation at the Source, or using waste to create other products. In addition, ECM involves refining operating procedures, replacing existing processes and developing new, waste-free processes, finding innovative ways to redesign products, and increasing recycling.第二部分6.5.3 Recycling and Disassembly ModelingIn the ECD&M literature, many researchers emphasize the importance of recycling end-of-life (EOL) products and the role of product disassembly for effective recycling. Recycling is defined by Jovane et al. as “recovering materials or components of a used product to make them available for new products.” Another definition was given by Bancroft as “the use of product design to facilitate the recovery and reuse of materials in the product.” These definitions infer “closing the loop” of materials and components after usage by reusing them for raw materials or secondary materials at different stages of the product’s lifecycle.(1) RecyclingWolf and Ellen reported that the paper industry recycles as much as 50% of its output. However, in the plastics industry, only a small portion is recycled. Wolf and Ellen also reported that there were 58 billion pounds of plastic resin sold in the United States and less than 1% of this was recycled. Ishii, Eubanks and Marco proposed a design for a product retirement model for recycling EOL products. The authors used the concept of “clump,” which is a collection of components and/or subassemblies that share a common characteristic based on the designer’s intent. One intangible benefit arising form recycling is the “green” image. The other significant benefit of recycling EOL products would result form reusing whole parts or subassemblies. For example, electronic materials (such as gallium, germanium, silicon and indium) can be profitably recycled because of their high production cost. Many industrial processes have been proposed for extracting these valuable elements from electronic components.Recycling requires that materials and fastening methods in the clump are compatible with existing technologies. Henstack reviewed recycling practices for various metal-based items, which focuses on steel scrap in automobiles. The study has generated some general principles of design for recyclability, including simplifying mechanical disassembly, avoiding self-contaminating combinations of materials, standardizing materials used, and separating high copper content items from steel items.Two engineering problems associated with design for recyclability are dismantling techniques and recycling costs. Simon pointed out that dismantling required the knowledge of the destination or recycling possibility of the component parts disassembled. However, from the time a product is designed to the time it reaches the end of its life, techniques will have advanced in recycling and reengineering. This phenomenon reveals the difficulties of recycling EOL products. Simon suggested two guidelines for dealing with this problem: 1) remove the most valuable parts first and 2) maximize the “yield” of each dismantling operation.Wittenburg proposed the concept of a recycling path of components and materials, as envisaged by BMW. It entails a “cascade model” of decreasing values, in which attention is first focused on the disassembled parts suitable for reuse that have the highest value. The Decree on Electronic Waste and the Decree on Used Cars forced manufacturers to reclaim waste, to reuse the recyclable fraction, and to dispose of the residue. In the automobile industry, BMW is the leader in design for recycling and disassembly. The Z1 model is a two-seat automobile with an all-plastic skin that can be removed from the metal chassis in 20 minutes. The doors bumpers, and front, rear, and side panels are made of recyclable thermoplastics produced by GE. The BMW 3251 also uses recyclable plastic parts and target-markets to environmental conscious customers. Through these efforts, BMW has identified some guidelines that make disassembly and recycling easier.Material recognition is another interesting approach of recycling. It requires a technology capable of identifying materials including the proportion and type of filler materials used. Ideally, the technology should be cheap, hand-held for use on different components, and significantly durable for use in a workshop-type environment. A number of researchers have been working in this area with varying success. Shergold indicated that the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTlR)-based equipment that Rover and Bird developed is good at identifying plastics and some filler materials.It is not possible or economical to recycle a product completely; there-fore, the aim of recycling is to maximize the recycle resources and to minimize the mass and pollution potential of the remaining products. Zussman, Kriwet, and Seliger proposed three objectives that should be considered du-ring the design evaluation: 1) maximization of profit (benefits-costs) over a product's lifespan, 2) maximization of the number of parts reused, and 3) minimization of the amount (weight) of landfill waste.(2) DisassemblyIt has been recognized that disassembly of used products is necessary to make recycling economically viable in the current state of the art of reprocessing technology. Disassembly is defined by Brennan, Gupta, and Taleb as “the process of systematic removal of desirable constitute parts from an assembly while ensuring that there is no impairment of the parts due to the process.” There are both economic and environmental sound reasons for disassembly.Many issues and research need to be addressed in the area of disassembly. The most significant technical challenge is how to design a product for easy disassembly. Designing a product with “easy” disassembly constraints as well as “easy” assembly constraints is likely to be a very difficult task. In the past, products and machines were designed with only the assembly operations considered. Some of the problems to be addressed during design stages are the following: •Ease of separation. Design for ease of separation, handling, and cleaning of all product components.•Fasteners. New fasteners should be developed, and the existing ones should be improved. Screws, glues, and welds should be replaced by other fastening methods. Taking apart a snap-fitted or pop-in, pop-out product is much easier and requires less energy than taking apart a welded product.•Modularity design. The importance of using assemblies in a product’s design is to ease dealing with a product after its useful life (that is, designing with a base part).•Material selection. The variety of material types must be minimized to increase the recyclability of the product. Highly recyclable materials such as aluminum and thermoplastics should be encouraged, while the use of thermo sets, which cannot be recycled, should be minimized.Research from the CIM Institute by Rose and Evans focused on disassembly-oriented lifecycle analyses where recyclability of the product was evaluated under possible future trends in recycling technology and economy. At the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, an evaluation procedure has been proposed to support product design according to conflicting design for disassembly criteria. Each criterion is weighted and the final decision made taken on the basis of scaling all relevant criteria. Leonard reported that two basic methods of disassembly were used: reverse assembly and brute force. For reverse assembly, if a fastener is screwed in, then it is screwed out; if two parts are snap-fit together, then they are snapped apart. For brute force, parts are just pulled or cut.Seliger, Zussman, and Kriwet stated that some obstacles make disassembly difficult for today’s manufactured product. First, it is difficult to gain all the information necessary to plan the disassembly. Parts of the product might have been modified during repair, and wear can make joined elements difficult to remove. In addition, many consumer products are not designed for ease of disassembly. Engineers have done an outstanding job of meeting functional requirements and federal emission regulations. Traditionally, the engineers concentrated on improving productivity and made the product easier to be assembled. Fastening processes, such as welding and adhesive bonding, are permanent-type systems. However, engineers will now have to incorporate recyclability and disassembly into their designs when creating future products.Disassembly sequence is another problem encountered in the design for disassembly. The problems associated with the disassembly sequence are 1) freeing the part of all attachments, 2) finding the succeeding part in the disassembly sequence, and 3) disassembly of the succeeding part. 第三部分6.5.4 Environmental EngineeringAll aspects of environmental problems are considered in environmental engineering, such as water and wastewater, environmental hydrology, environmental hydraulics and pneumatics, air, solid waste, noise, environmental modeling, and hazardous waste. Sincero defined environmental engineering as “the application of engineering principle’s, under constraint, to the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment and to the enhancement and protection of public health and welfare.” As the US environ-mental policy expanded from clean air to cradle-to-grave solid and hazardous waste management environmental engineering research helped us better understand how pollutants migrate through soils, groundwater, and air, and developed treatment technologies to minimize their impact on natural and human environment.The water resource management system includes water pollution. wastewater disposal, and the measurement of water quality, supply, and treatment. Crook presented guidelines for water reuse. These guidelines were developed to encourage and facilitate the orderly planning, design, and implementation of water reclamation. The air resource management system includes air pollution control and the measurement of air quality. The solid waste management system includes solid waste collection and landfill design. Williams indicated that source reduction, recycling and composting, waste-to-energy facilities, and landfills are the four basic approaches to waste management.(l) Pollution PreventionThe term “pollution prevention” was coined in 1976 by the 3M Co. and is based on the technological and management advances program. The purposes of this program are l) to reduce environmental releases and 2) to lower costs in production from previous methods associated with pollution. The Pollution Prevention Act defined pollution prevention as “source reduction.” Considering this definition, it may infer that the creation of pollutants may be reduced or eliminated through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water or other resources, or protection of natural resources by conservation. Pollution prevention is described as a “waste management hierarchy.” There are four preferences in the waste management hierarchy. The highest preference of the hierarchy is to reduce waste at the source of generation through the use of less toxic raw material, equipment changes process redesign, better housekeeping, and materials management. The second preference is reuse and recycling of wastes that cannot be reduced at the source. The third preference is waste treatment, and the least preferred a1ternative is disposal. Two methods of source reduction can be used: product changes and process changes. These two methods reduce the volume and toxicity of production wastes and end products during their lifecycles.The pollution prevention techniques used in industry are waste minimization and clean technology. Waste minimization includes source reduction and environmentally sound recycling. Source reduction is defined as many practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal. Fig 6.5.3 shows source reduction methods. Clean technology uses less raw materials, energy, and water, generates less or no waste (gas, liquid, and solid), and recycles waste as useful materials in a closed system. The clean technology used in pollution prevention, can be categorized into five groups: improved plant operations in-process recycling, process modification, materials and product substitutions, and material separations.Fig 6.5.3 source reduction methods(2) Design for EnvironmentDesign for Environment (DFE) is defined by Lenox Jordan, and Ehrenfeld as “the systematic process by which firms design products and processes in an environmentally conscious way.” Another definition provided by Fiksel and Wapman is “the systematic consideration during new production and process development of design issues associated with environmental safety and health over the full product life cycle.” The scope of DEE encompasses many disciplines, including environmental risk management, product safety, occupational health and safety, pollution prevention ecology, re-source conservation, accident prevention, and waste management.Horvath et al. provided three main goals of DFE: 1) minimize the use of nonrenewable resources, 2) effectively manage renewable resources, and 3) minimize toxic release to the environment. The elements of DEE include: metrics, practices, and analysis methods. Mizuki, Sandborn, and Pitts explained that DEE requires the coordination of several design and data-based activities such as environmental impact metrics, data and database management; and design optimization (including cost assessments). The environ-mental metric is defined by Veroutis and Fava as “an algorithmic interpretation of levels of performance within an environmental criterion.” The environmental criterion is the environmental attribute of the product (that is, the energy to heat water for a specific function, grams of CO2 produced to deliver the above energy, chemical oxygen demand generated in the wastewater degree of risk of exposure to a toxic substance, and so on). The New Jersey Department of Environment Protection (NJDEP) conducted a major lifecycle assessment of the environmental impact of producing and disposing of packaging materials. NJDEP analyzed the specific pollutants released form packaging materials. The Hewlett-Packard Co. also provides the tools of DFE for the company's use; DFE guidelines, product assessments, and product stewardship metrics. The product stewardship metrics include material conservation and waste reduction, energy efficiency, and design for environmental and manufacturing process emissions. (3) Lifecycle Engineering and Lifecycle AssessmentLifecycle engineering (LCE) may also be referred to as lifecycle design (LCD). An outstanding analysis of lifecycle design that provides design sup-port from the environmental point of view was provided by Alting. Lifecycle design is based on the early product concept, including product and market research, design phases, manufacturing process, qualification, reliability issues, customerservice, maintainability, and supportability issues. Boothroyd and Alting distinguished six phases in the product lifecycle: need recognition, design development, production, distribution, use, and disposal. Ali of the phases must be considered during the conceptual stage, where it is possible to inexpensively change solutions to accommodate the requirements in each phase and in the total lifecycle.Lifecycle assessment is a family of methods for assessing materials, ser-vices I products processes, and technologies over the entire product life. The definition of product lifecycle assessment, developed by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, is as follows: Lifecycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, to access the impact of those energy and material uses and releases to the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire lifecycle of the product, process, or activity, encompassing extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, reuse, maintenance; recycling and final disposal.Zust and Wagner explained four phases of the product lifecycle: 1) product definition, 2) product development, 3) product manufacturing and marketing, and 4) product usage. At each of these phases there exists a definition of objectives activities and deliverables for the next phase. Keys described that during the conceptual model phase, various designs and simulation models of the product are generated. From these conceptual models, requirements specifications and analyses will evolve decisions for breadboard and brassbound models. Also, Hewlett-Packard Co. addressed the lifecycle issue by prototyping software, defining development and phases, and standardizing modules and packages.第四部分(4) Green Product DesignGreen product design is expanded from pollution prevention. Green products-products that can reduce the burden on the environment during use and disposal-have additional marketing appeal. Green product design refers to green engineering design, defined by Navinchandra as “the study of and an approach to product and process evaluation and design for environmental compatibility that dose not compromise products’ quality or function.” This approach is comprised of two parts: l) the evaluation of de-signs to assess their environmental compatibility and 2) the relationship between design decisions and the green indicators. The aim of green engineering design is to develop an understanding of how design decisions affect a product's environmental compatibility. Navinchandra further stressed the need for green design for the following reasons: 1) environmental legislation, 2) corporate image and public reception, 3) demanding consumers, and 4) rising waste disposal costs.The Office of Technology Assessment focused on four objectives of green design in its report:1) Design for pollution prevention: refers to activities by manufacturers and consumers that prevent the generation of waste in the first place (that is, using less material to perform the same function, or designing durable products to extend the product service life).2) Design for better materials management: refers to activities that allow product components or materials to be recovered and reused in their highest value-added application (that is, designing products that can be readily disassembled into constituent materials, or using materials that can be recycled together without the need for separation).3) Design for re-manufacturing and recycling: refers to reducing virgin material extraction rates, waste generated from raw material separation and processing, and energy uses associated with manufacturing. It can also divert residual material from municipal waste| relieving pressure on overburdened landfills..4) Design for composting and incineration: refers to making products entirely out of biodegradable materials. For example, starch-based polymers (which are inherently biodegradable) easily compost, and film can substitute for plastic in a variety of applications.(5) Future TrendsBased on a previous survey, we discuss some suggestions of the future trends in ECD&M. Hopefully, the discussion will be beneficial for guiding other researchers’ topic selections. The ECD&M approach represents a fundamental change in the decision-making processes of most manufacturers. Historically I the selection of waste management methods was based on pure economic analyses of the quantifiable and measurable costs, and economical benefits. This approach ignores the very large number of qualitative factors affecting the selection of the appropriate technologies in decision making. ECD&M, on the other hand, is a complex, multidisciplinary, and multifunctional activity method to determine potentially large numbers of waste minimization technologies available in the industry, for example, changes in the product, changes in the input materials to the production process, changes in operating practices, and recycling. It requires the coordination of several designs and data-based activities, such as environmental impact analysis, data and database management and design optimizations.Many researchers have recognized the importance of ECD&M, and a considerable amount of research in this area has been conducted. While some research issues have been well addressed and the results are being used by the industry, other emerging issues are under initial investigation. These research issues are likely to be the focus in the years to come. This section provides a brief discussion of these issues to stimulate the interest of the research community.Disposition of End-of-Life Discrete Electromechanical ProductsMore research is required for the recycling of EOL discrete electromechanical products， while traditional continuing item products have attracted significant attention for environment impact. Great amounts of discrete electromechanical products have caused urgent concerns of their disposal and recycling problems. So far, there is not a generic method for recycling all different types of the electromechanical products; however, the production rate of such products is rising dramatically year by year. The lifecycle of such products has become shorter in the past decades. For example, the lifespan of personal computers has shortened from several years to several months. Due to wide diffusion of consumer goods, such as televisions, VCRs, microwaves, and the shortening of product lifecycles, a generic recycling method for electromechanical products is urgently needed.Pitts and Mizuki addressed the disposition problem of electronic products (such as CRTs and printed circuit boards) because these items cannot be recycled easily. Rodi developed a resource recovery model for EOL electronics that includes three parts: assessment, feasibility analysis, and implementation. The assessment allows an organization to efficiently organize the information on the suppliers, materials, quantities，and characteristics of its EOL waste. Feasibility analysis allows the organization to analyze the information gathered in the assessment phase for economic and environmental impacts. Implementation sets the operating parameters for the organization.Zhang and Kuo developed a disassembly model for electromechanical EOL products that is embedded on a graph representation by generating disassembly sequences. Information exchange within the disassembly model is done through four phases: l) disassembly representation and。

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完形填空（1）The spokes of the wheel are made from various kinds of CAPACS involved in the activity .Each CAPACS has a communication link to the controlled database so that it will capture the data to form its own distributed database 。

Values are added the distributed database to meet the needs and requirements of its expected users. The application of CAPACS to the manufacturing process enables the total system to increase productivity，reduce waste, and produce things it would not otherwise be able to make. As a result, new technologies， demands for products of higher quality and lower production costs, and the needs for improved technology in a competitive society have caused extensive use of CAPACS。

4、计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造在我们的工业社会的历史，许多发明已经申请专利和新技术的发展。

惠特尼的可互换零件的概念，瓦特的蒸汽机，和福特的装配线不过是一些发展，我们的工业时期最值得注意的。

所有这些发展都影响了制造我们所知道的，在我们的历史书，这些人得到了应得的认可。

或许单个的发展影响制造更快更明显比以往任何技术是数字计算机。

由于计算机技术的出现，制造的专业人士都想自动化设计过程和使用数据库开发自动制造过程。

计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造（CAD／CAM），如果成功实施，应该去掉“墙”，历来存在之间的设计和制造的部件。

CAD／CAM是指在设计和制造过程中使用计算机。

由于CAD / CAM的到来，其他方面发展：（1）计算机图形（CG）。

（2）计算机辅助工程（CAE）。

（3）计算机辅助设计与绘图（CADD）。

（4）计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP）。

这些附带条件都是CAD／CAM的概念的具体方面。

CAD / CAM本身是一个更广泛，更具包容性的术语。

它的核心是自动化和集成manufacturing.111CAD／CAM的一个关键目标是产生的数据可以用于制造产品而开发的，产品设计的数据库。

当成功实现了CAD ／CAM，涉及到一个共享P40一个公司的设计和制造的部件之间常见的数据库。

交互式计算机图形学（ICG）是CAD／CAM的重要作用。

通过ICG的使用，设计开发一个图形设计在存放电子构成的图形图像数据的产品形象。

图形图像可以在一个二维（2-D），提出了三维（3-D），或固体的格式。

ICG图像使用等基本几何特征的点，线，圆，曲线构造。

一旦创建，这些图像可以很容易地编辑和以各种方式包括放大，缩小，旋转操作，和运动。

ICG系统主要有三部分组成（图中）：（1）硬件，包括计算机和各种外围设备；（2）软件，包括计算机程序和技术手册的系统（流行的CAD ／CAM软件使用ICG目前包括了AutoCAD，Pro/E，，UG，CATIA等）和I-DEAS和；（3）人的设计师，最重要的三个组成部分。

P655数控数控（NC）是一种控制运动的方法通过直接插入代码指令的机器部件，以数字和字母，进入系统.系统自动解释这些数据并将其转换成输出信号。

这些信号，反过来，控制各种例如机器的部件，通过旋转主轴和关闭，改变工具，移动工件或工具沿着特定路径，或转向切削液的开和关.为了感谢机床数字控制的重要性，让我们简要回顾一个过程如何如工历来是开展。

在研究一部分的工作图纸，操作员设置合适的工艺参数（如切削速度，切削深度进给,切削液,等等）,确定加工操作顺序要执行，夹在工件夹具的工件（如卡盘或夹头），并与部分的收益。

根据零件的形状和规定的尺寸精度，这方法需要熟练的操作人员。

后面的加工过程可能依赖于特定的操作；由于人类的可能性错误,甚至部分由同一操作者产生可能不完全相同。

零件的质量，因此，依赖于特定的操作或（甚至同一运营商）在一周或一天的时间一天。

因为增加关注提高产品质量和降低制造成本,这种变异（和对产品质量的影响）不再可接受的。

这种情况可以通过数值控制消除加工操作。

数值控制的重要性可以通过进一步的说明下面的例子。

假设几个孔被钻的一部分图5所示位置。

1.P66在加工这部分传统手工方法，操作者位置钻头相对于工件，使用参考点通过三种方法显示在图中给出。

然后操作员进行钻孔.让我们先假设100个部分,都有形状和尺寸精度的同时，也要钻。

显然,这操作将是乏味的，因为操作者必须经过相同的动作反复。

此外，概率高，各种原因，一些零件加工将与众不同。

现在让我们假设这个生产运行过程中，这些组成部分的顺序是改变了,和十的部分现在需要不同位置的孔.的机械师现在必须重新定位工作台；此操作将时间消费是错误的。

这样的操作可以由数控机床很容易进行能够生产部分多次准确地处理不同的部分(通过加载不同的部分程序，将描述后）.在数值控制操作下，有关的所有方面的数据加工操作，如位置,速度，饲料，和切削液，可以存储在磁性介质上，随着时间变化从磁带到硬盘.的数控控制概念,具体信息可以向这些存储设备到机床的控制面板。

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：机械工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化外文出处：Advanced Manufacturing Technology附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。

1、外文原文（复印件）2、外文资料翻译译文先进制造技术尽管裁断的深度是由材料去除率的总额决定的，增加径向的裁断深度同样能够增加磨损率。

就像增加进给速度一样，工具的使用寿命会随着切削深度的加深而缩短。

因此，工具的使用寿命与磨损率能够像预期那样保持平衡。

每个金属在切削过程中会产生三个力：切向力，即零件运转时产生的力;径向力，由工件材料切削深度的阻隔产生的力；纵向力，利用进给速度产生的力。

这些力比机器运转过程中产生的力强30%到80%。

例如，在洛氏硬度62HRC的强度下，分别经过预热处理和热处理，纵向力会从30%增加到50%，切向力会从30%增加到50%，径向力会从70%增加到100%。

因此，机床必须能够承受不断增加的切削力，尤其是径向的切削力。

切削液能够影响白层的产生，因为白层是物象变化在表面发生的结果，当冷却工件表面时，切削液能够减轻热损坏。

一些报道认为切削液会消除白层，但却有研究表明切削液没有这样的作用。

刀具状态也是一个很重要的因素，然而白层的增加同样伴随着刀具的磨损。

如果硬态切削能够代替精磨操作，硬态切削的产品表面光洁度能够与精磨操作相媲美。

与精磨操作不同的是，表面光洁度是由大小，形状，强度和在磨削砂轮中磨粒的作用决定的。

硬车削表面通常是由切削过程中形成的几何图形决定的，其中主要是由切削工具的进给和刀尖半径决定的。

对于磨削圆柱的应用，其砂轮和工件必须能够顺利的旋转。

其次，砂轮飞快旋转的同时工件要缓慢的旋转。

如果旋转的构件不完全同心，组合的缺陷和旋转速度的细微差别会引起圆柱的凸角。

当生产的几何图形不够圆时，这会影响最终的生产。

另一方面，对于硬切削来说，工件或者切削工具不能同时旋转。

因此，机器加工表面将会与机床主轴和紧挨机床的中心线的机床纵向的方向一样精准。

3.1引言我们在创造历史的观点，历史，将在世界人民的未来扮演重要的角色。

改变一般被认为是渐进的。

然而，突然而迅速的变化，我们在过去的几年中看到的，或是具体的，在新的科学和技术的进步，已经非常明显，这些都会影响我们的想法，我们的工作方式，我们的互动，特别是我们的制造。

两个最重要的变化是：全球化和快速变化，它（信息技术）。

我们生活在信息时代。

我们可以坐在家里得到的信息在世界上的事件。

电视是有限维。

电脑已成为无穷维。

的地方，你可以访问和丰富的信息，你可以得到的事情你可以完成多种数量已经达到惊人的比例已经。

互联网技术的出现和发展以及相关的服务器已经为我们通过信息高速公路铺平了道路。

让我们先来分析变化的基本骨干，即信息技术。

进步是多方面的硬件和软件。

计算机变得越来越强大，越来越灵活。

进化是从20世纪50年代的简单数据处理机器的知识处理系统。

软件和硬件的进步是非常重要的。

一些如互联网发展，万维网服务器，数字图书馆，互动学习工具，虚拟教室和多媒体，等，给人们的日常生活中不用制造它们的重要性应力。

知识就是力量，这是有利于储存，处理和传输知识。

这将极大地影响人们的生产方式，教育市场。

P29现在让我们来观察全球化进程。

社会已经从一个封闭的市场，一个封闭的制造场所开放。

它不再需要有集中的生产设施。

该功能可以分布。

设计可以在法国完成，制造可以在墨西哥，印度尼西亚或其他国家的成本可能会保持在较低水平；生产计划可以在美国发展；营销策略在香港和中国大陆生产的部分服务。

这样一个全球化导致政府之间的跨文化对话，企业，社会，最重要的是个人。

我们的制造业者都集中在制造过程中，材料和方法。

虽然这些仍然是极其重要的，它变得越来越明显，我们也需要关注额外的动力，是由于全球化和信息爆炸，2。

我们需要意识到采购，生产和销售与反馈是在全球化过程中制造生命周期的主要成分。

我们需要到达随着环境约束实现的经济原因。

这是我们模型的全球化过程和使用的数据到决策的必要。

Unit11.2Ferro‎u s Metals‎ and Alloys‎By virtue‎of their wide range of mechan‎i c al, physic‎al, and chemic‎al proper‎ties, ferrou‎s metals‎and alloys‎are among the most useful‎ o f all metals‎. Ferrou‎s metals‎and alloys‎contai‎n iron as their base metal: the genera‎l catego‎ri es are cast irons, carbon‎and alloy steels‎, stainl‎e ss steels‎, tool and die steels‎.1.2黑色金属及‎其合金：由于它们的一‎系列广泛的机‎械物理和化学‎的特征，黑色金属及其‎合金是所有金‎属中最有用的‎铁是黑色金属‎及其合金中的‎基本元素主要‎种类有铸铁，碳钢，合金钢，不锈钢，工具钢和磨具‎钢The term cast iron refers‎to a family‎of ferrou‎s alloys‎ compos‎e d of iron, carbon‎(rangi n‎g from 2.11% to about 4.5%),and silico‎n(up to about 3.5%).Cast irons are usuall‎y classi‎fi ed as follow‎s:1.Gray cast iron,or gray iron;2.Ductil‎e cast iron, nodula‎r cast iron, or spheri‎cal graphi‎t e cast iron;3.White cast iron;4.Mallea‎bl e iron;pac‎t ed graphi‎t e iron。

先进制造的英文作文带翻译Advanced Manufacturing。

Advanced manufacturing refers to the use of cutting-edge technology, innovative processes, and sophisticated materials to produce goods more efficiently and effectively than traditional manufacturing methods. This approach encompasses a wide range of industries, from automotive and aerospace to electronics and pharmaceuticals. In today's rapidly evolving global economy, advanced manufacturing plays a crucial role in driving innovation, increasing productivity, and maintaining competitiveness.One key aspect of advanced manufacturing is the integration of automation and robotics into production processes. By employing automated systems, manufacturers can streamline operations, reduce labor costs, and improve product quality and consistency. Robotics, in particular, enables precise and repetitive tasks to be performed with unmatched accuracy and speed, leading to higher throughputand lower error rates.Furthermore, advanced manufacturing techniques often involve additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing. This revolutionary technology enables the creation of complex components and structures layer by layer, using a variety of materials ranging from plastics to metals. Additive manufacturing offers significant advantages over traditional subtractive methods, such as CNC machining, including reduced material waste, faster prototyping, and greater design flexibility.Another key enabler of advanced manufacturing is the Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to the network of interconnected devices and sensors that collect and exchange data in real-time. By harnessing the power of IoT, manufacturers can monitor equipment performance, optimize production processes, and predict maintenance needs, thereby minimizing downtime and maximizing efficiency.Moreover, advanced manufacturing relies heavily on advanced materials with unique properties andcharacteristics. These materials, such as carbon fiber composites and high-strength alloys, offer superiorstrength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, andthermal conductivity, making them ideal for demanding applications in aerospace, defense, and beyond.In addition to technological advancements, advanced manufacturing also requires a skilled workforce capable of operating and maintaining complex machinery, analyzing data, and implementing continuous improvement initiatives. As such, education and training programs play a vital role in preparing the next generation of manufacturingprofessionals for the challenges and opportunities of the future.In conclusion, advanced manufacturing represents a paradigm shift in the way goods are produced, leveraging technology, innovation, and talent to drive efficiency, quality, and competitiveness. By embracing advanced manufacturing principles and practices, companies can stay ahead of the curve and thrive in today's dynamic and ever-changing marketplace.先进制造。

(完整)先进制造技术(英文版第三版)唐一平,第八章翻译P1178高速切削（HSC）8。

1定义在某些情况下,高速切削加工是指在高的切削速度(主轴转速）和/或以高进给率实现短加工时间.然而，一个合理的分类，必须考虑被加工材料（软或硬加工），切削材料和金属去除rate.111英语术语HSC（高速切削）通常用于高速加工甚至在德语国家。

为此，它将在下面的讨论。

8。

2引言高速切削高速加工是由所罗门在上世纪30年代。

基于金属切削的所罗门在钢制的研究，在切削速度为440米/分有色轻金属（钢），1600米/分钟(青铜），2840米/分钟（铜）和高达6500米/分钟（铝）,基本结果是事实，从一个特定的切削速度上升的加工温度开始下降（图)。

科学证据还发现，切削力随着切削速度的提高先增加然后下降到一个平稳的趋势后达到.此外，研究表明,随着切削速度的提高，芯片的流动逐渐变成不连续的芯片.美国的研究在上世纪60年代早期表明,生产力的急剧增加和产品成本的降低可以预期如果重型刀具磨损和机械振动的问题是可以克服的。

在一项研究中发现,切削速度高于6500米/分钟打开新的有趣的方面加工铝。

最密集的研究为切屑形成的理论。

P118只有当应用在机床在上世纪80年代初，它继续高速切削机理研究高速电主轴的发展成为可能。

高速加工应用的重点，使自己在这项新技术带来的好处。

要特别提到的应用是模具制造，航空航天技术,光学和精密机械加工以及汽车、家电等行业。

虽然高速加工不一定是生产的高精度部件的方法,还可以进步到高精度加工领域。

RA值0。

2 ^ IM 和RZ值低3果酱并不少见。

由于高的表面质量可以在许多情况下，消除后续精加工完全或部分。

一个例子是汽轮机制造刀片已经不再单独和铣削磨削加工.另一个典型的例子是模具制造，表面可以产生非常接近的最终精度要求在尺寸和形状偏差以及表面质量.这减少了人工返工时间P119（图8.2）。

手动工作80%、成本降低高达30%的时间节省相当的现实.而HSC技术发现其在航空航天工业的应用现状第一次使用，不仅来自工具和模具制造，而且高精度零件的生产，以及薄壁零件（表8。

P957计算机集成制造计算机集成制造(CIM）这个术语用来描述制造的现代方法。

虽然C1M包括了很多其他先进制造技术如计算机数值控制（CNC），计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造(CAD／CAM）,机器人，和及时交货(JIT),它不仅仅是一个新的技术或一个新的概念.计算机集成制造是一个完全制造新的方法，新的经营方式.理解CIM,它必须从现代的比较与传统制造业。

现代制造业包括所有的活动和流程所需的材料转换成产品，提供给市场，并在现场支持他们.这些活动包括以下：（一）确定一种产品的需要。

(2）设计的产品来满足的需要。

（3)获得所需生产产品的原材料。

（4）采用合适的方法把原材料转换成成品.(5）运输产品到市场.(6)维护产品以确保适当的性能的领域.这种广泛的，制造现代观点可以与比较有限的传统观点，几乎完全集中在转换过程。

旧的方法排除临界预转换元件市场分析研究,开发，设计,以及这种转换后元素的产品交付和产品维护.I1”换句话说，在制造业的老方法，只有那些过程发生在车间是制造.这种传统的方法分离的整体概念为众多独立的专业要素没有自动化的出现从根本上改变了。

P96CIM，不仅是各种元素的自动化,但群岛都是联系在一起的综合自动化。

一体化意味着系统能提供完整的即时共享信息。

在现代制造业,整合是由计算机来完成的。

CIM，然后，是参与原材料的转化所有组件完全融合成品和产品市场，如图7。

1.CIM 7.1历史发展术语计算机集成制造了1974哈林顿为他写的一本书关于搭售的岛屿的称号通过使用计算机自动化.它已经采取了许多年CIM的发展作为一个概念,但集成制造是不是新的.在事实上，整合是制造真正开始。

制造业经历了四个不同的阶段：(1）手工制造。

（2)机械化、专业化。

（3）自动化。

（4）整合.使用简单的手工工具手工制造是集成制造。

所有的信息都需要设计，生产，并提供一个P97产品很容易获得,因为它存在于人的头脑的人执行所有必要的任务。

外文资料翻译附1、外文原文（复印件）Advanced Manufacturing Techndogylimitations on acceptable feed rates-determined by the ability of the cutting t∞l to withstandincreased cutting loads without fracture.Increasing radial cutting depths also could increase removal rates, although cutting depth is often determined by the amount of stock removal required. As in the case of increased feedrates, IOol life decreased with increased depth of cut. As expected t a tradeoff exists between t∞llife and removal rate.generated in every Inetal removal process： tangential There are three forforce, generated by the part rotation; radial force, generated by the resistance of the workpiecematerial to depth of cut; and, lastly, longitudinal force, generated by the feed rate applied. Theseforces are 30% to 80% greater than in “soft" machining processes. For example f when comparingpreheat-treated to heat-treated steel with a hardness of 62 HRC, the longitudinal force increasesfrom 30% to 50% ∙ Thetangential force increases 30% to 40% f and the radial force increases from 70% to 1CK)% ∙Therefore, the machine tool must be able to handle the increased cutting forces t especially in theradial direction.Cutting c∞lant can influence the generation of white layer. Because white layer is thought to occur as the result of a phase transformation on the surface, cutting c∞1ant might helpeliminate thermal damage by keeping the workpiece surface c∞L So<ne reports say cuttingc∞lant eliminates white layer, but other studies show c∞!ant having no effect. T∞l condition isalso believed to be an important factor, with new t∞ls producing undamaged surfaces, whilewhite layer increases with increasing t∞l wear.If hard turning is to replace finish grinding operations, it must be capable of ProdUCing surface finishes comparable to those generated by grinding. Unlike grinding, where surface finishis deteπnined by the size, shape, hardness> and distribution of abrasive grains in the grindin gwheel, hard-turned surfaces are nominally defined by the geometry of the cutting process,primarily by the cutting t∞Γs feed rate and nose radius.For grinding cylindrical applications, both the wheel and the woriφiece must rotate.Moreover, the wheel rotates rapidly while the workpiece rotates slowly. If the rotating membersare imperfectly concentric, the combination of imperfections and ∏)lational speed differentialproduces lobing. A geometric OUl-Of-round pattern on the workpiece is produced t which canaffect the end-product performance. With hard turning t on the other hand l either the workpieceor cutting t∞l is rotated, not both.Z7∏5Therefbre, the machined surface will be as accurate as the machine tool spindle and the longitu dinal direction Ot the machine t∞l relative to the center line of the machine.Another disadvantage with grinding is the generation of tremendous surface heat at the point of contact between the grinding wheel and the workpiece. Even when flood cwlant is properly applied, workpiece surface stress risers and heat checks can occur, which can lead to premature failure of the ground part in service. With hard turning, less heat is generated t and if properly applied, the heat that is generated will be carried away with the brittle material removed. Thus, the finished parts are produced without stress risers or heat checks.Another major advantage of HFM is that conventional turning machines can be used with workpieces as hard as 65 HRC using commercially available ceramic inserts. Savings occur in two areas, processing and capital investment. In processing, the machining t setup, and t∞l changing time are significantly reduced. Grinding wheel changing, on the other hand, is time-consuming. Guards must be removed, along with the spindle locking nuts, the worn wheel must be changed, and the new wheel balanced and dressed. Wheel changing can take as much as IOO times longer than changing ceramic inserts, which require only simple indexing or replacement in the holder.Equipment also is less expensive. A turning machine costs significantly less than a production grinder to do comparable work. As already mentioned, setup is easier and quicker. Turning machines also are simpler in ∞nstruction-there are no reciprocating slides to wear, maintain, or replace-for easier maintenance. However, the strength and rigidity of every component in the machine must be adequate to handle the additional cutting forces.3.7.2 Hard MillingOne machining advancement that has taken hold over the past few years is hard milling. Typically mold and die makers perform hard milling to cut P∙20, H-13 and other tool steels.These materials range in hardness from 45 to 64 HRC and are traditiona]ly electrical discharge machined. But new technologies make hard milling a viable alternative. Successful hard milling requires several components to ∞me together一the machine tool, t∞lholders f cutting IoolSg CAD/CAM system and pr how.S u know-… -------------------- Advanced MamArturing Technology Ho VV —1> Machine FactorsThe machine t∞l is the most significant component. The m aspect of the machine tool is that it must be designed for hard milling and have the samecharacteristics found in a high-speed machining center. The machine t s base ∞nstιυction andindividual components, such as the drive train, spindle and CNC, must be capable of handling thedemands of hard milling.The base ∞nstruction must be extremely rigid and have a high degree of damping abilities.These characteristics are found in machine tools with bases ∞nstructed from polymer concrete.These machines typically have six to 10 times the damping characteristics of machines with castiron bases. Additionally, polymer ∞ncrete has excellent mechanical and theππal characteristics.The machine t∞Γs drive train should in∞rporate digital drive technology for optimalacceleration and de celeration. This technology allows the CNC to perfbπn a high degree ofcontouring accuracy and gives it excellent dynamics capabilities.One of the most overlooked components is the spindle. The spindle must be able to providea great deal of flexibility, offering high torque at low spindle speeds and maximum power for alarge range of spindle speeds. An ideal spindle t s speed ranges from 100 rpm to 20f 000 rpm orhigher, depending on the application. Hybridceramic bearings in the construction of the spindle increase spindle Stiffil andtemperature stability. Figure 3.14 shows a 5-axis milling machine designed forhard milling, which has a similar requirements as high-speed machining.Figure 3.14 Mikron 1S HSM 5-axis machine.fundamental,accuracyOne of the main ∞ntributors to successful hard milling is the cutting tool. Fbr roughing hardened materials9 end mills with four or more flutes arc recommended. These provide small chip loads while having the capability to cut at higher feed rates.The cutting took should be short with short flute lengths and have a helix angle of approximately 300. A 30o helix has proven to be optimal for chip flow and dispersal of heat.The carbide substrate should also be ∞nsidered. Only caιbide t∞ls with fine or ultra-fine grain sizes9about 0.5μm to0.6 μm , should be used. These tools provide increased edge strength and reduce built-up edge.For milling larger hardened cavities and cores, cutting t∞ls with inserts should be considered. Carbide inserts are less expensive than solid-caΛide end-mills, and by indexing the insert, tool life can be extended. However, these t∞ls are typically not designed for high spindle speeds. There is also a significant safety risk if improperly handled.Hard milling puts a great amount of stress on the cutting tool from high heat and abrasive wear. To help overcome these stresses, coated cutting t∞Js must be used. Coatings offer a protective layer on the IoOI, substantially increasing t∞l life.Coating selection should be made based on individual properties. Titanium-based coatings, such as TiCN and TiAlN, are the most common for hard milling. The wear resistance, or its Iianlness l is the most important property of TiCN, while TiAlN resists heat and oxidation better. The t∞lmaker may further enhance its coatings by offering unique multilayer blends.Flood c∞lant is not commonly used in hard millin g. Hard milling often generates tremendous amount of heat, which is transferred into the chips and causes the c∞lant to vaporize as it hits the hot chips. The use of ∞olant can also create thermal instability with the cutting t∞l.Compressed air is used to help displace chips during cutting› Additionally, a ∞mbination of oil and mist is often selected. Oil helps reduce friction, thereby increasing tool life and improving surface finish. When using oil and mist, an extraction unit should be integrated into the machine t∞l to help remove the oil from the air.2.CAD/CAM AnalysisThe CAD/CAM system is another important component. CAD/CAM systems have gready advanced over the years, and now provide a variety of advanced featuresAdvanced Manufacturing TechncJogy118 ∖∖and capabilities. However t not all systems are created equal and there are still many (hat do not have the capabilities to create t∞l paths for hard nulling .Although no CAD/CAM system is designed exclusively for hard milling, many of the systems that offer HSMing capabilities have the same strategies for hard milling because the two are related. When hard milling t strategies that keep the cutting tool in motion should be used. This ensures the t∞l is ∞ntinuously cutting with a constant chip load, which is one of the more desirable conditions to maintain when hard milling.Before tool paths can be applied, a complete analysis of the part must be performed. Not all parts are suitable for hard milling. The specific areas to be machined should be clearly identified, determining the smallest internal radius and largest working depth. A tool with a 4：1 length-to-diameter ratio commonly does not pose any problems.Problems arise when the ratio grows. When ratios are excessive t hard milling experience plays an important role in deteπnining how successful one is. Hard milling with small diameter cutting tools are possible as long as care is taken to maintain a ∞nstant chip load and machine at minimal LXXs.If a CAD/CAM system does not have the t∞ls to verify or simulate the NC code directly, there are numerous software packages on the market that can.Finally, proper know-how is vital to successful hard milling. AD of the necessary components are of no use without knowledge of the processing procedures ∙ Successful hard milling is based on specific know-how, advanced knowledge HSMing t proper choice of cutting t∞ls and clamping systems, and using a HSM- capable CAD/CAM system.A clear understanding of all the components provides better awareness of what is needed to be successful at hard milling.3.Precision MachiningPrecision machining is any process using a cutting tool, whether turning, milling, or grinding, which forms a precise dimension, form, and finish of surface. The accuracy held must be 10 μm or less. Any operation resulting in less accuracy is generally ∞nsιdcred ∞nventional machining.Compared to standard machining of traditional materials (steel, Al) f successful precision machining of hard materials is more sensitive to parameters such as machine IoOl accuracy, stiffness, toolholder design t cutting t∞l material and geometιy,fixtυring, c∞)ant presentation, and machining technique.The properties that make hard materials attractive for commercial use also make them extremely difficult to machine to the tolerances required by advanced applications.Obtaining tighter tolerances on hard materials is a challenge that must be met if manufacturers are to achieve the improved performance; it f s also where the future of manufacturing lies.A major factor that influences the production of close-tolerance parts from hard materials is the machine tool itself and its parameters, including inherent repeatability, accuracy, stiffness, and the sm∞thness or uniformity of travel t spindle speed, thermal stability, machine protection f control capabilities, etc.Virtually any machine t∞l Can produce some close-tolerance parts if the feed rate is reduced and the cutting t∞I changed frequently. To SUCCeSSftIIIy produce precision components to meet market demands, however, the machining operation must be cost-effective, as well as accurate and repeatable.A key design factor in machine t∞ls is the rigidity or stiffness of the cutting t∞l to the workpiece. Obviously, components and subassemblies must also have high stiffness. Machine stiffness is a major contributing factor to overall machine accuracy and performance. Stiffness is measured by the deflection of an element of the machine when it's subjected to a load.Machine accuracy is another critical design parameter. To have the confidence to cut high-precision parts on a production basis, ifs necessary that the user know the 3-D accuracy of the machine t∞l.The same criteria apply to t∞lholders. They too must provide precision, rigidity f and repeatability to produce close-tolerance parts, and to do so they must be kinematically correct.Cutting tools are another element that ProdUCe a major effect on the production of precision parts from hard materials. Parameters to be considered are： material, design, fabrication t tolerance, cost, and availability.Tool life is an economic issue that must be considered when machining precision parts from hard materials. While it may perfoπn well, a tool that you must change after every IOO mm of cut length is nυ( an economical so lution to machining these materials. T∞l life depends UPon the materia] to be machined and the process.Workholding is another key element. Material considerations are important.2、外文资料翻译译文先进制造技术尽管裁断的深度是由材料去除率的总额决定的，增加径向的裁断深度同样能够增加磨损率。

P836柔性制造作为生产系统的后续讨论介绍和先进的制造技术，它是目前定义的有用制造系统的概念。

制造系统可以被定义为一个增值的制造过程将原材料系列更为有用的形式和最终产品的11。

）在现代制造环境中，灵活性是一个重要的特征。

这意味着，一个制造系统是通用的和适应性，同时也有较高的生产能力。

柔性制造系统，可生产多种零件是通用的。

它适应性强，因为它可以迅速调整生产完全不同的零件。

柔性制造系统（FMS）是一个人机或组机器通过一个自动化材料处理系统服务计算机控制的具有工具处理能力。

因为它的工具能力和计算机控制处理，这样的系统可以不断地重新配置到各种各样的配件制造。

这就是为什么它被称为柔性制造系统。

柔性制造代表着完全的目标迈出的重要一步集成制造。

它包括自动化生产一体化过程。

在柔性制造，自动化的制造机器（即，车床，铣，钻）和自动化材料处理系统之间通过计算机网络即时通信。

图为例柔性制造系统。

柔性制造向完全整合的目标迈出的重要一步由于集成了多种自动化制造概念制造：（1）计算机数值控制（CNC）个别机床。

（2）分布式数字控制（DNC）的制造系统。

（3）自动化材料处理系统。

P84（4）成组技术（家庭部分）。

当这些自动化流程，机器，和概念都带来了在一个完整的系统，就是所谓的柔性制造系统。

人类与电脑在FMS中扮演重要的角色。

人类的劳动量比少的多手工操作的制造系统，当然。

然而，人类仍然在柔性制造系统的运行起着至关重要的作用。

人类的工作包括下列各项：（1）设备的检修，维护，维修。

（2）更换和调整工具。

（3）装卸系统。

（4）数据输入。

（5）改变程序的部分。

（6）发展计划。

柔性制造系统设备，像所有的制造设备，P85必须检测错误，故障，故障。

一个问题是当发现，检修人员必须确定它的来源和使用纠正措施。

所有系统都正常运行时，周期维护是必要的。

人类的运营商也设置了机器，更换刀具，并重新配置系统是必要的。

FMS工具处理能力的增加，但不排除更换和调整工具的人类。