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英语知识3. 转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。
在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。
在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。
在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
如：(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
(名词转动词)（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) (4) I'm all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。
（介词转动词）（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。
（动词转名词）（6）In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。
英译汉-汉译英翻译技巧英译汉技巧一、英译汉翻译的基本程序1.通读并透彻理解原文。
翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。
边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。
2. 组织语言。
考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。
3. 表达。
考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。
4. 审校。
这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。
考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。
二、英汉翻译的基本方法1. 直译与意译直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。
如：Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work.Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work.直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。
意译：幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。
或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。
很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。
当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。
一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。
只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。
2. 顺译法（又名句型对应法）顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。
英汉翻译常⽤的⽅法和技巧练习（⼆）⼀、翻译句⼦，注意right 在句中的词类来确定它的词义1. it is not right for children to sit up late 孩⼦们睡得晚不好adj2. the plane was right above out heads 飞机正好在我们头上⾯ adv3. in the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed照⽚底⽚上，左右⿊⽩与正⽚恰好相反n4. she tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery她尽⼒为她丈夫被控抢劫伸冤v⼆、翻译句⼦，注意根据上下⽂及搭配关系来确定斜体词的词义account for1. he is ill; that accounts for his absence.他病了，这就是他缺席的原因2. In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy他在这场战⽃中消灭了五个敌⼈3. i want you to account for every cent you spent我要你把花费的每分钱都交代清楚make up1. if the stove isnt't made up, it will go out如不添煤，炉⼦就会熄灭2. there isn't any girl called Clementine. he's just made her up根本没有个叫。
的姑娘，全是他捏造出来的3. half the roads in the rigion are still to be made up这地区的路⾯有⼀半还没有修好4. society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.社会是由具有迥然不同的能⼒的⼈组成的figure1. the foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures对外贸易的数字由了空前的增长2. dr. elion was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning。
英译汉的翻译方法和技巧英译汉的翻译方法和技巧语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。
英汉语句中的、主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的，但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。
一、定语位置的调整1．单词作定语英文中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。
有时英文中有后置的，但译成汉语时一般都前置。
somethingimportant （后置）重要的事情（前置）如果英文中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。
alittle, yellow， raggedbeggar （前置）一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛（后置）2．短语作定语英文中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。
theirattempttocrosstheriver （后置）他们渡江的企图（前置）二、状语位置的调整1．单词作状语Hewasveryac ti veinclass.（前置）他在班上很活跃，专业英文《专业英文的翻译技巧讲与练》。
（前置）英文中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。
Modernscienceand technologyaredevelopingrapidly.（后置）现代科学技术正在迅速发展。
（前置）2．短语作状语英文中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。
Seeing this, someofusbecameveryworried. （前置）看到这种情况，我们有些人心里很着急。
（前置）Ajeepfullspedfast, drenchingmeinspray.（后置）一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过,溅了我一身水。
（后置）英文中地点状语一般在时间状语之前,而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。
因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。
总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。
4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
汉译英翻译常用技巧汉译英是语言转换的过程，需要结合语言特点和句子结构来进行翻译。
下面是汉译英翻译常用技巧的一些要点：1.注意词语的使用在翻译过程中，应注意选择适当的词语，避免使用生硬的直译。
可以根据句子的具体语境来选择合适的词语，充分考虑词义、语体、文化背景等因素。
2.理解词语的多义性汉语中的词语通常有多个义项，需要根据上下文确定正确的翻译。
在翻译过程中，要注意词语的多义性，避免产生歧义。
3.注意语法结构中英语法结构有很大差异，所以在翻译过程中要注意语法结构的转换。
例如，英语中主谓宾的语序与汉语有所不同，需要注意将句子结构调整为符合英语语法的形式。
4.注意动词的时态英语中的动词时态较为复杂，需要根据上下文确定正确的时态。
在翻译过程中，要注意将动词的时态正确地转换为英语的对应形式。
5.注意做动词的“的”和“得”在汉语中，“的”和“得”在做动词时的用法相似，但在英语中它们有不同的翻译。
一般情况下，“的”翻译为“的”或“的”；“得”翻译为“to”或“must”。
6.使用适当的连词在汉译英翻译中，使用适当的连词能够使句子更加流畅。
常用的连词有“but”、“and”、“or”等。
根据句子的逻辑关系和语境，选择合适的连词来进行翻译。
7.注意上下文的衔接在翻译过程中，要注意将上下文的信息进行衔接，以确保翻译准确传达原文的意思。
在处理复杂句子时，要注意将上下文中的重要信息和语法结构准确地表达出来。
8.考虑文化差异汉英翻译中需要考虑不同文化背景对表达方式的影响。
在翻译过程中，要注意在尊重原文的同时，将信息准确传达给目标读者。
9.使用合适的术语和行业词汇根据具体领域的需求，要选择合适的术语和行业词汇。
在翻译过程中，要了解所涉及领域的专业术语，确保翻译的准确性和专业性。
10.多加练习翻译是一项技能，需要通过不断的练习来提高。
多进行汉译英的练习，积累翻译经验，提高翻译的准确性和流利度。
总之，汉译英的翻译技巧是一个不断学习和掌握的过程，通过不断的练习和积累，可以提高翻译的准确性和质量。
英语翻译技巧英译汉：一、词义的选择和引伸技巧英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。
一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。
在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手。
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。
翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。
这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。
1、词义转译。
当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。
2、词义具体化。
根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。
3、词义抽象化。
根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。
二、词类转译技巧在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。
英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
2、转译成名词。
英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。
3、转译成形容词。
英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。
另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
4、转译成副词。
英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
主语的选择①名词特性②搭配合理③主题突出④注意尾重⑤注意连贯①名词特性主语必须是名词，包括名词短语，名词性从句，也包括具有名词特性的-ing分词,动词不定式to do全球发展不平衡加剧。
Imbalance in global development has widened.求和平、谋发展、促和平已经成为各国人民的普遍愿望。
To promote peace, development and cooperation has become the shared aspiration of people across the world.建设生态文明，是关系人民福祉、民族未来的长远大计。
Promoting ecological progress is a long-term task of vital importance to the People’s well-being and China’s future. (to do 也可以)②搭配合理上海豫园的九曲桥，景随步移，美不胜收，旅游小册子中有这样一句话：每一次转折都会看到不同的景色。
Every turning can see/admire/enjoy a different view. ???转折做主语吗？中文是话题为主的，汉语看上去是主语，实际在英文中不过是时间，是地点或是状语。
唐朝出现了真正意义上的中国传统园林建筑。
园林出现了在唐朝。
Traditional Chinese architecture in a real sense first emerged/appeared in the Tang Dynasty.宋朝发明了活版印刷术。
③主题突出第四十一届世博会规模为历届之最。
The scale of the 41st World Expo is the biggest of its kind???The 41st World Expo is the biggest of its kind in scale.中国古典园林规模大小不等。
英译汉常用的方法和技巧英译汉常用的方法和技巧引导语：英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。
一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬1.一词多义(Polysemy)regularregular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasolinedelicatedelicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food2.注意有线词的词义He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction conceptHis novel is a mirror of the times.The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific conceptIn two years, he was a national phenomenon.Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.4.词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.5.ExercisesI have no opinion of that sort of man.She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.The picture flattered her.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.二、词类转译法(一)转译成动词(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)My admiration for him grew more.He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.I am no drinker, nor smoker.The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.We are fortunate in our opponent.Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)He said the meeting was informative.They were news-hungry.It was a very informative meeting.(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.It has snowed over.Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?(二)转译成名词(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)She knows what’s what.They thought differently.TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.He roared, which threatened his enemies away.The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.(2)形容词转译成名词The new treaty would be good for ten years.The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.(三)转译成形容词名词转译成形容词Their physical experiment was a success.The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.(四)其他词类转译副词转译成名词The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.The image must be dimensionally correct.三、被动语态的`译法(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.2. It should be understood that to err is human.(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.3. He was set upon by two naked men.4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.四、增词法(一)名词、动名词前增补动词1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.(二)英语抽象名词的翻译1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.2. Many changes take place during the transformation.3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词1. It was a Godsend to him.2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.(四)增添“概括”性的词1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen andnitrogen.5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.2. Those were the words that were to make the world blos som for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.(七)增补量词1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb,a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.(八)增补表示复数含义的词1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.【英译汉常用的方法和技巧】。
