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RobotsA robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, mani pulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements.The term”reprogrammabl e” implies two things:The robot operates according to a written program can b e rewritten to accomdate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurp ose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades,the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can per form certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are bei ng increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.Structures of RobotsThe typical structure of industrial robots consists of 4 major components: the manipulator, the end effector, the power supply and control syterm.The manipulator is a mechanical unite that provides motions similar to those of a human arm. It often has a shoulder joint,an elbow and a wrist. It can rotate or slide, strech out and withdraw in every possible direction with certain flexibility.The basic mechanical configurations of the robot manipulator are categorized as Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated.A robot with a Cartesian geometry can move its gripper to any position within the cube or rectangle defined as its working volum.Cylindrical coordinate robots can move the gripper within a volum that is described by a cylinder. The cylindrical coordinate robot is positioned in the work area by two linear movements in the X and Y directions and one angular rotation about the Z axis.Spherical arm geometry robots have an irregular work envelop. This type of robot has two main variants,vertically articulated and horizontally articulated.The end effector attaches itself to the end of the robot wrist, also called end-of-arm tooling.It is the device intended for performing the designed operations as a human hand can.End effectors are generally custom-made to meet special handling requirements. Mechanical grippers are the most commonly used and are equipped with two or more fingers.The selection of an appropriate end effector for a special application depends on such factors as the payload, enviyonment,reliability,and cost.The power supply is the actuator for moving the robot arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. The basic type of power sources include electrical,pneumatic, and hydraulic. Each source of energy and each type of motor has its own characteristics, advantages and limitations. An ac-powered motor or dc-powered motor may be used depending on the system design and applications. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the robot.Most new robots use electrical power supply. Pneumatic actuators have been used for high speed. Nonservo robots and are often used for powering tooling such as grippers. Hydraulic actuators have been used for heavier lift systems, typically where accuracy was not also requied.The contro system is the communications and information-processing system that gives commands for the movements of the robot. It is the brain of the robot; it sends signals to the power source to move the robot arm to a specific position and to the end effector.It is also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable to send out sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be taken by the robot.A open-loop controller is the simplest for of the control system, which controls the robot only by foolowing the predetermined step-by-step instructions.This system dose not have a self-correcting capability.A close-loop control system use feedback sensors to produce signals that reflct the current states of the controed objects. By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and the end effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.Classification of RobotIndustrial robots vary widely in size,shape, number of axes,degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influence the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are form point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by huanbeings.It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of productin tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use tools to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perfor drilling operaytions on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed relatively and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concers.机器人机器人是一种自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵机器的装置，它可以被固定在某地，还可以是移动的以在工业自动化工厂中使用。
英语作文介绍al机器人英文回答：AL Robot, also known as Artificial Life Robot, is a cutting-edge technology that has revolutionized the field of robotics. It is a humanoid robot designed to mimic human behavior and interact with humans in a natural andintuitive way. AL Robot is equipped with advanced sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning algorithms, which enable it to perceive its environment, understand human speech, and respond intelligently to various situations.One of the key features of AL Robot is its ability to learn and adapt. It can learn from its interactions with humans and continuously improve its performance. For example, if a person teaches AL Robot how to perform a specific task, such as making coffee, the robot can learn from this experience and become more proficient at making coffee over time. This adaptability makes AL Robot aversatile and useful companion in various settings, such as homes, hospitals, and offices.Another remarkable aspect of AL Robot is its emotional intelligence. It is programmed to recognize and respond to human emotions, which enhances its ability to engage with people on a deeper level. For instance, if a person is feeling sad, AL Robot can offer words of comfort and support. This emotional connection helps to create a more personalized and meaningful interaction between humans and robots.Furthermore, AL Robot is capable of performing a wide range of tasks, from simple household chores to complex medical procedures. It can assist with cooking, cleaning, and organizing, making it a valuable asset in any household. Additionally, in the field of healthcare, AL Robot canassist doctors and nurses in performing surgeries, administering medication, and monitoring patients. Its precision and accuracy make it an invaluable tool in the medical field.Moreover, AL Robot is designed to be user-friendly and accessible to people of all ages and abilities. Itsinterface is intuitive and easy to navigate, allowing even children and elderly individuals to interact with it effortlessly. This inclusivity ensures that everyone can benefit from the capabilities of AL Robot, regardless of their technological proficiency.In conclusion, AL Robot is a remarkable technological advancement that has transformed the world of robotics. Its ability to learn, adapt, and understand human emotions makes it a versatile and valuable companion. Whether it is assisting with household tasks, providing emotional support, or performing complex medical procedures, AL Robot has the potential to improve the quality of life for individuals in various settings. Its user-friendly interface ensures thatit can be enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities. With continuous advancements in technology, the future of AL Robot looks promising, and we can expect even moreincredible capabilities from this revolutionary invention.中文回答：AL机器人，也被称为人工生命机器人，是一种颠覆性的技术，彻底改变了机器人领域。
Robots机器人中英文翻译Robots机器人With advancements in technology, robots have become an integral part of our daily lives. From manufacturing industries to healthcare and even our homes, robots are taking over various tasks and transforming the way we live. In this article, we will explore the significance of robots and discuss their benefits and drawbacks.机器人在科技的进步下，在我们的日常生活中变得不可或缺。
从制造业到医疗保健，甚至到我们的家庭，机器人正在接管各种任务，改变着我们的生活方式。
本文中，我们将探讨机器人的重要性，并讨论他们的利与弊。
1. The Advantages of Robots 机器人的优势Robots offer numerous benefits in various aspects of our society. Firstly, they improve productivity and efficiency in industries. With their precision and speed, robots can carry out tasks more accurately and faster compared to humans. This leads to increased production rates and reduced errors, ultimately resulting in cost savings for businesses.Secondly, robots minimize the risk to humans in dangerous and hazardous situations. They can be programmed to perform tasks in hazardous environments such as nuclear power plants, mines, or disaster-stricken areas. This reduces the chances of human injuries or fatalities.Thirdly, robots contribute to medical advancements by assisting in surgeries and healthcare. Surgical robots, for example, aid doctors inperforming intricate procedures with enhanced precision and control. Furthermore, robots can also assist with patient care, such as providing support to the elderly or individuals with disabilities.机器人在我们社会的各个方面都提供了众多的优势。
Robot中验证点的使用用Robot进行功能测试时，可以在录制好的脚本中添加验证点来判断脚本执行后程序是否达到了预期的结果。
验证点的思想是通过比较控件的基准值与回放脚本时的值来判断程序是否按照预期的设想在执行[基准值是指录制脚本时所选控件的某些属性，具体取哪些属性依赖于添加的验证点类型]。
通常录制好验证点后，都会生成一个基线数据文件，此文件的值是录制脚本时控件的某些属性的值或者是控件的数据，可以手工修改。
创建验证点时，可以设置重新获取时间及超时时间。
重新获取时间：在回放脚本时如果验证点没有验证成功，Robot将会间隔一段时间去重新获取验证点信息，这个时间就是重新获取时间。
超时时间：在回放脚本时如果验证点没有验证成功，Robot会间隔一段时间去重新获取验证点信息，但是过了一定时间就会停止,接着执行下面的脚本。
这个时间就是超时时间。
一般常用的验证点有以下几种类型：一、Alphanumeric使用Alphanumeric验证点从单行或多行编辑框及其他Robot可以识别的对象中捕获并比较字母或数字的值。
包括CheckBox ,Generic ,GroupBox ,Label, PushButton , RadioButton , ToolBar ,Window（只能处理Caption）。
使用此类验证点可以验证文本的改变，拼写错误，以及确保数值的准确。
增加此类验证点后，会生成一个基准数据文件，可以用Text Comparator打开基准文件进行编辑。
（对于Numeric Equivalence和Numeric Range两类验证点不会生成基准文件，基准值直接生成在脚本的验证函数中，也可以修改）。
Alphanumeric细分为下面的类型：1、Case-Sensitive：验证录制脚本时捕捉到的文字是否与回放脚本时捕捉到的文字匹配（大小写敏感）2、Case-InSensitive：验证录制脚本时捕捉到的文字是否与回放脚本时捕捉到的文字匹配（大小写不敏感）3、Find Sub String Case-Sensitive：录制脚本时捕捉到的文字是否是回放脚本时捕捉到文字的子串（大小写敏感）4、Find Sub String Case-InSensitive：录制脚本时捕捉到的文字是否是回放脚本时捕捉到文字的子串（大小写不敏感）5、Numeric Equivalence:验证录制脚本时捕捉到的值是否与回放脚本时捕捉到的值相等。
深入浅出谈Rational Robot[2008-7-30] Ratoinal Robot是一种可扩展、灵活的功能测试工具，它是Rational Suites 下的一个组件，对于比较熟悉它的测试人员可以修改测试脚本，改进测试的深度。
Ratoinal Robot为菜单、列表、字母数字字符及位图等对象提供了测试用例。
具体来说，它可以做到以下测试：(1)基于GUI的功能测试：它可以记录用户软件的操作，将这些动作转换为脚本(脚本是不区分大小写的)，然后通过回放脚本，来验证软件的功能是否正确。
(2)对网络应用程序进行性能测试：它可以模拟很多虚拟用户来应用网络应用程序，从而判断程序性能是否符合要求。
当然，这也是通过录制和回放脚本来办到的。
根据功能的不同，Robot脚本也可以分为两类SQA Basic脚本与VU 脚本。
这两种脚本分别对应以上的基于GUI功能测试与网络应用程序的性能测试。
它们不能互相换用，而且，不仅它们的用途不同，语法也大相径庭。
SQA Basic用的是Basic语法，而VU脚本用的是C语言的语法。
目前达梦数据库客户端的功能采用Ratoinal Robot进行测试。
对数据库客户端的操作、在需要进行对比验证的时候设置验证点，它都会记录下来并转换成SQA Basic脚本。
当进行测试时，可以使用Ratoinal Robot的脚本的回放功能来达到自动化测试的目的，验证软件的功能是否正确。
下面简单介绍一下Ratoinal Robot在测试达梦数据库的客户端当中的应用。
新建工程第一次使用Ratoinal Robot时，它的Project项是空的，也就是说当前没有项目可用，需要进入到Rational Suites的另一个组件Rational Administrator中去新建一个项目，在Rational Administrator中选择File->New Project，可以打开新建工程的向导，根据向导可以建一个自己命名的项目，设置此项目的密码，密码可以为空。
常用的9种自动化测试工具一、QTP全名HP QuickTest Professional software ，最新的版本为HP QuickTestProfessional 11.0QTP是quicktestProfessional的简称，是一种自动测试工具。
使用QTP的目的是想用它来执行重复的手动测试，主要是用于回归测试和测试同一软件的新版本。
因此你在测试前要考虑好如何对应用程序进行测试，例如要测试那些功能、操作步骤、输入数据和期望的输出数据等QuickTest针对的是GUI应用程序，包括传统的Windows 应用程序，以及现在越来越流行的Web应用。
它可以覆盖绝大多数的软件开发技术，简单高效，并具备测试用例可重用的特点。
其中包括：创建测试、插入检查点、检验数据、增强测试、运行测试、分析结果和维护测试等方面。
二、WinRunnerMercuryInteractive公司的WinRunner是一种企业级的功能测试工具，用于检测应用程序是否能够达到预期的功能及正常运行。
通过自动录制、检测和回放用户的应用操作，WinRunner能够有效地帮助测试人员对复杂的企业级应用的不同发布版进行测试，提高测试人员的工作效率和质量，确保跨平台的、复杂的企业级应用无故障发布及长期稳定运行。
企业级应用可能包括Web应用系统，ERP系统，CRM系统等等。
这些系统在发布之前，升级之后都要经过测试，确保所有功能都能正常运行，没有任何错误。
如何有效地测试不断升级更新且不同环境的应用系统，是每个公司都会面临的问题。
三、RationalRobot是业界最顶尖的功能测试工具，它甚至可以在测试人员学习高级脚本技术之前帮助其进行成功的测试。
它集成在测试人员的桌面IBMRational TestManager上，在这里测试人员可以计划、组织、执行、管理和报告所有测试活动，包括手动测试报告。
这种测试和管理的双重功能是自动化测试的理想开始。
四、AdventNetQEngineAdventNet QEngine是一个应用广泛且独立于平台的自动化软件测试工具，可用于Web功能测试、web性能测试、Java 应用功能测试、JavaAPI测试、SOAP测试、回归测试和Java应用性能测试。
The Evolution and Impact of AL RobotsIn the rapidly advancing world of technology, AL robots have emerged as a significant milestone. These robots, powered by artificial intelligence (AI), arerevolutionizing various industries, from manufacturing to healthcare, and beyond. AL robots are not just machines programmed to perform specific tasks; they are intelligent systems capable of learning, adapting, and interacting with their environment.The core of an AL robot lies in its ability to learnand adapt. Unlike traditional robots, which are programmedto follow a fixed set of instructions, AL robots can learn from experience and adjust their behavior accordingly. This learning can be either supervised, where the robot istrained using labeled data, or unsupervised, where therobot learns from unlabeled data by itself.In the manufacturing sector, AL robots are being usedto automate repetitive and high-precision tasks. They can work around the clock, without the need for rest or breaks, significantly increasing production efficiency. Furthermore,AL robots can adapt to changes in the manufacturing process, enabling flexible and agile production lines.In healthcare, AL robots are playing a crucial role in areas like surgery, rehabilitation, and patient care. Surgical robots, for instance, can perform complex surgical procedures with greater precision and reduced risk of human error. Rehabilitation robots help patients recover from strokes or other neurological conditions by providing tailored therapy sessions. AL robots in patient care can monitor patients' health status, administer medication, and provide timely alerts to medical staff.Beyond these traditional industries, AL robots are finding applications in areas like education, entertainment, and even space exploration. In education, AL robots can serve as personalized learning partners, adapting to students' learning styles and providing customized feedback. In entertainment, AL robots are being used as virtual assistants, companions, and even as performers in concerts and other events.However, the rise of AL robots also presents challenges and ethical considerations. One of the primary concerns isthe displacement of human workers by robots. As AL robots become more capable, they may replace humans in many jobs, leading to job losses and societal upheaval. Additionally, there are concerns about the privacy and security implications of AL robots collecting and analyzing vast amounts of personal data.Despite these challenges, the future of AL robots looks bright. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect AL robots to become more intelligent, autonomous, and interconnected. They will play an increasingly importantrole in shaping our society and economy, and it will be crucial for us to address the ethical and societal implications of this rapid technological development.**AL机器人的演变与影响**在科技迅速发展的世界中，AL机器人已成为一个重要的里程碑。
