被动语态
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被动语态英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者一. 被动语态使用要点：1. 不及物动词/不及物性短语动词不能用于被动语态appear, die, happen, occur, belong to, break out, take place2. 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态英语中有些动词/短语动词不是表示动作，而是表示某种状态或情况，有“拥有，容纳，适合，缺少，明白”等意。
这类词不能用于被动语态。
lack, fit, mean, hold, have, cost, contain, suit, last, become, possess, benefit, fail, look like二构成：被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋p．p．一般过去时：was／were＋p．p．一般将来时：shall ／will be ＋p．p．现在完成时：have ／has been ＋p．p．现在进行时：am／is／are＋being＋p．p．过去将来时：should ／would be ＋p．p．含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词＋be＋p．p．带不定式的被动结构：The homework needs to be done with care.※将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：一．含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
例如：He told us a story．（变被动语态）→We were told a story（by him）．或：A story was told to us by him．有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通，或不习惯，也须转用直接宾语作主语。
如：My girl friend writes me a letter every week．I am written a letter by my girl friend every week．（错句）A letter is written to me by my girl friend every week．类似的动词有：return，send，pass，hand，sell，teach等。
二、短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。
1 动词＋介词：agree to, ask for, call for, laugh at, listen to, look after, operate on, send for, talk about, think of等。
a．The doctor has already been sent for．b．The news has never been heard of before．类似的短语动词有：call on，look after，talk about，look at，ask for，wait for．．．2．动词＋副词：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, take up, think over, turn down, turn out, wipe out, work out等。
a．A new play will be put on (上演) next week．b．The problem has been worked out．3．动词＋副词＋介词：do away with, face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for, put up with，类似的短语动词有：get out of，look out of，get on with，get along with (与。
相处)，等。
a．The poor were looked down upon before liberation．解放前穷人被人瞧不起。
b．He was looked up to by everyone．他被人们所敬仰。
catch up with (赶上)，keep up with (跟上)．．．4．动词＋名词＋介词类似的短语动词有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire /light to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of 等。
a．Lin Fen can take good care of your children．1）Your children can be taken good care of by Lin Feng．2）Good care can be taken of your children by Lin Feng．b．They never paid attention to (注意、关注) the matter．1）The matter was never paid attention to．2）Attention was never paid to the matter．三。
带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。
例如：We always keep the classroom clean.(比较：The classroom is always kept clean.)四。
有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思。
1。
表示开始，结束类的动词。
Start, open, begin, close, stop. EndThe meeting ended at11 o’clock.2。
表示烹调，饮食方面的。
The meat is cooking now.3. 表示主语的特征和状态的(后需加adv. well/easily)。
read, write, sell, clean, wash, wear, burn, lock等The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这枝笔很好用The girl does not photograph well.(强调女孩的特点，不上照。
)The girl has not been photographed well.（与女孩本人无关，在于摄影师没有照好。
）4。
表示“需要”need/want/require doing = need/want/require to be done5 be to blame/be to rent 主动表被动6. be + adj. + 不定式此类形容词有easy/ hard/comfortable/dangerous/difficult/heavy/fit7.感官动词和系动词+adj. feel/ look/smell/sound/taste/prove….The water feels cold.8. be worth + doing6）下列情况主动句不能改成被动句：①谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等。
②谓语是不可拆开的短语动词take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of等。
③宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。
7）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。
例如：据说…… It is said that …希望… … It is hoped that …据推测说… … It is supposed that …必须承认… … It must be admitted that …必须指出… … It must be pointed out that … 众所周知… … It is well known that …注意：这种结构可改为“Sb/Sth + be + pp + 动词不定式” 。
例如：It is said that Tom has got the first place in the exam.=Tom is said to have got the first place inthe place.It was reported that her mother died of SARS.=Her mother was reported to have died of SARS.※被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。
试比较：The window is broken．窗子破了。
（系表结构）The window is broken by him．窗子被他打破了。
（被动语态）。
