On the similarity of the parton distributions in nuclei with more than three nucleons
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关于相似性的四级模板作文英文回答:Similarity is a fundamental concept that has been studied by philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians for centuries. It is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that can be defined in many ways.One way to think about similarity is to consider it as a measure of the degree to which two things are alike. This can be applied to a wide range of domains, from physical objects to abstract concepts. For example, we might saythat two cars are similar if they have the same make and model, or that two ideas are similar if they share the same underlying principles.Another way to think about similarity is to consider it as a matter of relationship. Two things can be similar in a variety of ways, such as:Identity: Two things are identical if they are exactly the same. This is the strongest form of similarity and is typically only used in mathematical contexts.Equivalence: Two things are equivalent if they have the same value or function. For example, two numbers are equivalent if they have the same numerical value, or two shapes are equivalent if they have the same area.Resemblance: Two things resemble each other if they have similar features or qualities. This is a weaker form of similarity than identity or equivalence, but it is still a strong indication that two things are related.Similarity is an important concept because it allows us to make comparisons and draw conclusions. By understanding the similarities between two things, we can better understand their differences and make predictions about their behavior. Similarity also plays a role in many cognitive processes, such as learning, memory, and problem-solving.中文回答:相似性是一个基本概念,几个世纪以来一直受到哲学家、科学家和数学家的研究。
青岛二中2012-2013学年高二上学期第一次月考英语试题2012.09注意:请将选择题答案涂在答题卡上,其余答案写在答题纸上本试卷分第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第I卷(共85分)第一部分:听力(共两节,满分20分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What does the woman want to do?A.Have a cup of coffee.B.Take a walk with the man.C.Go back to her office.2.What time is it according to the woman?A.9:50.B.10:10.C.10:50.3.What exam will the man have on Thursday?A.An English exam.B.A math exam.C. A history exam.4.How will the man probably go to Main Street?A.By bus.B.By taxi.C.On foot.5.Where is the woman’s f ather?A.In the hospital.B.At home.C.In the coffee.第二节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.若详细回答,则要加上:Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the propertie s and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, andadjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements beingconjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).(以下几题只作初步的的成分划分,未画树形图, 仅供参考)7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriatetree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) →head (rich) A + complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) →specifier (often) Qual +head (read) V +complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) →specifier (the) Det +head (argument) N +complement (against the proposals) PP d) already above the windowXP(VP) →specifier (already) Deg +head (above) P +complement (the window) NPd) The apple might hit the man.S →NP (The apple) + Infl (might) +VP (hit the man)e) He often reads detective stories.S →NP (He) +VP (often reads detective stories)9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.(斜体的为名词的修饰语,划底线的为动词的修饰语)a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.(划底线的为并列的范畴)a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.b) Herbert bought a house that she lovedc) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences. (斜体的为深层结构,普通字体的为表层结构)a) Would you come tomorrow?you would come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Helen brought what to the partyc) Who broke the window?who broke the window。
[《双城记》英语读后感]双城记英语读后感《双城记》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯所著的一部以法国大革命为背景所写成的长篇历史小说。
分享了《双城记》的英语读后感给大家欣赏!双城记英语读后感1 A tale of two cities is one of Dickens's most important representative works。
The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution,and it deeply attacks the aristocratic social class is dissolute and cruel,and sincerely sympathizes with the depressed classes。
The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people holding on attacking Bastille and so on,which displayed people's great strength,belief and perseverance。
The novel has described many different people。
Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually。
He has to be in the prison because he had got some proof about the dissolute and cruel life of the aristocratic social class。
同类解释规则英文The Importance of Similar Explanations and RulesIn the complex and interconnected world we live in, it is crucial to have a common understanding of explanations and rules across different contexts and domains. Consistent and similar approaches to defining and interpreting these fundamental elements can greatly enhance communication, collaboration, and the overall effectiveness of various systems and processes.One of the primary benefits of having similar explanations and rules is the facilitation of clear and unambiguous communication. When individuals or organizations share a common frame of reference, they can more effectively convey their ideas, instructions, and expectations to others. This clarity helps to minimize misunderstandings, reduce the potential for errors, and ensure that everyone involved is working towards the same goals.Moreover, similar explanations and rules can contribute to the efficient and coordinated functioning of systems and organizations. When different components or sub-units operate under the same set of guidelines, it becomes easier to integrate their activities,streamline decision-making processes, and maintain a consistent level of quality or performance. This consistency can be particularly beneficial in fields such as healthcare, finance, or regulatory compliance, where adherence to established protocols is crucial for ensuring safety, fairness, and overall system integrity.Another significant advantage of similar explanations and rules is the enhancement of learning and knowledge transfer. When individuals or teams encounter consistent approaches to problem-solving, decision-making, or task execution, they can more readily build upon their existing knowledge and skills. This facilitates the development of expertise, as learners can focus on understanding the core principles and applying them in various contexts, rather than having to navigate a myriad of disparate approaches.Furthermore, similar explanations and rules can foster a sense of community, trust, and collaboration. When people across different organizations or domains can rely on a shared set of understandings and expectations, it becomes easier to establish productive working relationships, engage in meaningful dialogue, and work towards common goals. This sense of shared purpose and understanding can be particularly valuable in complex, interdependent systems where the contributions of multiple stakeholders are essential for success.However, it is important to note that the pursuit of similarexplanations and rules does not mean a one-size-fits-all approach. Flexibility and adaptability are also crucial, as different contexts may require nuanced interpretations or the consideration of unique factors. The goal should be to find the right balance between consistency and the ability to accommodate diverse needs and challenges.In conclusion, the importance of similar explanations and rules cannot be overstated. By fostering clear communication, efficient system coordination, effective learning, and a sense of community, these shared understandings can contribute to the overall success and resilience of various organizations, sectors, and societies. As we navigate an increasingly complex world, the ability to establish and maintain similar explanations and rules will continue to be a valuable asset in driving progress and innovation.。
图A和图B相同点不同点作文英文关于”比较的相同点和不同点“的英语作文范文5篇,作文题目:similarities and differences of parison。
以下是关于比较的相同点和不同点的中考英语范文,每篇作文均为高分范文带翻译。
高分英语作文1:similarities and differences ofparisontom and peter are neighbors and good friends. they have a lot in mon, but they also have many differences. for example, they both work hard.they are good at math and english. tom likes pop songs. he is more outgoing.he likes sports, especially basketball. but peter is quiet. he likes classical music and soft music.he likes reading in the library.中文翻译:汤姆和彼得是邻居和好朋友。
他们有许多共同之处,但也有许多不同之处。
例如,他们都很努力,擅长数学和英语。
汤姆喜欢流行歌曲。
他性格外向。
他喜欢参加运动,尤其是篮球。
但是彼得很安静。
他喜欢古典音乐和轻音乐。
他喜欢在图书馆看书。
万能作文模板2:比较的异同ireland, a country occupying most of the island of ireland, established the irish free state in ireland and officially became the sovereign state of the republic of ireland (dublin was the capital and the largest population in april, ireland was the third largest island in europe, located in the northwest of continental europe, and great britain was located in the east. politically, it was divided into therepublic of ireland and northern ireland ireland is a part of the united kingdom. ireland is located in one sixth of the northeast of the island.the name "ireland" is derived from the word "land" in the germanic language. the population of the island is slightly less than 6 million. the total number ofirish countries is one million, that of metropolitan berlin is one million, and that of northern ireland is about one million the republic of ireland and northern ireland have two different jurisdictions: the republic of ireland is a sovereign state, the capital is in dublin, covering five sixth of the island, the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, covering the remaining one sixth.中文翻译:爱尔兰,一个占据爱尔兰岛大部分地区的国家,在爱尔兰建立了爱尔兰自由国,正式成为爱尔兰共和国的爱尔兰国(xx月都柏林是首都和最大的城市人口,爱尔兰是欧洲第三大岛屿,位于欧洲西北部,大不列颠岛位于东部,上分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰,爱尔兰是英国的一部分,爱尔兰位于该岛东北六分之一的地方,“爱尔兰”这个名字源于里乌(在现代爱尔兰语中,爱尔兰)加上日耳曼语“土地”一词,该岛的人口略低于600万,爱尔兰共和国为百万,大都柏林为百万,北爱尔兰约为百万,显示爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰地图的《爱尔兰大贝尔法斯特地理图》为百万爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰爱尔兰爱尔兰岛有两个不同的管辖区:爱尔兰(称爱尔兰共和国为国家,首都在都柏林,覆盖该岛的六分之五大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,覆盖其余六分之一。
英国文学考前复习笔记English LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks (15 points)1. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions,Pagan and Christian.2. Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest survivingepic in the English language.3. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth are generally regarded asShakespeare’s four great tragedies.4. The full nam e of T. S. Elliot is Thom as Stearns Eliot.5. The rhym e schem e of Shakespearean Sonnet is m ade up of three quatrains withdifferent rhym es, followed by a couplet. The rhym e schem e is ababcdcdefefgg. 6. The Canterbury Tales ----Geoffrey ChaucerThe father of English poetry, heroic couplet英雄双韵体7. Francis Bacon—写什么出名,代表作Essays《论说文集》(Of Studies ,Of Marriage and Single Life)Advancem ent of Learning《学术的推进》New Instrum ent《新工具》New Atlantis《新大西岛》8. Thom as More---Utopia, 开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河Book I: dialogue between More and a traveler, Rapael HythlodayBook II: (the em phasis)9.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》---Christopher MarloweTamburlaine(the Great )《帖木儿大帝》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》10. William Wordsworth and Sam uel Taylor Coleridge—Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wandered Lonely as a CloudLines Com posed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》Ode: Intim ations of Imm ortality《不朽颂》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割女》Lucy Poem s《露茜》11. The Pilgrim’s Progress--John Bunyan12. Robert Burns---an excellent native poet of Scotlandhis poem s written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects1) Political poem s --- The Tree of Liberty自由树;2) Satirical poem s讽刺诗--- Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷, The Twa Dogs两只狗3) Lyrics 抒情诗--- My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在高原, A Red, Red Rose,Auld Lang Syne13. Metaphysical形而上学,玄学派John Donne& Sam uel JohnsonMetaphysical PoetryThe basic features of Metaphysical poetry are its “wit”or “conceit”.“Wit” m eans being clever at “yok[ing]” the m ost heterogeneous 混杂的,不同的ideas together by violence so as to impress people“conceit”denotes a fantastic fancy or way of thinking in the form of peculiar 特有的, ingenious巧妙的, knotty费解的, m any-sided多种意思的m etaphors.①Sam uel Johnson---London《伦敦》The History of Rasslelas, Prince of Abyssinia《阿比尼亚王子刺塞拉斯的故事》②John Donne“The FleaHoly Sonnet 1014. Alexander Pope新古典主义的代表—Pope’s major contributions to English literatureHe perfected the heroic couplet.He weeded除去feeling and em otion successfully out of poetry.major worksThe translation of Hom erEssay on Criticism (1711)《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1712) 《卷发遇劫记》An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)《与阿布斯诺博士书》The Dunciad (1743) 《愚人志》Essay on Man (1733) 《论人》An “ethic道德的work”Epistle I --- a summary of the basic concepts of wide currency in England and Europe at the tim e;Epistle II --- the nature of human and the condition of hum anEpistle III --- man’s role in societyEpistle IV --- man’s happinessThem e--- conveys a dialectical concept of human nature and life;--- duality through an analysis of the divinity as well as lim itation of hum an beings;--- emphasis of the Comm on Road, or balance between ration and passion.Poetic pattern: heroic couplet15. Thom as Gray--Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓园哀歌》● a m asterpiece of lyric●Them e: a sentimental m editation upon life and death, esp. of the comm onrural people, whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and m eaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentam eter lines rhy m ing ABAB●Mood: m elanc holy, calm●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---m usical/rhythm ic,---controlled and restrained,---polished language16. Thom as Hardy(1840-1928)19世纪末20世纪初十九世纪90年代完成的两部作品Tess of the D’Urbervilles1891Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Novels of Char acter and Environm ent◆The m ost pastoral田园式的of Hardy’s novelsHow does Hardy portray the tragic destiny of Tess?◆Language features1. Dialects of the Villagers2. Ungrammatical Sentences◆Structural featuresThe Division of Seven PhasesRepetition of Sim ilar Incidents◆The description of the nature◆The description of the landscape 1 Fire2 Sun 3 Valley 4 Woods◆The description of the animals1 BirdsJude the Obscure1895◆Hardy’s last novel◆The m ost urban novel◆Jude, Arabella, Sue Bridehead, Phillotson, Father Tim e◆17. John Milton—◆Paradise Lost◆Paradise Regained◆Samson Agonistes18. George Gordon Byron—Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon Juan a l ong but great epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present stateof society”.She Walks in BeautyThe poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef”rhym e.Byronic heroByron’s chief contribution to English poetry.heroic of noble birthpassionaterebelliousindividualII. Choose the best answer for each blank. (40 points)1. The story of is the culm ination of the Arthurian rom ances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. The Story of BeowulfC. Piers the plowmanD. The Canterbury Tales2. The m ost fam ous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called .A. Morte d’ArtherB. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury TalesD. Piers the plowman3. The first complete English Bible was translated by , “the m orning star of the Reform ation”, and his follows.A. William TyndalB. Jam es IC. John WycliffeD. Bishop Lancelot Andrewes4. English Renaissance Period was an age of .A. prose and novelB. poetry and dram aC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs5. Alexander Pope6. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of pre-rom anticism were .A. Alexander PopeB. William BlakeC. Robert BurnsD. Joseph Addison7. Which poet belongs to the Lakers? .A. George Gordon ByronB. William WordsworthC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. John Keats8. Which of the following writers belong to English critical realists? .A. Charles DickensB. John KeatsC. Charlotte BronteD. Thomas Hardy9. John Keats—Ode on a Grecian UrnEndym ion《恩底弥翁》长诗Isabella《伊莎贝拉》The Eve of Saint Agnes《圣阿格尼斯之夜》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》one of the greatest English poets and a m ajor figure in the Rom antic m ovem ent 10. Great Expectations 1860 ---Charles DickensDickens’m asterpiecea novel of growth or developm entThe them eThe basic thematic pattern is surprisingly Rom antic in nature, i.e. country vs.city, and innocence vs. experience.The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)Oliver Twist (1838)The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店(1840-1841)Dombey and Son 董贝父子(1846-1848)David Copperfield (1849)Bleak House (1852)A Tale of Two Cities (1854)A great Victorian novelistOne of the m ost popular writers in the world of literature11. The Bronte SistersCharlotte BronteJane Eyre (1847)Shirley (1849)Villette维莱特(1853)The professor (1857)她与艾米丽,安妮诗歌合集Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton BellEm ily BronteWuthering Heights (1847)Anne BronteAgnes Grey (1847)The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》12. Oscar Wilde—19世纪唯美主义Aesthetic [i?s?θet?k] Movem ent在英国的代言人The Picture of Dorian Gray道林格雷的画像Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫The Importance of Being EarnestSalomeThe Happy Prince and Other Tales13. novelists of the “stream of consciousness”schoolJam es Joyce--Araby 《阿拉比》Virginia Woolf--Mrs. Dalloway14. David Herbert Lawrence--English novelist, poet, and short story writer.NovelsThe White Peacock白孔雀—---第一部小说Sons and LoversThe RainbowWomen in LoveLady Chatterley's LoverThe Rocking-Horse Winner木马赢家15. Jane Austen●English writer, who first gave the novel its m odern character through thetreatment of everyday life.●Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists.Works:●Sense and Sensibility (1811)●Pride and Prejudice (1813)●Mansfield Park(1814)●Emma(1815)●Northanger Abbey(1818) 诺桑觉寺●Persuasion(1818) 劝导16. My Last Duchess is a dramatic m onologue戏剧独白Robert Browning----Browning is rem embered for a couple of things he did for m odern poetry: His experim ent and use of the dramatic m onologue and his contribution to the discoveryof the m ythical m ethod and sym bolism in the writing ofpsychological poetry.17. Alfred TennysonBreak,Break,Breakthe poet laureate 桂冠诗人after the death of Wordsworth in 1850维多利亚时期主要诗人18岁时和其兄出版Poem s by Two Brothers《两兄弟诗集》The Princess公主(1847),In Memoriam悼念(1850),Maud毛黛(1855),Enoch Arden (1864),伊诺克阿登Idylls of the King (1869-1872)国王之歌III. Find the relevant m atch from colum n B for each item in colum n A (10 points) Francis Bacon,见选择7William Blake,The Songs of Innocence,The Songs of Experience,The Lamb,The Tyger,The Sick RoseSam uel Taylor Coleridge,The Rim e of The Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan忽必烈汗, Christabel克里斯塔贝尔,Biographia Literaria文学传记Percy Bysshe Shelley,Ode to the West Wind,Queen Mab, The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛,Prom etheus Unbound,The Cenci钦契,Adonais阿多尼,England in1819.,A Defence of Poetry《诗变》William Shakespeare,Henry IV(1590-91)Love’s Labor’s Lost (1590)Richard III (1593)Rom eo and Juliet (1595)A Midsumm er Night’s Dream (1595)The Merchant of Venice (1596)the Merry Wives of Windsor (1597),As You Like It (1599)Julius Caesar(1599?)Hamlet (1601)Othello (1604)King Lear (1605)Macbeth (1606)Antony and Cleopatra (1607)and Tim on of Athens (1607All’s Well That Ends Well (1603)Measure for Measure (1603Cym beline(1609)Winter’s Tale(1610-11)The Tempest(1611).Thom as Hardy,◆Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵林下◆Far from the Mad ding Crowd远离尘嚣◆The Return of the Native还乡◆The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureWilliam Butler Yeats叶芝The Second Com ing,The Celtic Twilight,Four Years,The Countess CathleenThe Hour Glass ,The Land Of Heart's DesireRosa Alchem ica ,Stories of Red Hanrahan ,Synge And The Ireland Of His Tim e ,Out of the Rose ,The Heart of the Spring ,The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows ,The Old Men of the Twilight ,Where There is Nothing, There is God ,Of Costello the ProudPoetry A Prayer For My Daughter Aedh Wishes For The Clothes Of Heaven Against Unworthy PraiseLapis LazuliLeda And The SwanNo Second TroyThe Crucifixion Of The OutcastThe DollsThe MaskThe Second Com ingThe Secret RoseThe Shadowy WatersThe Song of the Happy ShepherdThe Stolen ChildThe Three BeggarsThe T owerThe Two TreesThe WheelThe Wild Swans At CooleThe Wisdom Of The KingTo A Young BeautyTo The Rose Upon The Rood Of Tim e Towards Break Of DayWhat Was LostWhen You Are OldT. S. Elliot--Thom as Stearns EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Gerontion (1920) 《小老头》The Waste Land荒原The Hollow Man空心人Ash WednesdayFour QuartetsSweeney Agonistes 《力士斯维尼》Murder in the Cathedral《大教堂谋杀案》The Cocktail Party《鸡尾酒会》The Confidential Clerk《机要秘书》Paradise Lost----John MiltonPride and Prejudice---Jane AustenJane Eyre---Charlotte BronteGreat Expectations----Charles DickensSons and Lovers---D. H. LawrenceThe Merchant of Venice--- William ShakespeareRobinson Crusoe---Daniel DefoeTess of the D’Urbervilles---Thom as HardyPygmalion皮哥马利翁-----George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳还要注意作品中人物ⅣV. Answer questions according to the given passage. (21 points)Break, Break, Break,1哗啦,哗啦,哗啦,冲上阴冷的礁石,啊海浪!愿我的语言能够表达埋藏心底的惆怅。
a r X i v :h e p -p h /9611203v 1 2 N o v 1996On the similarity of the parton distributions in nuclei with more than three nucleonsG.I.Smirnov.Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,141980Dubna,Russia.Current address:CERN,PPE,1211Geneva,Switzerland email:G.Smirnov@cern.ch(Contributed paper pa06-016to the ICHEP’96,Warsaw )Abstract It is shown that the latest results from NMC and E665on the F A 2(x )/F D 2(x )obtained in the shadowing region,bring new evidence of the universal A –depen-dence of distorsions of a free nucleon structure function by nuclear medium.The universality holds in the entire x -range and can be explained as a saturation of the distortions of the parton distributions in a four-nucleon system.The effects of the distortion of a free-nucleon structure by a nuclear medium are usually observed as a deviation from unity of the ratio r A (x )≡F A 2(x )/F D 2(x ),where F A 2(x )and F D 2(x )are the structure functions per nucleon measured in a nucleus of mass A and a deuteron,respectively.Below we compare the A dependence of distortions found in the analysis of recent data collected from the DIS of muons on nuclei in the range 10−3<x <0.7by the NMC (CERN)[3,4]and E665(Fermilab)[5]collaborations with the distortions which we obtain from the analysis of SLAC and BCDMS data obtained in the range of x >0.2[6].We consider structure function distortions as independent of the Q 2at which r A (x )is measured.This is justified by conclusions about the Q 2independence of r A in the range 0.2GeV 2<Q 2<200GeV 2(c.f.Refs.[3]–[7]).In Refs.[1,2]it was found that the x dependence of r A (x )can be factorized into three parts in the region 0.001<x <0.7,in accordance with the differences in the r A (x )behaviour found in the three intervals of the considered range —namely the (1)shadowing,(2)anti-shadowing and (3)EMC effect regions:r A (x )≡F A 2(x )/F D 2(x )=x m 1(1+m 2)(1−m 3x ).(1)The parameters m i ,i =1–3,can be treated as the distortion magnitude of the nu-cleon structure function introduced for each interval.There are two physical reasons for parametrizing r A (x )in the form of Eq.(1).First,as was shown in Ref.[8],the nucleon structure function behaves as F 2(x )∼x −λin the range of small x ,which is motivated byBFKL dynamics.Hence,combinations such as F A 2(x )/F D 2(x )should obey a power lawas well.Second,the parameters m 2and m 3enter Eq.(1)in a manner similar to the suggestion of Ref.[9],whereby local nuclear density is related to the deviation of r A (x )from unity in the range x >0.3.x 0.60.70.80.911.11.2101010x10101010x 0.60.70.80.911.11.210101010x0.60.70.80.911.11.2101010Figure 1:The results of the fit with Eq.(2)of the F A 2/F D2measured on 4He [3,6],Li [4],C [4,6]and Ca [3,6]in the range x <0.7.The parameters m i were determined by fitting r A (x ),measured on seven nuclear tar-gets —He [3,6],Li [4],C [4,6],Ca [3,6],Xe [10],Cu [11]and Pb [5]—with Eq.(1).We used in the fit the total experimental error determined by adding statistical and systematic errors at each point in quadrature.For each of seven nuclei,good agreement (χ2/d.o.f.≤1)with Eq.(1)was found,thus proving that the characteristic pattern of the structure function modifications,well described for the helium nucleus by Eq.(1),remains unchanged for heavier nuclei.We consider this a manifestation of the universality of the x dependence of the distortions of the free-nucleon structure function in a nuclear environment.The results of the fit are given by the solid line in Fig.1for 4He,Li,C and Ca nuclei.The experiment in the SLAC electron beam [6]used a larger set of nuclear targets.The data however belong to a limited x -range,0.2<x <0.9,that does not allow to study r A (x )in the shadowing and anti-shadowing regions.On the other hand they are the only data,which can be used for the study of the distortions of nucleon structure functions in the range x >0.7.In order to perform such analysis we approximate the data of Refs.[6,7]with Eq.(1)modified by introducing one more parameter m ′4:r A (x )≡F A 2(x )/F D 2(x )=x m ′1(1+m ′2)(1−m ′3x )exp (−(m ′4x )2)SLAC 1994 He/D x 0.70.80.911.11.21.31.400.20.40.60.81SLAC 1994 Be/D x 0.70.80.911.11.21.31.400.20.40.60.81SLAC 1994 Ca/Dx 0.70.80.911.11.21.31.400.20.40.60.81xFigure 2:The results of the fit with Eq.(3)of the F A 2/F D 2measured on 4He [6],Be [6],Ca [6]and Fe [6,7]r A (x )in the high-x range.Though Eq.(2)represents only rough approximation of nuclear effects when x →1,it provides good description of the data available in the high-x range (c.f.Fig.2)and thus serves our purpose of quantitative determination of the distortions of the nucleon structure function.The obtained parameters m i ,which are displayed in Fig.3,increase from their minimum value m i (He)at A =4to m i (A )≈3m i (He)for A >40,indicating that distortions in heavy nuclei are independent of the size of the nucleus.The parameters m i vary similarly with A in all four intervals in which the distortions were depicted.The points in Fig.3are approximated by the following equation:m i (A )=N i 1−A Sm 1(A 1)=m 2(A 2)m 3(A 1)=m 4(A 2)Am100.050.10.15Am 200.10.20.30.4020406080A m 3c 0.10.20.30.40.50.6020406080A m 4Figure 3:The parameters m i ,i =1–4,determined in the regions of nuclear shadowing (a),anti-shadowing (b),EMC effect (c)and in the high x -range (d).Full lines show a variation in nuclear density given by the Woods–Saxon potential,with parameters fixed from the data on elastic electron–nucleus scattering.We suggest that modifications to the parton distributions of the nucleon bound in a nucleus evolve as a function of atomic mass A in two stages.In thefirst stage,the dis-tributions of partons belonging to the lightest nuclei,2<A≤4,are modified drastically compared to those of a free nucleon,thus distorting the structure function F2(x).These distortions,which can be observed in a4He nucleus as a characteristic oscillation of r A around the line r A=1,remain frozen in shape in the second stage of distortions,which occur in nuclei with mass A>4.In contrast to thefirst stage,in the second there is no restructuring of parton distributions,which can change the shape of the oscillation de-scribed by Eq.(1).Instead,the distortions increase in magnitude throughout the entire x range,following the functional form(3).There are evidently two different mechanisms behind this picture,which we denote as hard or soft distortions,depending on whether A≤4or A>4.Quantitatively,this can be expressed with the parameter s h,which rapidly changes in the range of hard distortions, from0to1(∆A=2),and only slowly in the range of soft distortions,from1to∼3 (∆A≈200).A particular case of the hard distortion mechanism,which works at A= 4,has been considered in Refs.[14,15],in which EMC effect was explained by the12-quark structure of nuclei.The dynamical model for the EMC effect,in which gluons and exchanged quarks(antiquarks)are responsible for the interaction between three(or four) nucleons,has been suggested in Refs.[12,16].In terms of the two-mechanism model,the experimental observations can be inter-preted as follows:hard distortions are saturated at A=4,which can be understood if modifications of parton distributions in the nuclear environment are closely related to short-range nuclear forces.In this picture functional form of r A(x)and,therefore,posi-tions of the three cross-over points with the line r A=1should be different when they are obtained in3He and4He nuclei.Before such data are available one can not exclude the possibility that the saturation is reached at A=3.In summary,we have shown that the recent data on the DIS of electrons and muons offnuclei bring new evidence for the universality of the x and A dependence of distortions of a free-nucleon structure function,F2(x),by a nuclear medium,when A≥4.Such universality imply that hard distortions of parton distributions are saturated at A=4 (or even at A=3)and that the observed differences between the DIS cross-sections for nuclei with masses A1,A2≥4are due to soft distortions.The latter are similar in the entire x-range and vary from1in4He to∼3in207Pb.They can be well understood as a nuclear density effect if the surface nucleons are excluded from consideration. 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