金融英语第七章答案

⾦融英语Part7exercisePart7 1. Multiple Choice(1) The person to whom the bill is addressed is called the _________.A. drawerB. holderC. payeeD. drawee(2) If a bill is a _______, the documents will be handed over only against payment of the bill.A. tenorB. sightC. cleanD. bank(3) In collection, banks are obligated to verify the documents received to see that ________.A. they are authenticB. they are regularC. they are those listed in the collection orderD. they are in the right form(4) A export bond is a guarantee to _______that _______will fulfill his contractual obligations.A. the buyer… the exporterB. the exporter …the buyerC. the guara ntor … the buyerD. the exporter … guarantor(5) When there is no indication of damage to the goods, a bill of lading is said to be ________.A. cleanB. goodC. qualifiedD. dirty(6) Which of the following party is in a position to instruct the nominated ( e.g. advising ) bank to add its confirmation ?A. beneficiaryB. L/C issuing bankC. reimbursing bankD. applicant(7) When a customer asks its bank to make a telegraphic transfer to a beneficiary abroad, the charges may ___________.A. be paid by either the remitter or the remiteeB. be debited against the nostro accountC. be credited to the vostro accountD. be paid by the remitting bank(8) ______________informs the beneficiary another bank has issued a credit in his favor without adding its own engagement.A. Advising bankB. Confirming bankC. Drawee bankD. Issuing bank(9) _________must approve any amendments to a confirmed irrevocable letter of credit.A. BeneficiaryB. Confirming bankC. Issuing bankD. A and B and C(10) The beneficiary must do two things to be paid. He must present documents which conform to the credit, _________.A. and he must present them on the expiry date.B. and he must present them before expiry date.C. and he must present them on or before the expiry date.D. and he must present them around the expiry date.2. True or False(1) If a bill is payable “at 60 days sight”, the date of payment is decided according to the date of draft.A. trueB. false(2) Banks have no obligation to take any action in respect of the goods to which a documentary collection relates.A. trueB. false(3) Unless otherwise stated in the credit, a transferable credit can be transferred only once.A. trueB. false(4) An irrevocable credit can be amended, revoked or cancelled without the beneficiary's consent.A. trueB. false(5) A back-to-back credit is mainly used by a middleman to get from a supplier goods which are sold or resold to a third party or parties.A. trueB. false(6) There is no acceptor in a promissory note.A. trueB. false(7) Any transferee for value who takes possession of an endorsed bill of lading obtains a good title to it, provided the transferor had a good title in the first place.A. trueB. false(8) In the case of MT, the remitting bank issues a draft to its customer, and directs its foreign branch or correspondent by mail to make the payment to the beneficiary.A. trueB. false(9) If a bill of lading is made out to bearer, it can be legally transferred without endorsement.A. trueB. false(10) A documentary collection is an arrangement whereby the seller draws only a draft on the buyer for the value of the goods and presents the draft to his bank.A. trueB. false3. ClozePassage 1terms open policy open cover one-offinsurance policy regular premium certificate of insuranceWhen an exporter sells goods on a ___1____ basis, he will normally arrange an ___2__of insurance to cover all his exports during a specific period. This provides insurance cover at all times within agreed terms and conditions. Each time a shipment is made, the exporter will declare the details and pay a ____3___ to the insurer. A ____4______ is then issued by the exporter who sends one copy to the insurance company for their record.The benefit to the ____5___system is that it avoids the need to negotiate insurance___6___ each time a shipment is made, and it avoids the necessity of issuing a separate policy for each individual shipment. If an exporter sells goods on a __7____basis, then he will negotiate terms with the insurers and an ________8____will be issued.Passage2applicant instruction advance beneficiary advising bank receiptA red clause documentary credit contains an __1___from the issuing bank for the advising bank to make an _____2___ to the beneficiary prior to shipment. When the exporter subsequently presents the documents, the amount of the advance and interest will be deducted from the full amount of the credit.Such advance can be in two forms: conditional, whereby the beneficiary must sign an。

公司理财英文版练习题答案第七章Pangaea Corpor1、______ pocket money did you get when you were a child? （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. HowC. How manyD. How much(正确答案)2、Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people_____harm them. [单选题] *A.more thanB.other thanC.rather than(正确答案)D.better than3、The huntsman caught only a（）of the deer before it ran into the woods. [单选题] *A. gazeB. glareC. glimpse(正确答案)D. stare4、35．___________ good music the teacher is playing! [单选题] *A．What(正确答案)B．HowC．What aD．What the5、——Have you（）your friend Bill recently? ———No, he doesnt often write to me. [单选题] *A. heard aboutB. heard ofC. heard from (正确答案)D. received from6、Just use this room for the time being ,and we’ll offer you a larger one _______it becomes available [单选题] *A. as soon as(正确答案)B unless .C as far asD until7、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *B. toC. inD. with(正确答案)8、—What were you doing when the rainstorm came?—I ______ in the library with Jane. （）[单选题] *A. readB. am readingC. will readD. was reading(正确答案)9、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)10、I often _______ music from the Internet. [单选题] *A. download(正确答案)B. spendD. read11、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.（）[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent12、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _______. [单选题] *A. takes offB. is taking off(正确答案)C. has taken offD. took off13、You wouldn' t have caught such ____ bad cold if you hadn' t been caught in ____?rain. [单选题] *A. a, /B. a, aC. a,the(正确答案)D. /, /14、We _______ swim every day in summer when we were young. [单选题] *A. use toB. are used toC. were used toD. used to(正确答案)15、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful16、Sichuan used to have more people than ______ province in China. [单选题] *A. otherB. any other(正确答案)C. anotherD. any others17、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] *A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)18、Jim will _______ New York at 12 o’clock. [单选题] *A. get onB. get outC. get offD. get to(正确答案)19、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable20、It was _____ that the policy of reform and opening up came into being in China. [单选题] *A. in the 1970s(正确答案)B. in 1970sC. in the 1970s'D. in 1970's21、—______?—He can do kung fu.（）[单选题] *A. What does Eric likeB. Can Eric do kung fuC. What can Eric do(正确答案)D. Does Eric like kung fu22、I passed the test, I _____ it without your help. [单选题] *A.would not passB. wouldn't have passed(正确答案)C. didn't passD.had not passed23、Having stayed in the United States for more than ten years, he got an American（）[单选题] *A. speechB. accent(正确答案)C. voiceD. sound24、28．The question is very difficult. ______ can answer it. [单选题] * A．EveryoneB．No one(正确答案)C．SomeoneD．Anyone25、Is there ____ for one more in the car? [单选题] *A. seatB. situationC. positionD. room(正确答案)26、He does ______ in math.（）[单选题] *A. goodB. betterC. well(正确答案)D. best27、The travelers arrived _______ Xi’an _______ a rainy day. [单选题] *A. at; inB. at; onC. in; inD. in; on(正确答案)28、Tom’s sister is a nurse. I met _______ in the street yesterday . [单选题] *A. sheB. hersC. himD. her(正确答案)29、17．—When ________ they leave here?—Tomorrow morning. [单选题] * A．doB．will(正确答案)C．doesD．are30、I saw the boy _______?the classroom. [单选题] *A. enter intoB. enter(正确答案)C. to enter intoD. to enter。

“高职高专商务英语专业规划教材”Unit 1 Financial Market Research练习参考答案I.Read through the text and answer the following questions.1.A financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy andsell (trade) financial securities (such as stocks and bonds), commodities (such as precious metals or agricultural goods), and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis.2.The raising of capital ;the transfer of risk and international trade3.Capital markets,commodity markets,money markets, derivative markets,insurance markets and foreign exchange markets .4.Financial markets fit in the relationship between lenders andborrowers.5.Individuals, companies, governments, municipalities and publiccorporations.II. Paraphrase the following expressions or abbreviations and translate them into ChineseCheck the answers from the Special Term Lists.III. Fill in the blanks with the proper wordsThe global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and concerns.IV.Translation.1.金融市场包括很多方面，包括资本市场，华尔街，甚至是市场本身。

The Answers of Chapter 71. The difference between direct and indirect financing has to do with whether theborrower and lender seek each other out or whether an intermediary matchesborrowers and lenders. Direct financing requires no intermediary to matchsavers and borrowers. An economy will benefit from having both direct andindirect financing because both are appropriate ways to save and invest underdifferent circumstances. As discussed in the text, financial intermediaries absorba fraction of each saver's dollar that is borrowed. Thus, the intermediary takessome of the funds that otherwise would have gone to a borrower. However, the financial intermediary provides an important service by reducing informationasymmetries, allowing savers to pool risk, and matching risk and return.Therefore, when an individual cannot research these issues on his/her own, the intermediary is necessary to help the financial markets operate. However, astrong bond market, in which borrowers and savers can directly interact, allows for informed parties to save the funds that otherwise would go to an intermediary.This, in turn, uses the savings more efficiently.2. Portfolio flows are relatively short term in nature (have a shorter term to maturity),involve lower borrowing costs, and can generate near-term income. They also do not require a firm to give up control to a foreign investor. Consequently, they may help to improve capital allocation within an economy and help the economy's financial sector develop. These are all potential benefits of portfolio investments.By the same token, however, they are also relatively easy to reverse in direction, which is a potential disadvantage of portfolio investment.On the other hand, foreign direct investment (FDI) involve some degree ofownership and control of a foreign firm, are typically long term in nature, and help provide a stabilizing influence on a nation's economy. As such, FDI is typically more difficult to arrange.It is not advantageous to rely on either type of investment exclusively, in so far as each type accomplishes different goals for an economy. Both near-andlong-term capital are important for an economy's growth.3. As either portfolio investment of FDI increase, the demand for the local currencyrises (e.g., there is a shift from D0 to D1), which puts upward pressure on the value of the currency, from S0 to S1. If the central bank expects to hold the value of the currency constant at S0, it will have to increase the quantity of the domesticcurrency supplied (e.g., accommodate the excess quantity demanded at the initial spot rate S0) to maintain the peg. The opposite would hold for capital outflows.4. Suppose that a multinational bank (MNB) headquartered in a developed economyenters a developing economy. The MNB has gained considerable expertise in working as a financial intermediary, and likely has achieved economies of scale in doing so. By entering a foreign market, it helps to allocate the savings more efficiently through its intermediation services; which in turn will lead to additional economic development. Specifically, it should help to make sure that the best investment projects are funded. Moreover, the competition it introduces into the capital market helps to improve the quality of the indigenous financialintermediaries. This, in turn, should also add to financial stability.5. Savers and borrowers can also benefit from the regulation of financialintermediaries when portfolio capital flows dominate a country's capital inflows.It can be argued that regulation to limit short-term inflows can stabilize theeconomy and that these regulations can be gradually lifted as the economybecomes more stable (financial markets develop) and resilient to external shocks.These regulations do impose costs in that they require resources to enforce, and may inhibit otherwise helpful capital inflows which may aid economicdevelopment. However, these costs must be considered against the potential losses that may be incurred if the absence of capital controls would lead to more volatile and capital markets (which may deter the inflow of foreign capital).6. Policymakers should undertake actions that attract both portfolio capital flows andFDI flows. Actions that improve transparency in both the private a public sector reduces information asymmetries and their associate problems thereby making portfolio flows more stable, in other words, reducing the risk of massive capital outflows. Policymakers may also undertake actions that promote education,improve the tax structure and tax collection, and improve the countriesinfrastructure. These actions may, in turn, attract FDI.7. In the following two examples it is assumed that the policymaker maintains apegged-exchange rate regime and does not opt for a floating-rate regime. Hence, the policymaker may either intervene and maintain the peg or change the value of the peg. In both cases there is pressure for the domestic currency to appreciate visa vis the foreign currency.a. If the exchange rate pressure is only temporary in nature, then the policymakermay intervene by accommodating the excess quantity demanded, as explained in question 3 above.b. Because the exchange rate pressure is longer-term in nature, the policymakerwould be well advised to revalue the domestic currency.8. The World Bank was initially established to help countries rebuild after WWIIand in the 1960s expanded to also make long term loans to developing nations in order to help reduce poverty and improve living standards. Recently, some of the World Bank's activities have begun to overlap the IMF's activities to finance long-term structural adjustments and provide refinancing for some heavilyindebted countries. Critics may argue that the tasks that are duplicated by the IMF and the World Bank create conflicting goals for the World Bank. Thus, the two organizations may each benefit by focusing on different aims. For instance, the IMF may return to financing shorter-term objectives and leave the World Bank to worry about longer-term projects.Another conflicting line of reasoning involves donors' expectation that the World Bank maintain a revenue stream form its projects. This can be argues asunrealistic, however, in that the poorest countries are less likely to yield a payoff for the needed projects; and these are precisely the countries that the World Bank is designed and intended to help. On the other hand, the less risky projects,which could provide a positive revenue stream are likely to attract private capital.9. The first cause of a crisis could be an imbalance in the economy. In other words,an incongruity in economic fundamentals could cause a crisis. Possibleindicators include theoretical divergences between various economic variables such as the exchange rate and interest rates, income, and money supply. In terms of evaluation, if fundamental economic variables seem to be out of line, there may be an impending crisis.A second cause is that of self-fulfilling expectations and contagion effects. Inthis case, mere expectations of a potential inability to maintain a specifiedexchange rate or a slight incongruity between economic conditions and the market exchange rate may cause a cascade of speculation that leads to a crisis. Since this is based on perception, it is difficult to find an indicator. One possibleindicator would be trading volumes of currency for countries that may be at risk from the viewpoint of economic fundamentals. If trading volumes grew quickly,a crisis may be on the horizon.Finally, the structural moral hazard problem may indicate a crisis. In this case, a credit rating bureau, such as Moody's may provide the data needed to indicate a potential crisis. The quality of the credit rating would be relatively easilyinterpreted to indicate a potential crisis.10.Answers will vary. A potential strength of this proposal would be the centralized,and assumedly unified, efforts to stabilize the global economic environment. If it works, the global economy would be more stable. A potential weakness involves the question of how practical this proposal would be, and how easy it would be to match individual countries' domestic policy goals with the organization's global goals and economic interventions. A potential of conflict between theorganization's interventions and national interests could be a significant weakness.11. It can be argued that such below market interest rate loans are critical for adeveloping nation's economy in order for the economy to grow unburdened by high interest payments when it is trying to funnel profits back into the economy and sustain growth. Conversely, providing these non-market rate loans can also be argued to distort the market for loanable funds and attract inefficientinvestment. Students' perspectives will vary as to which argument is the best.。

Part One1. What are the main roles of banks?答：Although banks share many common features with other profit-seeking business,they play a unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings,allocating capital funds to fiance productive investment,transmitting monetary policy,providinga payment system and transforming risks.3. According to the revised edition of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China ,what functions does the PBC perform?答：The PBC 's key functions are to conduct monetary policy, prevent and dissolve financial risks, and maintain financial stability under the leadership of the State Council.4. Can you give some examples of indirect instruments for implementing monetary policy?答：Indirect instruments as required reserve ratio, interest rate adjustment and open market operations.9. What is your definition of share and bond?答：Shares are certificates or book entries representing ownership in a corporation or similar entity.Bonds are written evidences of debts.13. What is your definition of “securities”?答：Securities are paper certificates (definitive securities) or electronic records (book-entry securities) evidencing ownership of equity (stock) or debt obligations (bonds).Part Two2. What are the objectives of banking supervision?First, the key objective of supervision is to maintain stability and public confidence in financial system.The second goal of bank supervisions to ensure that bank operate in a safe and sound manner and that they hold capital and reserve sufficient to cover the risks that may arise in their business.Third, a related goal is to protect depositors’ funds and , if any bank should fail, to minimize the losses to be absorbed by the deposit insurance fund.The fourth goal of bank supervision is to foster an efficient and competition banking system that is responsive to the public need for high quality financial services at reasonable cost.The fifth and final goal of bank supervision is to ensure compliance with banking laws and regulations.3. What risks might the commercial banks have to face?(1)credit risk (2)market risk (3)liquidity risk (4)operational risk (5)legal risk (6)reputation risk4. What are the implication of credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk?Credit risk: A major type of risk that banks face is credit risk or the failure of a counterpart to perform according to a contractual arrangement.Market risk: Two specific elements of market risk are foreign exchange risk and interest risk. Banks face a risk of losses in on- and off-balance sheet positions arising from movement in exchange rates. Interest rate risk prefers to the exposure of a bank’s financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates.Liquidity risk: Liquidity risk arises from the inability of a bank to accommodate decreases in liabilities or to fund increases in assets.Operational risk: The most important types of operational risk involve breakdowns in internal controls and corporate governance..5.At what levels does the Basel Accord set the minimum capital ratio requirements for internationally active banks?The Accord sets minimum capital ratio requirements for internationally active banks of 4% tier one capita and 8% total capital (tier one plus tier two) in relation to risk-weighted assets.Part Three1. What does foreign exchange include ?答：Foreign exchange includes the following means of payments and assets denominated in a foreign currency that can be used for international settlement:●Foreign currencies, including banknotes and coins;●Payment vouchers denominated in foreign currency, including negotiableinstruments, bank certificates of deposit and certificates of postal savings;●Securities denominated in foreign currency, including government bonds,corporate bonds and stocks;●Super-national currencies such as Special Drawing Rights and the Euro; and●Other assets denominated in foreign currency.3. What are the requirements for domestic institutions for opening foreign exchange accounts abroad?答：Domestic entities which meet one of the following requirements may apply for opening a foreign exchange account abroad:●Expecting small amount income during a certain period of time abroad;●Expecting small amount ex penditure during a certain period of time abroad;●Undertaking overseas construction projects;and issuing securities denominated in foreign currency abroad.6. Give the definition of foreign exchange?答：Foreign exchange , or forex , is foreign money. All foreign currency, consisting of founds held with banks abroad, or bills or cheques, again in foreign currency and payable abroad , are termed foreign exchange.9. Give the definition of spot and forward transaction?答：Spot transactions involve today’s p rices of currency and delivery of the currency within two business days, except for Canadian dollar (CAD), which must be delivered in one day.10. Tell the difference between forward and futures transactions?答：(1) Forward transactions involve today’s pr ices of currency and delivery on a stipulated future date.(2) Futures transactions are always traded on exchanges. In order to be marketable on exchanges, futures contracts are standardized in terms of quantity, settlement datesand quotation.Part Four14. How could a bank earn interest income?答：The principal source of income for the majority of banks is still the interest received on the funds that the institution has at its disposal and is able to lend out in some form.Whenever a bank lends out money it will generally charge interest to the customer.21. Why should a bank keep sufficient liquid assets?答：It is important for a bank to hold sufficient liquid assets to meet the demands of depositors who may seek to withdraw their funds. However,maintenance of too high a level of liquid assets could be expensive. Cash balances in particular yield no income,yet will cost the same as any other asset to fund.25. What are the three major activities included in a bank's Statement of Cash Flows?答：The statement of cash flows reports cash flows relating to operating,investing and financing activities of a bank.Part five4. What are negotiable instruments? list some examples.答：From a functional perspective, negotiable instruments are documents used in commerce to secure the payment of money. Paying large sums of money in cash is both inconvenient and, unfortunately, risky. In all cases, negotiable instruments represent a right to payment. A right is, by definition, a promise and not a tangible piece of property. So, negotiable instruments are classified as choses in action. The three main types of them are the following: Bills of Exchange, Cheques, Promissory Notes.7. What’s the difference between capital lease and operating lease?答：1: Whether the ownership of property is to be transferred by the end of lease term.2: Whether the lease has an operation to purchase the leased property at a bargain price.3: The lease term is long to or short in according to the estimated economic life of the leased property.4: Whether the lease is a cancelable lease.5: Whether the lease is full-payout lease.9. What’s the meaning of Account Receivable Financing?答：Accounts Receivable represents a promise from customers to pay for a goods sold or services rendered. Account Receivable Financing is a form of collateralized lending in which accounts receivables are the collateral.12. What are basic characteristics of money mark securities?答：Money-mark securities, which are discussed in details later in this chapter, have three basic characteristics in common:They are usually sold in large denominations.They have low default risk.They mature in one year or less from their original issue date. Most money marker instruments mature in less than 120 days.Why teasury bills are attractive to investors?答：Teasury bills are attractive to investors because they are backed by the government and therefore are virtually free of default risk .Even if the government ran out of money, it could simply print more to pay them off when they mature.The risk of unexpected changes in inflation is also low because of their short-termmaturity. 15. What are the features of inter-bank markets?答：Inter-bank markets are money markets in which short-term funds transferred (lent or borrowed) between financial institutions, usually for one day, that is , they are usually overnight investment . The interest rate for borrowing these funds is close to ,but always slightly higher than ,the rate that is available from the central bank. 17．How have NCDs become the second most popular money market instruments?答：Negotiable CDs are in large denominations .Although NCDs denominations are too large for individual investors , they are sometimes purchased by money market funds that have pooled individua l investor’s funds. Thus , the existence of money market funds allows individuals to be indirect investors in NCDs ,marking a more active NCD market.19.What products does the on-line banking provide?答：basic products and services, intermediate products and services ,advanced products and services.Part Six1,What categories can the loan be divided according to their risk?答：The five-category system classifies bank loans according to their inherent risks as pass(normal),special-mention,substandard,doubtful and loss.What are the commonly used methods of credit analysis?答：Tranditionally,key risk factors have been classified according to the five CS of credit:character,capital,capacity,conditions,and collateral. Golden and Walker identify the five CS of bad credit,representing things to guard against to help prevent problems.These include complacency,carelessness,communication breakdown,contingencies,and competition.A useful framework for sorting out the facts and opinions in credit analysis is the 5Ps approach:people,purpose,payment,protection,and perspective.How can a bank take security for an advance?答：A bank has different kinds of security as cover for advance to his customers.There are several ways in which a bank may take security for an advance by lien,pledge,mortgage and hypothecation.。

CHAPTER 7Introduction to Risk and ReturnAnswers to Problem Sets1. Expected payoff is $100 and expected return is zero. Variance is 20,000 (%squared) and standard deviation is 141%.2. a. Standard deviation = 19.3%b. Average real return = -2.2%3. Ms. Sauros had a slightly higher average return (14.6% vs. 14.4% for the market).However, the fund also had a higher standard deviation (13.6% vs. 9.4% for themarket).4. a. Falseb. Truec. Falsed. Falsee. Falsef. Trueg. Trueh. False5. d6.7. a. 26% b. zero c. .75d. L ess than 1.0 (the portfolio’s risk is the same as the market, but some ofthis risk is unique risk).8. 1.3 (Diversification does not affect market risk.) 9. A, 1.0; B, 2.0; C, 1.5; D, 0; E, 21.0 10.Recall from Chapter 4 that:(1 + r nominal ) = (1 + r real ) ⨯ (1 + inflation rate)Therefore:r real = [(1 + r nominal )/(1 + inflation rate)] – 1a.The real return on the stock market in each year was: 1929: -14.7% 1930: -23.7% 1931: -38.0% 1932: 0.5% 1933:56.5%b. From the results for Part (a), the average real return was: -3.89%c.The risk premium for each year was: 1929: -19.3% 1930: -30.7% 1931: -45.0% 1932: -10.9% 1933:57.0%d. From the results for Part (c), the average risk premium was: –9.78%e.The standard deviation (σ) of the risk premium is calculated as follows:[22220.0978))0.450(0978))0 0.307(0.0978))0.193(151σ---+---+---⨯⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=(.((0.1557390.0978))(0.5700.0978))0.109(22=--+---+]((39.46%0.3946370.155739σ===11.a.A long-term United States government bond is always absolutely safe in terms of the dollars received. However, the price of the bond fluctuates as interest rates change and the rate at which coupon payments received can be invested also changes as interest rates change. And, of course, the payments are all in nominal dollars, so inflation risk must also be considered.b.It is true that stocks offer higher long-run rates of return than do bonds, but it is also true that stocks have a higher standard deviation of return. So, which investment is preferable depends on the amount of risk one iswilling to tolerate. This is a complicated issue and depends on numerous factors, one of which is the investment time horizon. If the investor has a short time horizon, then stocks are generally not preferred.c. Unfortunately, 10 years is not generally considered a sufficient amount of time for estimating average rates of return. Thus, using a 10-year average is likely to be misleading.12.The risk to Hippique shareholders depends on the market risk, or beta, of the investment in the black stallion. The information given in the problem suggests that the horse has very high unique risk, but we have no information regarding the horse’s market risk. So, the best estimate is that t his horse has a market risk about equal to that of other racehorses, and thus this investment is not a particularly risky one for Hippique shareholders.13.In the context of a well-diversified portfolio, the only risk characteristic of a single security that matters is the security’s contribution to the overall portfolio risk. This contribution is measured by beta. Lonesome Gulch is the safer investment for a diversified investor because its beta (+0.10) is lower than the beta ofAmalgamated Copper (+0.66). For a diversified investor, the standard deviations are irrelevant. 14.x I = 0.60 σI = 0.10 x J = 0.40 σJ = 0.20a.1ρIJ =)]σσρx 2(x σx σx [σJ I IJ J I 2J 2J 2I 2I 2p ++=b.c. 15.a.Refer to Figure 7.13 in the text. With 100 securities, the box is 100 by 100. The variance terms are the diagonal terms, and thus there are 100variance terms. The rest are the covariance terms. Because the box has (100 times 100) terms altogether, the number of covariance terms is:1002 – 100 = 9,900Half of these terms (i.e., 4,950) are different.b.Once again, it is easiest to think of this in terms of Figure 7.13. With 50 stocks, all with the same standard deviation (0.30), the same weight in the portfolio (0.02), and all pairs having the same correlation coefficient (0.40), the portfolio variance is:σ2 = 50(0.02)2(0.30)2 + [(50)2 – 50](0.02)2(0.40)(0.30)2 =0.03708 σ = 0.193 = 19.3%c.For a fully diversified portfolio, portfolio variance equals the average covariance:σ2 = (0.30)(0.30)(0.40) = 0.036 σ = 0.190 = 19.0%16.a.Refer to Figure 7.13 in the text. For each different portfolio, the relative weight of each share is [one divided by the number of shares (n) in the portfolio], the standard deviation of each share is 0.40, and the correlation between pairs is 0.30. Thus, for each portfolio, the diagonal terms are the same, and the off-diagonal terms are the same. There are n diagonal terms and (n 2 – n) off-diagonal terms. In general, we have:Variance = n(1/n)2(0.4)2 + (n 2 – n)(1/n)2(0.3)(0.4)(0.4)0.0196]0)(0.20)40)(1)(0.12(0.60)(0.(0.20)0.40)((0.10)(0.60)[2222=++=0ρij=0.0148])0.10)(0.2040)(0.50)(2(0.60)(0.(0.20)0.40)((0.10)(0.60)[2222=++=0.50ρIJ =0.0100]0)(0.20)40)(0)(0.12(0.60)(0.(0.20)0.40)((0.10)(0.60)[2222=++=)]σσρx 2(x σx σx [σJ I IJ J I 2J 2J 2I 2I 2p ++=)]σσρx 2(x σx σx [σJ I IJ J I 2J 2J 2I 2I 2p ++=For one share: Variance = 1(1)2(0.4)2 + 0 = 0.160000For two shares:Variance = 2(0.5)2(0.4)2 + 2(0.5)2(0.3)(0.4)(0.4) = 0.104000 The results are summarized in the second and third columns of thetable below.b. (Graphs are on the next page.) The underlying market risk that can not bediversified away is the second term in the formula for variance above:Underlying market risk = (n2 - n)(1/n)2(0.3)(0.4)(0.4)As n increases, [(n2 - n)(1/n)2] = [(n-1)/n] becomes close to 1, so that theunderlying market risk is: [(0.3)(0.4)(0.4)] = 0.048c. This is the same as Part (a), except that all of the off-diagonal terms arenow equal to zero. The results are summarized in the fourth and fifthcolumns of the table below.(Part a) (Part a) (Part c) (Part c)No. of Standard StandardShares Variance Deviation Variance Deviation1 .160000 .400 .160000 .4002 .104000 .322 .080000 .2833 .085333 .292 .053333 .2314 .076000 .276 .040000 .2005 .070400 .265 .032000 .1796 .066667 .258 .026667 .1637 .064000 .253 .022857 .1518 .062000 .249 .020000 .1419 .060444 .246 .017778 .13310 .059200 .243 .016000 .126Graphs for Part (a):Graphs for Part (c):17. The table below uses the format of Figure 7.13 in the text in order to calculate theportfolio variance. The portfolio variance is the sum of all the entries in the matrix. Portfolio variance equals: 0.03664355518.“Safest” means lowest risk; in a portfolio context, thi s means lowest variance of return. Half of the portfolio is invested in Canadian Pacific stock, and half of the portfolio must be invested in one of the other securities listed. Thus, we calculate the portfolio variance for seven different portfolios to see which is the lowest. The safest attainable portfolio is comprised of Canadian Pacific and Nestle.19.⨯ change inchange is +1.25%.b. “Safest” implies lowest risk. Assuming the well-diversified portfolio isinvested in typical securities, the portfolio beta is approximately one. Thelargest reduction in beta is achieved by investing the $20,000 in a stockwith a negative beta. Answer (iii) is correct.20. Expected portfolio return = x A E[R A ] + x B E[R B ] = 12% = 0.12Let x B = (1 – x A )x A (0.10) + (1 – x A) (0.15) = 0.12 ⇒ x A = 0.60 and x B = 1 – x A = 0.40Portfolio variance = x A2σA2 + x B2σB2 +2(x A x B ρAB σA σB )= (0.60 2 ) (20 2 ) + (0.40 2 ) (40 2 ) + 2(0.60)(0.40)(0.50)(20)(40) = 592 Standard deviation = 24.33%592σ==21. a. In general:Portfolio variance = σP2 = x12σ12 + x22σ22 + 2x1x2ρ12σ1σ2Thus:σP2 = (0.52)(30.92)+(0.52)(17.22)+2(0.5)(0.5)(0.31)(30.9)(17.2)σP2 = 395.942Standard deviation = σP = 19.88%b. We can think of this in terms of Figure 7.13 in the text, with threesecurities. One of these securities, T-bills, has zero risk and, hence, zerostandard deviation. Thus:σP2 = (1/3)2(30.92)+(1/3)2(17.22)+2(1/3)(1/3)(0.31)(30.9)(17.2)σP2 = 175.574Standard deviation = σP = 13.25%Another way to think of this portfolio is that it is comprised of one-thirdT-Bills and two-thirds a portfolio which is half Dell and half McDonalds.Because the risk of T-bills is zero, the portfolio standard deviation is two-thirds of the standard deviation computed in Part (a) above:Standard deviation = (2/3)(19.88) = 13.25%c. With 50% margin, the investor invests twice as much money in theportfolio as he had to begin with. Thus, the risk is twice that found in Part(a) when the investor is investing only his own money:Standard deviation = 2 ⨯ 19.88% = 39.76%d. With 100 stocks, the portfolio is well diversified, and hence the portfoliostandard deviation depends almost entirely on the average covariance ofthe securities in the portfolio (measured by beta) and on the standarddeviation of the market portfolio. Thus, for a portfolio made up of 100stocks, each with beta = 1.41, the portfolio standard deviation isapproximately: 1.41 ⨯ 15% = 21.15%For stocks like McDonalds, it is: 0.77 ⨯ 15% = 11.55%22. For a two-security portfolio, the formula for portfolio risk is:Portfolio variance = x12σ12 + x22σ22 + 2x1x2ρρ12σ1σ2If security one is Treasury bills and security two is the market portfolio, then σ1 is zero, σ2 is 20%. Therefore:Portfolio variance = x22σ22 = x22(0.20)2Standard deviation = 0.20x2Portfolio expected return = x1(0.06) + x2(0.06 + 0.85)Portfolio expected return = 0.06x1 + 0.145x2Portfolio X1X2ExpectedReturnStandardDeviation1 1.0 0.0 0.060 0.0002 0.8 0.2 0.077 0.0403 0.6 0.4 0.094 0.0804 0.4 0.6 0.111 0.1205 0.2 0.8 0.128 0.1606 0.0 1.0 0.145 0.20023. The matrix below displays the variance for each of the eight stocks along thediagonal and each of the covariances in the off-diagonal cells:The covariance of BP with the market portfolio (σBP, Market) is the mean of the eight respective covariances between BP and each of the eight stocks in the portfolio. (The covariance of BP with itself is the variance of BP.) Therefore, σBP, Market is equal to the average of the eight covariances in the first row or, equivalently, the average of the eight covariances in the first column. Beta for BP is equal to the covariance divided by the market variance, which we calculated at 0.03664 in problem 17. The covariances and betas are displayed in the table below:。