托福写作讲义

（一）综合写作

All the more 尤其

At best 充其量 姑且

Hold water （理论、计划等）证明正确合理，说得通，（容器）不漏水;言之有理

综合写作（1+3）

综合写作流

1、 Direction(1min)

2、 Reading(3min)——230-300 words academic articles

3、 Listening(2min)——the topic is same as reading

4、 Writing(20min)——200-220 words best

综合写作要求：

1、 topic: academic

2、 不能写自己的观点

3、 写阅读和听力之间的联系（OPPOSE 三驳三）

驳斥的种类：

（1） 优点被驳斥

（2） 缺点被驳斥

（3） 证据被驳斥

应试攻略：

（1） 找例子：typically, suppose, for example, take..example, especially, actually, in fact

（2） 找原因：since, because, the reason why, due to, thank to, owing to

（3） 找结构性连词：

a) “结果”: so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result

b) “让步”和”转折”：in contrast, on the contrast, nevertheless, still, yet

阅读要义

读完一句，用简洁中英文或符号记下大意

重点关注两类词：

（1）文中反复出现的词

（2）实义动词

听力要义

（1） 阅读中出现过的词

（2） 听具有知己意义的词（实义动词、形容词）

写作要义（1+3）

1、 开头段：写一段

表明Reading 和 Lecture 的联系

（1） 综合写作话题

（2） 阅读中心论点

（3） 听力中心论点

2、 主体部分：写三段 （1） 每段一对一的阐述

（2） 每段结构：

过渡性连词（首先，其次，再次）

句群1：阅读的分论点+阅读的细节

句群2：听力的分论点+听力的细节

开头段框架:

The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions about……

The writers believe that ………...which is contradicted by the following lecture.

（1） Conflict——>debate/argument/discussion/dispute/controversy

（2） About——>concerning/regarding/as to/with regards to/pertaining to

（3） Believe——>consider/deem/advocate/insist

（4） Contradicted——>disagree/oppose/refute/retort

每段框架表达句

（1） The reading states that…….On the contrary, the lecture points out that….

（2） Although it is said in the passage that…..The lecture holds the view point that…..

（3） The passage maintains that…..However, professor offers a different idea about….

（4） The writer contends that……..while the speaker views this issue from an opposite angle.

According to her/him…..

（5） The author asserts that….Nevertheless, the speaker oppose this claim by saying that……

（6） The passage argues that…..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view

does not hold water.

综合写作框架：

The reading and listening materials have a debate of opinions concerning that……

The writers support that ………...which is opposed by the following lecture.

First of all, the reading maintains that………However, the lecture points out that……

Secondly, although it is said in the passage that ………., the speaker holds the view that…….

Finally, the author asserts that ………..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s

view does not hold water.

综合写作注意点：

1、阅读材料的论点和细节的关键信息都要写！

2、重点写听力的内容（越多越好）

3、要更加注意整体篇章的把握，不要过于注重细小的错误。 TPO12

中心点：portrait of a teenage girl

Reading:

观点：support portrait of a teenage girl

1、 Austen’s family: gave permission, clearly

recognized, has endorsed the claim

奥斯丁家族：曾经授权用这幅画作为Jane的头像

2、 The face in the portrait :resemble the one

in C’s sketch, still similar to ,are very

much like

画中人物的脸部：特征与成年Jane的脸很相像

3、 Period :links it to, hire ,was active , was

the age of the girl

画的创作时间：此画风格与另一个画家的画风很相似，该画家活跃的会见恰好是Jane正是少女

Listening

观点：Not at all convincing

1、 Family members: had been died , have

never seen ,not known

奥斯丁家族：授权发生在Jane去世的70年之后，奥斯家族成员不可能见过Jane本人。

2、 resemblance: could very well be that of a

relative of A’s, very large , some of these

teenage girls could resemble JA

画中人物的脸部：奥斯丁家族很大，画中人物可能和Jane的脸部特征很相像的某个表亲。

3、 Date : indicates, was sold, did not sell

canvases when JA was a teenager, started

selling, clearly older

画的创作时间：出售这幅画的画布的商家在Jane27岁的时候才开始售卖这种画布，所以这幅画在Jane年纪更大的时候创作的。

TPO 13

中心点： selling and buying fossils

READING

观点: unfortunate both scientists and the

general public

1、 The public: not allow the public to

view their collections, lead to a

decline in public interest in fossils

私人买家收藏，人们看不到

2、 scientists : miss out on potentially

crucial discoveries about extinct life

forms, spend limitless amounts of

money to acquire, cannot compete

对科学家的研究不利：科学家资金有限，无哈和商家竞争，错失研究机会

3、 fossil: often destroy valuable scientific

evidence, untrained or uninterested in

carrying out the careful field work, pay

no attention

对化石本身不利：私人买家没有经过专业培训，队化石科研价值也不感兴趣，所以在发掘的时候，会破坏化石

Listening

观点： A outweigh D

1、 public: have greater exposure to

fossils, available for purchase,

low-level public institutions display

them for the public

没有对大众不利：化石交易使得更多化石进入市场，学校等机构可以购买并展览，大众有更多机会看到化石

2、 scientists: scientifically identified, performing detailed examinations

and tests on the fossils, pass through

the hands of scientific experts

没有对科学家的研究很不利：化石交易需要先经过科学家的估价鉴定，于是科学家有更多机会做实验

3、 Fossil： go undiscovered ,aren’t that

many fossil collecting operations,

have more fossils being found

没有对化石造成巨大的不利：化石交易确实造成了部分破坏，但是使得他们发掘了更多的化石