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clinical science投稿格式要求临床科学（Clinical Science）的投稿格式要求如下：1.稿件类型：临床科学主要接收研究论文（Research Papers）和临床视角（Clinical Perspectives）。
研究论文是正常发表形式，长度约为6-8页打印页面。
临床视角部分需要有“临床视角”总结部分，其结构包括三个要点。
2.结构要求：研究论文的主要文本部分应包括引言、实验（材料和方法）、结果和讨论。
其中，“材料和方法”部分需要包含在主文本中，不应作为补充文件提供。
所有用于复制实验的必要信息都必须包含在正文（接受的文章）中。
另外，从2020年10月5日起，所有提交到生物化学学会研究期刊的研究论文都需要包含数据可用性声明，该声明应在提交后的主要手稿文件中包括。
3.文本格式：未给出具体格式要求，但建议按照通用的学术写作格式进行排版和格式化，并确保稿件符合目标期刊的格式要求。
4.参考文献：参考文献的格式可以参考目标期刊的规范，通常采用温哥华格式或美国医学科学编辑学会（CSE）格式。
5.图表和插图：如果稿件中包含图表和插图，需要按照目标期刊的要求进行提交。
通常，图表和插图需要以清晰、高质量的格式提交，并在文中引用。
6.投稿文件：将稿件以Word或PDF格式提交，并确保文件名以作者姓名、文章标题和文件扩展名（例如：John_Smith_article.docx）命名。
7.作者声明：在提交稿件时，作者需要提供一份声明，确认稿件内容真实、原创、无抄袭行为，并声明该研究符合伦理标准。
如果稿件中有任何可能涉及利益冲突的内容，作者需要在声明中说明。
8.审稿流程：临床科学采用单盲审稿方式，作者需要了解该流程的具体要求和时间安排，并按照要求准备和提交稿件。
以上是临床科学投稿格式要求的一些关键点。
在投稿前，作者应仔细阅读目标期刊的官方网站或投稿指南，以确保稿件符合该期刊的具体要求。
英国医学杂志中文版BMJ CHINESE EDITION（论文写作与投稿经验）科学论文的讨论需要结构化与结构式摘要相似The case for structuring the discussion of scientific papersMuch the same as that for structuring abstractsMichael Docherty Professor of rheumatologyCity Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PBRichard Smith Editor, BMJ在写作中，结构安排最难，写小说、剧本、诗歌、政府报告或科学论文，莫不如此。
如果结构恰到好处，其它就容易多了；而且，无论哪一种精巧的语言都掩饰不了结构上的缺陷。
结构的重要性在于读者不会迷失方向。
读者该知道从何起，到何处，再去何方。
好结构使读者得益，知道从何处获取特殊信息，并能吸纳全部重要信息。
医学刊物的读者对论文的IMRaD结构（引言、方法、结果和讨论；Introduction,Methods ,Results and Discussion）1相当稔熟，自觉或不自觉地都知道每部分的作用。
同样，读者也已熟悉结构式摘要，它所含的信息比非结构式摘要多2，3。
有些刊物要求特殊论文使用特殊结构，如报告随机试验（randomised trials）的论文使用CONSORT结构4。
现在我们提议，科学论文的讨论部分也要结构化，因为它经常是论文最薄弱之处，仔细地解释而成为喋喋不休5。
老式论文往往缺少新的数据资料（可能包括病例报告），讨论却洋洋洒洒。
讨论的作用似乎是让读者相信，作者对数据的阐述及推测的正确。
这不是对证据的公正检验。
时代变了，人们更重视方法和结果，因为方法愈加复杂，更具科学价值。
但是，我们仍然发现许多论文的讨论似乎是在“推销”自已。
Lancet主编Richard Horton 和一些人士曾撰文谈及作者如何在论文的讨论中玩弄辞藻6，7。
麻醉学英文论文的撰写和投稿薛富善中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学整形外科医院麻醉科,北京，100041英文论文投稿的原因国外科学界有一句名言：一项科学实验，直到其成果发表并被理解才算完成。
此名言阐述了两个道理，首先是研究成果必须发表，即信息得到传播和交流；其次是发表的论文必须被读者接受并理解，即信息被社会认可，产生了应有的社会效益和经济效益。
目前，国内的主要麻醉学杂志仍未被国际常用的检索工具，例如MEDLINE所收录，所以，国内的许多重要麻醉学研究成果不能被国外的同行专家所认识和承认。
虽然目前我国许多生物医学专家正在进行或已经完成了大量的国际水平研究工作，但与西方国家比较，其成果向国外生物医学期刊投稿的比率仍很低，刊用率则更低。
其主要原因除了与我国生物医学工作者英文论文写作水平有关外；还与我国大多数生物医学工作者不了解国外生物医学期刊的编辑政策和标准、不了解向国外生物医学期刊投稿的程序，以致不敢向国外投稿或所投稿件不符合国外生物医学期刊的要求有很大关系。
据《美国医学会杂志》（JAMA）统计：1996JAMA国际投稿占全部自由来稿的13%，接受率仅为（国际投稿的）8%，其中英国投稿53篇，接受9篇；澳大利亚投稿20篇，接受3篇；加拿大投稿109篇，接受19篇；……中国仅投稿4篇，接受0篇。
1997JAMA国际投稿占全部自由来稿的14%，接受率为9%，其中英国投稿33篇，接受4篇；澳大利亚投稿16篇，接受1篇；加拿大投稿100篇，接受19篇；……中国仅投稿6篇，接受0篇。
投稿失败的常见原因1.研究目地不明确2.资料不全，缺乏对照和（或）可比性差3.统计数据和方法有误4.语言表达不明确，文章结构和层次不分明。
5.未对实质内容部分进行深入分析，或同一内容前后重复。
6.文章格式与杂志稿约严重不符合麻醉学英文论文的类型1.General articles describe clinical or laboratory investigations.2.Case reports describe either new and instructive cases， anesthetic techniques and equipment of demonstrable originality， usefulness， and safety， or new information on diseases of importance to anesthesia.3.Brief reports simply describe clinical or laboratory investigations4.Technical communications describe instrumentation and analytic techniques.5.Review articles collate， describe， and evaluate previously published material to aid in evaluating new concepts.6.Medical intelligence articles usually describe and evaluate previously published material to aid in evaluating new concepts or updating old concepts or topics germane to anesthesiology.7.Special articles describe literature， education， societies， and other topics interests of a historical or current trend in anesthesiology.8.Letters to the editor include brief constructive comments concerning previously published articles or brief notations of general interest.论文的类型和字数要求Type of Manuscript Maximum Word AllowanceGeneral Article 3000 words （excluding abstract）Case Report 800 wordsBrief Report 1000 wordsTechnical Communications 1500 wordsReview Article 4000 wordsMedical Intelligence Article 3000 wordsSpecial Article 2000 wordsEditorial 1500 wordsLetter to the Editor 200 wordsOther Items见稿约具体要求其他要求Nontextual Material Maximum AllowanceFigures and Table No more than 6 figures or tables. Do not duplicatedata in tables， figures， or text.References No more than 25 references per article. For areview article， up to 70 references areacceptable. （For video files， see the descriptionbelow.）Abstract 200 words for all General Articles， TechnicalCommunications， Review Articles， MedicalIntelligence Articles， Special Articles. Abstract 50-100 words for Case Reports and Brief Reports. Implications 50 words正确选择期刊目前可供投稿的麻醉学杂志（大约20种）一、专业麻醉学期刊1.Anesthesiology（美国）2.Anesthesia & Analgesia（美国）3.Journal of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia（美国）4.Journal of Clinical Anesthesia（美国）5.Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology（美国）6.Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing（美国）7.The International Journal of Anesthesia （美国）8.International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia（美国）9. International Anesthesiology Clinics10.Anesthesia Malpractice Prevention（美国）11.Canadian Journal of Anesthesia（加拿大）12.Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica（瑞典）13.Anaesthesia（英国）14.British Journal of Anaesthesia（英国）15.European Journal of Anaesthesiology（英国）16.Paediatric Anaesthesia（英国）17.Anaesthesia & Intensive Care（澳大利亚）18.Journal of Anesthesia（日本）19.Thai Journal of Anesthesiology （泰国）20．Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica（比利时）二、重症治疗期刊1.Critical Care Medicine2.Resuscitation3.Journal of Critical Care4.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine三、疼痛治疗期刊1.Pain2.Clinical Journal of Pain3.European Journal of Pain4.Journal of Pain5.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management6.Pain Clinic7.Pain Forum8.Pain Management Nursing9.Pain Medicine10.Pain Medicine News11.Pain Physician12.Pain Practice13.Pain Research & Management14.Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine15.Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management四、互联网麻醉学杂志1.World Anaesthesia Online2.Internet Journal of Anesthesiology3.Anaesthesia Online4.BMC Anesthesiology5.Online Journal of Anesthesiology五、国内英文期刊1.Chinese Medical Journal2.Chinese Journal of Medical Sciences3.Chinese Journal of Pharmacological Sciences4.Journal of Chinese Sciences正确选择期刊选择期刊应考虑的因素尽管目前国际著名生物医学期刊自由来稿的退稿率均在90%左右，但是，作者只要确信自己的研究成果已达到在国外生物医学期刊发表的水平，即具有突出的科学重要性、能引起有关学科读者的极大兴趣，就可能将自己的论文首先投向水平较高的期刊。
总的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem,即：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义。
具体要求：A. 简要说明研究背景(background)B. 简要介绍总的发现(general findings);C. 介绍具体要点(introduction of points)D. 与现有发现(若有)进行比较(comparison in the context of other studies)E. 意义(suggested meaning)F. 结论(conclusion)G. 前瞻研究(future studies)结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进行分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力。
此外，这部分时态比较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果(过去时)与分析意见(确定：现在时;不确定或假设：过去时)的区别;他人研究结果(过去时或现在完成时)与本研究结果(过去时)的区别;普遍适用的结论(现在时)与只适用本研究的结论(过去时)的其别等。
因此，对于however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等词(组)的使用以及we believe (think / consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入语的使用就显得格外重要。
示例：Parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a primary source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastrointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with the administration of TPN, including a significantly increased ncidence of gallbladder disease [3-5,7]. The data here suggest that cholecystectomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder disease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant risks.[说明研究背景，包括意义] Of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbladder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “isone of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is ass ociated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A review of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is performed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, and the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] Glenn [11] has reported a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients underthe age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mortality observed in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, were far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patientswhose mean age was 29 years.[提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相比较]Our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who require long-term TPN that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidity associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.[以下，作者用较大篇幅分析了这类病人死亡率和并发症增高的临床、实验室和手术等方面的原因，原文从略]Based on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Obviously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystectomy unless there specific medical contraindications. These operationsshould be performed in a timely, elective fashion because delay may result in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already high risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectoy maynot be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallbladder disease [20], we believe that this axiom does not apply to patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Out data suggest that the natural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving TPN is considerably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Based on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients receiving TPN when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomyshould be considered, especially in children without stones who are undergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [从对结果的分析及与其他研究的比较得出结论性意见，这是讨论部分最重要的内容] Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits the results of further studies. [前瞻研究]5) 致谢部分总的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement, 即：致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求打开一本医学专业期刊，可以看到不同文体的文章。
除了综述(review)或述评（comments）、编者按（editorials）和个例报告（case reports）外，大量的是医学科研论文，即原始报告（original articles）。
医学科研论文有许多不同的类型，常见的有两大类：医学基础研究报告和临床研究报告。
I．格式根据国际医学杂志编辑委员会 (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE) 制定的《生物医学杂志投稿统一要求》（The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ）(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版本)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文（以下简称"论文"）应包括以下12个部分：1．标题（Title） 7．致谢（Acknowledgements）2．摘要（Abstract）8．参考文献（References）3．引言（Introduction）9．插图说明（Legends）4．材料与方法（Materials and Methods ） 10．插图（Figures）5．结果（Results）11．表格（Tables）6．讨论（Discussion） 12．照片和说明（Plates and Explanations）以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外，其他各部分是一篇论文必不可少的内容。
下面分别介绍对各部分的基本要求，其中"标题"和"摘要"两部分将在以后单元另行讨论。
II．要求1．标题A. 标题的要求Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同行确切研究了什么）要求：（1） Short and concise（简明扼要）：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。
Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon. Today, I am honored to present a systematic review on the impact of telemedicine on access to healthcare. As we navigate through the digital era, telemedicine has emerged as a revolutionary tool that has the potential to transform the healthcare landscape. In this presentation, I will discuss the findings of our comprehensive review and highlight the key insights.Introduction:Access to healthcare is a fundamental human right, yet millions of people worldwide still face barriers in receiving timely and appropriate medical care. These barriers include geographical distance, lack of transportation, financial constraints, and limited healthcare resources. Telemedicine, or telehealth, offers a promising solution to these challenges by leveraging technology to provide medical services remotely.Methodology:Our systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of telemedicine on access to healthcare. We conducted a thorough search of relevant literature, including peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, andpolicy documents, published between 2010 and 2021. The search was conducted using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We followed the PRISMA guidelines to ensure the quality of our review.Results:Our review identified 42 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies covered various aspects of telemedicine, including its impact on access to primary care, mental health services, and specialist consultations. The key findings are as follows:1. Telemedicine has significantly improved access to healthcare for individuals living in remote areas. Patients in rural regions can now consult with specialists without the need to travel long distances, saving time and resources.2. Telemedicine has helped to reduce the disparities in access to mental health services. Patients with mental health conditions can now receive timely interventions and support from mental health professionals, regardless of their location.3. Telemedicine has facilitated access to specialist consultations for patients with chronic conditions. This has enabled early detection and management of complications, leading to better health outcomes.4. However, there are challenges associated with telemedicine that need to be addressed. These include issues related to internet connectivity, privacy, and data security. Additionally, there is a need for standardization of telemedicine services to ensure quality and consistency.Discussion:The findings of our review suggest that telemedicine has the potential to significantly improve access to healthcare. However, the benefits of telemedicine are not without limitations. The challenges associated with telemedicine, as identified in our review, need to be addressed to maximize its potential. Some recommendations include:1. Ensuring equitable access to telemedicine services by improving internet infrastructure in underserved areas.2. Developing policies and regulations to protect patient privacy and data security.3. Standardizing telemedicine practices to ensure quality and consistency of care.4. Training healthcare professionals to adapt to telemedicine and provide effective remote care.Conclusion:In conclusion, our systematic review demonstrates that telemedicine has a significant impact on access to healthcare. By leveraging technology, telemedicine can help overcome geographical, financial, and logisticalbarriers that prevent individuals from receiving timely and appropriate medical care. As we continue to advance in the digital age, it iscrucial to address the challenges associated with telemedicine to maximize its potential and ensure equitable access to healthcare for all.Thank you for your attention. I am now open to any questions you may have regarding our findings and recommendations.[Your Name]。
