生化英译汉
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习题集(教材:《生物化学检验》,李萍主编,人民卫生出版社,2002年第2版)一、名词解释1、抗凝剂2、决定性方法3、参考方法4、常规方法5、标准品6、一级标准品7、二级标准品8、控制物9、实验误差 10系统误差 11、随机误差 12、精密度 13、准确度 14、特异度 15、干扰 16、检测能力 17、回收试验 18、回收率 19、允许分析误差 20、参考值 21、参考范围 22、医学决定水平 23、金标准 24、ROC曲线 25、质量控制26、质控品 27、实验室认可 28、光谱分析 29、酶活性 30、酶活性单位 31、酶活性国际单位 32、延滞期 33、线性期 34、偏离线性期35、固定时间法 36、连续监测法 37、工具酶 38、心肌酶 39、急性时相反应蛋白 40、Lowry改良法 41、糖尿病 42、酮血症 43、OGTT 44、脂蛋白受体 45、清道夫受体46、残粒受体 47、高脂蛋白血症 48、脱水 49、高渗性脱水 50、等渗性脱水 51、低渗性脱水 52、水肿 53、血氧饱和度 54、Bohr效应 55、二氧化碳分压 56、氧分压 57、二氧化碳总量 58、实际碳酸氢盐 59、标准碳酸氢盐 60、缓冲碱 61、碱剩余 62、阴离子隙 63、微量元素 64、δ-胆红素 65、生物转化 66、卡门氏单位 67、肾小管重吸收 68、假肌酐 69、AMI 70、心脏标志物二、填空1、英译汉:NCCLS的中文全称是;IFCC的中文全称是。
2、IQC、 TRF、 APR、 GFR的中文全称依次为、、、。
3、BE的中文全称为,AG为,AB为,BB为。
4、生化检验常用的体液标本有、、和等,其中以标本最为常用。
5、生化检验中,是最常用的血液标本,是最常用的采血方法6、生化检验中常用的抗凝剂有、等。
7、血气分析多使用血。
8、离子交换法得到的纯水的纯度(高于/低于)蒸馏法得到的纯水的纯度。
9、临床实验室用水,一般选用级水,级水用于特殊实验,级水用作仪器的自来水清洁后冲洗。
Translating1.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.2.And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.3.Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious.4.The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of journeys to work for the suburban resident.5.For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.6.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edictsor commands as to how much of each kind of goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit.7.Aristotle,for example, whose natural science dominated western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.8.He still has the Purple Heart awarded him after he was wounded, although he has had a difficult time keeping it. His girlfriends, explains the bachelor, have wanted to wear it.9.In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birth rate, whatever the consequences maybe.10.That was before we entered the permissive period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to achieve their best in school.11.A second difference in male and female roles in that within marriage many decisions and responsibilities are shared. The husband and wife may choose to have children, or they may not. If they have children, the man may take care of them some of time, all of the time or not at all.12.Often however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often they discover that they have very little in common with each other.13.These souvenir collectors chip off pieces of stone when the guards are not looking. This activity seems to be tolerated by other tourists standing nearby, as few complaints are ever recorded.14.It finds it in those other plats which, having received theirs free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to other animals or to fungi.15.Good sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers himself so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in everything else do not usually wish to have more of it than they have already.答案:1.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时,头脑里会产生生化变化,使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效地活动。
肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域:指一些较大的蛋白质分子,其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
天津医科大学2000年生物化学(基础)(硕士)一、名词解释:(30分)1.多核糖体循环2.联合脱氨基作用3.苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭4.限制性内切核酸酶5.支链氨基酸6. point mutation7. semi-conservative replication8. sodium pump9. Protein kinase 10.Hognees box二、简答题1. 说明下列物质在代谢中的重要性:(10分)⑴腺苷酸环化酶⑵加单氧酶⑶激素受体⑷酮体⑸外显子2.肝中葡萄糖-6-磷酸可能有哪些代谢途径。
(5分)3.试比较体内两种氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶在亚细胞定位及作用等方面的区别。
(5分)4.简述G蛋白Gs及Gi在激素信号传递过程中的作用机理。
5.试述糖原合成及分解的主要过程,并说明激素对它的调节。
6.HDL和VLDL在代谢上有何联系?(5分)7.合成血红素的原料是什么?限速酶是?如何调节?写出血红素合成过程中五个重要中间产物的名称。
(5分)三、论述题1.参与大肠杆菌DNA合成的酶及蛋白因子有哪些?各起什么作用?2. 试述糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢之间有何联系?天津医科大学2000生物化学(专业)(硕士)一、名词解释:(30分)1.癌基因2.次级胆汁酸3.第二信使4.多功能酶5.信号肽6.semi-conservative replication7.homone receptor 8.antisense strand 9.Hognees box 10.oxidative phosphorylation二、简答题1. 写出下列化合物的分子式或结构式:(5分)⑴胸腺嘧啶⑵乙酰乙酸⑶天冬氨酸2.每molG彻底氧化净生成的ATPmol数为什么不是固定值,而是36或38?说明其机理和简要过程。
(10分)3.简述体内ATP是如何生成的?(5分)4.写出柠檬酸如何在体内彻底氧化CO2和水的简要过程。
(10分)5.完成下列酶催化的反应(可用文字或符号表达,可以不写结构式)。
答案仅供参考10生工1班英译汉:糖酵解(EMP)磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)三羧酸循环(TCA) 焦磷酸硫胺素(TPP)尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖(UDPG)磷酸戊糖途径(HMS)尿苷三磷酸(UTP)羟甲基戊二酸(HMG)脂酰基载体蛋白(ACP)甲羟戊酸(MV A)开放阅读框架(ORF)起始因子(原核IF/真核eIF)延长因子(EF)终止因子(RF)核糖体释放因子(RRF)三磷酸脱氧核苷(dNTP)核糖核苷二磷酸(NDP)单链结合蛋白(SSB)DNA聚合酶(DNA-pol)谷丙转氨酶(GPT)谷草转氨酶(GOT)苯丙酮尿症(PKU症)γ-氨基丁酸(GABA) 5-羟色胺(5-HT)多巴胺(DA)5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸(PRPP)黄嘌呤核苷酸(XMP)次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)黄素单核苷酸(FMN)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)CoI(NAD) CoⅡ(NADP)简答题1、简述在物质代谢中TCA循环的枢纽作用。
三羧酸循环是糖,脂肪和蛋白质三种主要有机物在体内彻底氧化的共同代谢途径,三羧酸循环的起始物乙酰-CoA,不但是糖氧化分解产物,它也可来自脂肪的甘油、脂肪酸和来自蛋白质的某些氨基酸代谢,因此三羧酸循环实际上是三种主要有机物在体内氧化供能的共同通路。
三羧酸循环也是体内三种主要有机物互变的联结机构,因糖和甘油在体内代谢可生成α-酮戊二酸及草酰乙酸等三羧酸循环的中间产物,这些中间产物可以转变成为某些氨基酸;而有些氨基酸又可通过不同途径变成α-酮戊二酸和草酰乙酸,再经糖异生的途径生成糖或转变成甘油,因此三羧酸循环起着枢纽作用。
2、简述氨中毒的机理。
高浓度氨与α-酮戊二酸形成谷氨酸,是大脑中的α-酮戊二酸大量减少,导致TCA循环无法正常进行,从而引起脑功能受损。
3、从生化的角度简述溶血性贫血的机理。
NADPH水平的降低,是蛋白质发生变化,使脂类发生过氧化作用,使红细胞产生高血红素,这些变化都使红细胞膜变弱,导致红细胞对损伤敏感,易破坏,常常发生溶血,引发溶血性贫血症。
北京大学◇1988年生物化学一、选择题1.用茚三酮试剂确定氨基酸是靠它与下面()功能集团起作用。
2.影响酶催化效率的因素是()。
3.在适当条件下,盐酸胍变性球蛋白的可逆性,可证明()。
4.蛋白质中形成肽键平面的原因是()。
5.三个氨基酸(Asp,Leu,Lys)的混合物,经过一个sulphonotedpolysturene阳离子交换树脂粒,用PH5的缓冲液洗脱,洗脱液中氨基酸出现的顺序是()。
6.溶液A的PH为7.0,溶液B的PH为6.0的两个溶液的体积相等,则其H+的含量关()。
7.0.01N醋酸的PH为3.4,0.01NHCl的PH是2,用0.01NNaOH分别去中和15mL的以上醋酸和盐酸,试问需用()NaOH。
8.酶活性的国际单位(I.U.)定义为在30。
C下,将底物转化为产物,在()速度时的酶量。
9.在PH5.0的经DEAE-纤维素柱纯化酶,此酶的比活从2.2U/mg提高到303U/mg,表明()。
10.10-5毫克分子的乳酸脱氢酶,每秒催化10微克分子丙酮酸的生成,此酶的turnovernumber是()。
11.胰凝乳蛋白酶中电荷延迟系统是指()。
12.在整体代谢的调节环节调节中,别构效应可调节()。
13.A因子存在时,一个酶的初速度对底物浓度曲线为S形,而当A因子浓度增高时,此线左移,说明A因子是()。
14.一个酶的Km为3×10-5M,Vmax为转化8000克分子底物/分/克分子酶,底物浓度为3×10-5M时,初速度是()。
15.在一个2底物-2产物酶反应系统中,对其中一个底物的Km值是()。
16.一氧化碳有毒是因为()。
17.胶原蛋白的特性是()。
18.a螺旋与折叠的区别()。
19.促进酶分子催化反应的机制是()。
20.酶可以改变()。
21.转化丁二酸根为反丁二烯酸根所需要的酶是()。
22.激素17 -雌二醇发挥效应的位置在()。
23.3'-5'cAMP的性质是()。
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Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High V oltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计)Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, V entilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程V ehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight V ehic le Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace V ehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and V egetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products人文与社会科学哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学(含税收学)Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学(含保险学)Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学V ocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学(含第二炮兵战役学)Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学(含军事体育学)Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学)Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。
Unit One Vitamins1维生素vitamin2水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin3脂溶性维生素fat-soluble vitamin4复合维生素compound vitamins5维生素以字母命名V itamins are named by the letters of the alphabet.6预防坏血病的维生素C scurvy –preventing vitamin C7治疗脚气病的维生素B1 vitamin B1 for curing beriberi8维生素A与生长、发育vitamin A and growth and development9维生素A缺乏与眼疾vitamin A deficiency and eye disease10维生素D缺乏与佝偻病lack of vitamin A and rickets11维生素B2与皮肤、眼睛和毛发vitamin B2 and the skin, eye and hair12有机营养物organic nutrients13维生素为生长、健康所必需V itamins are essential for growth and good health14维生素含量高high vitamin content15维生素缺乏症vitamin deficiency syndrome16新鲜水果、蔬菜、蛋、奶、鱼肝油、米糠、豆子、谷类等富含多种维生素Fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, milk, fish liver oil, rice husks beans, cereals, etc. are rich in vitamins.Unit 3 Anesthetics1麻醉剂和镇静药anesthetic and sedative2针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia3在脂肪和水中的溶解度solubility in fats and water4作用于神经having effect on the nerves5物理和化学性质physical and chemical property6对痛不敏感insensitive to pain7无信号通过神经传至大脑No message are transmitted to the brain through nerves8通过呼吸道给麻醉药administration through respiratory tract9注入脊柱射(给药) be injected into spine10麻醉作用anesthetic action11过多地破坏脂肪和神经组织destruction of too much fatty and nerve tissue12不同麻醉剂的不同生理作用varying physiological effects of the different anesthetics13吸入乙醚inhalation of ether14深度松弛deep relaxation15失去知觉,术后恢复知觉loss of consciousness/ unconscious, to regain consciousness afteroperation16无术后恶心症状free from postoperative nauseaUnit 4 How does the human body fight diseases?1肺炎、肺结核pneumonia and tuberculosis2 细菌释放毒素germs giving off a toxin3皮肤和粘膜skin and mucous membranes4炎症inflammation5聚集在感染部位gather at the place of infection6红、肿、热、痛redness, swelling, heat and pain7抗感染fight against infection8吞噬、消化微生物engulf and digest microbes9淋巴管lymph vessels10抗体、抗原antibody and antigen11抗毒素antitoxin12人工免疫artificial immunityUnit 5 Green pharmacy —herbal medicine1绿色药物--草药green pharmacy – herbal medicine2中草药Chinese material medica3中医、中药traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese medic inals4开处方write a prescription5药店销售的处方药、非处方药prescribed drug and OTC drug ( over-the –counter drug) 6心脏病药cardiac drug7止痛药pain killer8抗疟疾药anti-malarial9抗炎药anti-inflammatory drug10标准化的化学药物 a standardized chemical medicine11药物成分medical constituents12病机disease mechanism13疗效therapeutic effect / effect / efficacy14植物药plant-derived drugs15合成的衍生物和变异体synthetic derivatives and variants16植物的生物活性成分biologically-active plant constituents17粉剂、浓缩剂和冲剂power, extract and infusion18分离、提取有效成分isolate and abstract active constituents19高血压、失眠、精神疾病hypertension, insomnia and mental disease20特有的药性characteristic pharmacological properties21民间医学folk medicineUnit Six Introduction to organic chemistry1有机、无机化学organic and inorganic chemistry2物理化学physical chemistry3生物化学biochemistry4化学符号和结构式chemical symbols and formulas5电子、离子、原子、分子electron, iron, atom and molecule6分子量molecular weights7元素周期表periodic table8运用符号和概念的方法methods of manipulating symbols and concepts9化学反应chemical reaction10有机化合物organic compounds11二氧化碳carbon dioxide12含有碳元素的物质substance containing carbon13合成物质synthetic materials14大量的原料abundant raw materials15品质更佳、用途更广、优势独特superior qualities, greater versatility, and unique advantages Lesson 8 Development of New Drugs (I)1生产特效药to produce the novel therapeutic agents2由天然植物资源提取to extract from natural plants and animal sources3化学合成药 a drug synthesized chemically4人工生产药物agents produced artificially5药物的特异作用及毒性specificity of action and toxicity6 基因工程的发展development of genetic engineering7 单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody 8 beta受体阻断剂beta receptor blocker9实验药理学experimental pharmacology10几种模型包括:细胞培养或细菌培养,部分提取酶或亚细胞间质,分离的组织,灌注的器官完整的动物several models include: cell culture or bacteria, partially purified enzymes or subcellular particles, isolated tissues , perfused organs, intact animals11慢性毒性实验chronic toxicity testing 12代谢方法patterns of metabolism13疗程duration of treatment14 实验组、对照组、安慰剂组、空白组、the experimental group ,control group, placebo group and untreated group15 临床指症clinical indication 16 生化药理学biochemical pharmacology17 FDA Food and Drug AdministrationLesson 8 Development of New Drugs (II)1 临床评价clinical evaluation / assessment2 毒理研究toxicological studies3 化学纯度和药物稳定性chemical purity and pharmaceutical stability4 罕见的疾病、威胁生命、不治之症rare diseases, life-threatening and untreatable diseases5 无严重症状与毒性without serious symptoms or toxicity6 药物剂量的研究dose-ranging studies7 施药(给药)drug administration / administration of drugs8 临床试验许可证CTC clinical trial certificate9 单盲或双盲试验single blind or double blind experiment10 副作用adverse effect, side-effect, unhealthy effect11 促销marketing and promotion12 医药代表representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturerUnit 10 Minimum information for sensible use of self-prescribed medicines1最有效地用药use medicine to the best effect2非处方药(自用药)self-prescribed medicine3药品说明书package leaflet, insert, directions4提醒使用者所有可能的有害作用warning the user about all the possible harmful effects5常见的、严重的、罕见的副作用common, serious and rare side-effect6药理学家、临床药剂师pharmacologist and clinical pharmacist7标准的专利名、非专利名standard proprietary names and non-proprietary names8用于缓解轻度疼痛症状for symptomatic relief of minor aches and pains9消炎to relieve inflammation10(止痛)的首选量、推荐量preferred dose or recommended dose for pain11成人剂量的一半one-half adult dose12将药片碾碎或溶于水crush or dissolve tablets in water13如可能,同奶一起服用(用奶送服)或饭后服Take with milk if possible, or after food 14胃不适、烧心、胃出血stomach discomfort, heart burn, stomach bleeding15耳鸣、眩晕ringing in the ears and dizziness药品说明书【药品名称】Drug Name通用名称:Generic Name商品名:Trade Name化学名(Chemical Name)英语名:English Name汉语拼音:Hanyu Pinyin【成份】Composition【性状】Description【功能主治】Actions and Indications/【适应症】Indications【规格】Specification【用法用量】Administration and Dosage【不良反应】Unwanted Effects/ Adverse/ Side Effects【禁忌】Contraindications【注意事项】Warning/ Caution【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】 Women in pregnancy and lactation【儿童用药】 Children【老年用药】 The Elderly【药物相互作用】Interaction【临床试验】Clinical Experiment【药理毒理】Pharmacological Toxicology【药代动力学】Pharmacokinetics【贮藏】Storage【包装】Package【有效期】Validity【执行标准】The Implementation of Standards【批准文号】Approval Number【生产企业】Manufacturer企业名称:生产地址:Address邮政编码:Code电话号码:Tel传真号码:Fax注册地址:Registered Address网址:Website中医方剂剂型常用的英译表述如下:1)汤剂 decoction 2) 散剂 powder 3)丸剂 bolus( 大丸), pill(小丸)4)油膏剂 paste, ointment, plaster 流浸膏 liquid extract 浸膏extract 煎膏 decocted paste 软膏 ointment, paste 硬膏 plaster 5)药露 syrup 6)锭剂 troche, lozenge 7)糖浆剂 syrup8)片剂 tablet 9)冲服剂 granule 10)针剂 injection 11)栓剂 suppository Lesson 11 The Scope of Pharmacology1 药物的物化性质physical and chemical properties2 化合及生化生理作用compounding, biochemical and physical effects3 作用机理mechanism of action4 具有广博的植物学知识have a broad botanical knowledge5 药物制剂medicinal preparation6 生药学,药理学pharmacognosy, pharmacology7 剂型dosage form8药物动力学研究药物吸收、分布、生化和排泄。
内地、香港、台湾三地电影片名英译各具特色目前,欧美英文电影牢牢占据着中国电影市场的半壁江山,深受年轻人的推崇。
每逢欧美商业大片上映期间,各大电影院的上座率几乎都在85%以上。
这其中,颇吸引人眼球的电影片名功不可没。
据了解,内地、香港、台湾三地目前各自独立进行英文电影片名的中文翻译工作,已形成三足鼎立之势。
由于三地地域、文化、历史背景、语言学习习惯各不相同,同一部英文片名的中文译名常常天差地远、各具风格。
内地:忠于原作,直译为先传统的电影翻译理论认为,保留原片的原汁原味、原封原貌的直译是最佳译法。
因此,内地对于国外影片片名的翻译多以直译为主,注重形式的完整,稍有忽略意义或内容的表达。
例如Brokenback Mountain译作《断背山》,The Lord of the Ring直译为《指环王》。
香港:语不惊人死不休香港地区的译名在表述上带有区域性语言的特点,常常使用一些诸如“终极”“雷霆”“魔鬼”“战警”“情陷”“疯狂”“激情”等吸引人眼球的字眼。
香港译者通常不会采取直译的方式,具有较强的创作性,常常对原作进行必要的再加工和再创作。
例如The Lord of the Ring被译作《魔戒》;Mr. and Mrs. Sm ith加工成《史密夫决战史密妻》;Moulin Rouge则译作带有爱情色彩的《情陷红磨坊》。
台湾:传统文化的坚守者台湾译名兼有内地和香港译名的特点,文字风格接近内地译名,但仍以内容为中心。
相比较而言,台湾译名比香港译名要“安静”得多,在片名的选词和表述上,台湾译名常能体现出中国传统文化的特点和思维方式。
例如,Meet The Parents译作《门当父不对》(体现中国传统的门第观念);Traffi c 被译为《天人交战》;As good as it gets意译成《爱在心里口难开》;A Knights Tale被翻译成《骑士风云录》。
而内地译名在注重内容方面比台湾稍有逊色。
不过,受到商业化浪潮的冲击,近年来台湾译名越来越过“激”。
A acetone丙酮acyl carrier protein酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein ACP脂酰基载体蛋白adenine腺嘌呤aerobic oxidation有氧氧化alanine-glucose cycle丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环albumin清蛋白allosteric regulation别构调节amino acid氨基酸antioncogene抗癌基因aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰tRNA合成酶annealing 退火anticodon反密码子apolipoprotein载脂蛋白ascorbic acid抗坏血酸asymmetric transcription不对称转录
B biotin生物熟biological oxidation生物氧化blunt end冲结束biotransformation生物转化bile胆汁bile pigment胆汁色素
C catalase过氧化物酶Catecholamine 儿茶酚胺chemical modification 化学修饰
cholestetol胆固醇coding strand编码链coenzyme辅酶competitive inhibition竞争性抑制configuration构型conformation构象consensus sequence 共同序列cytochrome细胞色素covalent modification共价修饰cytosin胞嘧啶cis-acting element顺式作用元件
catabolite gene activation protein CAP分解代谢物基因激活蛋白coding sequence编码序列cosmid vector粘性向量cohesive end黏性末端calcitriol骨化三醇calmodulin钙调节蛋白
D decarboxylation脱羧基作用degeneracy简并性denaturation变性de nove synthesis从头合成deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸dipeptide二肽domain 结合域,
direct react bilirubin直接反应胆红素
E enzyme 酶essential group 必须基因exonuclease 核酸外切酶exon 内含子eryrhropoitin EPO 促红细胞生成素enhancer增强子enterohepatic circulation肝-肠循环
F folic acid 叶酸feed back 反馈
G genetic code基因密码子gene mutation基因突变globulin球蛋白glucagon胰高血糖素glycolysis糖酵解glycogen storage disease糖原累积症glycogenolysis糖原分解gluconeogenesis 糖异生guanine 鸟嘌呤genome基因组genetic engineering基因工程genetic library基因库gene therapy基因治疗
H HMG-CoA reductase 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶house-keeping gene管家基因hormone sensitive lipase HSL激素敏感脂肪酶hormone response element 激素反应元件helicase 解链酶hemoglobin 血红蛋白human genome project HGP人类基因组计划
I isoelectric point等电点isoenzyme 同工酶insulin 胰岛素IMP次黄嘌呤核苷一磷酸intron 外显子
J jaundice黄疸
K ketone bodies 酮体key enzymes 关键酶
L lipoprotein脂蛋白lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰基转移酶lipoprotein lipase LPL脂蛋白脂肪酶ligase连接酶leading strand前导链lariat套索lagging strand随从链
M motif 模序methionine cycle 甲硫氨酸循环molecular disease 分子病
molecular cloning分子克隆
N nucleotide核苷酸nitrogen balance 氮平衡nutritional essential amino acid 营养必需氨基酸non-protein nitrogen 非蛋白氮nonocistron单顺反子
O oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化one carbon unit 一碳单位循环operon操纵子okazaki fragment 冈崎片段oncogen致癌基因operator操纵基因ossifiction骨化
P peptide bond 肽键protein蛋白质prion朊病毒pyrimidine 嘧啶purine 嘌呤
pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径Peptidyl site 肽位Perioxidase 过氧化氢酶phospholipids磷脂plasma血浆polymerase聚合酶post-transcriptional modification转录后修饰primase引物酶primer引物proenzyme酶原promoter启动子primary transcript初级转录产物protein kinase 蛋白激酶proviramin A 维生素A原PRPP 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸
poycistron多顺反子parathyroid hormone PTH甲状旁腺激素
R ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸ribozyme 核酶retinol 视黄醇riboflavin 核黄素respiratory chain 呼吸链revese trascriptase 逆转录酶replication fork 复制叉reverse transcription 反转录作用recombinant DNA technology重组DNA技术
restriction endonuclease限制性内切核酸酶rickets软骨病
S superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶salvage pathway 补救合成途径semiconservation replication 半保留复制single strand binding protein SSB 单链结合蛋白small nuclear RNA 小核RNA splicesome 剪接体serum 血清
T transaminase 转氨酶template 模板telomerase 端粒酶topoisomerase 拓扑异构酶telomere 端粒transcription factor 转录因子translation 翻译transferrin 运铁蛋白trans-acting factors反式作用因子target DNA目标DNA transformation转化
U uncoupler 接偶联剂urea 尿素uric acid 尿酸ubiquitin 泛素
V vitamin 维生素vector向量
W wobble base pair 不稳定碱基配对
X xanthine oxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶
Z zwitte iron兼性离子zymogen 酶原
αketoacid α酮酸
βhydroxyl butyrate β羟丁酸
DNA保证复制高保真:严格配对聚合酶选择校读修复原核DNA聚合酶Ⅰ水解引物Ⅱ不详修复Ⅲ合成前导链冈崎逆转录酶三活性端粒线形末端蛋白结合重复序列维持稳定性复制完整性端粒酶RNA+蛋白质(逆转录酶活性)爬行合成解决5末端缩短问题参与DNA复制6解拓单引聚连。