中山大学基础英语考研真题及详解(2012～2014)【圣才出品】

2012年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：40.00)Without some appreciation of common large numbers, it"s impossible to react with the proper skepticism to terrifying reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped each year, or with the proper sobriety to a warhead carrying a megaton of explosive power—the equivalent of a million tons(or two billion pounds)of TNT. And if you don"t have some feeling for probabilities, automobile accidents might seem a relatively minor problem of local travel, whereas being killed by terrorists might seem to be a major risk when going overseas. As often observed, however, the 45, 000 people killed annually on American roads are approximately equal in number to all Americans dead in the Vietnam War. On the other hand, the seventeen Americans killed by terrorists in 1985 were among the 28 million of us who traveled abroad that year—that"s one chance in 1. 6 million of becoming a victim. Compare that with these annual rates in the United States; one chance in 68, 000 of choking to death; one chance in 75 , 000 of dying in a bicycle crash; one chance in 20, 000 of drowning; and one chance in only 5, 300 of dying in a car crash. Confronted with these large numbers and with the correspondingly small probabilities associated with them, the innumerate will inevitably respond with the non sequitur, * "Yes, but what if you"re that one, " and then nod knowingly, as if they"ve demolished your argument with penetrating insight. This tendency to personalize is a characteristic of many who suffer from innumeracy. Equally typical is a tendency to equate the risk from some obscure and exotic malady with the chances of suffering from heart and circulatory disease, from which about 12, 000 Americans die each week. There"s a joke I like that"s marginally relevant. An old married couple in their nineties contact a divorce lawyer, who pleads with them to stay together. "Why get divorced now after seventy years of marriage?" The little old lady finally pipes up in a creaky voice: "We wanted to wait until the children were dead. " A feeling for what quantities or time spans are appropriate in various contexts is essential to getting the joke. Slipping between millions and billions or between billions and trillions should in this sense be equally funny, but it isn"t, because we too often lack an intuitive grasp for these numbers. A recent study by Drs. Kronlund and Phillips of the University of Washington showed that most doctors" assessments of the risks of various operations, procedures, and medications(even in their own specialties)were way off the mark, often by several orders of magnitude. I once had a conversation with a doctor who, within approximately 20 minutes, stated that a certain procedure he was contemplating(a)had a one-chance-in-a-million risk associated with it;(b)was 99 percent safe; and(c)usually went quite well. Given the fact that so many doctors seem to believe that there must be at least eleven people in the waiting room if they"re to avoid being idle, I"m not surprised at this new evidence of their innumeracy. *A non sequitur is a statement that does not follow logically from previous statements.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be inferred to be the author"s view of the " reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped each year"(Paragraph 1)?（分数：2.00）A.They are typical examples of American journalism.B.They are evidence of a terrible problem that must be addressed.C.They are probably untrue.D.They demonstrate an American obsession with statistics.(2).The list of probabilities cited in Paragraph 2 is intended to illustrate______.（分数：2.00）A.that probability can be used in many different ways in everyday lifeB.that terrorism is far less a threat to Americans than many other common dangersC.that the world is filled with many dangersD.that a knowledge of probability can help Americans decide where to travel most safely abroad(3).Which of the following is NOT an element of the discussion in this passage?（分数：2.00）A.A refutation of a scientific theory.B.A personal recollection.C.A reference to an authoritative study.D.A discussion of a common misconception.(4).What is the author"s view of the "penetrating insight" mentioned in Line 3 , Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.It is the result of careful analysis.B.It is illogical.C.It demolishes a statistical argument.D.It does not sufficiently personalize the situation being discussed.(5).The author mentions the time span of "approximately 20 minutes"(Line 4, Paragraph 6)in order to emphasize______.（分数：2.00）A.the doctor"s inability to appreciate relevant time spansB.the comparison with the elderly couple in the preceding jokeC.the frequency with which the doctor contradicted himselfD.the common need to approximate rather than use precise numbersThere is a canal two rods wide along the northerly and westerly sides of the pond, and wider still at the east end. A great field of ice has cracked off from the main body. I hear a song sparrow singing from the bushes on the shore. He too is helping to crack it. How handsome the great sweeping curves in the edge of the ice, answering somewhat to those of the shore, but more regular! It is unusually hard, owing to the recent severe but transient cold, and all watered or waved like a palace floor. But the wind slides eastward over its opaque surface in vain, till it reaches the living surface beyond. It is glorious to behold this ribbon of water sparkling in the sun, the bare face of the pond full of glee and youth, as if it spoke the joy of the fishes within it, and of the sands on its shore. The change from storm and winter to serene and mild weather, from dark and sluggish hours to bright and elastic ones, is a memorable crisis which all things proclaim. It is seemingly instantaneous at last. Suddenly an influx of light filled my house, though the evening was at hand, and the clouds of winter still overhung it, and the eaves were dripping with sleety rain. I looked out the window, and look! Where yesterday was cold gray ice there lay the transparent pond already calm and full of hope as in a summer evening reflecting a summer evening sky in its bosom, though none was visible overhead. The pitch pines and shrub oaks about my house, which had so long drooped suddenly resumed their several characters, looked brighter, greener, and more erect and alive, as if effectually cleansed and restored by the rain.I know that it would not rain any more. You may tell by looking at any twig of the forest, aye, at your very woodpile, whether its winter is past or not. As it grew darker, I was startled by the honking of geese flying low over the woods, like weary travelers getting in late from southern lakes, and indulging at last in unrestrained complaint and mutual consolation. Standing at my door, I could hear the rush of their wings; when, driving toward my house, they suddenly spied my light, and with hushed clamor wheeled and settled in the pond. In the morning I watched the geese from the door through the mist, sailing in the middle of the pond, fifty rods off, large and tumultuous. But when I stood on the shore they at once rose up with great flapping of wings at the signal of their commander, and when they had got into rank circled about over my head, twenty-nine of them, and then steered straight to Canada, with a regular honk from the leader at intervals. A plump of ducks rose at the same time and took the route to the north in the wake of their noisier cousins. For a week I heard the circling groping clangor of some solitary goose in the foggy mornings, seeking its companion, and still peopling the woods with the sound of a larger life than they could sustain. In April the pigeons were seen again flying express in smallflocks, and in due time I heard the martins twittering over my clearing, though it had not seemed that the township contained so many that it could afford me any, and I fancied that they were peculiarly of the ancient race that dwelt in hollow trees ere white men came. In almost all climes the tortoise and the frog are among the precursors and herald of this season, and birds fly with song and glancing plumage, and plants spring and bloom, and winds blow to correct this slight oscillation of the poles and preserve the equilibrium of Nature. As every season seems best to us in its turn, so the coming in of spring is like creation of Cosmos out of Chaos and the realization of the Golden Age.（分数：14.00）(1).From the passage, one can infer that the______.（分数：2.00）A.geese are backB.martins are singingC.woodpile is well stockedD.pond is melting(2).The overall purpose of this passage seems to be the narrator"s______.（分数：2.00）A.desire to sound poeticB.delight to see the pond waterC.description of the bird life around himD.celebration of the oncoming season(3).What is the predominant literary device used throughout this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Personification.B.Restrained description.C.Bombastic narration.D.Rhetorical question.(4).The tone of this passage can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.colloquialrmativeC.unrestrainedD.poetic(5).The narrator describes the water as all of the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.a canal two rods wideB.a reflection of the skyC.a mirror of his soulD.a transparent pond(6).The geese are best characterized through a series of______.（分数：2.00）A.similes and metaphorsB.aural and visual imagesC.emotional reflectionsD.unrelated impressions(7).Which is a subject not treated in this passage?（分数：2.00）A.The connectedness of people to nature.B.The innocence of mankind.C.The cyclical certainty of nature.D.The glory of a long-awaited event.I received Everett"s Life of Washington which you sent me, and enjoyed its perusal. How his spirit would be grieved could he see the wreck of his mighty labors! I will not, however, permit myself to believe, until all ground of hope is gone, that the fruit of his noble deeds will be destroyed, and that his precious advice and virtuous example will so soon be forgotten by his countrymen. As far as I can judge by the papers, we are between a state of anarchy and civil war. May God avert both of these evils from us! I see that four states had declared themselves out of the Union;four more will apparently follow their example. Then, if the border states are brought into the gulf of revolution, one half of the country will be arrayed against the other. I must try and be patient and await the end, for I can do nothing to hasten or retard it. The South, in my opinion, has been aggrieved by the acts of the North, as you say. I feel the aggression and am willing to take every proper step for redress. It is the principle I contend for, not individual or private benefit. As an American citizen, I take great pride in my country, her prosperity and institutions, and would defend any state if her rights were invaded. But I can anticipate no greater calamity for the country than a dissolution of the Union. It would be an accumulation of all the evils we complain of, and I am willing to sacrifice everything but honor for its preservation. I hope, therefore, that all constitutional means will be exhausted before there is a resort to force. Secession is nothing but revolution. The framers of our Constitution never exhausted so much labor, wisdom, and forbearance in its formation, and surrounded it with so many guards and securities, for it was intended to be broken by every member of the Confederacy at will. It was intended for " perpetual union, " so expressed in the preamble, and for the establishment of a government, not a compact, which can only be dissolved by revolution or the consent of all the people in convention assembled. It is idle to talk of secession. Anarchy would have been established, and not a government, by Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, and the other patriots of the Revolution ... Still, a Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets, and in which strife and civil war are to take the place of brotherly love and kindness, has no charm for me.I shall mourn for my country and for the welfare and progress of mankind. If the Union is dissolved, I shall return to my native state and share the miseries of my people; and, save in defense, will draw my sword on none.（分数：16.00）(1).The " he" the speaker refers to in the opening paragraph is______.（分数：2.00）A.Everett, author of Life of WashingtonB.General Robert E.LeeC.George WashingtonD.the president in office when the selection was written, Abraham Lincoln(2).The narrator"s attitude toward George Washington is that he______.（分数：2.00）A.admires Washington for his personal traits but recognizes that his style of leadership is ill-suited to the present conflictB.understands that Washington is aggrieved by the acts of the NorthC.praises Washington as a man of great actions, fine advice, and unshakable ethicsD.believes that Washington has contributed to the present state of anarchy and civil war(3).Based on his description of George Washington, we can infer that the narrator/speaker______.（分数：2.00）A.admires people of noble character and sought such greatness of spirit himselfB.has great inner strength but shies away from physical confrontationC.is intolerant of anyone who does not meet his exacting standards of behaviorD.is humble in the face of adversity but fully believes that he will be as famous as Washington one day(4).From his remarks, we can infer that the speaker______.（分数：2.00）A.is a Northerner who strongly believes that the South has been wronged by the North in the present conflictB.loves his country but not its leadersC.is loyal but only to the point of actual war; then he will lay down his arms and be a martyrD.is highly patriotic(5).What conclusion can you draw about the speaker"s character from the conclusion?（分数：2.00）A.He is devoted to his state, but hates war.B.He is a natural leader who has much experience with public service.C.He is judgmental and rigid.D.He is cowardly and faint-of-heart.(6).The thesis or main idea of the passage is that______.（分数：2.00）A.people must take up arms in defense of their country; to do any less is cowardiceB.the Union is being tested by wrongs committed by both the North and the SouthC.the Union will always endure, no matter what happensD.anarchy is a healthy state because it leads to positive change(7).Based on its point of view, tone, form, and content, this passage is most likely an excerpt from a______.（分数：2.00）A.public speechB.journal or diary entryC.short storyD.letter(8).The author"s diction can best be characterized as______.（分数：2.00）A.formal and precisermal and relaxedC.mediocre but educatedD.colloquial and informal二、句子改错(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The lack of progress in international relations reveals that governments must study the art of diplomacy much closer.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Before the curtain rose, Anthony wished that he were back in bed, only dreaming about performing in front of hundreds of strangers rather than actually doing it.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Caravaggio demonstrated the great range of his artistic talent in such paintings as "Bacchus" and "Basket of Fruit, " painted in 1593 and 1596, respectfully.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.James, like many parents, believes that if a child can read at a very young age, he/she will grow to have exceptional literary talent.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Grizzly bears rarely show aggression toward humans, but they will protect their territory from anyone whom they would have considered to be a threat.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________6.Andre told the board that both the fund deficit and the disillusionment of the investors werea problem that had to be addressed immediately.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Just when those who were observing the heart transplant procedure assumed the worst, the surgeons themselves are most confident.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Since 2001, the company has spent more on employee training than it did in the previous 10 years combined.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Some doctors believe that taking vitamins on a daily basis help decrease a patient"s susceptibility to infection.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________10.When the window was opened, the affects of the cool spring breeze were felt immediately by the uncomfortable workers.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________写作11.Consider carefully the issue discussed below, and then write an essay that answers the question posed in the task. Oscar Wilde once said that the only thing worse than being talked about was not being talked about. Today it seems we have taken this witticism to its logical extreme. Some people make their lives as " personalities" whose only job is to get their names in the media. They lack any discernible talents except self-promotion. Assignment: You are required to write an essay of about at least 400 words in which you answer the question " Is fame a good thing or a bad thing? " and discuss your point of view on this issue. Support your position logically with examples from literature, the arts, history, politics, science and technology, current events, or your experience or observation. You are required to support your arguments with relevant information and examples based on your own ideas, knowledge and experience. Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar, and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)12.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) Montaigne fully accepted human weaknesses and understood that no philosophy could be effective unless it took into account our deeply ingrained imperfections, the limitations of our rationality, the flaws that make us human. It is not that he was ahead of his time; it would be better said that the later scholars(advocating rationality)were backward. He was a thinking fellow, and his ideas did not spring up in his tranquil study, but while on horseback. He went on long fides and came back with ideas. He was never a dogmatist: he was a skeptic with charm, a fallible * , personal, introspective writer, and, primarily, someone who, in the great classical tradition, wanted to be a man. fallible; able to make mistakes（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)13.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 剪纸是中国民间一门有着近千年历史的独特艺术。

11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。

2012年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分82,考试时间90分钟)1. 音标题1. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/ beneath—/bi"ni:θ/mink2. pyrrhic3. caique4. uvular5. sememe6. resolution7. ideational8. tautology9. pedagogical10. contour2. 填空题1. All languages have three **ponents; a sound system, a system of ______ and a system of semantics.2. We can divide a syllable into two parts, the RHYME(or RIME)and the ONSET. The vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus, with the consonant(s)after it termed the ______.3. In 1963 , Katz and Fodor wrote the article The Structure of a Semantic Theory, arguing forcibly that semantics should be an integral part of______.4. Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types; gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, and ______ antonymy.5. In the middle of the 1960s, William Labov, a famous sociolinguist, conducted a rather meticulous survey at several departments in the City of New York. The results of this investigation were reported in The______of English in New York City(1966), which has now become a classical work in sociolinguistics.6. From the early 1920s,______began to show an interest in language, anthropology, and archaeology. Later on, he attended some linguistic courses given by Sapir at Yale University and " found particular resonance between his own ideas and those of Sapir"(Sram 1994: 4983).7. Poetry can exploit the way we use stress when we speak to create rhythms. When stress is organized to form regular rhythms, the term used for it is ______.8. According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of______to account for the language of fictional prose(i. e. a novel or short story), because there is a narrator-narratee levelintervening between the character-character level and the author-reader level.9. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ______and phonology. The name of the most influential scholar in this connection is Trubetzkoy, whose **plete and authoritative statements of principle are formulated in his Principles of Phonology published in 1910. Malinowski believed that utterances and situation are bound up inextricably with each other and the ______ of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.11. Halliday"s Systemic-Functional(SF)Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century, having great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and ______ .12. By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its ______.13. According to McDonough(2000), a teacher who is able to explain some linguistic features would have a______position than one who handles the argument by using authority "it"s like that" , "it"s an exception" , or "it"s less formal".14. Language corpora make it possible for materials developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. The two most important factors in a corpus are the size and types of texts selected. Usually the ______that will be made of the corpus decide the number and type of texts ina corpus.15. ______ is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher John Lang Shaw Austin.3. 名词解释1. Received pronunciation and general American2. Conventionality3. Orthographic change4. Clause5. Grammatical construction6. Logical semantics7. Metonymy8. **petence9. Computational linguistics10. Verbal processes4. 举例说明题1. In Case Grammar, the verb is the key element of the clause.2. The goal of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn.3. Orientational metaphors are based on human physical and cultural experience.5. 简答题1. What is componential analysis in language studies?2. What are the seven types of meaning identified by G. Leech(1974)? What are the differences between/among them?3. What does the concept of "distinctive features" mean?。

目　录2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2004年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2005年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2006年中山大学外国语学院348基础英语考研真题及详解2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解2008年中山大学外国语学院616基础英语考研真题及详解2009年中山大学外国语学院628基础英语考研真题及详解2010年中山大学外国语学院622基础英语考研真题及详解2011年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2012年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2013年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2014年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2015年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2016年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2017年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2018年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading (30%)Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group among shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.A report from Mintel, the market research organization, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a “green wave” has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with “ethical” concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spender among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not “gone off the boil”. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations.Mintel’s 1994 survey found that 13 percent of consumers are “very dark green”, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 percent are “dark green”, trying “as far as possible” to buy such products, and 21 percent are “pale green” tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 percent are “armchair greens”; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 percent say they do not care about green issues.Four in ten people are “ethical spenders”, buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of “armchair ethicals” has risen from 28 to 35 percent and only 22 percent say they are, unconcerned now, against 30 percent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers.Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue—48 percent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals—followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factor farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of the passage? In your answer booklet write YES, NO, or NOT GIVEN for each statement.1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings.4. Consumers’ green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel’s findings.5. Mintel has limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.【答案与解析】1. YES(文章通篇没有多提政治，除了第一段“politicians claims environmentalism is yesterday’s issue”，本文更多的是从消费者的角度来讨论这一问题的。

[考研类试卷]2010年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、阅读理解0 My father was a justice of the peace, and I supposed he possessed the power of life and death over all men and could hang anybody that offended him. This was distinction enough for me as a general thing; but the desire to be a steamboat man kept intruding, nevertheless. I first wanted to be a cabin boy, so that 1 could come out with a white apron on and shake a tablecloth over the side, where all my old comrades could see me. Later I thought I would rather be the deck hand who stood on the end of the stage plank with a coil of rope in his hand, because he was particularly conspicuous.But these were only daydreams—too heavenly to be contemplated as real possibilities. By and by one of the boys went away. He was not heard of for a long time. At last he turned up as an apprentice engineer or "sinker"on a steamboat. This thing shook the bottom out of all my Sunday-school teachings. That boy had been notoriously worldly and I had been just reverse—yet he was exalted to this eminence, and I was left in obscurity and misery. There was nothing generous about this fellow in his greatness. He would always manage to have a rusty bolt to scrub while his boat was docked at our town, and he would sit on the inside guard and scrub it, where we could all see him and envy him and loathe him.He used all sorts of steamboat technicalities in his talk, as if he were so used to them that he forgot common people could not understand them. He would speak of the "labboard" side of a horse in an easy, natural way that would make you wish he was dead. And he was always talking about "St. Looy" like an old citizen. Two or three of the boys had long been persons of consideration among us because they had been to St. Louis once and had a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory was over now. They lapsed into a humble silence, and learned to disappear when the ruthless "cub" engineer approached. This fellow had money, too, and hair oil, and he wore a showy brass watch chain a leather belt, and used no suspenders. No girl could withstand his charms. He "cut out"every boy in the village. When his boat blew up at last, it diffused a tranquil contentment among us such as we had not known for months. But when he came home the next week, alive, renowned, and appeared in church all battered up and bandaged, a shining hero, stared at and wondered over by everybody, it seemed to us that the partiality of Providence for an undeserving reptile had reached a point where it was open to criticism.This creature's career could produce but one result, and it speedily followed. Boy after boy managed to get on the river, four sons of the chief merchant, and two sons of the country judge became pilots, the grandest position of all. But some of us could not get on the river—at least our parents would not let us.So by and by I ran away. I said I would never come home again till I was a pilot and cold return in glory. But somehow I could not manage it. I went meekly aboard a few of the boats that lay packed together like sardines at the long St. Louis wharf, and very humbly inquired for the pilots, but got only a cold shoulder and short words from mates and clerks. I had to make the best of this sort of treatment for the time being, but I had comforting daydreams of a future when I should be a great and honored pilot, with plenty of money, and could kill some of these mates and clerks and pay for them.1 The author makes the statement that" I supposed he ... offended him"(Para. 1, Lines 1 -2)primarily to suggest______.（A）the power held by a justice of the peace in a frontier town（B）the naive view that he held of his father's importance（C）the respect in which the townspeople held his father（D）the possibility of miscarriages of justice on the American frontier2 The author decides that he would rather become a deck hand than a cabin boy because______.（A）he believes that the work is easier（B）he wants to avoid seeing his old friends（C）deck hands often go on to become pilots（D）the job is more visible to passersby3 The author most likely mentions his "Sunday-school teachings"(Para. 2)to emphasize______.（A）the influence of his early education in later life（B）his sense of injustice at the engineer's success（C）his disillusionment with longstanding religious beliefs（D）determination to become an engineer at all costs4 The author most likely concludes that the engineer is not " generous"(Para. 2)because he______.（A）has no respect for religious beliefs（B）refuses to share his wages with friends（C）flaunts his new position in public（D）takes a pride in material possessions5 The author mentions the use of "steamboat technicalities"(Para. 3)in order to emphasize the engineer's______.（A）expertise after a few months on the job（B）fascination for trivial information（C）inability to communicate effectively（D）desire to appear sophisticated6 According to the passage, the glory of having visited St. Louis was overbecause______.（A）the boys' knowledge of St. Louis was much less detailed than the engineer's （B）St. Louis had changed so much that the boys' stories were no longer accurate （C）the boys realized that traveling to St. Louis was not a mark of sophistication （D）the engineer's account revealed that the boys' stories were lies7 The author's response to the engineer's survival(Para. 3)is one of______.（A）thankfulness for what he believes is God's providence（B）astonishment at the engineer's miraculous escape（C）outrage at his rival's undeserved good fortune（D）sympathy for the extent of the engineer's wounds8 The major purpose of the passage is to______.（A）sketch the peaceful life of a frontier town（B）relate the events that led to a boy's first success in life（C）portray the unsophisticated ambitions of a boy（D）describe the characteristics of a small-town boaster8 The ozone layer, the fragile layer of gas surrounding our planet between 7 and 30 miles above the earth's surface, is being rapidly depleted. Seasonally occurring holes have appeared in it over the Poles and, recently, over densely populated temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The threat is serious because the ozone layer protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to all living organisms.Even though the layer is many miles thick, the atmosphere in it is tenuous and the total amount of ozone, compared with other atmospheric gases, is small. Ozone is highly reactive to chlorine, hydrogen , and nitrogen. Of course chlorine is the most dangerous since it is very stable and long-lived. When chlorine compounds reach the stratosphere, they bond with and destroy ozone molecules, with consequent repercussions for life on Earth.In 1958, researchers began noticing seasonal variations in the ozone layer above the South Pole. Between June and October the ozone content steadily fell, followed by a sudden increase in November. These fluctuations appeared to result from the natural effects of wind and temperature. But while the low October levels remained constant until 1979, the total ozone content over the Pole was steadily diminishing. In 1985, public opinion was finally aroused by reports of a"hole"in the layer.The culprits responsible for the hole were identified as compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. CFCs are compounds of chlorine and fluorine. Nonflammable, nontoxic and noncorrosive, they have been widely used in industry sincethe 1950s, mostly as refrigerants and propellants and in making plastic foam and insulation.In 1989 CFCs represented a sizable market value at over $1.5 billion and a labor force of 1.6 million. But with CFCs implicated in ozone depletion, the question arose as to whether we were wiling to risk an increase in cases of skin cancer, eye ailments, even a lowering of the human immune defense system—all effects of further loss of the ozone layer. And not only humans would suffer. So would plant life. Phytoplankton, the first link in the ocean food chain and vital to the survival of most marine species, would not be able to survive near the ocean surface, which is where these organisms grow.In 1990, 70 countries agreed to stop producing CFCs by the year 2000. In late 1991 , however, scientists noticed a depletion of the ozone layer over the Arctic. In 1992, it was announced that the layer was depleting faster then expected and that it was also declining over the northern hemisphere. Scientists believe that natural events are making the problem worse. The Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines, which erupted in June 1991, released 12 million tons of damaging volcanic gases into the atmosphere.Even if the whole world agreed today to stop all production and use of CFCs, this would not solve the problem. A single chlorine molecule can destroy 10, 000-100, 000 molecules of ozone. Furthermore, CFCs have a lifespan of 75 - 400 years and they take ten years to reach the ozone layer. In other words, what we are experiencing today results from CFCs emitted ten years ago.Researchers are working hard to find substitute products. Some are too dangerous because they are highly flammable; others may prove to be toxic and to contribute to the greenhouse effect—to the process of global warming. Nevertheless, even if there is no denying that atmosphere is in a state of disturbance, nobody can say that the situation will not improve, either in the short or the long term, especially if we ourselves lend a hand.9 As it is described in the passage, the major function of the ozone layer is closest to that of______.（A）an emergency evacuation place for a skyscraper（B）a central information desk at a convention centre（C）the filtering system for a city water supply（D）the structural support for a suspension bridge10 The word "tenuous"(Para. 2)most nearly means______.（A）hazy（B）tense（C）clear（D）thin11 Which of the following does the passage imply about the"seasonal variations in the ozone layer"(Para. 3)observed by scientists in 1958?（A）They were caused by industrial substances other than CFCs.（B）They created alarm among scientists but not the public.（C）They were least stable in the months between June and November.（D）They opened the public eyes to the threat of ozone depletion.12 The author mentions market and workforce figures related to CFC production in order to point out that______.（A）responsibility for the problems of ozone depletion lies primarily with industry （B）the disadvantages of CFCs are obvious while the benefits are not（C）the magnitude of profits from CFCs has turned public opinion against the industry's practices（D）while the economic stakes are large, they are overshadowed by the effects of CFCs 13 In Para. 6, the author cites the evidence of changes in the ozone layer over the northern hemisphere to indicate that______.（A）the danger of ozone depletion appear to be intensifying（B）ozone depletion is posing an immediate threat to many marine species（C）scientists are unsure about the ultimate effects of ozone loss on plants（D）CFCs are not the primary cause of ozone depletion in such areas14 Which of the following scientists apparently believe about the" volcanic gases" mentioned in Para. 6?（A）They are hastening ozone loss at present.（B）They contribute more to global warming than to ozone loss.（C）They pose a greater long-term threat than CFCs.（D）They contain molecules that are less destructive of ozone than CFCs.15 The author's reference to the long life of chlorine molecules(Para. 7)is meant to show that______.（A）there is more than adequate time to develop a long-term strategy against ozone loss（B）the positive effects of actions taken against ozone loss will be gradual（C）the long-term effects of ozone loss on human health may never be known（D）it is doubtful that normal levels of ozone can ever be reestablished16 In the final paragraph, the author tries to emphasize that______.（A）researchers are unlikely to find effective substitutes for CFCs（B）human action can alleviate the decline of the ozone layer（C）people must learn to line with the damaging effects of industrial pollutants（D）atmospheric conditions are largely beyond human control16 Maman-Nainaine said that when the figs were ripe Babette might go to visit her cousin down on the Bayou-Lafourche where the sugar cane grows. Not that the ripening of the figs had the least thing to do with it, but that is the way Maman-Nainaine was.It seemed to Babette a very long time to wait; for the leaves upon the trees were tender yet, and the figs were like little hard green marbles.But warm rains came along and plenty of strong sunshine; and though Maman-Nainaine was as patient as the statue of la Madone, and Babette as restless as a hummingbird, the first thing they both knew it was hot summertime. Every day Babette danced out to where the fig trees were in a long line against the fence. She walked slowly beneath them, carefully peering between the gnarled, spreading branches. But each time she came disconsolate away again. What she saw there finally was something that made her sing and dance the whole day long.When Maman-Nainaine sat down in her stately way to breakfast, the following morning, her muslin cap standing like an aureole about her white, placid face, Babette approached. She bore a dainty porcelain platter, which she set down before her godmother. It contained a dozen purple figs, fringed around with their rich, green leaves. "Ah, "said Maman-Nainaine arching her eyebrows, " how early the figs have ripened this year!""Oh, "said Babette. "I think they have ripened very late. "" Babette, " continued Maman-Nainaine, as she peeled the very plumpest figs with her pointed silver fruit-knives, "you will carry my love to them all down to Bayou-Lafourche. And tell your Tante Frosine I shall look for her at Toussaint—when the chrysanthemums are in bloom.17 Which of the following does the phrase "but that is the way Maman-Nainaine was" suggest about Maman-Nainaine?（A）She was not aware of the seriousness of the situation.（B）She was an overtly strict woman.（C）Her actions had their own logic.（D）She gave out punishment for no reason.18 All of the following pairs of words illustrate the difference between Maman-Nainaine and Babette EXCEPT______.（A）patient and "restless"（B）ripe and "bloom"（C）purple and green（D）early and late19 Which of the following does the word "though"(Line 1 , Para. 3)imply in the context of the sentence?（A）The two women were in disagreement.（B）Patience is a virtue when waiting for something.（C）Maman-Nainaine's patience was annoying to Babette.（D）Their patience and impatience had no effect on nature.20 The narrative point of view of the passage as a whole is that of______.（A）a third-person objective observer（B）a first-person impartial observer（C）the protagonist（D）a disapproving observer二、句子改错21 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a" √" or write "No error"on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Very convincing was the saleswoman's pitch about the value of the used car that Herbert nearly missed the fallacy in its logic.22 Barbara Walters distinguished herself as journalist by asking famous people the kinds of questions that other reporters shied away from.23 Because the ancient Egyptians defined the hour as one-twelf of the time from dawn to dusk, its length varied during the course of the year.24 Moira forced herself to eat every morsel on her plate, although she found the food practically inedible, she wanted to avoid protesting her kind hosts.25 Because of her conservative views the professor frequently found herself defending traditional values and the status quo in arguments with her more radical students.26 Although the whale shark is found in equatorial waters around the world, it is rarely encountered by divers in spite of its low numbers and solitary nature.27 The British social philosopher Thomas Malthus predicted that population growth would eventually surpass world food production, resulting massive famine and political unrest.28 In the early nineteenth century, some British agricultural workers felt that newly invented farm machinery risked their jobs, and they displayed their fear of technology by smashing machines.29 The famous movie star regarded her mountain cabin as a haven; she felt safe there from the annoying intrusions of reporters and photographers.30 The features of Noh, the oldest fonn of Japanese drama, are highly prescribed; verse sections must be sung, and the vocal style in the prose passages has to base on the chanting of specific Buddhist prayers.三、写作31 Read the following quote and write an argumentation of about 400 words on the true reader." Ignorant of the daily news, though versed in the catalogues of the second hand booksellers, in whose dark premises he spends the hours of sunlight—the true reader is essentially young—he is open minded and communicative, to whom reading is more of the nature of brisk exercise in the open air than of sheltered study; he trudges the high road. "by Virginia Woolf, British writerIn the first part of your writing you should introduce your argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the final part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.四、英译汉32 Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Although art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh's legend, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains * ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls. So complete is Van Gogh's global * apotheosis that Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives' ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artists' painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool.* ubiquitous;existing or found everywhere* apotheosis; the raising of a person to the highest possible honour and glory五、汉译英33 接读朋友的来信，尤其是远自海外犹带着异国风情的航空信件，如果无需回信的话，确是人生一大快事。

中山大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案中山大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案历年真题是最权威的，最直接了解各专业考研的复习资料，考生要重视和挖掘其潜在价值，尤其是现在正是冲刺复习阶段，模拟题和真题大家都要多练多总结，下面分享中山大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案，方便考生使用。

中山大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案I. Phrase Translation1.小康社会: a moderately prosperous society2.解放和发展生产力: release and develop productive forces3.宏观经济：Macro Economy4.软着陆：soft landing5.产品外包：product outsourcing6.技术转让：technology transfer7.数字鸿沟：digital divide8.群众体育：mass sports9.循环经济：circular economy ; recycling economy10.进口配额：import quota11.外汇储备： foreign exchange reserve12.求同存异：seek common ground while reserving differences13.产权结构：Property Rights Structure;structure of property right4.联合国环境署：United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP )15.泡沫经济：bubble economy16. Hedge Fund：对冲基金(又称避险基金或套利基金)17. Muslim Brotherhood：穆斯林兄弟会18. Trade Surplus：贸易顺差19. Prudent Monetary Policy：稳健的货币政策20. Mortality Rate：死亡率21. Currency Appreciation：货币升值22. Social Strata：社会阶层23. Anti-corruption Campaign：反腐败运动;反腐工作24. Counter-terrorism Convention：反恐公约25. Concerted Efforts: 共同努力26. Nuclear Arsenal: 核武库;核军火库27. Endemic Disease: 地方病28. UNESCO: 联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)29. Corporate Governance: 公司治理;企业管治30. Capital Market: 资本市场II. Passage translationSECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH [ 60MIN ]当今世界正处于大发展、大变革、大调整时期。

中山大学中国语言文学系2012年语言学概论（代码612）真题及详解一、分析应用题（每题10分，共50分）1．下列是某一语言的一组词，其中[t]、[s]和[z]分别与[ch]、[sh]和[zh]互补分布（释义省略）：[中山大学2012研]【黄廖版《现代汉语》2.7】请对以上出现的[t]、[s]、[z]和[ch]、[sh]、[zh]六个音素进行音位归纳：（1）描写[t，s，z]和[ch、sh、zh]的分布情况；（2）一个音位下有几个音位变体，应该以哪个音素作为音位的代表音素？为什么？（3）以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件。

答：（1）归纳音位[t、s、z]多出现在元音[o]、[a]、[u]、[e]之前，[z]还可以出现在[w]之前。

[ch、sh、zh]都是出现在元音[i]之前。

（2）音位变体中的代表音素①一个音位往往包含一些不同的音，这些音就是这个音位的音位变体。

每个音位下有多少个音位变体是和该音位在语音环境中的具体运用有关的。

②音位变体是音位的具体表现形式，音位则是从音位变体中概括归纳出来的。

音位与音位变体的关系是类别与成员的关系，也可以说是一般和个别的关系。

代表音素也是从具体的音位变体中概括出来的，标写它的时候，通常从各音位变体中选用典型变体的符号，同时还要找一个常见、好认、便于印刷的符号作代表，加上//，表示它是音位，不加//表示它是音位变体。

例如，北京话的音位／a／是一个音的类别，它至少包含[a]、[ɑ]两个成员，也就是／a ／至少包含两个变体。

其符合音位归纳提取的原则，成为该音位的代表音素。

（3）以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件音位音位变体出现条件/t/[t]出现在[o]或[a]之前[ch]出现在[i]之前/s/[s]出现在[o]或[u]或[a]之前[sh]出现在[i]之前/z/[z]出现在[e]或[u]或[w]之前[zh]出现在[i]之前2．比较现代汉语“狗”与英语dog的词义（本义、引申义），分析词义的民族性。

2011年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：40.00)For an infant just beginning to interact with the surrounding world, it is imperative that he quickly become proficient in his native language. While developing a vocabulary and the ability to communicate using it are obviously important steps in this process, an infant must first be able to learn from the various streams of audible communication around him. To that end, during the course of even the first few months of development, an infant will begin to absorb the rhythmic patterns and sequences of sounds that characterize his language, and will begin to differentiate between the meanings of various pitch and stress changes. However, it is important to recognize that such learning does not take place in a vacuum. Infants must confront these language acquisition challenges in an environment where, quite frequently, several streams of communication or noise are occurring simultaneously. In other words, infants must not only learn how to segment individual speech streams into their component words, but they must also be able to distinguish between concurrent streams of sound. Consider, for example, an infant being spoken to by his mother. Before he can leam from the slight differences of his mother"s speech, he must first separate that speech from the sounds of the dishwasher, the family dog, the bus stopping on the street outside, and, quite possibly, background noise in the form of speech; a newscaster on the television down the hall or siblings playing in an adjacent room. How exactly do infants wade through such a murky conglomeration of audible stimuli? While most infants are capable of separating out two different voices despite the presence of additional, competing streams of sound, this capability is predicated upon several specific conditions. First, infants are better able to learn from a particular speech stream when that voice is louder than any of. the competing streams of background speech; when two voices are of equal amplitude, infants typically demonstrate little preference towards one stream or the other. Most likely, equally loud competing voice streams, for the infant, become combined into a single stream that necessarily contains unfamiliar patterns and sounds that can quite easily induce confusion. Secondly, an infant is more likely to attend to a particular voice stream if it is perceived as more familiar than another stream. When an infant, for example, is presented with a voice stream spoken by his mother and a background stream delivered by an unfamiliar voice, usually he can easily separate out her voice from the distraction of the background stream. By using these simple yet important cues an infant can become quite adept at concentrating on a single stream of communication and, therefore, capable of more quickly learning the invaluable characteristics and rules of his native language.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best conveys the main idea of Paragraph 1 ?（分数：2.00）A.Infants are fully aware of their environments.B.Infants have natural talent to develop vocabulary.C.Infants are able to take in information from the environment.D.Infants like rhythmic patterns and sequences of sounds.(2).The phrase "predicated upon several specific conditions"(Para. 4)is used by the author to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.most infants have trouble separating out simultaneous streams of speechB.infants can only learn when they are comfortable in their surroundingsC.only in rare instances do these required conditions occurD.infants are not always able to learn from their surrounding environment(3).The author uses the word "necessarily"(Line 4 of Para. 5)in order to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.an individual stream understandably changes character when mixed with anotherB.even adults can have trouble distinguishing between streams of equal volumeC.infants always combine separate streams into a single soundD.it is inevitable that two streams of speech are more confusing than one(4).Before an infant can learn from the slight differences of his mother"s speech, he must first______.（分数：2.00）A.understand his father"s communication streamB.be able to distinguish between his mother"s voice from that of the background noiseC.absorb the sounds of dishwasher and petsD.learn something about his language from the television voice(5).The example in the last paragraph is used to illustrate how______.（分数：2.00）A.an infant who spends little time with his parents would probably have trouble with language acquisitionB.an infant in constant vocal interaction with his parents could experience accelerated language acquisitionC.the complexity of an infant"s native language is not a factor in determining whether that language will be easily acquiredD.infants with particularly attentive parents are more likely to acquire language skills more quicklyWhen I accepted a volunteer position as a social worker at a domestic violence shelter in a developing nation, I imagined the position for which my university experience had prepared me.I envisioned conducting intake interviews and traipsing around from organization to organization seeking the legal, psychological, and financial support that the women would need to rebuild their lives. When I arrived, I felt as if I already had months of experience, experience garnered in the hypothetical situations I had invented and subsequently resolved single-handedly and seamlessly. I felt thoroughly prepared to tackle head-on the situation I assumed was waiting for me. I arrived full of zeal, knocking at the shelter"s door. Within moments, my reality made a sharp break from that which I had anticipated. The coordinator explained that the shelter"s need for financial self-sufficiency had become obvious and acute. To address this, the center was planning to open a bakery. I immediately enthused about the project, making many references to the small enterprise case studies I had researched at the university. In response to my impassioned reply, the coordinator declared me in charge of the bakery and left in order to " get out of my way. " At that moment, I was as prepared to bake bread as I was to run for political office. The bigger problem, however, was that I was completely unfamiliar with the for-profit business models necessary to run the bakery. I was out of my depth in a foreign river with only my coordinator"s confidence to keep me afloat. They say that necessity is the mother of invention. I soon found that it is also the mother of initiative. I began finding recipes and appropriating the expertise of friends. With their help making bread, balancing books, printing pamphlets and making contacts, the bakery was soon running smoothly and successfully. After a short time it became a significant source of income for the house. In addition to funds, baking bread provided a natural environment in which to work with and get to know the women of the shelter. Kneading dough side by side, I shared in the camaraderie of the kitchen, treated to stories about their children and the towns and jobs they had had to leave behind to ensure their safety. Baking helped me develop strong relationships with the women and advanced my understanding of their situations. It also improved the women"s self-esteem. Their ability to master a new skill gave them confidence in themselves, and the fact that the bakery contributed to the upkeep of the house gave the women, many of them newly single, a sense of pride and the conviction that they had the capability to support themselves. Baking gave me the opportunity to work in a capacity I had not at all anticipated, but one that proved very successful. I became a more sensitive and skillful social worker, capable of makinga mean seven-grain loaf. Learning to bake gave me as much newfound self-confidence as it gave the women, and I found that sometimes quality social work can be as simple as kneading dough.（分数：14.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to show how the author______.（分数：2.00）A.was shocked by the discrepancy between her earlier ideas about her work and the reality she facedB.discovered a talent her overly-focused mind had never allowed her to exploreC.broadened how she defined the scope of her workD.developed her abilities to orchestrate a for-profit business enterprise(2).In Line 5 of Para. 1 "garnered" most nearly means______.（分数：2.00）A.exchangedB.collectedC.requiredD.enriched(3).The statement that the author arrived "full of zeal"(Line 1 of Para. 2)indicates that she was______.（分数：2.00）A.anxious and insecureB.eager and interestedC.confident but uninformedD.cheerful but exhausted(4).The author was initially enthusiastic about the idea of the bakery because she______.（分数：2.00）A.considered it from a theoretical point of viewB.hoped to obtain a leadership position in the bakeryC.wanted to demonstrate her baking knowledge to her new coordinatorD.believed it would be a good way to build the women"s self-esteem(5).The comparison in Lines 6 -7 of Para. 2("At that moment...political office")demonstrates the author"s belief that______.（分数：2.00）A.it was unfair of the coordinator to ask the author to run the bakeryB.social workers should not be involved in either baking or politicsC.she was unqualified for a job baking breadD.similar skills were involved in both baking and politics(6).Lines 7 -8 of Para. 2("The bigger...bakery")suggest that the author believed that______.（分数：2.00）A.learning the necessary business practices would be a more daunting challenge than learning to bake breadB.good business practices are more important to running a successful bakery than is the quality of the breadC.her coordinator"s confidence in for-profit business models was misplacedD.for-profit business models are significantly more complex than the non-profit models with which she was familiar(7).The last sentence("Learning...dough")indicates that the author______.（分数：2.00）cked self-confidence just as much as the women with whom she workedB.found that performing social work is surprisingly easy with no educationC.underestimated her own ability to learn new skillsD.derived a benefit from her work while helping othersThough he would one day be considered an innovator and founding father of the artistic movement known as Impressionism, Claude Monet(1840-1926)began his career as a fairly traditional representational artist. His painting gradually changed, however, as he became interested in lightand how it affects perception—an interest that led him to attempt to paint light itself rather than the objects off of which light reflected. Monet also rejected the tradition of painting in a dedicated studio, and left the confines of his dusty room to paint outside. Many of his friends and fellow artists, including Pisarro, Renoir and Cezanne, were also interested in working alfresco and joined him in painting outdoors. This group, the core of the movement that would later be classified as Impressionism, made it a common practice to paint the same scene many times in a day to explore the changes in the light, using small patches of color rather than the large brush strokes and blended color that had characterized artistic technique until that time. The Impressionists were thus attempting to evoke a mood rather than document a specific scene or event, as had been the aim of earlier painters. This move away from representation was also effected by a technological development, as photography became more affordable and popular. Before the development of photography, painting was the primary means of documenting the marriages, births, and business successes of the wealthy. Photographers soon took over much of this role because photographs were faster, more accurate, and less expensive than paintings. This freed the Impressionists to find new roles for their medium and encouraged the public to think about painting in a new way. It was no longer just a means of recording significant events; it now reflected an artist"s unique vision of a scene or moment. Today, Impressionism enjoys a privileged position with many art historians and critics, although this was certainly not always the case. As the movement was developing, most critics were at best uninterested and often appalled by the work. Even the name of the movement was originally a derisive critique. A critic who, like most of his colleagues, prized realism in paintings, declared the movement "Impressionism" after the name of the painting Impression: A Sunrise, by Monet. The critic considered the Impressionists" works unfinished—only an impression, rather than a complete painting. It is safe to say that such a critic would be in the minority today, however. Impressionist paintings are now some of the most prized works in the art world. Museums and individuals pay huge sums to add these works to their collections, and the reproductions of the artworks are among the most popular fine art posters sold.（分数：16.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（分数：2.00）A.condemn the critics who prevented the Impressionists from exhibiting their workB.contrast Monet"s work with that of Pisarro, Renoir, and CezanneC.describe the primary characteristics of Monet"s paintingsD.explain the origins of Impressionism and Monet"s role in the movement(2).According to the passage, the Impressionists did all of the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.paint the same scene at different times of the dayB.paint the light reflected by objectsC.receive acclaim from their contemporariesD.reconsider the role of painting in society(3).In Line 10 of Para. 1, the author most likely mentions "patches of color" to describe______.（分数：2.00）A.the light that the Impressionists encountered when they worked outdoorsB.a shortcoming of traditional paintingsC.a distinguishing characteristic of modern paintersD.an innovative technique used by Impressionist painters(4).The discussion of photography(Para. 2)serves as______.（分数：2.00）A.a description of an innovation that affected the development of ImpressionismB.the most important context in which to understand ImpressionismC.a demonstration of its similarities to paintingD.a demonstration of the public"s dislike of Impressionism(5).The author of the passage would most likely describe the medium of photography as______.（分数：2.00）A.expensiveB.preciseC.falseD.inconsistent(6).In Para. 3 "a derisive critique" most nearly means that the criticism was made in a(n)______way.（分数：2.00）A.carelessB.constructiveC.exaggeratingD.mocking(7).The "critic" mentioned in Line 5 of Para. 3 would most likely agree that______.（分数：2.00）A.Impressionist paintings are inferior because they fail to clearly represent their subjectsB.Impressionism now enjoys a much more prestigious place in the art world than it once didC.Monet"s Impression; A Sunrise was a highly influential workD.the use of photography to document important events freed painters to explore other roles(8).In Line 8 of Para. 3 "prized" most nearly means______.（分数：2.00）A.awardedB.discoveredC.valuedD.decorated二、句子改错(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)My parents, my younger sister, and me were delighted to see how much my cousin had grown since we last visited his family in the summer.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.We spent a most enjoyable afternoon sitting on the grass, watching for unusual shaped cloud formation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Beside the dusty road sets a pond, which serves as a breeding ground for several species of the noisiest animals such as fogs.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The other students and she felt unprepared when tested on facts not learned in class.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Working two jobs is common among struggling actors, the majority of them work in restaurants that allow them flexible hours to audition.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Food produced without pesticides poses fewer danger and promotes easier digestion than that produced through traditional agriculture.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.When Shirin Abadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, many of her colleagues praised her exceptional efforts for democracy and human rights in Iran.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Concerned about the coming game on Saturday, each of the team members spent most of the week practicing their plays.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________9.Even the San Francisco Earthquake in the spring of 1906 leveled many buildings, it was the subsequent series of fires that destroyed most of the city.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Studies indicate that the environments in schools where there are fewer adults on staff is often not conducive to learning.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 写作11.Here"s a description of a company manager"s personal experience in his job: " I"ve been working in and with international companies for more than a decade, often specifically brought in to help solve cross-cultural communication or management challenges, or to fix disfunctional internal corporate cultures. So my ear has become attuned to the " us versus they " clues. They never listen. They just don"t understand. We are right, they are wrong. " The British poet RudyardKipling(1865-1936)also expressed his understanding of cultural differences by means of a poem "We and They". The following box contains the beginning and the end stanzas excerpted from the poem. Now read the following two stanzas, and then write an argumentation of about 400 words onthe topic: " Why are " They" always wrong?". 2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)12.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) The period of Chinese scientific activity did not begin until the first years of the Republic. The older reformers only introduced a book knowledge of the sciences, without fully understanding their intellectual significance, without adequate equipment for laboratory work, and without adequately trained leaders to organize the studies and researches. Most of the textbooks on science were translated by men who admired science most sincerely but who had only a very superficial book knowledge of the subjects in the Japanese schools, and never did real laboratory work or undertook field expeditions. The schools were beginning to have classroom experiments in physics and chemistry, and botanical and zoological specimens; but they were as bookish as the textbooks, and were useless for the training of scientific workers.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)13.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 徐志摩在《吸烟与文化》中深情地写道：“我在康桥的日子可真是幸福，生怕这辈子再也得不到那样甜蜜的机会了。

中山大学考研英语真题中山大学考研英语真题中山大学考研英语真题一直备受考生们的关注。

作为一所享有盛誉的高校，中山大学的考研英语真题不仅具有一定的难度，还能够帮助考生们更好地了解考试的形式和要求。

在本文中，我们将深入探讨中山大学考研英语真题的特点和备考策略。

首先，中山大学考研英语真题的特点之一是题型多样。

在阅读理解部分，考生需要阅读一篇长文或多篇短文，并回答相关问题。

这要求考生具备较强的阅读理解能力和分析能力。

同时，考生还需要掌握词汇和语法知识，以便在填空和翻译部分获得高分。

此外，写作部分要求考生根据所给的提示写作一篇文章，考察考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。

其次，备考中山大学考研英语真题需要一定的策略。

首先，考生应该熟悉考试的内容和要求。

可以通过查阅历年真题和参考书籍来了解考试的形式和难度。

其次，考生应该注重词汇和语法的积累。

通过背诵单词和语法练习，考生可以提高自己的语言水平。

此外，考生还可以通过刷题来提高自己的解题速度和准确性。

最后，考生应该注重写作训练。

可以通过模拟写作题目，提高自己的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。

除了备考策略，考生还应该注意一些细节。

首先，考生在做阅读理解题时应该注重理解文章的主旨和关键信息。

可以通过划线和做笔记的方式帮助记忆和理解。

其次，考生在做填空和翻译题时应该注意选项的搭配和语法的正确性。

可以通过对比选项和原文，排除错误选项。

最后，在写作部分，考生应该注意文章的结构和逻辑。

可以通过提纲和段落划分来组织文章。

中山大学考研英语真题不仅是考生们备考的重要参考资料，也是考察考生英语水平的重要工具。

通过深入研究真题的特点和备考策略，考生们可以更好地应对考试，提高自己的分数和竞争力。

因此，考生们在备考过程中应该充分利用中山大学考研英语真题，并结合自身的实际情况进行有针对性的复习和训练。

总之，中山大学考研英语真题是考生备考的重要参考资料。

通过了解真题的特点和备考策略，考生们可以更好地应对考试，提高自己的分数和竞争力。

历年中山大学考研211翻译硕士英语考研真题和答案一、考试解读：part 1 学院专业考试概况：①学院专业分析：含学院基本概况、考研专业课科目:211翻译硕士英语的考试情况；②科目对应专业历年录取统计表：含中山大学相关专业的历年录取人数与分数线情况；③历年考研真题特点：含中山大学考研专业课各部分的命题规律及出题风格。

part 2 历年题型分析及对应解题技巧：根据中山大学211翻译硕士英语考试科目的考试题型（单选题、阅读理解题、英语作文题、词条英汉互译题、篇章翻译题、应用文写作题、命题写作题等），分析对应各类型题目的具体解题技巧，帮助考生提高针对性，提升答题效率，充分把握关键得分点。

part 3 2018真题分析：最新真题是中山大学考研中最为珍贵的参考资料，针对最新一年的中山大学考研真题试卷展开深入剖析，帮助考生有的放矢，把握真题所考察的最新动向与考试侧重点，以便做好更具针对性的复习准备工作。

part 4 2019考试展望：根据上述相关知识点及真题试卷的针对性分析，提高2019考生的备考与应试前瞻性，令考生心中有数，直抵中山大学考研的核心要旨。

part 5 中山大学考试大纲：①复习教材罗列（官方指定或重点推荐+拓展书目）：不放过任何一个课内、课外知识点。

②官方指定或重点教材的大纲解读：官方没有考试大纲，高分学长学姐为你详细梳理。

③拓展书目说明及复习策略：专业课高分，需要的不仅是参透指定教材的基本功，还应加强课外延展与提升。

part 6 专业课高分备考策略：①考研前期的准备；②复习备考期间的准备与注意事项；③考场注意事项。

part 7 章节考点分布表：罗列中山大学211翻译硕士英语的专业课试卷中，近年试卷考点分布的具体情况，方便考生知晓中大考研专业课试卷的侧重点与知识点分布，有助于考生更具针对性地复习、强化，快准狠地把握高分阵地！二、历年中山大学考研真题试卷与答案详解：整理中大该专业2010-2018年考研真题，并配有2010-2018年答案详细讲解。

2012年中山大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(总分：112.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.The old couple moved to the countryside______their health for the doctor said fresh airwould do them good.（分数：2.00）A.for the sake of √B.because ofC.In case ofD.in spite of解析：解析：句意：为了身体健康，这对老夫妇搬到了乡下，因为医生说新鲜的空气对他们有好处。

for the sake of为了；为了…的利益。

because of因为，由于。

in case of万一，如果。

in spite of尽管。

2.Lover of towns______I am. I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.（分数：2.00）A.becauseB.whereC.whoD.as √解析：解析：句意：尽管我是一个长期在城市生活的人，可我意识到我对早期乡村生活的亏欠。

考查的是让步状语从句倒装，主要是为了强调位于句首的名词、形容词、副词、动词等。

as在让步状语从句中作从属连词，表示虽然、尽管等，引导让步状语从句时，常用倒装语序。

模式为：adj．／adv．／n．+as+主语+谓语+主句。

3.She was trying______by the teacher in class.（分数：2.00）A.avoiding questioningB.avoiding to questionC.to avoid being questioned √D.to avoid questioning解析：解析：句意：她试图回避在课堂上被老师提问。

此题涉及三个考点。

第一个是固定搭配：tryto do sth．。

[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、阅读理解0 The swimming sky of oceanic expanse in Van Gogh's The Starry Night; the human figure born of marble by the careful hands of Rodin; the graceful, ethereal figure of Degas's ballerina; all communicate both emotion and essence in a world where aesthetic reigns supreme. Art has forever been humankind's tool for expressing the ineffable, a form of communication when words fail or are wholly inadequate. Art challenges the artist by constructing a world in which opposing forces— impulse and control, emotion and thought, ideation and actuality—must cooperate to produce a piece of art. The artist must wrestle an almost untamable creative force for control in order to grant space to its expression. The process of facing and governing this force while conveying it to others makes artistic creation an especially valuable therapeutic tool for the emotionally disturbed.The process of creation and the created product are equally valuable parts of therapeutic art. Creating art requires balancing two aspects of personality that are, in the case of the emotionally disturbed person, especially irreconcilable. Like all artists, the emotionally disturbed person must learn to control and harness the dangerous, unpredictable forces of creation while remaining sufficiently unrestrictive to allow its expression. Balancing these forces in a constructive way while granting full play to both is an important ability to master, one that art therapy teaches particularly well.The emotionally disturbed artist's goal is not the perfect expression of an aesthetic ideal. Yet communicating the mind's content and having it recognized by others is intensely valuable to the disturbed artist's healing. Taking ideas out of the isolation imposed by the mind and reproducing them in a form that can be shared and understood by others releases those ideas from the mind and removes from them some of their power. Using the brush where the pen and voice fail allows others, like the therapist, to recognize, understand, and begin to deconstruct the mind's content.Artistic creation allows emotionally disturbed people to communicate ideas they are unable to express in words, and it provides therapists with an otherwise unobtainable window into the mind. Examination of their artistic pieces reveals an inner world that the self of the disturbed person cannot express another way. Art then becomes a new therapeutic medium through which to understand and address the complex issues that threaten and haunt the disturbed person, and in which to free them.1 The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（A）prove that art therapy has made significant strides in recent decades（B）demonstrate how art therapy can transform nonfunctioning individuals into productive members of society（C）show how art therapy can be beneficial for emotionally disturbed people（D）describe the methods by which artwork can be interpreted by a therapist2 In Line 5 , Paragraph3 "the brush" is used primarily to signify______.（A）the wide variety of artistic equipment（B）the author's preference for art over written communication（C）the process of painting（D）artistic creation3 The passage suggests that the main reason a therapist might use art to work with emotionally disturbed people is that art therapy can______.（A）allow them to address ideas or emotions in a nonverbal way（B）share their innermost thoughts with the public（C）broaden the scope of their social interaction（D）encourage them to cooperate with others4 The author suggests that artwork functions as "window"(Line 2, Paragraph 4)because artwork______.（A）is transparent（B）stifles communication（C）can be extremely fragile（D）allows access to thoughts5 The author's conclusion would be most directly supported by additional information proving that______.（A）art therapists are better able to evaluate the quality of art than regular therapists （B）individuals involved in art programs have more control over their emotions（C）there is a documented connection between creativity and attention span（D）painting relieves some symptoms of arthritis5 Since time immemorial, countless scholars have asked the question: What is beauty? As philosophers engage in weighty discourses, designers update the latest fashions, and artists create their masterpieces, what is considered beautiful changes at an alarming pace. Fifty years ago, the full-figured Marilyn Monroe embodied the American aesthetic value; today, a legion of Hollywood actresses vastly different in appearance from Marilyn's have taken her place. However, aesthetic values not only differ from generation to generation, but do so along cultural lines as well. The conventions that govern painting and music vary greatly from East to West. Often, what is considered disgusting to one civilization is the pinnacle of aesthetic appeal in another. Thus, when left to the sphere of human design, the search for an absolute definition of beauty remains an elusive one at best.As fundamental physicists, my colleagues and I like to believe that we are involved in a search for a beauty that does not remain uninfluenced by definition; The beauty that we search for is not that which is laid down through the work of people and subject to short-term tastes, but rather that which has been established by Nature. Those not involved with physics tend to think of it as a precise and predictive science—certainly not a field of study fit for the contemplation of the beautiful. Yet, one of physics's greatest gifts is that it allows its students to look past extrinsic appearances into a more overwhelming beauty. As a human being, I am captivated by the visual appeal of a wave crashing on the beach. As a physicist, however, I possess the ability to be captivated by the much deeper beauty of the physical laws that govern such a phenomenon. Where the nonphysicist sees a lovely but inexplicable event, the well-schooled physicist is able to perceive a brilliant design.In truth, since the day that Albert Einstein first proposed the notion that there might be one overarching physical theory that governs the universe, aesthetics has become adriving force in modern physics. What Einstein and we, as his intellectual descendants, have discovered is this;Nature, at its most fundamental level, is beautifully constructed. The remarkable simplicity of the laws that govern the universe is, at times, nothing short of breathtaking. And at every step, as new discoveries and technologies allow us to examine the physical world on deeper and deeper levels, we find that the beauty itself becomes more profound. As Einstein himself said, it would seem more likely that we should find ourselves living in a " chaotic world, in no way graspable through thinking. " Yet here we are, closer than ever to a full understanding of the universe's beautiful clockwork.6 The author mentions Marilyn Monroe in Paragraph 1 in order to______.（A）provide an example of today's standards of beauty（B）discuss her abilities as an actress（C）demonstrate how susceptible aesthetics are to change（D）illustrate that the standard definition of beauty remains constant7 The author's assertion in Lines 7-8, Paragraph 1("what is considered disgusting...in another")suggests that______.（A）cultures are destined to clash（B）many civilizations are prone to disgusting behavior（C）different societies are tied together by an appreciation for physics（D）it is nearly impossible to say what is truly beautiful8 As used in Line 3 Paragraph 2, the phrase "laid down" most nearly means______. （A）rested（B）slept（C）created（D）set9 In the course of outlining the various gifts of physics, the author cites all of the following EXCEPT______.（A）the ability to look for a beauty that is unchanging（B）appreciating the visual beauty of a wave crashing（C）understanding both extrinsic and intrinsic beauty（D）seeing a deeper design in natural events10 In the third paragraph, Albert Einstein's proposal of an "overarching physical theory" suggests that______.（A）the author believes that there is beauty in simplicity（B）the universe is infinitely complex（C）aesthetics has no place in physics（D）the physical world will never be understood rationally11 The author quotes Albert Einstein in Lines 7 - 8 , Paragraph 3 in order to______. （A）detail the way physical laws affect chaos（B）emphasize the scope of Einstein's influence（C）suggest that Einstein might have doubted the beauty of physics（D）stress just how remarkable the order of the universe really is12 The purpose of this passage is to______.（A）discuss the way various cultures assess beauty（B）explain the beauty that is unmasked through an understanding of physics（C）demonstrate the way concepts of beauty change over time（D）finding new relevance for different physical laws12 For eighty years Thomas's family had grown corn on its hundred-acre plot. In his grandfather's day, even in his father's, wheat and timothy were also sown to help feed cattle and pigs. While there had been no animals on the land in Thomas's time, Thomas's father spoke at length about those days, when he himself had been a child. Back then, Thomas's father had dedicated every one of his free hours to taking care of the farm; grinding chop, cleaning up after the animals, mending fences, and performing innumerable other taxing chores. Later, it was just corn, sold to some big company out East that his father said paid them a little less every year. It wasn't about the money though; his father would have made do just enough to keep things going. His concern was family and tradition, the agricultural way of life.During harvest, Thomas would ride on the enormous thresher with his father. In the cabin, above the green sea parting before them, he would listen as his father explained the significance of a life dedicated to agriculture. As Thomas nibbbled on a lunch packed by his mother, his father expounded upon his philosophy that a man must not be separated from the land that provides for him, that the land was very important. He would say, time and again, "A man isn't a man without land to call his own. "He was not an uneducated man, Thomas's father. He had completed high school and probably could have gone to college if he wanted, but he was a man of the earth, and his spirit was tied to the soil. Agriculture was not his profession; it was his passion, one that he tried to seed in the hearts of his three boys. Thomas's two older brothers had little time for farmwork, however. What chores they were not forced to do went undone or were done by Thomas; their energies were focused on cars, dating, and dance halls.Even at a young age, Thomas was able to see in his father's eyes the older man's secret despair. The land that had been in his family for three generations was not valued by the fourth. Not even little Tommy, who always rode in the cabin with him and helped out as much as he was able, would stay and tend the fields. The world had grown too large, and there were too many distractions to lure young men from their homes. Boys these days did not realize they had a home until it was too late.Sitting on the hood of his jeep, Thomas gazed out over dozens of acres of orange survey stakes that covered what was once his family's farm. The house, barn, and silos were all gone, replaced by construction trailers and heavy equipment. The town that layjust five miles up the road had grown into a city, consuming land like a hungry beast. Thomas's father had been the last farmer left in the county, holding out long after the farm became unprofitable. He farmed after his sons left and his wife died; he farmed until his last breath, on principle.Now a highway and several shopping malls were going to take his place, Thomas thought. His brothers both said it was inevitable, that progress cannot be halted. They argued that if the family did not sell the land, the city would claim eminent domain and take it from them for a fraction of what they could get by selling it. Thomas did not feel he had any right to disagree. After all, he had chosen to leave the farm as well, to pursue his education. Though he didn't stand in their way, and though his profit from the lucrative sale was equal to his brothers', Thomas was sure he felt something that they could not. The money didn't matter much to him; he had enough to get by. It was something about the land. Now that he had finally found his way back to it, he was losing it. He was losing his home.13 Which is NOT CORRECT about the farm in Thomas's father's day?（A）Corn, wheat and timothy grown on the farm were sold for profit.（B）Cattle and pigs were raised on the farm.（C）Thomas's father could make both ends meet.（D）Thomas's father spent a lot of time doing farm chores.14 In Line 6 Paragraph 1 the word "taxing" most nearly means______.（A）monetary（B）expensive（C）rejuvenating（D）tiring15 Based on the passage, a thresher(Line 1 , Paragraph 2)is most likely used to______. （A）mend fences（B）harvest crops（C）construct shopping malls（D）plant seeds16 Thomas's father's statement in the last line of Paragraph 2 primarily shows the father to be______.（A）discouraged because he is getting less money for his corn each year（B）overwhelmed by the number of tedious chores he must complete each day（C）convinced that his life as a farmer is worthwhile（D）pleased that his youngest son is with him as he threshes the corn17 The most likely cause of the "secret despair"(Line 1, Paragraph 4)that Thomas sees in his father's eyes is his father's______.（A）sadness that his sons would not care for the family farm in the same way that he had（B）disappointment that Thomas didn't help as much as he could have with the farm chores（C）worry about his sons' preoccupation with cars, dating, and dancing（D）regret that he didn't attend college even though he could have done so18 The description of Thomas's brothers' interest in the last two sentences of Paragraph 3 highlights______.（A）the difference between the brothers as young men and as adults（B）the reasons that Thomas performed the brothers' neglected chores（C）the gap between the brothers' values and those of their father（D）the considerable conflict between the brothers and their father19 An important function of Paragraph 5 is to______.（A）establish that the narrative to this point has been a flashback（B）contrast Thomas's current life with his past life（C）summarize the plot（D）foreshadow Thomas's future20 The last sentence of the passage suggests that Thomas feels______.（A）excited anticipation（B）regretful nostalgia（C）overwhelming despair（D）unaccustomed relief二、句子改错21 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)For the last decade, American restaurants were serving larger portions, a trend which nutritionists believe has contributed to an increase in obesity.22 Bill is the captain on the football team, but the soccer coach allows his players to take turns acting as captain.23 We were surprised to find volunteers from the local high school to be as helpful and efficient as those we had trained to assist in earlier emergencies.24 Many countries, including the United States, has signed treaties that address the problem of the warming of the earth's atmosphere.25 The botanical garden program familiarizes children with names of different flowers, teaches them the conventions of naming plants, and they have the opportunity to learn skills used by gardeners.26 As the mayor of the city, he had a presence that was comforting to his constituents, who had supported him since he first ran for city council.27 Concerned by the patient's chest pains and breathing difficulty, the nursing student was quick to realize that these symptoms were consistent to those of a heart attack.28 Fans of downhill skiing respected the decision by the judges that athletes which take performance-enhancing drugs while training would be disqualified from the competition.29 The human resources department is using online advertisements to recruit new employees because applicants can respond to this more quickly than to print ones.30 One would have difficulty determining which factor contributes more to the success of a great writer—talent or hard work.三、写作31 Consider carefully the issue discussed in the following paragraph, and then write an essay that answers the question posed in the task.Human beings can attain a worthy and harmonious life if only they are able to rid themselves, within the limits of human nature, of the striving for the wish fulfillment of material kinds. The goal is to raise the spiritual values of society.—Albert EinsteinAssignment: You are required to write an essay of about at least <u>400 words</u> in which you answer the question "<u>Is the desire for ' wish fulfillment of material kinds' a good or a bad thing?</u>" and discuss your point of view on this issue. Support your position logically with examples from literature, the arts, history, politics, science and technology, current events, or your experience or observation.Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar, and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.四、英译汉32 Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Carrara, shut in by the great hills, is a very picturesque town in Italy. Few tourists stay there; and the people are nearly all connected, in one way or another, with the mining of marble. There are also villages among the caves, where the workmen live. It contains a beautiful little Theatre, newly built; and it is an interesting custom there, to form the chorus of laborers in the marble mines, who are self-taught and sing by ear. I heard them in a comic opera, and in an act of "Norma" ; and they performed remarkably well; unlike the common people of Italy generally, who(with some exceptions among the Neapolitans)sing terribly out of tune, and have very disagreeable singing voices.Neapolitans: 那不勒斯人五、汉译英33 Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)青花瓷(blue—and-white porcelain)能在中国瓷坛独占鳌头，主要因为它与中国人长期追求的文化和美学精神相契合，这就是平淡天真、自然从容。

2011年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：40.00)For an infant just beginning to interact with the surrounding world, it is imperative that he quickly become proficient in his native language. While developing a vocabulary and the ability to communicate using it are obviously important steps in this process, an infant must first be able to learn from the various streams of audible communication around him. To that end, during the course of even the first few months of development, an infant will begin to absorb the rhythmic patterns and sequences of sounds that characterize his language, and will begin to differentiate between the meanings of various pitch and stress changes. However, it is important to recognize that such learning does not take place in a vacuum. Infants must confront these language acquisition challenges in an environment where, quite frequently, several streams of communication or noise are occurring simultaneously. In other words, infants must not only learn how to segment individual speech streams into their component words, but they must also be able to distinguish between concurrent streams of sound. Consider, for example, an infant being spoken to by his mother. Before he can leam from the slight differences of his mother"s speech, he must first separate that speech from the sounds of the dishwasher, the family dog, the bus stopping on the street outside, and, quite possibly, background noise in the form of speech; a newscaster on the television down the hall or siblings playing in an adjacent room. How exactly do infants wade through such a murky conglomeration of audible stimuli? While most infants are capable of separating out two different voices despite the presence of additional, competing streams of sound, this capability is predicated upon several specific conditions. First, infants are better able to learn from a particular speech stream when that voice is louder than any of. the competing streams of background speech; when two voices are of equal amplitude, infants typically demonstrate little preference towards one stream or the other. Most likely, equally loud competing voice streams, for the infant, become combined into a single stream that necessarily contains unfamiliar patterns and sounds that can quite easily induce confusion. Secondly, an infant is more likely to attend to a particular voice stream if it is perceived as more familiar than another stream. When an infant, for example, is presented with a voice stream spoken by his mother and a background stream delivered by an unfamiliar voice, usually he can easily separate out her voice from the distraction of the background stream. By using these simple yet important cues an infant can become quite adept at concentrating on a single stream of communication and, therefore, capable of more quickly learning the invaluable characteristics and rules of his native language.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best conveys the main idea of Paragraph 1 ?（分数：2.00）A.Infants are fully aware of their environments.B.Infants have natural talent to develop vocabulary.C.Infants are able to take in information from the environment.D.Infants like rhythmic patterns and sequences of sounds.(2).The phrase "predicated upon several specific conditions"(Para. 4)is used by the author to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.most infants have trouble separating out simultaneous streams of speechB.infants can only learn when they are comfortable in their surroundingsC.only in rare instances do these required conditions occurD.infants are not always able to learn from their surrounding environment(3).The author uses the word "necessarily"(Line 4 of Para. 5)in order to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.an individual stream understandably changes character when mixed with anotherB.even adults can have trouble distinguishing between streams of equal volumeC.infants always combine separate streams into a single soundD.it is inevitable that two streams of speech are more confusing than one(4).Before an infant can learn from the slight differences of his mother"s speech, he must first______.（分数：2.00）A.understand his father"s communication streamB.be able to distinguish between his mother"s voice from that of the background noiseC.absorb the sounds of dishwasher and petsD.learn something about his language from the television voice(5).The example in the last paragraph is used to illustrate how______.（分数：2.00）A.an infant who spends little time with his parents would probably have trouble with language acquisitionB.an infant in constant vocal interaction with his parents could experience accelerated language acquisitionC.the complexity of an infant"s native language is not a factor in determining whether that language will be easily acquiredD.infants with particularly attentive parents are more likely to acquire language skills more quicklyWhen I accepted a volunteer position as a social worker at a domestic violence shelter in a developing nation, I imagined the position for which my university experience had prepared me.I envisioned conducting intake interviews and traipsing around from organization to organization seeking the legal, psychological, and financial support that the women would need to rebuild their lives. When I arrived, I felt as if I already had months of experience, experience garnered in the hypothetical situations I had invented and subsequently resolved single-handedly and seamlessly. I felt thoroughly prepared to tackle head-on the situation I assumed was waiting for me. I arrived full of zeal, knocking at the shelter"s door. Within moments, my reality made a sharp break from that which I had anticipated. The coordinator explained that the shelter"s need for financial self-sufficiency had become obvious and acute. To address this, the center was planning to open a bakery. I immediately enthused about the project, making many references to the small enterprise case studies I had researched at the university. In response to my impassioned reply, the coordinator declared me in charge of the bakery and left in order to " get out of my way. " At that moment, I was as prepared to bake bread as I was to run for political office. The bigger problem, however, was that I was completely unfamiliar with the for-profit business models necessary to run the bakery. I was out of my depth in a foreign river with only my coordinator"s confidence to keep me afloat. They say that necessity is the mother of invention. I soon found that it is also the mother of initiative. I began finding recipes and appropriating the expertise of friends. With their help making bread, balancing books, printing pamphlets and making contacts, the bakery was soon running smoothly and successfully. After a short time it became a significant source of income for the house. In addition to funds, baking bread provided a natural environment in which to work with and get to know the women of the shelter. Kneading dough side by side, I shared in the camaraderie of the kitchen, treated to stories about their children and the towns and jobs they had had to leave behind to ensure their safety. Baking helped me develop strong relationships with the women and advanced my understanding of their situations. It also improved the women"s self-esteem. Their ability to master a new skill gave them confidence in themselves, and the fact that the bakery contributed to the upkeep of the house gave the women, many of them newly single, a sense of pride and the conviction that they had the capability to support themselves. Baking gave me the opportunity to work in a capacity I had not at all anticipated, but one that proved very successful. I became a more sensitive and skillful social worker, capable of makinga mean seven-grain loaf. Learning to bake gave me as much newfound self-confidence as it gave the women, and I found that sometimes quality social work can be as simple as kneading dough.（分数：14.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to show how the author______.（分数：2.00）A.was shocked by the discrepancy between her earlier ideas about her work and the reality she facedB.discovered a talent her overly-focused mind had never allowed her to exploreC.broadened how she defined the scope of her workD.developed her abilities to orchestrate a for-profit business enterprise(2).In Line 5 of Para. 1 "garnered" most nearly means______.（分数：2.00）A.exchangedB.collectedC.requiredD.enriched(3).The statement that the author arrived "full of zeal"(Line 1 of Para. 2)indicates that she was______.（分数：2.00）A.anxious and insecureB.eager and interestedC.confident but uninformedD.cheerful but exhausted(4).The author was initially enthusiastic about the idea of the bakery because she______.（分数：2.00）A.considered it from a theoretical point of viewB.hoped to obtain a leadership position in the bakeryC.wanted to demonstrate her baking knowledge to her new coordinatorD.believed it would be a good way to build the women"s self-esteem(5).The comparison in Lines 6 -7 of Para. 2("At that moment...political office")demonstrates the author"s belief that______.（分数：2.00）A.it was unfair of the coordinator to ask the author to run the bakeryB.social workers should not be involved in either baking or politicsC.she was unqualified for a job baking breadD.similar skills were involved in both baking and politics(6).Lines 7 -8 of Para. 2("The bigger...bakery")suggest that the author believed that______.（分数：2.00）A.learning the necessary business practices would be a more daunting challenge than learning to bake breadB.good business practices are more important to running a successful bakery than is the quality of the breadC.her coordinator"s confidence in for-profit business models was misplacedD.for-profit business models are significantly more complex than the non-profit models with which she was familiar(7).The last sentence("Learning...dough")indicates that the author______.（分数：2.00）cked self-confidence just as much as the women with whom she workedB.found that performing social work is surprisingly easy with no educationC.underestimated her own ability to learn new skillsD.derived a benefit from her work while helping othersThough he would one day be considered an innovator and founding father of the artistic movement known as Impressionism, Claude Monet(1840-1926)began his career as a fairly traditional representational artist. His painting gradually changed, however, as he became interested in lightand how it affects perception—an interest that led him to attempt to paint light itself rather than the objects off of which light reflected. Monet also rejected the tradition of painting in a dedicated studio, and left the confines of his dusty room to paint outside. Many of his friends and fellow artists, including Pisarro, Renoir and Cezanne, were also interested in working alfresco and joined him in painting outdoors. This group, the core of the movement that would later be classified as Impressionism, made it a common practice to paint the same scene many times in a day to explore the changes in the light, using small patches of color rather than the large brush strokes and blended color that had characterized artistic technique until that time. The Impressionists were thus attempting to evoke a mood rather than document a specific scene or event, as had been the aim of earlier painters. This move away from representation was also effected by a technological development, as photography became more affordable and popular. Before the development of photography, painting was the primary means of documenting the marriages, births, and business successes of the wealthy. Photographers soon took over much of this role because photographs were faster, more accurate, and less expensive than paintings. This freed the Impressionists to find new roles for their medium and encouraged the public to think about painting in a new way. It was no longer just a means of recording significant events; it now reflected an artist"s unique vision of a scene or moment. Today, Impressionism enjoys a privileged position with many art historians and critics, although this was certainly not always the case. As the movement was developing, most critics were at best uninterested and often appalled by the work. Even the name of the movement was originally a derisive critique. A critic who, like most of his colleagues, prized realism in paintings, declared the movement "Impressionism" after the name of the painting Impression: A Sunrise, by Monet. The critic considered the Impressionists" works unfinished—only an impression, rather than a complete painting. It is safe to say that such a critic would be in the minority today, however. Impressionist paintings are now some of the most prized works in the art world. Museums and individuals pay huge sums to add these works to their collections, and the reproductions of the artworks are among the most popular fine art posters sold.（分数：16.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（分数：2.00）A.condemn the critics who prevented the Impressionists from exhibiting their workB.contrast Monet"s work with that of Pisarro, Renoir, and CezanneC.describe the primary characteristics of Monet"s paintingsD.explain the origins of Impressionism and Monet"s role in the movement(2).According to the passage, the Impressionists did all of the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.paint the same scene at different times of the dayB.paint the light reflected by objectsC.receive acclaim from their contemporariesD.reconsider the role of painting in society(3).In Line 10 of Para. 1, the author most likely mentions "patches of color" to describe______.（分数：2.00）A.the light that the Impressionists encountered when they worked outdoorsB.a shortcoming of traditional paintingsC.a distinguishing characteristic of modern paintersD.an innovative technique used by Impressionist painters(4).The discussion of photography(Para. 2)serves as______.（分数：2.00）A.a description of an innovation that affected the development of ImpressionismB.the most important context in which to understand ImpressionismC.a demonstration of its similarities to paintingD.a demonstration of the public"s dislike of Impressionism(5).The author of the passage would most likely describe the medium of photography as______.（分数：2.00）A.expensiveB.preciseC.falseD.inconsistent(6).In Para. 3 "a derisive critique" most nearly means that the criticism was made in a(n)______way.（分数：2.00）A.carelessB.constructiveC.exaggeratingD.mocking(7).The "critic" mentioned in Line 5 of Para. 3 would most likely agree that______.（分数：2.00）A.Impressionist paintings are inferior because they fail to clearly represent their subjectsB.Impressionism now enjoys a much more prestigious place in the art world than it once didC.Monet"s Impression; A Sunrise was a highly influential workD.the use of photography to document important events freed painters to explore other roles(8).In Line 8 of Para. 3 "prized" most nearly means______.（分数：2.00）A.awardedB.discoveredC.valuedD.decorated二、句子改错(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)My parents, my younger sister, and me were delighted to see how much my cousin had grown since we last visited his family in the summer.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.We spent a most enjoyable afternoon sitting on the grass, watching for unusual shaped cloud formation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Beside the dusty road sets a pond, which serves as a breeding ground for several species of the noisiest animals such as fogs.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The other students and she felt unprepared when tested on facts not learned in class.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Working two jobs is common among struggling actors, the majority of them work in restaurants that allow them flexible hours to audition.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Food produced without pesticides poses fewer danger and promotes easier digestion than that produced through traditional agriculture.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.When Shirin Abadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, many of her colleagues praised her exceptional efforts for democracy and human rights in Iran.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Concerned about the coming game on Saturday, each of the team members spent most of the week practicing their plays.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________9.Even the San Francisco Earthquake in the spring of 1906 leveled many buildings, it was the subsequent series of fires that destroyed most of the city.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Studies indicate that the environments in schools where there are fewer adults on staff is often not conducive to learning.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 写作11.Here"s a description of a company manager"s personal experience in his job: " I"ve been working in and with international companies for more than a decade, often specifically brought in to help solve cross-cultural communication or management challenges, or to fix disfunctional internal corporate cultures. So my ear has become attuned to the " us versus they " clues. They never listen. They just don"t understand. We are right, they are wrong. " The British poet RudyardKipling(1865-1936)also expressed his understanding of cultural differences by means of a poem "We and They". The following box contains the beginning and the end stanzas excerpted from the poem. Now read the following two stanzas, and then write an argumentation of about 400 words onthe topic: " Why are " They" always wrong?". 2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)12.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) The period of Chinese scientific activity did not begin until the first years of the Republic. The older reformers only introduced a book knowledge of the sciences, without fully understanding their intellectual significance, without adequate equipment for laboratory work, and without adequately trained leaders to organize the studies and researches. Most of the textbooks on science were translated by men who admired science most sincerely but who had only a very superficial book knowledge of the subjects in the Japanese schools, and never did real laboratory work or undertook field expeditions. The schools were beginning to have classroom experiments in physics and chemistry, and botanical and zoological specimens; but they were as bookish as the textbooks, and were useless for the training of scientific workers.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)13.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 徐志摩在《吸烟与文化》中深情地写道：“我在康桥的日子可真是幸福，生怕这辈子再也得不到那样甜蜜的机会了。

中山大学2012年英语翻译基础真题及详解PART I VOCABULARY [60 MIN] (1×30=30 POINTS)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH [30 MIN]Translate the following Chinese terms into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 中小企业2. 洗钱3. 人民币升值4. 次贷危机5. 水土流失6. 贸易顺差7. 企业社会责任8. 主权信用评级9. 贩卖人口10. 美国驻华大使11. 温室效应12. 投资回报率13. 供应链14. 劳动密集型产业15. 防止核扩散条约SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE [30 MIN]Translate the following English terms into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. capital chain2. humanitarian intervention3. credit facilities4. exclusive interview5. clean governance6. poll7. double-dip recession8. the State Council9. debt limit10. a Palestinian proposal to apply for statehood11. social security12. an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude on the Richter Scale13. a cease-fire agreement14. oil leak15. organizing committeePARTⅡTranslation [120 MIN] (2×60=120 POINTS)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH [60 MIN]Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路。