英美文学史：术语定义总结期末考复习

1. American Puritanism: a domination factor in American life. AmericanPuritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thoughts and literature.2. Transcendentalism: time 1836. Features: 1.the transcendentalistsplaced emphasis on spirit, or over soul, as the most important thing in the universe 2. The transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. 3. The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit of God. The representatives are Emerson and Thoreau.3. Free Verse: like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead ofthe continuity of prose, but it has no meter and either lack rhyme or uses it occasionally. A representative is Whitman’s Leave of Grass. 4. Realism: time: 2nd and half of 19th century. Features: verisimilitude ofdetails derived from observation. Representatives are Howells, James, Mark Twain5. Local Colorism: It is a branch of Realism; it refers to detailedrepresentation, in fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking which are distinctive of a particular region. The representative of Local Colorism is Mark Twain.6. American Naturalism: time: 1890s. Features: 1. naturalists wroteabout the helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.2. They reported truthfully and objectively with passion for scientific accuracy and an overwhelming accumulation of factual detail.3. The representatives are Crane, Dreiser.7. Imagism: six principles: momentary, one dominant image, hardpersonal word, direct treatment, concise, free verse. The representatives are Pound.8. Lost generations: it refers to a group of American writers of thedecade following WWI, disillusioned by their War experience or by materialization of American culture, holds a pessimistic new of life.The representatives are Fitzgerald and Hemingway.9. Flashback: interpolating narratives or scenes which represent eventsthat happened before the story began. For example: Miller used flashback in Death of Salesman.10. Black Humor: the tragic absurdity of the human condition is oftenseen in their novels. As a cosmic joke. The response they intend to provoke in the reader to the blackness of modern life is a laughter that is, laughing in face of a tragic situation. The representative work of black humor is Heller’s Catch-22.11. Harlem Renaissance: a period of remarkable creativity in literatureand other arts by African Americans, from the end of WWI in 1917 through the 1920s. The representative is Hughes.12. Irving: 1.He is was the first American writer of imagination literature to gain international fame. 2 The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book.3.The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American romanticism.13. Hawthorne: feature: 1, symbol2, deep analysis of psychology3, gloomy and depressive tone4. evil sides of the world5, super natural element14. The Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne): 1, Character: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdable, Roger Chillingworth. 2. Theme: criticizing Puritan suppression/ sin and atonement.15. Emily Dickinson: feature: 1.short and concise2. approximate rhyme and meter3. ungrammatical elements 4. original images5. many poems about death15. Moby Dick (Melville): character: Ishmael (survivor), Ahab (captain) 12.Allan Poe: 1. the poetic principle ①the poem, he says, should be short, at one sitting ②Its chief aim is beauty ③melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tone. ④the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world.⑤stress rhyme, defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty. 2. Work: to Helen, The Fall of the House of Usher.13. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mark Twain): 1. His usually use French, mostly Anglo-Saxon on origin, and his words are short, concrete and direct in effect.2. Most of his sentence structures are simple or compound.3. he use”took”repeatedly.4. There have ungrammatical elements in his work. One of his significant contributions to American literature lies in fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted.14. Frost: the features of his work1.he usually use traditional form 2. His language is plain3. He likes to use symbolism4. Most his poems describe nature of famers’ life.15. Fitzgerald: the Great Gatsby: 1.characters: Nick Carraway, Daisy Buchanam, Tom Buchanam, Myrtle Wilson, George Wilson, Jay Gatsby, 2. Theme: criticizing materialized society, disillusionment of American dream.16. Miller: Death of Salesman: 1.Charaters: Willy &Linda&Biff&Happy Loman, Chalery and Bernard. 2. Theme: a criticizing metalized society/ understanding between parents and children.17. Salinger: The Catch in the①. Setting: 1950s New York2. Plot: Holden Caulfied 1st day: expelled. 2nd day: Sally (shallow). Carl (hypocritical).2nd night: Sneak home—Phoebe, Mr.Antolini. 3rd day: go to the west.②.character: Holden---rebellious, innocent, sincerely③. Style: This novel use colloquial and vulgar worlds. There also has exaggeration in this work ④: theme: growing pain.18: Cath-22: Yossarian, Milo, And Snowden.19. Lolita :( Nabokov): character: Humbert Humbert, Dolores Haze (Lolita), Clare Qulity .。

英国文学简史期末考试资料英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴)Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义)EnlighteXXXent (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义）Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义阶段) Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批判主义)Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义)Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言)Romance (传说) epic(史诗)Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔)Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节)Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句)The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学)Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局)parable (寓言) Genre (流派)Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌)Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章)Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象)Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）Psychological novel (心理小讲)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义)Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵)Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步)Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传奇)Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义)Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记)Foot (足注) Protagonist (正面人物)Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) ―英国诗歌之父（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴阶段文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论讲文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ）四大悲剧: Hamlet（哈姆雷特）、Othello（奥瑟罗）、King Lear（李尔王）、Macbeth（麦克白）四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。

1.Alliteration：Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearbywords. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. In old English alliteration is the principle organizing device of the verse line.2.Romance：Romance is a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose,describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. Romance was characteristic of the early feudal age, as it reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance was usually about love, chivalry, and religion.3.Soliloquy is a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while underthe impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is also known as interior monologue.4.sonnet: A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became apoem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes.5.Conceit--- a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startling differentthings. A conceit may strike the readers weird at first glance, but proves appropriate in the end.6.The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europeduring the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson etc..7.Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It makes atransition from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. The term Renaissance means rebirth or revival. The Renaissance period was marked by a reawakening of interest in learning, in the individual and in the world of nature. The revival of learning led scholars back to the culture of Greece and Rome. The rebirth of interest in the individual gave rise to a new appreciation of beauty, to a desire for self-expression in varied activities and to the creation of art. The renewal of curiosity about the nature word ultimately drew men to discover new lands and new scientific truths.。

1. Imagery (比喻)Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in readers… mind.A rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or state as distinct from the language of abstract argument or expositon.2> the imagery of a literar y work thus comprises the set of images that it uses, these need not be mental”pictures” but may a ppeal to senses other than sight.2. Realism (现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life(especially when they a re gloomy). Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.3. Symbolism (象征主义)Symbolism works under the surface to tie the story‟s external action to the theme. It was often pro duced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one corresp ondence.The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings refl ections, and mental images as the character experiences them.4. Simile (明喻)(a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.5. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法)A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words.6. Metaphor (暗喻)A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlik e simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the c omparison.8. Romanticism (浪漫主义)A.In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then t o $2.B.it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.C.In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a lit erary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and e xperience.D. the English romantic period is an age of poetry. This prevailed in $2 from 1798 to 1837. The m ajor romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphas is on the individual…s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and for ms of classicism.9. Modernism (现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th centur y and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical c ase.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and a rchitecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in Ameri ca from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a brea king away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man‟s posit ion and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concern ed with language and how to use it and with writing itself.10. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual‟s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character‟s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduc tion in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of co nsciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterize d by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character‟s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings refl ections, and mental images as the character experiences them.。

1、international theme国际主义James often wrote the pattern of the conf1ict both amusing and serious between American and Eur opean manners and customs.2、metaphysical school玄学派Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory term invented by John Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thoughts, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion.3、Realism现实主义The tradition of the brilliant school of critical realism in the 19th century continued its development in the early 20th century by the novelists such Butler. Meredith, Wells and Galsworthy. In their works criticism of the bourgeois world reaches considerable depth and poignancy. Their books condemned the capitalist order of things and uttered cries of suffering and protest.4、the “Lake Poets”or the “Lakers”They are Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have often been mentioned because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. They shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. They traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.5、Local Colorism地方文学A. It is a unique variation of American literary realism.B. It is concerned with and emphasizes the characteristics of a small and well-defined region or province.C. Humor, tall-tales and vernacular are the sources of local colorism writing.6、Free Verse自由体诗is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure,( or poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.) instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Though free verse had been used before Whitman it was he who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry.7、sonnet十四行诗a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch who wrote sonnets to a lady name Laura.8、blank verse无韵体诗Verse without rhymes. It is typically in iambic pentameter, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. The first practitioner of English dramatic blank verse is Christopher Marlowe.9、Imagism in Poetry诗歌意象派Imagism is the name given to a movement in poetry, originating in 1912 and represented by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images. (when speaking of images in poetry we generally mean a word or sequence of words that refers to any sensory experience. Often this experience is a sight, but it may be a sound or a touch. It may be an odor or a state or perhaps bodily sensation such as pain, or the perception of something cold.。

1. Epic: An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths,legends, folk tales and past events. They summarize and express the nature of ideals of an entire nation and reflect the values of the society from which it originated. Beowulf is the first surviving epic written in the English language. As the national epic of the English people, Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo, it describes the exploits of a hero and is structurally built around three fights or adventures, each of which involvesa battle between the hero Beowulf and a monster.2. Allegory: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan‟s Pilgrim‟s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul‟s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet: Sonnet is a kind of poem which became popular in Italian. During the Renaissance, this kind of poem had been widely used. A sonnet consisting of 14 lines, with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the Petrarchan and Shakespearean are the principal, namely: (1) abba abba, followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines, with a pause in the thought after the octave; (2)abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. Most sonnets are amatory in nature, and contain a certain narrative development. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism: Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements — or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. The most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance. Humanism suggest a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively — in particular, those dealing with the life, thought , language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists emphasized the value of human beings and the important of the present life. They proclaimed that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. Novel of Initiation: The initiation novel begins at the 18th century, first in Germany, and then prevails in Europe, in the 19th century, it comes to America. The initiation novel is to show after suffering a lot of traumas both in physical and mental, the young hero changes his previous world view, or transfigures his disposition, orhe changes the both; this change makes him get rid of his innocent childhood, and will finally leads him to the complicated adult society. In the initiation novels, although the people and the stories may be very different, the formations are similar: the story always starts with the young hero‟s sufferings or observations of the villainy, and losing his innocence; these experiences would inevitably shock his little heart, so the youth could transform from a nave child to an adaptable and mature man. The typical works are Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s the Scarlet Letter and Young Mr. Brown, Herman Melville‟s Moby Dick and J. D. Salinger‟s The Catch in the Rye.6. Quest: In mythology and literature, a quest, a journey towards a goal, serves asa plot device and (frequently) as a symbol. Quests appear in the folklore of every nation and also figure prominently in non-national cultures. In literature, the objects of quests require great exertion on the part of the hero, and the overcoming of many obstacles, typically including much travel. The aspect of travel also allows the storyteller to showcase exotic locations and cultures. The typical works are Homer's Odyssey, Herman M elville‟s Moby Dick and so on.7. Byronic Hero: Byronic hero is a proud and mysterious rebel figure of noble origin in Byron‟s …poems. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in an evil society, and would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable will and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.8. Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole‟s The Castle of Otranto.9. Naturalism: The word used to describe works of literature which use realistic methods and subjects to convey a philosophical form of naturalism; that is a belief that everything existed is a part of nature and can be explained by natural and material cause — and not by supernatural, spiritual or paranormal causes. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position for naturalistic writers. Those in favor of s naturalistic approach to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting the social environment dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the shortcoming of human beings. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.10. Graveyard Poets: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, death, religion and melancholy. Their poems made frequent use of funereal or gloomy imagery; they were often very Christian writers who used the imagery of night, death, and gloom in spiritual contemplation of human mortality and our relation to the divine. Edward Young and Thomas Gray are famous poets of the Graveyard school.11. Metaphysical Poets: The metaphysical poets refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the seventeenth century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, and play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor. They were against the convention of Elizabethan love poetry. They used contemporary scientific discoveries and theories, the topical debates on humanism, faith, and eternity, colloquial speech-based rhythms, and innovative verse forms, to examine the relationship between theindividual, his God, and the universe. The typical metaphysical poets are John Donne, Andrew Marvell.12. The Lost Generation: a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stampof the postwar period.。

Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。

Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。

Couplet: It is a pair of rhyming verse lines, usually of the same length; one of the most widely used verse-forms in European poetry. Chaucer established the use of couplets in English, notably in the Canterbury Tales, using rhyming iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletsBlank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。

Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。

英国文学复习整理名词解释1. Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speaker who is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.2. Aestheticism美学主义(唯美主义)Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.3. The Pygmalion Effect皮格马利翁效应The Pygmalion Effect is that people tend to behave as you expect they will. If you expect a person to take responsibility, they probably will.If you expect them not to even try, they probably won ' t.4. Colonialism 殖民主义one country's domination of another country or people一usually achieved through aggressive, often military actions , and the territory acquired in this manner.5. Post-colonial theory后殖民主义理论is a multicultural theory which mainly studies relations of cultural discourse power between the colonist and the colonized as well as racism （种族主义）,cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义），nationalculture and culture power identity after colonial period Representatives后殖民理论的"圣三位一体"Edward Said（萨义德）Gayatri C. Spivak（斯皮瓦克）Homi K. Bhabha（霍米巴巴），6.lmagism意象主义The body of theories of a group of anti-Romantic and anti-Georgian British and American poets （1912-18）who aimed at simplicity and detachment in poetic expression by the clear presentation of visual images.,/.Imagery 意象Words or phrases that create picture, or images, in the reader mind.Images are primarily visual.Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.8.Symbolism印象主义Epiphany 顿悟An experience of sudden and striking realization 顿.悟Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something, to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object seems tous radiant.9.Stream of Consciousness 意识流It is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of v iewby giving the written equivalent of the character's thought proc esses, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by le aps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to f ollow, tracing a character's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feeli ngs. The narrative method of capturing and representing the inner working of a character's mind.lO.Feminist Criticism 女性主义Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, social rights and opportunities for women11 .Transcendentalists 超验主义Transcendentalists emphasize the importance of the individual. They believe that the individual is the most important part of society, and that social innovation can only be achieved through personal cultivation and improvement. Therefore, the primary responsibility of people is to improve themselves, rather than deliberately pursue wealth and wealth. An ideal person is one who depends on himself Transcendentalists look at nature in a new way, believing that nature is the symbol of super spiritor god. In their view, nature is more than matter. It has life, the spirit of god fills it, it is the cloak of the super spiritmbic pentameter（五音步诗）lambic pentameter is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. It is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet （hence pentameter）.13. Alliteration（头韵）Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. It is a very old traditional stylistic device in English literature and verse. The consonants and stressed syllables are repeated in one line or in one stanza14. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄The Byronic hero presents an idealized, but flawed character whose attributes include: great talent; gr eat passion; distaste for society and social institutions; a lac k of respect for rank and privilege; being thwarted in love by social c onstr aint or death; rebellion; exile; an unpleasant secret past; arrogance; overconf idence or lac k of foresight; and, ultimately, a self-destructive manner.15.Sonnet十四行诗A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary butare usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespeareanor English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. ke Poets湖畔诗人The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement1/.Metaphysical玄学派诗歌的Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use ofconceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.18.Shakespearean Comedy 莎士比亚式喜剧A Shakespearean comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeare's other plays. Shakespeare an comedies tend to also include: 'A struggle of young lovers to overcome difficulty, often presented by elder.。

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism2.Victorian period3.Autobiography4.Regional novel5.Dramatic monologue6.Dramatization7.Disinterestedness8.Idyll9.Psychological novel10.The Pre-Raphaelites11.Künstlerroman12.Aestheticism13.Naturalism14.Aestheticism15.Beowulf16.Blank verse17.Ballad18.Byronic Heroes19.Classicism20.Conceitic epic in prose22.Enlightenment23.Graveyard School / Poets24.Gothic novel25.Heroic couplet26.Humanism27.Individualismke Poets29.Metaphysical Poetry30.Neoclassicism31.Romance32.Romanticism33.Renaissance34.Rationalism35.Relativism36.Sonnet37.Spenserian Stanza38.Sentimentalism39.Stream-of-consciousness40.University witsⅡ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism: English critical realism o f the 19th century flourished in the forties and in theearly fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray‟s novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.2.Victorian period: The era of Queen Victoria‟s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.3.Autobiography: An account of a person‟s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first usedby Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson‟s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are therefore dependent on other people‟s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may obscure as much as they reveal.4.Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses itand the people who inhabit it as the basis for his or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural and or provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell (1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban” or “industrial” novels, set in a particular town or city, some of which had considerable fame in the 19th century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell‟s Mary Barton (1848), Charles Dickens‟s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot‟s Middlemarch (1871~1872).5.Dramatic monologue:Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a sile nt “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet‟s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character,whose personality is revealed unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson‟s “Ulysses” (1842), Browning‟s “Fra Lippo Lippi” (1855), and T. S. Eliot‟s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917).Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.6.Dramatization: The act of making a play out of a story in another genre, from a chronicle, novel, shortstory and so forth. In medieval drama the Bible was dramatized into the Mystery Plays. In the Tudor period dramatists “lifted” plots, stories, and ideas from historians like Plutarch and Holinshed, and novelists like Lodge and Nashe. But it was not until the 18th century that dramatization really began to flourish. Then novels provided the material. For example, Richardson‟s Pamela, dramatized by James Dance, was extremely popular. There followed dramatization of novels by Mrs. Radcliffe, Alpole, Godwin, “Monk”Lewisand Clara Reeve. In the 19thcentury.DickensandScottweretheauthorsmostused; so were Lord Lytton, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Reade, Wilkie Collins, and many more. The arrival of a group of original dramatists towards the end of the century saved the theatre from this deadening activity. But it is a practice by no means extinct, as television and recent theatrical history amply demonstrate.7.Disinterestedness: (In criticism) “Disinterestedness” is an important term in Matthew Arnold‟s essay TheFunction of Criticism at the Present Time, first delivered as a lecture in1864 and later published in Essays in Criticism(1865). Arnold spoke of the need, in the study of all branches of knowledge, to see the object “as in itself it really is”.This depended on the attitude of the critic, which, in his view, ought to be objective and open-minded, a kind of involved detachment.8.Idyll:Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence andcontentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson‟s Idylls of the King (1842~1885), a sequence of Arthurian romances, bears little relation to the usual meaning. Browning in Dramatic Idylls(1879~1880) uses the term in another sense, as a short self-contained poem.9.Psychological novel: A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concernedwith the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written psychological novels.10.The Pre-Raphaelites:Pre-Raphaelites is a group of English artists and writers of the Victorian period,associated directly or indirectly with the self-styled Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood of young artists founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman Hunt.The PRB (as it is usually abbreviated) rebelled against the conventional academic styles of painting modeled upon Raphael (1483～1520), seeking a freshness and simplicity found in earlier artists, along witha closer fidelity to Nature. The organized Brotherhood itself lasted only a few years, but Pre-Raphaelitismas a broader current survived in the paintings of Edward Burne-Jones, the designs of William Morris, and the art criticism of John Ruskin, as well as in the poetry of Christina Rossetti, D. G. Rossetti, Morris, and A.C. Swinburne—the last three being dubbed “The Fleshly School of Poetry” in a hostile review by RobertBuchanan (Contemporary Review, 1871). Pre-Raphaelite poetry is often characterized by dreamy medievalism, mixing religiosity and sensuousness, notably in D. G. Rossetti‟s“The Blessed Damozel”(1850), Morris‟s The Defence of Guenevere (1858), and Swinburne‟s Poems and Ballads (1866).11.Künstlerroman: A novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which showsthe development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce‟s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.12.Aestheticism:The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of thebeautif ul or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art, music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or notit is useful).13.Naturalism:Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the”laws”of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist‟s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O‟Neill in America; Zola in France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane‟s“The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example in this text of a naturalistic short story.14.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.15.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.16.Blank verse（名词解释）:This term，which was first brought into England by Surrey，is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter 1ine in poetry．17.Ballad民谣（名词解释）(Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed.)A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. It can be about the story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, with graphic simplicity and force and is suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.18.Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.19.Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.20.ConceitConceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile originally a "concept" or "idea", conceit came to mean a striking parallel between two highly dissimilar things, The metaphysical conceit is more far-fetched and less trivially ornamental, and generally more original.ic epic in prose（散文体喜剧史诗）It …s similar to the epic.its large,comprehensive,and contains many incidents and characters.Unlike the serious epic,which treats great persons,the comic epic treats persons pf inferior rank and manner(the generic subject matter of comedy)instead of kings and nobles and it portrays the ridiculous.22.Enlightenment (1650-1800)（名词解释）The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy23.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.24.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)25.Heroic couplet (名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)26.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism．It states that man is godly，that man is able to find truth，goodness and beauty，and that man is in contro1 of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly，humanism puts man at the center of their be1iefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man．27.Individualismemphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rightske Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.29.Metaphysical Poetry"The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne .With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.30.NeoclassicismIt is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). These movements were dominant at various times between the 18th and 20th centuries. This article addresses what these "neoclassicisms" have in common.31.Romance （名词解释）(1)The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval ro mance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2)A long com position describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3)One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.32.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。

英语专业期末考试文学名词解释1. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。

在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。

1.Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。