Poverty is scarcity

Global issues are complex challenges that affect the entire world and require international cooperation to address.Here are some of the most pressing global problems and the reasons why they are significant:1.Climate Change:Climate change is one of the most critical global issues,primarily caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities.It leads to rising temperatures,melting ice caps,and more extreme weather events,which can have devastating effects on ecosystems,economies,and human health.2.Poverty:Poverty is a global problem that affects billions of people,particularly in developing countries.It is characterized by a lack of access to basic necessities such as food,clean water,healthcare,and education.Poverty perpetuates a cycle of disadvantage, making it difficult for individuals and communities to break free from its grip.3.Inequality:Economic,social,and gender inequality are pervasive issues that affect societies worldwide.Inequality can lead to social unrest,reduced economic growth,and a lack of access to opportunities for large segments of the population.4.Migration and Refugees:Conflicts,persecution,and economic hardship drive millions of people to migrate or seek refuge in other countries.The movement of people across borders is a global challenge that requires coordinated international responses to ensure the safety and wellbeing of migrants and refugees.5.Health Pandemics:The emergence of infectious diseases,such as COVID19, highlights the interconnectedness of our world and the need for global health infrastructure.Pandemics can have farreaching impacts on health systems,economies, and social structures.6.Environmental Degradation:Deforestation,pollution,and loss of biodiversity are examples of environmental degradation that threaten the planets ecosystems.These issues can lead to the loss of habitats,species extinction,and disruptions to the services that nature provides to humanity.7.Access to Education:Education is a fundamental right,yet millions of children and adults around the world lack access to quality education.This lack of access can perpetuate cycles of poverty and limit opportunities for personal and societal development.8.Water Scarcity:Freshwater is a precious resource,and its scarcity is becoming a more significant issue due to population growth,industrialization,and climate change.Waterscarcity can lead to conflicts,food shortages,and health crises.9.Energy Security:The worlds growing demand for energy and the need to transition to sustainable sources are critical challenges.Dependence on fossil fuels contributes to climate change,while the unequal distribution of energy resources can lead to geopolitical tensions.10.Cybersecurity:As technology becomes more integrated into every aspect of life,the risk of cyber threats increases.Cybersecurity is essential for protecting personal data, financial systems,and critical infrastructure from attacks.Addressing these global issues requires a concerted effort from governments, international organizations,businesses,and individuals.It involves creating policies and strategies that promote sustainable development,social justice,and environmental protection.By working together,we can build a more equitable and resilient world for future generations.。

造成贫困的原因英语作文English Answer:Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that has plagued societies for centuries. Its causes are numerous and vary from region to region, but some of the most common include:Economic inequality: This is the unequal distribution of wealth and resources within a society. It can lead to poverty when a large portion of the population does not have access to the resources they need to meet their basic needs.Lack of education and skills: Education and skills are essential for people to find well-paying jobs and earn a decent living. When people do not have access to adequate education or training, they may struggle to find employment and fall into poverty.Unemployment and underemployment: Unemployment and underemployment are major causes of poverty. When people are unable to find work or are only able to find low-paying jobs, they may not be able to earn enough money to support themselves and their families.Discrimination: Discrimination based on race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or other factors can limit people's opportunities for employment, education, and healthcare. This can lead to poverty and social exclusion.War and conflict: War and conflict can destroy infrastructure, disrupt economic activity, and displace people from their homes. This can lead to widespread poverty and displacement.Climate change: Climate change is a growing threat to poverty reduction efforts. It can cause natural disasters, such as droughts, floods, and storms, which can destroy crops, homes, and livelihoods. Climate change can also lead to food insecurity and water scarcity, which can further exacerbate poverty.中文回答：贫困是一个复杂且多方面的问题，几个世纪以来一直困扰着社会。

大家网1/6专业四级词汇与语法全真模拟练习211．He’s__ as a “bellyacher”—he’s always complaining about something.A who is knownB whom is knownC what is knownD which is known2. Your advice would be __ valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.A exceedinglyB excessivelyC extensivelyD exclusively3. More often than not it is difficult to __ the exact meaning of a Chinese idiom in English,A exchangeB transferC conveyD convert4. The scientists have absolute freedom as to what research they think is best to __.A engageB devoteC seekD pursue5. The local authorities realized the need to make __ for elderly people in their production efficiency.A preparationB requirementC specificationD provision答案：答案1-5 CACDD1．选C，“what is called..”, what we call…, what is known as… 放在名词和名词性词组之前，表“所谓的”。

What were called radicals were involved in leading the general strike.2．选A exceedingly极度地，非常地I’m exceedingly pleased to meet you.Excessively 过度，过分地（贬）Don’t drink excessively.Extensively 广泛地，广阔地You should read extensively in order to enlarge your vocabulary.Exclusively 唯一地，只He’s exclusively employed on repairing cars.3. 选C convey传达，传递This picture will convey to you some idea of the beauty of the scenery.Convert改变，转变The room was converted from a kitchen to a drawing room.4．选D pursue从事（工作，研究等）Students showed great enthusiasm in pursuing the new learning.5. 选D provision准备，预备（强调“未雨绸缪”）They spent all their money and made no provision for the future.专业四级词汇与语法全真模拟练习221．If your car__ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.A shall needB should needC would needD will need2. His strong sense of humor was__ make everyone in the room burst out laughing.A so as toB such as toC so thatD such thta3. The discovery of new oil-fields in various parts of the country filled the government with __ hope.A eternalB infiniteC ceaselessD everlasting4. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and__ he was warmly received.A as suchB such asC as thatD so that5. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid__.A from being takenB being takenC beatingD to be beatenKey 1-5 BBBAB1. 选B. should 用在条件句中，可表虚拟语气，意为“万一”，强调该条件不大可能2. 选B such as to 后跟不定式，引出结果状语，作“如此……以至……”The problem is such as to interest only a few people.3. 选B。

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

Unit 3 book 3 social problemPart I Preparationcontent1. Preparation 1 -- BrainstormingCRIMES:robbery, rape, theft, bicycle-stealing, shoplifting, murder, smuggling, drug taking and trafficking, corruption, bribing, juvenile delinquency (少年犯罪), drunken driving, fake products, trafficking (拐卖)of children and women, prostitution, gambling, domestic violence etc.SOCIAL PROBLEMS:overpopulation, bad working condition, illiteracy, racial discrimination, high divorce rate, teen-pregnancy, gambling, inflation, food shortage, child abuse, pollution, traffic jams, extinction of animal species, unemployment, homelessness, clean water supply, transportation, poverty, generation gap, beggars (children and adults), widening gap between rich and the poor, etc.Words Related to Law & CrimeCrimes 犯罪1. killing: murder谋manslaughter 杀人massacre 屠杀homicide 杀人assassination 暗杀;2. theft 偷窃:robbery抢劫looting洗劫pickpocket 扒窃burglary入室偷窃fraud 欺诈cutpurse 小偷、割钱包者stealing偷盗swindle欺骗shop lifting偷窃商店的东西3. misdeed不端行为:offense犯法wrong 做错事misconduct不端行为misdemeanor 轻罪，violation 犯法Words Related to Law & Crime Causes of Crime 犯罪原因1. economic:unemployment失业, poverty贫穷, greed 贪婪jobless失业, lack 缺乏, desire欲望, lay-off暂时失业, failure失败, hunger饥饿, idleness无事可做, scarcity不足, lust贪婪, irrational social distribution 社会分配不公;2. psychological:envy妒嫉，resentfulness厌恶，mistrust不信任，jealousy妒嫉，suspicion怀疑，revenge报仇, possessive-ness占有欲，insecurity不安全，childhood experience童年经历；3. others:overcome a political / business obstacle 克服政治/生意障碍, competition竞争, opposition 对立, rivalry竞争, 对抗, low quality of education教育素质低, low moral standard 道德败坏Words Related to Law & CrimeLegal Actions 法律行动1. sue 控告，打官司prosecute 起诉take to court 起诉，打官司file suit 控告，打官司claim damages 要求赔偿charge 指控accuse 控告，指控2. try 审判，审问judge 判决，审判examine审问，hear听证，审理find … guilty (innocent) of … 判定……犯……罪(无罪)；sentence 判决, 课刑, 宣判; convict 定罪3. imprison 监禁put in prison 监禁lockup 监禁deprive of liberty 剥夺自由jail 监禁home arrest 软禁reform 改造Words Related to Law & Crime Measures Taken 采取的措施legal education 法制教育police patrol 警察巡逻watching-eye-neighborhood 邻里关照reinforcement of police 加强警力emergency system 报警系统security devices 保安设备In class reading1. expense (L.2) n. 花费，费用traveling expenses selling expenses living expenses public expense household expense作‘花费，费用’解时，常为不可数名词；作具体的“花一笔钱”或“费用，津贴”解时，多为可数名词。

高一全球问题与解决方案英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Global warming is one of the most serious issues facing our planet today. The Earth's average temperature has been rising steadily over the past few decades. This increase in temperature is mainly caused by human activities.One of the main causes of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. When these fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun and cause the Earth's temperature to rise.The effects of global warming are far-reaching. Rising sea levels are a major concern. As the temperature rises, ice caps and glaciers melt, adding more water to the oceans. This can lead to flooding in coastal areas and the displacement of millions of people. Changes in weather patterns are also a consequence of global warming. We are seeing more extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods.To address global warming, we need to take action. One way is to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels. We can do this by using more renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. Another way is to improve energy efficiency. This can be done by using more efficientappliances and transportation. We also need to plant more trees as they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.1. Global warming is mainly caused by ___.A. natural disastersB. human activitiesC. animal behaviorD. solar flares答案：B。

贫穷是一种财富高三英语作文精选English Version (Approx. 800 words)Title: Poverty as a Form of WealthPoverty, often perceived as a curse, can be a catalyst for growth, a forge for character, and a wellspring of life's most profound lessons. It is a paradox that in the midst of scarcity, one can find abundance—not in material possessions, but in the richness of the human spirit.The Forge of CharacterGrowing up in a humble home, I witnessed firsthand how poverty can shape and strengthen character. The absence of luxury was not a void but a canvas upon which the colors of resilience, determination, andhumility were painted. Each day was a lesson in the value of hard work and the dignity of labor.The Wealth of RelationshipsThe Power of PerseverancePoverty teaches the power of perseverance like no other condition. It is in the face of adversity that one learns to stand tall, to keep moving forward, and to believe in a brighter future. The struggles faced are not barriers but stepping stones on the path to success.The Gift of CreativityScarcity breeds creativity as it compels one to find joy and beauty in the simplest of things. A child's imagination can turn a pile of stones into a castle, a handful of grains into a feast, and a patch of dirt into a playground. This creativity is a testament to the human ability to find happiness in the face of hardship.The Lesson of GratitudeLiving with limited resources instills a deep sense of gratitudefor the smallest of blessings. A warm meal, a kind word, or a moment of peace become cherished gifts. Gratitude becomes the currency that enriches the soul and brings contentment.The Value of EducationEducation is often seen as the great equalizer, and in the face of poverty, it shines as a beacon of hope. It is the ticket to a world of opportunities, a tool to break the chains of poverty, and a passport toa future where one's circumstances do not dictate one's destiny.The Strength of CommunityIn communities where poverty is prevalent, there is a unique strength that arises from collective struggle. Neighbors become family, and together, they face the challenges of life. This sense of communityis a powerful force that can lead to social change and upliftment.The Journey of Self-DiscoveryThe journey through poverty is a journey of self-discovery. It isin the quiet moments of reflection that one learns about their own strength, their dreams, and their aspirations. This journey shapes the individual into a person of substance, capable of achieving great things.The Resilience of the Human SpiritUltimately, poverty is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit. It is in the darkest moments that one can find the light of hope, the strength to carry on, and the courage to dream. This resilience is the true wealth that poverty can bestow.In conclusion, while poverty may strip away material comforts, it enriches the soul and the mind. It is a form of wealth that can lead to personal growth, strong relationships, and a life filled with meaningand purpose. It is a reminder that true wealth lies not in what one has, but in who one becomes.Chinese Version (Approx. 800 words)标题：贫穷是一种财富贫穷，通常被视为一种诅咒，可以成为成长的催化剂、性格的锻造场，以及生活中最深刻教训的源泉。

写作范文-可持续发展的三个方面Economic growth refers to positive change in the production of goods and services in an economy over a given period, usually a long period. In practice, the most widely used indicators to measure is the Gross Domestic Product or GDP. It is measured "volume" or "constant prices" to correct the effects of inflation. Growth rate, it is the rate of change of GDP. The GDP growth per capita is often used as an indication of the improvement of individual wealth, comparable standard of living (Investopedia US,2012).The economic growth is defined as an increase in production in the long term, it can have negative effects on the environment, creates concerns for sustainable development. It has three circles: environmental, social, and economic.Growth is a fundamental process of contemporary economies, due in particular to the industrial revolution, access to new mineral resources (deep mines) and energy (coal, oil, gas, nuclear ...) as well as progress art. It transforms people's lives to the extent that it creates more goods and services. In the long term, growth has a significant impact on the standard of living (as opposed to quality of life) of companies that are part. Similarly, enrichment resulting from economic growth can help to reduce material poverty. However, some consequences of economic growth (such as pollution and environmental damage, including accentuation of social inequalities) are often considered perverse effects that require distinguish growth and progress (Pietro F. Peretto, 2012).Economic growth due to an increase of production depends on the increase factors of production, natural resources, land and human often do little difficult, expensively or slowly renewable and partly technical progress. Some authors such as Thorvaldur Gylfason and Gylfi Zoega (2006) believe that economic growth measured by GDP tends to destroy the stock of natural resources. Some contemporary economists such as Paul Romer (1990) include in their reflections limitation of natural resources, and the fact that technological progress and knowledge can generate new growth.The issue is therefore: Can we reconcile economic growth and sustainable development? 我们能协调经济增长和可持续发展吗？I. The current economic growth is not compatible with Sustainable Development1 - A destructive economic growth:Until the early nineteenth century, the human economy thinks it is within the limits and the terms of those of nature, and conversely, the economy of nature is conceived metaphorically in the economy of those men (Hudson P. 2011). This consistency is characteristic of society's largely agricultural users of cold energy (hydro, wind), dependent on natural rhythms and cycles. This vision of the linear and steady state will be undermined by Darwin's paradigm of a nature evolution. The man is then a nature that evolves in nature that it is likely to evolve to a nature that it is capable of transforming even deeper (Tim M. Berra, 2008).After the military defeat of Napoleon's troops, a serious question agitated the minds of patriotsseeking the causes of this failure. If France was in 1789, the first European power, it is no longer the case in 1815 (Pearson Education, 2010). France is exceeded by England in regard to the volume of production and technological advancement. Military power is no longer sufficient to dominate the world, now it is necessary to have an economic and industrial power. This is the era of the industrial revolution (Ashton, T. S. 1948).But nowadays, the harmful effects on the environment are ignored: the destruction of the Amazon rainforest, intensive fishing or emissions of greenhouse gases from factories and automobiles accompany the increase in GDP but catastrophic in terms of sustainability (or sustainable). Indeed, these activities threaten the ability of future generations to meet their needs (resource depletion, global warming, etc.).A - Resource depletion and overconsumption:In developed countries, people produce and consume more than necessary. The means of production have reached such a performance as their role subsistence gave way to the consumer, replacing the need for pleasure and desire. Developing countries such as China, India, Russia and the South countries aspire to our standard of living, using the same models (Evan-Jones M. 2011). Economic output in some cases leads to disturbances in the ecological balance, due to the overexploitation of natural resources, greenhouse gas emissions (fossil fuels), over-pumping (water), surlabourage (arable land), overgrazing (plant resources ), fishing (fishery resources). Increase the production of material goods or transport (in response to population growth, for example) can exacerbate these disturbances (World Resources Institute, 1995). These effects are particularly noticeable since the 2000s in the plains of northern China, for example, which is starved of water as a result of economic activity in a very strong growth since the 1980s (Sedghi A. 2012).B - Greenhouse gas emissions:The global warming come from the greenhouse gas emissions which bring climate change. Concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased since the nineteenth century. The phenomenon is due to human activities, such as the massive use of fossil fuels in a few decades, significant amounts of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from the carbon stored in the basement since the Paleozoic era. Increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere which results can be a factor in global warming. In 2007 (Walsh B. 2011), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that the man seems to be, with a probability of about 90%, responsible for climate change (IPCC, 2012).C - Water and air pollution:Water pollution is a major issue in the developing countries such as China. China is facing a situation more difficult for water resources, as industrialization and urbanization of the country growing water demand on the rise, said Hu Siyi, Chinese vice Minister of Water Resources. Water scarcity, pollution of rivers and the deterioration of the aquatic ecology are particularly importantand could threaten the country's sustainable development (Xinghua, 2012). Apart from water pollution is the most serious air. Large urban centres such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong saw their fleet swell to saturation. The WHO estimates that air pollution causes more than 300,000 premature deaths per year. Asthma, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease increase abnormally (Haidong Kan, 2009).2 - Unequal economic growth:The gap between rich and poor has widened and the number of people living below the poverty line has increased over the past two decades. More people may be marginalized in the global economy is constantly changing. The evolution is quite widespread, affecting three-quarters of OECD countries. The magnitude of change is small, but significant (7-8%) (OECD,2008).A - The income gap:On average in the OECD, in 2005 the incomes of the richest 10% are on average nearly nine times the income of the poorest 10%.Income inequalities have widened significantly in the early 2000s, Germany, Canada, the United States and Norway. For cons, the gap has tended to narrow in Greece, Mexico, Turkey and the United Kingdom in the past decade.The income of the poorest 10%, very low in Turkey and Mexico (around ￡620) is eight times higher than in Europe, but only 6 times in the United States. Their income in Sweden and a half times that of the poor in the United States, while the average income is higher (OECD,2008).Income inequality, mid-1990 and late 2000s (0 represents exact equality and 1 represents total inequality):Figure 2: Income inequality, mid-1990 and late 2000s (The Conference Board of Canada,2012) Rising inequality is usually explained by the fact that the rich have seen their incomes increase as compared to low-income earners as compared to income earners means. On the other hand, income from capital and self-employment are very unevenly distributed, and inequalities in the distribution were further accentuated. The distribution of wealth among households is much more unequal than the distribution of income (The Conference Board of Canada, 2012).B - The extent of poverty in 2005:The OECD average is 10% of households have an income below the national median. With considerable variation: 5% in Denmark, 20% in Mexico. Among the lowest rates, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Austria, Norway, France, Hungary, Finland, the Netherlands and among the strongest, Turkey, United States, Japan, Ireland, Poland, Spain. Germany is the average. The elderly are much less likely to be affected by poverty than in the past. The phenomenon of poverty is significantly shifted from pensioners to young adults and families with children, especially single-parent families.Work reduces poverty: jobless families are almost six times more affected by poverty than families' assets. Today there are a greater number of people in employment there are 10 or 20 years and this has reduced the effect of rising inequality.Yet the work is not enough to avoid poverty: more than half of the poor live in households where at least one person working. Japan and the United States in 2005 who had an employment rate higher poverty rate were higher than the OECD average. The large pockets of unemployment among low-skilled and low-educated secrete poverty.Analysing the disparities between the more or less reducing inequalities, the OECD emphasizes the role of public policy by redistributive policies (tax systems, social benefits) and by the action of public services.Tax on income and social benefits reduce inequality on average one-third, 60% poverty. But this impact is reduced in many OECD countries over the past decade. The benefits are the services provided by the public-education, health, housing, etc. are down by a quarter the standard measure of income inequality, because their income is more equally distributed than income (OECD, 2008).Final thoughts, the poor spending a greater portion of their income while the riches save some indirect taxes (goods and services) accentuate inequality.In societies where income disparities are particularly marked are those where there is less mobility situation from one generation to another: in these companies, the remuneration of son is close to those of fathers. Greater income equality is associated with greater intergenerational mobility in terms of remuneration.II - An economic growth more environmentally friendly and equitable is necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development 一个经济增长更环保和公平是必要的，以实现可持续发展1 - Integrate environmental protection:Protection of the environment is to take steps to minimize or eliminate the negative impact of human activities on the environment. Beyond the simple nature conservation, it is to understand how systemic and possible global environment, to identify human actions that damage to the point of detriment to present and future generations; and implement the corrective actions. This action is both scientific as it requires to expand our knowledge currently limited in this area citizens, as decisions have a cost for current generations and impact for future generations; policy because the decisions are necessarily collective and sometimes global.A - Limit the greenhouse gas emissions:To prevent and mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases emitted by humans and may cause a strong warming, the governments meet annually and for nearly ten years. The purpose of thesemeetings is to join as many states as possible for agreements to limit the impact of human activity on the climate.In Rio de Janeiro was held in June 1992, the first Earth Summit where most countries adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This agreement was intended to stabilize the emission of greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000. UNFCCC required signatory countries to fight against global warming anthropogenic. It was signed by almost every country; it was ratified by 175 states in 1994. Concrete measures will be taken through protocols (Ministry of sustainable development and planning, 2002).The Kyoto Protocol is one of them. The text of the Kyoto Protocol was adopted unanimously in 1997. The main feature of the Protocol is that it has binding targets on emissions of greenhouse gases for the economically strong countries that have accepted it. Commitments under the Protocol vary from one nation to another. To compensate for these binding targets, the agreement provides the flexibility to countries on how to achieve their goals. For example, they may partially compensate for their emissions by increasing the sink, a term used to describe forests that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This can be done in their own country or in other countries. They can also finance projects abroad aimed at reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Several mechanisms have been put in place for this purpose such as emission trading which are: Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism and the Joint Implementation (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2012).B - Emissions Trading:Limits for the emissions of greenhouse gas emissions set by the Kyoto Protocol are a way to assign a monetary value to the shared atmosphere. Nations that have contributed most to global warming have generally benefited more directly. They have removed a significant commercial benefit, thereby reaching higher standards of living, while they were not proportionally liable for damages caused by their emissions. The negative effects of climate change will be felt, however, everywhere on earth. In addition, the consequences of these changes should be greater for the less advanced nations that have generated very little emissions. The Kyoto Protocol sets a limit to the major economies of the total rejection of the emissions. Industrialized countries have mandatory emissions targets they must meet. But we can expect that some will do better than expected, ranging within the limits assigned to them. The Protocol allows countries that have emission units spared sell the excess to countries that have exceeded their emissions targets. This market is flexible but realistic. Countries do not meet their commitments have the opportunity to purchase compliance. But the price may be prohibitive. More the cost is high more the pressure to use energy is more efficient, to promote research and development of alternative energy sources that have little or no emissions (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2012 & Environment business, 2012).C - Clean Development Mechanism:The Kyoto Protocol is not a limitation of emissions of greenhouse gas emissions in developingcountries. This does not mean that emissions in developing countries are growing, especially in the case of countries with high rates of population like China and India that are experiencing rapid expansion of their industrial production. The Clean Development Mechanism is full of details and abbreviations complex. It works as follows: the industrialized countries pay for projects that reduce or avoid emissions in poorer nations and are rewarded credits can be used to meet their own emissions targets. Recipient countries receive free advanced technologies that allow their plants or facilities generating electricity to operate more efficiently. All this at a low cost and generating higher profits. The atmosphere is more spared because future emissions are lower than expected (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2012 & Talberg A. and Nielson L. 2009).D - Joint Implementation:This is the mutual assistance of the countries with emission targets. Joint Implementation is a program of the Kyoto Protocol allows developed countries to meet part of the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that are required by funding projects that reduce emissions in other industrialized countries. Specifically, these projects involve construction of facilities in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union also called transition economies. These projects are funded by the countries of Western Europe and North America (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2012).2 - Ensure the growth and development of the southern countries:When discussing the concept of "North / South", we immediately think of the opposition of "rich" and "poor." The poverty criterion, first identified as developmentally delayed by the liberal economic theorists, has also been interpreted as the result of colonial domination by Western countries.A - The fair trade:The fair trade is a trading system whose aim is to achieve greater equity in international trade. The fair trade approach is a collective action organization new ways of production and distribution for the international market, based on social norms, economic and environmental equity, does not require the intermediate states and amending legislation national.The economic dimension: small producers of raw materials (coffee, cocoa, honey, tea, etc.). Southern sell their products to the North at a fair price.The social dimension: the companies of these small producers in the South (mostly associations or cooperatives) generally comply with their agreement with Southern partners conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) standards and working standards environment.The environmental dimension: mixed cropping, use of natural compost (non-use of insecticides and herbicides) ( Fairtrade Foundation, 2011).B - Selective degrowthThis selective degrowth, whose scope will be determined by combining the criteria of ecology and social equity (to reduce inequalities both within countries and between North and South) might be the keystone of a coherent institutional proposal for a future both sustainable and equitable. In fact, this word sounds like a serious warning before the oil shock formidable structural and not cyclical in preparation for the very next year, and as a call to stop the unsustainable westernization of the world (Peter A. Victor, 2011).Conclusion 结论To conclude, it is possible to say that yes, sustainable development is compatible with our way of life and the economic and industrial growth. It seems even the best solution when it comes to growing economically while respecting the planet. It succeeded, through technical innovation and investment staff to allow the world to continue its growth perspective, without having to completely halt its mass consumption. But it is nevertheless a perspective. In the short term, it is actually possible to implement sustainable development. But in the long term, the technology will she finally be able to build a sustainable world? Finally, should not it be better to give up this growth, before irreversible damage to our planet? These are questions that need to be asked and reconsider in a few years.。

孔子语录系列的中英文对照一．为人处世君子不以言举人,不以人废言。

The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, not does he put aside good words because of the man。

工欲善其事，必先利其器。

A craftsman who wishes to do his work well must first sharpen his tools。

君子和而不同，小人同而不合.The superior man aims at harmony but not at uniformity. The mean man aims at uniformity but not at harmony.欲速则不达，见小利则大事不成.If you have things done hastily， you will not reach the goal. If you only see small gains， you will not accomplish great tasks。

其身正,不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。

When a ruler's personal conduct is correct， he will be obeyed without the issuing of orders。

If his personal conduct is not correct， he may issue orders， but they will not be followed。

岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。

Only when the year becomes cold do we know how the pine and the cypress are the last to fade。

poverty stricken翻译poverty-stricken在中文中可以翻译为“贫困的”或“贫困困扰的”，形容一个地区、社群或个人长期处于贫困状态。

下面是一些用法和中英文对照例句：1. Many rural areas in developing countries are poverty-stricken.许多发展中国家的农村地区都面临贫困。

2. The government has launched various initiatives to alleviate poverty in poverty-stricken regions.政府已经启动了各种倡议来缓解贫困地区的贫困问题。

3. The poverty-stricken family struggled to make ends meet.这个贫困家庭为维持生计而苦苦挣扎。

4. The documentary shed light on the harsh reality faced by the poverty-stricken population.这部纪录片揭示了贫困人口面临的严峻现实。

5. The charity organization provides aid and support to poverty-stricken communities.这个慈善组织向贫困社区提供援助和支持。

6. The government has implemented policies to uplift theliving standards of the poverty-stricken population.政府已经实施了提高贫困人口生活水平的政策。

7. The poverty-stricken children lack access to basic education and healthcare.这些贫困儿童缺乏基本的教育和医疗资源。