专八人文知识(文学常识)

人文知识文学篇：1． Edmund Spencer 是英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的诗人，被誉为“诗人中的诗人”"Poet’s Poet"，首创“斯宾塞诗体Spencerian Stanza” (a verse form consisting of eight iambic pentameter lines)。

杰出作品《仙后》（The Faerie Queene），被誉为文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗”。

2．乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift: 18世纪英国爱尔兰讽刺小说和散文大家，用散文和小说两柄利器抨击英王朝的腐败、昏暗与罪恶。

作品：游记体讽刺小说Gulliver’s Travels、A Modest Proposal（谴责英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫）。

3． Francis Scott Fitzgerald，二十世纪美国小说家。

请注意他并不是“迷惘的一代”的代表作家，但与之相似，作品表现了一战后年轻一代“美国梦”的破灭。

代表作品有：The Great Gatsby（他最有声誉的小说），This Side of Paradise，T ender Is the Night ，T ales of the Jazz Age4． Alliteration: 在头韵体诗歌里，一行里的几个单词以相同的辅音开头。

例如：might and main, saints and sinners 等。

英语解释：Alliteration is a rhetorical device. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.5．朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow，19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。

他去世后英国的威斯敏斯特教堂的“诗人之角”Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey安放了他的半身像，是美国唯一获此殊荣的诗人。

专八人文知识总结人文知识广泛涵盖了人类文化、历史、艺术、哲学等领域的知识内容，是对人类智慧和精神创造的总结与归纳。

在专八考试中，人文知识是一个重要的考察点，下面将对人文知识进行总结与梳理。

一、文化艺术1. 中国传统文化：中国悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴是中华民族的瑰宝，包括中国儒家思想、道家思想、佛教文化、中国古代文学、绘画、书法以及传统音乐、舞蹈等。

这些都是中国文化的精髓，也是中国人民的精神支柱。

2. 西方文化：西方文化源远流长，包括希腊罗马文化、基督教文化、文艺复兴运动、启蒙运动、现代主义艺术等。

西方文化对世界文化的发展和影响不可忽视，它形成了独特的西方审美观和艺术风格。

3. 艺术形式与艺术家：艺术是人类精神的表达和创造，包括音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑、文学等艺术形式。

世界上有很多伟大的艺术家，如达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚、贝多芬等，他们的作品影响了世界，并成为人类文化的瑰宝。

二、历史1. 世界古代史：古代文明的兴衰是人类社会发展的缩影，从埃及、希腊、罗马到中国、印度等，每个古代文明都有其独特的历史背景和文化特点。

了解这些古代文明对于理解人类文明发展的脉络和演变具有重要意义。

2. 中国近现代史：中国的近现代史经历了清朝的衰落、封建社会的瓦解、列强入侵、辛亥革命、抗日战争、解放战争和新中国的建立等重大事件。

深入了解中国近现代史，可以理解中国社会的变革和现代化进程。

3. 世界现代史：20世纪是世界历史上变革最为剧烈的时期，包括两次世界大战、冷战、殖民地解放、科技革命等重大事件。

掌握世界现代史的知识，可以理解世界格局的演变和国际关系的发展。

三、哲学思想1. 中国哲学思想：中国哲学思想独具特色，包括儒家思想、道家思想、墨家思想、法家思想、名家思想等。

这些思想体系对中国社会和人民的思维方式和行为准则产生了深远影响。

2. 西方哲学思想：西方哲学思想源远流长，包括柏拉图主义、亚里士多德主义、康德哲学、黑格尔哲学、存在主义等。

英国文学~《贝奥武甫》（The story of Beowulf）代表着古英语的最高成就，是英国文学中现存的最古老的头韵史诗（alliterative epic),是一首异教诗（pagan poem),展现了部落社会（tribal society）的景象威廉.朗格拉（William Langland）主要描写下层人民生活，《耕者皮尔斯》（Piers the Plowman）--与《坎特伯雷故事集》并称为早期英国文学的两大巨作杰弗里.乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）被誉为；“英国诗歌之父”（the father of English Poetry）“英国小说之父”（th father of English Fiction）《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）--未完成，只有24个故事托马斯.怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt)他是第一个将十四行诗（sonnet）引进英国文学的人.埃德蒙.斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）被誉为“诗人中的诗人”（The poets’poet），并有“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）的称号《牧羊人日记》（The Shepherd's Calendar)《新婚喜歌》（Epithalamion）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）--开创了“斯宾塞诗体”（Spenserian Stanza）托马斯.莫尔（Thomas More）《乌托邦》（Utopia）--为其代表作弗朗西斯.培根（Francis Bacon)《论说文集》(Essays)--是英国文学史上第一部散文题材作品。

是英国散文发展的里程碑。

里斯托夫.马洛（Chriistopher Marlowe）马洛是莎士比亚之前最伟大的剧作家，是“大学才子派”(University wits),他首创戏剧的创作手法“无韵诗”（blank verse）,他的作品为莎士比亚的戏剧铺平了道路。

TEM8 人文知识文学部分●测试要求：能初步具备英语文学知识。

●考点：重要作家、作品、流派、文学类型、年份●分值：3分Quiz1. George Bernard Shaw was a(n)__A. playwrightB. poetC. novelistD. essayist2. John Galsworthy was most famous for___.A. Heart of DarknessB. UlyssesC. The Forsyte SagaD. A Passage to India3. The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by___.A. Henry JamesB. O. HenryC. Harriet Beecher StowerD. Mark Twain4. Which of the following was written by Thoreau?A. NatureB. Walde nC. The Scarlet LetterD. The Fall of the House of Usher5. The book that gives a fairly accurate picture of southern plantation life is __.A. An American TragedyB. The Call of the WildC. Uncle Tom’s CabinD. A Hazard of New Fortunes6. Which of the following is NOT the Noble Prize winner?A. Ernest HemingwayB. Eugene O’NeilC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald7. What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?A. NovelB. DramaC. EssayD. Poetry8. Which of the following is the novel by Jane Austen?A. FrankensteinB. Sense and SensibilityC. Kuba KhanD. Don Juan9. Which is William Thackeray’s masterpiece?A. The VirginiansB. V anity FairC. The Book of SnobsD. The News Comes10. Which of the following writers was NOT associated with modernism?A. D.H. LawrenceB. E. M. ForsterC. Charles DickensD. Virginia Woolf(1—5：A C D B C 6-10: D B B B C)Basic Literary Genre●Poem●drama●Essay●Fiction●Short storyPoemA. Narrative:●RomanceRomance: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages(5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous(恋爱的）subjects and characters.The tern was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table. Later prose and verse narrative, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, like most romances they stress adventure and supernatural elements.●Ballads（民歌，歌谣）:three eight-line stanzas with a concluding stanza of four liens called an envoy(结尾）●Epic: (Homer,荷马）Iliad ,Odyssey，BeowulfEpic: It is, originally, an oral long narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style.Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance,involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual, thereby giving unity to the composition. Typically, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical combat; the stylistic conventions such as an invocation (祈祷）to the Muse, a formal statement of the theme, long Lists of the protagonists involved, and set speeches couched in elevated language. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. The characteristics of the hero of an epic are national rather than individual. At other times epic may synthesize the ideals ofa great religious or cultural movement. The Divine Comedy by the Italian poet Dante expresses thefaith of medieval Christianity. The Faerie Queene by the English poet Edmund Spenser represents the spirit of the Renaissance in England and like Paradise Lost by John Milton, represents the ideals of Christian humanism.B. Lyric:●Sonnet,Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme, expressing different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling, sometimes resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem.Two main forms of the sonnet are:The Petrarchan, or Italian (8+6)：octave+sestetE.g. Elizabeth Browning: Sonnets from the PortugueseThe English, or Shakesperean(4+4+4+2: three quatrains +one couplet(Robert Browning: Ulysses, written in the form of dramatic monologue)Spenserian Stanza: In The Faerie Queene, Spenser, a poet in the 16th century, originated a nine-line verse stanza, now known as the Spenserian stanza: the first eight lines are iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格）, and the ninth, iambic hexameter (六步抑扬格）.●ode（颂诗）Ode: It is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Odes originally songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.Eg.Percy B. Shelly: Ode to the West WindJohn Keats: Ode to a Nightgale(夜莺颂）Ode on Melancholy (忧郁颂），Ode on a Grecian Urn (希腊古瓮颂）●elegy (挽歌）●Elegy: It is, originally in classical Greek and Roman literature, a poem composed ofcouplets. Classical elegies addressed various subjects, including love, lamentation, and politics, and were characterized by their metric form. The best elegy in English is Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, written by Thomas Gray, which treats not just a single death but the human condition as well. The most famous example of the pastoral elegy is Lycidas, by the English poet John Milton.●Free Verse(不受格律约束的)自由诗体A type of poetry that deliberately seeks to free itself from the restriction imposed bytraditionally fixed conventions of meter, rhyme, and stanza. Free verse is now often poetry in open forms.E.g. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass●Blank Verse无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的五音步诗行）Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter●Dramatic IronyThe reader’s awareness of a discrepancy (difference) between a character’s perception of his or her own situation or activities, or of their consequences and the true nature of that situation or those consequences. E.g. It is frequently employed in Shakespeare’s many plays such as The Merchant of V enice, Macbeth and so on.A Brief Survey of British Literature●I.Old and Medieval English Literature(5th-14th Century)●II. The Renaissance Period (14th- mid-17th)●III. The Neoclassical Period（mid-17th-18th century）●IV. The Romantic Period (1798-1832)●V. The Victorian Period (1837-1901)●VI. The Modern Period (late 19th C---)I. Old and Medieval English Literature(5th-14th Century)A. The historical backgroundSince the historical times England where the early inhabitants were Celts has been conquered three times. It was conquered by the Romans, the English, and the Normans. And of the three it was only the English conquest that had lasting effects.(1) In 43 A.D. the Romans landed in Britain, and ruled England for almost 4 centuries, but the Celts still kept their own language, custom and religion.(2)When the Roman Empire declined and its troops left England, the tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded the island from Northern Europe around the fifth century. They drove the native Celts away from England into Wales, Scotland, and even into Ireland across the sea. The three tribes gradually settled down and mixed into a whole people called English.(3) In 1066, the Normans conquered England.B. Important writers and worksEnglish Epic:BeowulfGeoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400): The Canterbury Tales(The first Realistic writer, father of English poetry, Master of the English language)II. The Renaissance Period (14th- mid-17th)●It first started in Florence and Venice of Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture andarchitecture. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.●The word “Renaissance”, which means rebirth or revival, is usually regarded as the result of a newemphasis upon the newly discovered Greek and Roman classics and the combination or comprise of a newly interpreted Christian tradition and an ardently admired tradition of pagan classical culture. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.●Renaissance, therefore, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholarsmade attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic church authorities.Important writers and works●Thomas More( 1478-1535): Utopia 《乌托邦》●Edmund Spenser (1552-1599): The Faerie Queen《仙后》;The Shepherd Calendar《牧羊人日志》●Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593): Edward II,Dr. Faustus,Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》,The Jew of Malta,The Passionate Shepherd to His Love●William Shakespeare (1564-1616): History plays, comedy, tragedy, romantic tragicomediesThe greatest four tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethComedies: The Comedy of Errors,Love’s Labour’s Lost,As You like It,Twelfth Night,The Merchant of Venice,The Merry Wives of Windsor,Much Ado About Nothing●Ben Jonson : The Alchemist《炼金术士》●Francis Bacon: Essays●John Donne: (the representative of the metaphysics of the 17th century) The Elegies and SatiresJohn Milton: Paradise Lost,Paradise Regain,Samson Agonistes●John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》III. The Neoclassical Period（mid-17th-18th century）The eighteenth-century England is also, better, known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time. The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality),equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their societyLiterature of the Period:●Neoclassical poetry and prose ( the last decades of the 17th to the early decades of the 18th century) ●The rise and flourish of modern realistic novel in the middle years of the 18th century●Gothic novel and the sentimental and pre-romantic poetry and fiction in the last decades of the18th century.Important writers and works●Alexander Pope (1688-1744): An Essay on Criticism;Odyssey;The Rape of the Lock●Daniel Defoe (1660-1731): Robinson Crusoe●Samuel Richardson (1689-1761): Pamela●Henry Fielding (father of the English novel): The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling●Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language●Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal●Gulliver’s Travels: a satire on the 18th-century English society. It includes four parts: Lilliput (小人国）, Brobdingnag (巨人国），flying Island of Laputa, Houyhnhnms (horses with reasons)●Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》IV. The Romantic Period (1798-1832)●English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.●The Romantic period is an age of poetry. In the preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.”Important poets & poems of the period●Robert Burns(1759-1796) (famous for his poems written in Scots):My Heart’s in the Highland;A Red, Red Rose●William Blake (1757-1827):Song of Experience;Song of InnocenceLake PoetsWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850):Lyrical Ballads,(worshipper of nature) My Heart Leaps Up,The Prelude 《序曲》,To the Cuckoo●Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834): Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》;The Fall of theBastille●Robert Southey : John of Arc《圣女贞德》Byron, Shelley, and Keats●George Gordon Byron (1788-1824): Cain,Don Juan,Oriental Tales《东方叙事诗》●Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822):Ode to a Skylark《云雀颂》Ode to the West Wind,Prometheus Unbound《解放的普罗米修斯》●John Keats（1795-1821）:Ode on a Grecian Um,Ode to AutumnOde to Nightingale●Mary Shelly: Frankenstein 《科学怪人》其他:●Jane Austen ( 1775-1817):Emma,Mansfield Park,Pride and Prejudice,Sense and Sensibility,Northanger Abbey,Persuasion●Sir Walter Scott: historical novelsV. The Victorian Period (1837-1901)By this time, romanticism gradually gave way to realism, and the novel gradually became the dominant form of literature.●Two Poets:●Alfred Tennyson: Idylls of the King《国王之歌》●Robert Browning: famous for his dramatic monologueThe Seraphim and other poems《天使及其他》, The Ring and the Book《戒指与书》（his masterpiece)Important writers and works●Charles Dickens (1812-1870): A Tale of Two Cities,David Copperfield,Great Expectations,Oliver Twist,Hard Times,The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》,Bleak House 《荒凉之屋》●William Thackeray（1811-1863）: Vanity Fair《名利场》●Thomas Hardy(1840-1928): Far From the Madding CrownJude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》Tess of the D’UrbervillesThe Mayor of CasterbridgeThe Return of the NativeUnder the Greenwood Tree 《绿荫下》●Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)(put forward aestheticism : art for art’s sake):The Picture of Dorain GrayAn Ideal HusbandA Woman of No Importance●Robert Louis Stevenson: Treasure IslandWomen Writers: Bronte Sisters and George Eliot●Charlotte Bronte: Jane EyreProfessorShirley●Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights●Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey●George Eliot：Middlemarch,The Mill on the Floss,Silas Marner 《职工马南传》VI. The Modern Period (late 19th C---)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the idea of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.(1)Modernism marks a strong and conscious break with the past.(2)Modernism emphasizes on the need to move away from the public to the private, from the objectiveto the subjective.(3)Modernism upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the psychic time over the chronologicalone.(4)Modernism is a reaction against realism. The works can be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry, oranti-drama.Famous Irish Authors(1)George Bernald Shaw (1856-1950):He is considered as the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. Some of his plays can be termed as problem plays. He got Nobel Prize in 1925.Major Barbara 《芭芭拉少校》Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionWidowers’ HousesPygmalion《皮格马力翁》Man and Superman, Arms and ManThe Apple CartThe Devil’s Disciple(2)William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)(got Noble Prize in 1923):The Land of Heart’s Desire(3)James Joyce (1882-1941): (famous fo r his “stream of consciousness)A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManDublinersUlyssesFinnegans WakeOther Important Writers●Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): Mrs. Dalloway,To the LighthouseThe Waves 《海浪》● D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930): Lady Chatterley’s LoversSons and Lovers,The Rainbow,The White Peacock,Women in Love●T.S.Eliot(1888-1965) (got Noble Prize in 1948 for his poem Four Quartets. Poet, dramatist &Critic.): Murder in the CathedralThe Waste LandOn Poetry & PoetsThe Use of Poetry●Joseph Conrad: Heart of DarknessLord Jim● E.M.Foster: A Passage to IndiaA Room with a View●John Galsworthy: （got Noble Prize in 1932): The Forsyte Saga《福塞特家史》A Modern ComedyTo LetOther Noble Prize winners:●Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot (1969)●Rudyard Kipling: the first English author to be awarded the Noble Prize for literature in 1907.●W.B. Yeats (1923)A Brief Survey of American LiteratureOutline:●The Literature around the Independence Revolution (mid-17th-18th Century)●American Romanticism (1810-1865)●American Realism (1865-1910)●American Naturalism●American Modernism(1912--)●African American Writers●American DramaI. The Literature around the Independence Revolution (mid-17th-18th Century)●Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s Almanac●Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826): third president of the U.S. (1801-1809), author of The Declarationof Independence. (the 2nd president of the U.S. is John Adams)●Philip Freneau: poet of the American RevolutionII. American Romanticism (1810-1865)American Romanticism was also called American Renaissance. It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, the intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group.1. Early Romantic Writers●Washington Irving (1783-1859): Rip V an WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy HollowThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》●James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851): The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》The Prairie《大草原》边疆小说：The Pioneers《拓荒者》Leatherstocking Tales2. New England TranscendentalismIn 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published a little book called Nature. “The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul,”it says. “Spirit is present everywhere.”Nature’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.Transcendentalism(1)philosophical definition: The recognition of man’s obt aining (attaining) knowledge by transcendingthe reach of the senses/independent of senses, emphasizing intuition.(2) A literary movementa. emphasize spirit, or the Oversoul (超灵）as the most important thing in the universe.b. stress the importance of i ndividual, regarding the individual is divine.c. offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. This in turn added to thetradition of literary symbolism in American literature.Two Great Transcendentalists●Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882）：Nature: the manifesto of American transcendentalismThe American Scholar: America’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceSelf-RelianceDivinity School AddressThe Transcendentalist●Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862): Walden 《瓦尔登湖》Civil Disobedience●(Louisa May Alcott : Little Women)3. Late Romantic Writers●Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864): The Scarlet LetterThe Hose of the Seven GablesThe Marble FaunMosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》●Herman Melville (1819-1891): Moby Dick;Typee●Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849): (father of the American detective stories)The Fall of the House of Usher;Poems: The Raven; To Helen4. Famous poets●Walt Whitman (1819-1892): Leaves of GrassSong of Myself●Emily Dickinson（1830-1886): I Heard a Fly Buzz When I DiedBecause I Could Not Stop for DeathMy Life Closed Twice before its CloseI Died for BeautyIII. American Realism (1865-1910)Major features of Realism:●Straightforward or matter-of-fact matter●Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people●Objective rather than idealistic view of human nature●Present moral visionsImportant writers and works●Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896): Uncle Tom’s Cabin●Mark Twain (1835-1910):local colorist (Hemingway once said, “All great American literature camefrom one book called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”)The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Gilded AgeThe Prince and the PauperThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,The Innocence Abroad●Henry James (1843-1916): He is considered the founder of psychological realism, and focuses oninternational themes.The AmericanThe Portrait of a LadyThe AmbassadorsThe Wings of the DoveDaisy MillerThe Golden BowlThe BosoniansIV. American Naturalism●Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945): Sister CarrieJennie GerhardtAn American Tragedy (his greatest work)●Stephen Crane (1871-1900): The Red Badge of CourageMaggie: A Girl of the Streets●Henry: the father of American short stories: Cabbages and Kings 《白菜与国王》Road of Destiny 《命运之路》The Cop and the AnthemThe Gift of the MagiA Service of Love《爱的牺牲》●Jack London: The Call of the WildThe Son of the WolfThe Sea-wolfWhite FangMartin EdenIV. American Modernism (1912--)1. Modern Poetry●Ezra Pound (1885-1972): In a Station of the MetroPisan Cantos《比萨诗章》●Robert Frost (1874-1963): His poetry focused on the landscape and people in New England.New Hampshire,Mending Wall,After Apple-picking,The Death of the Hired Man,The Road Not Taken●T.S. Eliot2. Modern Fiction●Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961): spokesman of the Lost GenerationA Farewell to ArmsFor Whom the Bell TollsThe Sun Also Rises (1925)The Old Man and the SeaDeath in the Afternoon● F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940): the literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.The Great GatsbyTender is the NightTales of the Jazz AgeThe Side of ParadiseThe Last Tycoon●William Faulkner: The Sound and the FuryLight in AugustAbsalom, AbsalomGo Down, Moses●John Steinbeck: The Grapes of WrathThe Pearl●John Dos Passos: U.S.A TrilogyMinor Writers●Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951): the first American writer to get Noble Prize for literatureMain StreetBaddit●J.D. Salinger: （1919--）: The Catcher in the Rye 《麦田的守望者》●Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997): Howl●Saul Bellow: (Jewish writer, got Nobel prize in 1976) Seize the Day●Joseph Heller: Catch-22●Jack Kerouac (1922-1969): On the Road《在路上》African American Writers●(1940s) Richard Wright:Native Son,Black Boy●(1950s) Ralph Ellison: Invisible Man●James Baldwin:Go Tell It on the Mountain (1954)●Alex Haley: Roots (1976)●Alice Walker: The Color Purple●Toni Morrison:( the first African American woman to get Nobel Prize in 1993)The Bluest Eye,BelovedSong of SolomonParadiseJazzAmerican Drama●Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953):美国戏剧之父The greatest American dramatist, and got PulitzerPrize for 4 times, and the Nobel Prize in 1936.Beyond the Horizon《天边外》（成名作）Emperor JonesAll the God’s Children Got WingsDesire Under the ElmsThe Iceman Cometh●Arthur Miller (1915--): Death of a SalesmanNoble Prize Winners●Sinclair Lewis (1930)●Eugene O’Neill (1936): Beyond the Horizon●T.S. Eliot (1948)●William Faulkner (1949)●Ernest Hemingway (1954)●John Steinbeck (1963): The Grapes of Wrath●Toni Morrison (1993)。

专八必背人文知识1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。

5分钟搞定专八人文知识关键词：腐国文学(1)一、古英语时期的英国文学(499-1066)1、贝奥武夫Beowulf（公元八世纪）：是迄今为止发现的英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古老、最长的一部较完整的文学作品，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2、阿尔弗雷德大帝Alfred the Great ：英国散文之父Father of English Prose二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、暗讽体allegory非常盛行：这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.2、Romance 开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士S ir Gawain and the Green Knight：反映了骑士制度chivalry的理想，是中世纪封建贵族文化的精髓。

4、威廉·兰格伦Willian Langlaud ：著有《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》Piers Plowman5、乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer：坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体) The Canterbury Tales 。

在英国文学史上，他是第一个使用十音节“双韵体”的诗人，这个诗体后来在他首创下，演化成了“英雄双韵体”，“英雄双韵体”为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用。

他也因此被誉为“英国诗歌之父”Father of English poetry。

6、托马斯.马洛礼Sir Thomas Malory 《亚瑟王之死》The Death of King Arthur三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学(伊丽莎白时代)(14-16世纪)1、托马斯.莫尔Sir Thomas More ：《乌托邦》Utopia2、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特和 Henry Howard亨利·霍华德把十四行诗sonnet引入英国3、菲利普·锡德尼Philips Sidney：著有《诗辩》The defense of Poesie，这是伊丽莎白时代文学批评的最佳之作；《阿卡迪亚》Arcadia 描述田园生活，为现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞Edmund Spenser ：《仙后》The Faerie Queene。

专八人文知识一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。

③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。

议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。

司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。

1、英语国家地理概况4分2、英美文学部分3分3、词汇部分3分这十分分值虽然相对较小，但覆盖面挺大，比如地理概况就包括六个英语国家的基本知识，复习起来似乎有点力不从心，其实不然。

I、先拿第一个来说，地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面，在复习其他四个国家时不用那么深入，只要知其一二即可（首都/首府总得记吧？），而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解，只是没有系统地去整理，如果在整理一遍之后，我想会柳暗花明！当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解，那我说你已吃定这4分。

II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了，特别对于那些在平时对它忽略不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手，不用慌，你慌也没用，只有拿起课本，将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作（最简单的复习方式）列在一起，进行归类，即可。

如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些他们的写作特点，作品中的主人公等。

III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的，复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚，把Chomski和另外有名的语言学家对应的理论记一下就可。

当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋友说的。

对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下，做到疏而不漏。

希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助！人文知识总结,希望在临考前有最好的冲刺状态.加油!美国概况:1.The traditional dividing line in America between " east" and " west" is The Mississippi River.2.The traditional dividing line in America between "South " and "North" is The Missouri River.3.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is Africa Americans .5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by The World War 2.7.In the United States, primary education requires6 years.8.Most college students in the United States are in public institutions.9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court.10.Louisana (which state ) is not governed by the common law.11.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.12.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Mid-west, West.13.The New England (Northeast)region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.14.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.15.＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American film.16.The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a Typical Continental climate.17.Detroit, a U.S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its Automobile industry.18.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.19.New York is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.20.Washington D.C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.21.American and British English are two varieties of the English language.22.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincon.23.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rohode Island.24.The number of the Representatives (众议院)from each American state depends on the population.25.The statue of liberty was given to American people by French as a gift in 1884.26.John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.27.In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ,opened in Massachusetts to serve the “ Muslim sex”.28.The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.29.Seattle is Washington’s largest city.30.Washington D.C., the capital of U.S. is situated on the Potomac River banks.31.When did the American Civil War break out? 1861.32.In which day is Halloween celebrated? 31 October.33.The founding fathers of the American Republic :George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin.34.The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.35.The United States was rated 4 in the world in terms of land areas.36.The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by boards of education.37.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 .38.The United States produces as much as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn.39.Televison invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”.40.The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John Locke.41.The District of Manhattan is in the city of New York.42.The seats in the Senate(参议院) are allocated to different states equality (have two seats).43.The Rocky Mountains is located in the Northwest of America,44.Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles.45.Newsweek is American newspaper, The Guardian , The Daily Telegraph is England, The International Herald Tribune is French.46.The U.S. is called a “melting pot” because people from different races live there together .47.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.48.Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those who have given their life for country.(阵亡将士纪念日)49.“Trick or Treat” is a phrase that children often use when they celebrated Halloween.50.The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associated with Easter,are considered to present fertility and new life.51.The world-famous Havard University is in Massachusetts (Cambridge).52.Broadway (百老汇) is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.53.Yellowstone National Park (黄石国家公园), Grand Canyon(大峡谷), St. Patrick’s Cathedral(圣派翠克大教堂) are the tourist attraction in the United States.54.Ronald Reagan was an actor before he became the President.55.New Englanders were originally known as Yankees, which come to stand for all Americans.56.On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in New York, which housed the government then.57.Henry Fond was the first man to mass production.The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。