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AActive/Reactive Power——有功/无功Air Insulated Switchgear AIS敞开式开关设备Alternative current AC 交流电Ambient temperature Temp环境温度Anti-islanding——防孤岛效应Automatic Transfer Switch ATS自动转换开关BBalance Of System BOS 光伏系统不含组件及逆变器的其他材料Battery Monitoring System BMS电池管理系统Bifacial Module——双面组件Building Attached Photovoltaic BAPV屋顶光伏Building Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV光伏建筑⼀体化Bulk Power System BPS大型电力系统Bus Bar BB母线/母排CCapacitor Voltage Transformer CVT 电容式电压互感器Center Inverter——集中逆变器Charge/Discharge——充电/放电Charge/Discharge Curve——充电/放电曲线Constant Current/Voltage——恒流/恒压Converter/Inverter Station——换流站Current Transformer CT 电流互感器Cycle life——循环寿命Cylindrical Gear——圆柱⼀轮DDepth of Discharge DOD 电池放电深度Diffuse horizontal irradiance DHI水平面散射辐射Direct Current DC 直流电Distributed Generator DG 分布式电源Distribution Management System DMS配电管理系统Dry-type Transformer DT干式变压器EElectric Power System EPS电力系统Energy Management System EMS能量管理系统Energy Storage System ESS储能系统Equalizing Charge——均衡充电FFacial Module——单面组件Floating Charge——浮充GGas Insulated Substation GIS全封闭气体绝缘变电站Global horizontal irradiance GHI水平面总辐射HHeterojunction with Intrinsic Thinfilm HIT本征薄膜的异质结电池High Voltage HV 高压High Voltage Direct Current Transmission HVDC 高压直流输电Human-Machine Interface HMI人机界面IIngress Protection IP防护等级Institute of Electrical and ElectronicIEEE电气和电子工程师协会EngineersInsulated-gate bipolar transistor IGBT绝缘栅双极型晶体管International Electrotechnical Commission IEC国际电工委员会Iron/Copper Loss——铁损/铜损Iterative Earth——重复接地LLead-acid Battery——铅酸电池Levelized Cost of Storage LCOS 储能度电成本Levelized Costs of Electricity LCOE 度电成本Light Induced Degradation LID光致衰减Li-ion Battery——锂电池Liquid Cooling——液冷Loop current——环流Low Voltage LV低压Low Voltage Ride Through——低电压穿越MMain Distribution Board MDB主配电盘Maintenance Factor——维护率Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT最大功率点跟踪Medium Voltage MV 中压Medium Voltage MV 兆伏Mega Volt Amere Reactive Mvar兆伏安（无功功率）Mega Volt Ampere MVA 兆伏安（视在功率）Mega Watt Peak MWp 兆瓦（直流侧）Moulded Case Circuit Breaker MCCB 塑壳式断路器NNominal operating cell temperature NOCT 额定工作温度OOff-grid ——离网Oil-immersed Transformer OT 油浸变压器On-grid ——并网Open Circuit OC开路PPad Mounted Transformer——箱式变压器Performance Ratio PR光伏系统效率Photovoltaic PV光伏Pitch Angle——浆距角Point of Common Coupling PCC 公共连接点Positive/Negative Electrode——正极/负极Potential Induced Degradation PID潜在电势诱导衰减Potential transformer PT电压互感器Power Control System PCS储能变流器Power Factor——功率因数RRated Power——额定功率Rated Voltage——额定电压RayLeigh Distribution——瑞利分布Reference Wind Speed——参考风速SSafety Valve——安全阀Service Life——使用寿命Short Circuit SC 短路Single Line Diagram SLD单线图/主接线图Spot Welding——点焊Standard Test Conditions STC 光伏标准测试条件State of Charge SoC 电池荷电状态State of Health SOH 电池健康状态Static Transfer Switch STS静态转换开关Static Var Generator SVG静态无功补偿State of Energy SOE 电池剩余电量String Inverter——组串逆变器Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA数据采集与监视控制系统Surge Protection device SPD浪涌保护器Switch Station——开关站TThermal runaway——热失控Total Harmonic Distortion THD总谐波畸变率Transformer substation——变电站Transmission and Distribution T&D 输配电Trickle Charge——涓流充电Typical Meteorological Year TMY典型⼀象年UUltrasonic Welding——超声焊Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS不间断电源VVanadium Redox Battery VRB全钒液流电池WWeibull Distribution——威布尔分布Wind Power Station——风电场Wind Shear——风切变Wind Turbine Generator System WTGS风力发电机组。
High Power Converter Technologies for Saving and Sustaining EnergyShinzo Tamai,Power Electronics Systems DivisionToshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Systems Corporation (TMEIC)Tokyo, JapanAbstract— The power converters have been improved with the development of power devices. The development of high-speed switching power devices enhanced the market of voltage source converters in many industrial fields. On-state loss and switching loss of power devices are significantly decreased. Thus, the size of power converters become small and the power converters with less heat generation have little environmental stress. This presentation discusses several kinds of voltage source converters based on three-level converter topology and introduces the UPS (Uninterruptible Power Source) system as an application of several hundreds kVA converters. Next the power electronics technology trends for renewable energy, especially for MW-rated PCSs (Power Conditioning Systems) for utility-scale PV power generation plants are discussed. Finally, as an application of multi-level converter rated several tens of MW, five-level extra-large capacity power converters are introduced. Nowadays development of power devices are moving from silicon base devices to wide band-gap semiconductors. This directivity will drive development of more efficient, much smaller and environmentally friendly converters.I.I NTRODUCTIONAlong with the development of the power semiconductors, the power converter technology has improved. Voltage source converters have developed along with the development of vector control of AC motor drives. In the large capacity adjustable speed motor drive, the AC motor drive system became a mainstream instead of the DC motor drive. In the power system application, UPSs have been applied as the backup power in the computer center of bank or telecommunication facilities. The market of UPS has spread with downsizing of computers and diffusion of information technologies. As data centers have been becoming large, the increase in power consumption and the increase in an air-conditioning system have become problems, and the much more efficient system are required. Nowadays renewable energy systems, such as PV and wind power etc., have been grown remarkably. As the PV power is DC, high efficiency DC to AC PCSs are desired. In the oil and gas industries, tens of MW turbines are used for driving pumps of pipelines or compressors. In this application, it is expected that the electrical motor drives by large capacity inverter will raise the efficiency of the system instead of turbines.These applications are mainly using voltage source converters. The power converter having high efficiency is based on the power device development and multi-level converter topology.II.T REND OF P OWER S EMICONDUCTORS High power semiconductors are rated at hundreds A or several kA and rated at several kV. The power semiconductor trends are briefly illustrated in Fig. 1.The first semiconductor device of such capacity was the thyristor. The thyristor was major semiconductor device in 1960s and 1970s and is still playing major roles in large capacity and high voltage application fields like HVDC (High Voltage DC transmission). At present, the other power semiconductor devices takes over majority in various power electronics fields. The thyristor needs external commutation circuit and has restrictions in turn-off operation. In 1980s the GTO (Gate Turn-Off thyristor) was developed to mitigate the commutation performance of the thyristor. In late 1990s, the GCT (Gate Commutated Turn-off Thyristor) has further developed and shows much better switching characteristics than the GTO [1]. The GTO and GCT are based on the thyristor technology.Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices & IC's June 15-19, 2014 Waikoloa, Hawaiidevice yielded IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) in late 1980s. The IGBT is originated in the MOS-FET technology and power transistor technology. Then, for higher voltage with lower loss, IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Transistor) has been developed based on the IGBT technology [2].IGBTs are now very popular and used in many converters for capacity of several hundreds kW rated at several hundreds V. IGBTs also made very large markets of the voltage source type self-commutated converter for many fields. However, for fields requiring MW and kV, the GCT or the IEGT has advantages to make the converters since the IEGT is rated at 4.5kV-5.5kA and the GCT is rated at 6kV-6kA for example. With these high power semiconductor devices, the inverters rated at 20MVA or 30MVA can be made with small number of components.For future trends, wide band-gap semiconductors of SiC (Silicon Carbide) or GaN (Gallium Nitride) are now developed aiming better performance than the conventional Silicon based devices. For some specific application, some devices are now available in the market.III.C ONVERTER C IRCUIT T OPOLOGY By the spread of the power semiconductors, which can carry out self-commutation, the voltage source converters are widely in use. IGBT converters are used in many application fields. This chapter discusses the voltage source multi-level converter topology from the capacity of several hundreds kVA rated at several hundreds V.A.Two-level convertersThe conventional topology for power converter is a two-level configuration as shown in Fig. 2 (a). Fig. 2 (b) shows an illustration of one phase to neutral voltage (train of variable-width pulses) at the converter terminal using a two-levelAC systems, filtering using bulky reactors is required to suppress high frequency components.B.Three-Level converters:Diode Neutral Point Clamp (D-NPC) topologyThree-level neutral point clamped (NPC) converter topology was firstly proposed in 1980 [3]. One configuration of the three-level converter is shown in Fig. 3 (a). In each phase leg of the converter, three switching states are possible by adding a neutral point diode clamping state. Fig. 3 (b) shows an illustrative one phase to neutral voltage. The voltage pulse train tracks the sinusoidal waveform closer than in the case of a two-level converter by controlling the three states (+Udc, 0, -Udc) switching.As compared with the two-level converter, which has the same DC and AC voltage ratings, there are the following advantages about the three-level converter.•The voltage stress on each power switch is the half of the DC voltage.•The voltage variation (dv/dt) at the terminals is the half.Thus, in a circuit using a three-level topology, the voltage ratings of power semiconductors can be half of those in a two-level circuit. Additionally, there is a significant noise reduction (acoustic noise and electromagnetic interference)of a circuit using a three-level topology.C. Three-Level converters:Bidirectional-Switch Neutral Point Clamp (BS-NPC) topology Fig. 5 (a) shows the other configuration of the three-level converter. This circuit has bidirectional-switches in each phase between outputterminal and the neutral point of the DC circuit. The voltage stress of the switch of this circuit is also the half of the DC voltage and the voltage variation at theterminal is the half. The illustrative one phase to neutral voltage shows Fig. 5 (b) which is the same as the D-NPC circuit (Fig. 3 (b)). IV. U NINTERRUPTIVLE P OWER S UPPLY (UPS) Fig. 6 shows the main circuit configuration of the double conversion UPS. It comprises a PWM-based rectifier, a PWM inverter, a bidirectional chopper circuit, a DC-link circuit andinput and output LC filters. The UPS has a transformer-lessdesign, which promotes reduction of losses and henceincreases the overall efficiency. In the UPS, instead of using a conventional two-level circuit topology, a three-levelconfiguration is employed to achieve higher efficiency, higher performance and higher reliability in online UPS systems. A. D-NPC converter UPS [4]Despite of the fact that a three-level converter presents higher number of components, the overall efficiency actually increases in comparison with the traditional two-level topology. Because multilevel converters promote lower voltage stresses on power semiconductors, voltage ratings of transistors and diodes can be lowered without compromise performance and reliability. Power semiconductors with lower voltage ratings feature superior conduction and switching characteristics for any given current. Owing to this feature, the proposed UPS (three-phase, nominal voltage class of 400V) using the NPC three-level topology can be structured by 600V-IGBTs. In a traditional design using two-level topology, a UPS with the same specification would require a 1200V-IGBT. The saturation voltage for a 1200V- and a 600V-IGBT in same generation from the same manufacturer is almost the same. However, in terms of switching characteristics, a 600V-IGBT exhibits superiority.Considering both types of losses in a UPS, the three-levelNPC concept realizes a substantial improvement of the overallpower conversion efficiency. Despite of the fact thatconduction losses almost doubles, switching losses aredramatically reduced by a three-level topology. Efficiencies of the proposed UPS are measured for variousload percentages to show the improvement in power losses.The 225-kVA UPS efficiency curve is shown in Fig. 7. In comparison with a conventional UPS, the UPS with three-level D-NPC circuit has superior efficiency due to the three-level-based circuit topology. Note that the efficiency curve exhibits flatness for load percentage of about 40 percent and higher. B. BS-NPC converter UPS [5] A three-level BS-NPC type converter also uses twice the number of IGBT modules. However multilevel converterspromote lower voltage stresses on power semiconductors thatreduce the losses of conversion. In a three-level BS-NPC type circuit, switching losses accounted for nearly 53% ofFig. 6. Main circuit configuration of the UPSwith a two-level topology.Efficiency curves for a 500kVA system are shown in Fig.8. In comparison with a conventional UPS, the BS-NPC UPS exhibits green-level efficiency due to the three-level based circuit topology. The efficiency curve exhibits flatness for a load percentage of 25% and higher. The maximum efficiency is over 97%. For a load percentage above 25%, efficiency is nearly 97%. Thus, it is expected to achieve high efficiencies in actual use and even in multiple module systems where the individual load percentage for each UPS is normally low. The external appearance of a 500kVA-module is shown in Fig. 9 [6].V.P OWER C ONDITIONING S YSTEM FOR MW-R ATEDP HOTOVOLTAIC G ENERATIONThis chapter introduces the PE technology trends for renewable energy, especially for MW-rated PCSs for utility-scale PV power generation plants.A.PV generation capacity increase in JapanIn order to promote renewable energy, the government of Japan started the feed-in tariff scheme in 2011. The scheme includes, photovoltaic, wind, geo-thermal and small-scale hydraulic generations. By the statistics of Japan Photovoltaictriple compared beforeand after introduction of the scheme[7]. The statistics also indicates a considerably large increasein utility scale PV generation for non-residential use or forpower generation business in addition to constant capacityincrease for domestic use. The increase in 2009 was madebecause of another promotion scheme for residential PVgeneration.This remarkable step change is considered also affected bythe experiences after the Great East Japan Earthquake inMarch 2011. The earthquake stopped many centralizedgeneration and transmission facilities and resulted in electricpower shortage for long time. Then, the concept of “localgeneration and local consumption” has been developed forsecure electric power supply in Japanese people. For localgeneration, the renewable energy is suitable because of itsnature.B.Requiremets to PV PCSAs indicated in Fig. 10, non-residential PV generationincreased the capacity very much. For such generation plant,large-capacity PCSs are required to convert the DC power ofphoto voltaic cells to the AC power in the AC power grid. Inorder to meet the demand, a PCS rated at 500kW has beendeveloped as shown in Fig. 11 (a). One of most importantfactor of PCS for PV generation is the efficiency since higherefficiency means better economics in the feed-in tariff scheme.In order to operate the PV plant with high system efficiency,the following factors are necessary to be considered.•High efficiency in DC to AC conversion•Minimum power loss in the DC network from the PVcells to the PCS•Small restrictions on MPPT control of the PV cells.The 500kW PCS has been developed considering thesefactors [8]. In addition to requirements for electricalperformances, from practical viewpoints, the rapid PVcapacity increase requires to save installation works at plantsites. Then, the PCSs are usually placed in an outdoor typecontainer as shown in Fig. 11 (b) and installed near the PVpanels at generation plants.Fig. 9. External appearance of a 500kVA UPSC.High PCS efficiency by muti-level technologyThe 500kW PCS applies three-level BS-NPC circuit topology [9]. In this case, the multi-level inverter technology contributes to improve inverter efficiency and wide operation range of DC voltage output from the PV cells.The BS-NPC topology offers smaller switching loss of the IGBT as shown in Fig. 12 compared with the two-level inverter. The feature results in one of the highest conversion efficiency in the world as shown in Fig. 13.D.High system efficiency by wide operation rangeThe developed PCS also has feature in the wide operation range, which is preferable for the PV generation plant since it offers higher system efficiency because of smaller DC network loss and wide MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) range [10].The PV cell output voltage reaches around 1000V these days at the light load condition. The higher voltage is preferable to reduce the conduction loss in the DC network from the PV cell to the PCS. The PCS is required to handle such high cell voltage. Then, the PCS with the three-level topology suitable since it can handle two times higher DC voltage than the conventional two-level converters when the IGBT of same voltage rating is used. The 500kW PCS has the current overload capability to handle the peak load. Then, the operation range fully covers the PV cell module output characteristics.VI.L ARGE C APACITY D RIVE I NVERTERS In oil and gas industries, many compressors or pumps of large capacity are working. In gas industries, large compressors rated at tens of MW are used for pipeline transportation or for liquefaction to LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). In this range of capacity, conventionally, they are drivenby the turbines. Meanwhile, for better operation efficiency and fossil fuel saving, electrification trend is spreading in various industrial fields. In order to expand the trend to large-capacity compressors, the motors and drive inverters are also required to handle the capacity range of tens of MW.The combination of the high power and high-speed semiconductors greatly contributed to realize large-capacity drive inverters. They are now already available in the market and contributing for oil and gas industry. This chapter introduces technologies of large-capacity drive inverters.A.Circuit topologyThe D-NPC converter topology has advantages for large capacity drive inverters. The first advantage is the high voltage output. The D-NPC topology can output higher voltages compared with two-level inverters widely used for general purpose in rather low voltage applications. When, the power semiconductor devices of same voltage ratings, the three-level inverter can output two times higher voltage than(a)500kW PCS(b) PCSs installed in container for 1MW systemFig. 11. 500kW PV PCS and 1MW system120%Fig. 13. Efficiency characteristics of developed PCSthe two-level inverter. The five-level inverter shown in Fig. 14(a) outputs four times higher voltage as shown in Fig. 14(b). When the IEGT or the GCT is applied to this circuit topology, the five-level drive inverter is rated at 20MW or 30 MW [12] [13] [14]. The capacity is suitable to drive large-capacity compressors. Fig. 15 shows 20MW and 30MW-rated drive inverter.The second advantage is the smooth voltage waveform. As shown in Fig. 16 (a), the phase-to-phase voltage of the five-level inverter has nine levels of voltage steps approaching sinusoidal waveform. The inverter output voltage level N is defined for phase to neutral. Then, for phase to phase, the number of voltage step counts as 2N-1 based on the theory. The five-level inverter, then, can output nine-level voltage in phase to phase. This feature is friendly to motors since harmonic current components are smaller than those from the two-level inverters.B. Advanced controlThe high-speed semiconductors in digital control circuits realized implementation of an advanced real-time control to eliminate low order harmonics from its voltage output as shown in Fig. 16 (a). The frequency components are analyzed as shown in Fig. 16 (b) [15].(a) 20MVA drive inverter with IEGT(b) 30MVA drive inverter with GCTFig. 15. Examples of extra-large drive inverterseliminated from the pulse pattern. To obtain the pattern, it is necessary to solve multiple non-linier equations. These days even with a general PC (Personal Computer), digital computations can be done to solve the equations for sufficient numbers of cases for inverter operation status. Then, the calculation results are installed in memories of the digital control as look-up tables and referred on line to generate the pulse pattern. This type of control technology is widely used and field proven by large-capacity inverters for other application fields. [16]The elimination of low harmonics components contributes smooth rotation of compressors. The large compressor system consists of long train of machines with a long axis and has mechanical resonance frequency usually lower than tens of Hz. Considering the characteristics of large-capacity compressors, the advanced control outputs the voltage waveform can be tuned as consisting of only frequency components different from the resonance frequency.VII.C ONCLUSIONThe paper introduced the developments in the power semiconductors first. These technology developments have been applied in the large power converters from hundreds of kVA to tens of MW.The multi-level NPC converter applications based on the high performance power semiconductors are introduced for UPS systems, for renewable power generations and for oil and gas industries. The multi-level converter technology contributes high voltage output and high efficiency and is suitable for saving and sustaining energy resources.The development of semiconductors still continues and promotes further development of the high power converters.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe author thanks the Organizing Committee and Technical Committee of the 26th IEEE ISPSD 2014 Conference for offering me a good opportunity to introduce trends of high power converter technology. The author also thanks Dr. Gourab Majumdar of Mitsubishi Electric Corporation for informing me the good opportunity. The author also thanks Mr. Hidehiko Kikuchi, Corporate Vice President of TMEIC, Teruo Yoshino, Senior Fellow of TMEIC who gave me many suggestions and support. The author also thanks friends who supported the converter development in many aspects including project management, design, assembly and evaluation test.R EFERENCES[1]M. Yamamoto, K. Satoh, T. Nakagawa,A. Kawakami, ”GCT (gatecommutated turn-off) thyristor and gate drive circuit,“ IEEE PESC 98, Vol.2, pp. 1711 - 1715, 1998.[2]M. Kitagawa, I. Omura, S. Hasegawa,T. Inoue,A. Nakagawa, “A 4500V injection enhanced insulated gate bipolar transistor (IEGT) operating in a mode similar to a thyristor,” Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM '93, 1993.[3] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, H. Akagi, “A new neural-point-clamnpedPWM inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. Vol. IA-17, No. 5, pp. 518 - 523, 1981.[4] E. K. Sato, M. Kinoshita, Y. Yamamoto, T. Amboh, “Redundant high-density high-efficiency double-conversion uninterruptible power system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 1525 - 1533, 2010.[5]T. Lee, M. Kinoshita, K. Sanada, “High-efficiency large-capacityuninterruptible power supply using bidirectional-switch-based NPC multilevel converter,” ICPE2011-ECCE Asia, pp. 2100 - 2105, 2011. [6]K. Ohnishi, H. Masunaga, K. Matsuoka, K. Sanada, “Innovation ofhigh efficiency UPS for energy saving,” 2011 IEICE- Japan Society Conference, BS-5-2, pp.S23 – S24, 2011.(In Japanese)[7]http://www.jpea.gr.jp/en/statistic/index.html, Web page of JapanPhotovoltaic Power Generation.[8]T. Amboh, E. Ikawa and R. Inzunza, “Relevant Aspects in Designing aPhotovoltaic Inverter for Industrial and Commercial applications,”IPEC2010-ECCE Asia, pp. 688 - 693, 2010.[9]R. Inzunza, H. Yamaguchi, E. Ikawa, T. Sumiya, Y. Fujii, A. Satoh,“Design and Development of a 500kW Utility- Interactive Switch-Clamped Three-Level Photovoltaic Inverter,” ICPE2011-ECCE Asia, pp. 1627 - 1631, 2011.[10]K.S. Lee, Y. Fujii, T. Sumiya, E. Ikawa, “Development of a 250kW PVPCS and adaptive MPPT method,” IPEC2010-ECCE Asia, pp. 2598 - 2602, 2010.[11]T.Yoshino, H. Masuda, H. Hosoda, M. Tsukakoshi, M. A. Mostafa, L.Ben-Brahim, “High-reliability extra-large motor drives for oil and gas industry,” IEEE GCC2013, 159 - 164, 2013.[12]D. Yoshizawa, K. Takao, M. Mukunoki, Y. Shimomura, “The largeCapacity 5 level GCT Inverter for OIL & GAS plant application,” 2008 IEE- Japan IAS Conference, pp.I359 - I362, 2008.(In Japanese) [13]M. Tsukakoshi, M. A. Mamun, K. Hashimura, H. Hosoda and S. C.Peak, “Introduction of a large scale high efficiency 5-level IEGT inverter for oil and Gas industry,” IEEE ECCE2010, pp. 1261 - 1265, 2010.[14]H. Hosoda, S. Peak, “Multi-level converters for large capacity motordrive,” IPEC2010-ECCE Asia, pp. 516 - 522, 2010.[15]M. Tsukakoshi, M. A. Mamun, K. Hashimura and H. Hosoda, J.Sakaguchi, L. Ben-Brahim, “Novel torque ripple minimization control for 25MW variable speed drive system fed by multilevel voltage source inverter,” 39th Turbomachinary Symposium, pp. 193 - 200, 2010. [16]M. Tsukakoshi, M. Mukunoki and R. Nakamura, “High performanceIEGT inverter for main drives in the steel industry,” IPEC2005, S15-2, 2005.。
电源行业英语英文外语专业词汇术语翻译（A）1 backplane 背板2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考3 benchtop supply 工作台电源4 Block Diagram 方块图5 Bode Plot 波特图6 Bootstrap 自举7 Bottom FET Bottom FET8 bucket capcitor 桶形电容9 chassis 机架10 Combi-sense Combi-sense11 constant current source 恒流源12 Core Sataration 铁芯饱和13 crossover frequency 交叉频率14 current ripple 纹波电流15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期16 cycle skipping 周期跳步17 Dead Time 死区时间18 DIE T emperature 核心温度19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断20 dominant pole 主极点21 Enable 使能，有效，启用22 ESD Rating ESD额定值23 Evaluation Board 评估板24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, ordevice malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。
建议不要工作在电特性表规定的参数范围以外。
25 Failling edge 下降沿26 figure of merit 品质因数27 float charge voltage 浮充电压28 flyback power stage 反驰式功率级29 forward voltage drop 前向压降30 free-running 自由运行31 Freewheel diode 续流二极管32 Full load 满负载33 gate drive 栅极驱动34 gate drive stage 栅极驱动级35 gerber plot Gerber 图36 ground plane 接地层37 Henry 电感单位：亨利38 Human Body Model 人体模式39 Hysteresis 滞回40 inrush current 涌入电流41 Inverting 反相42 jittery 抖动43 Junction 结点44 Kelvin connection 开尔文连接45 Lead Frame 引脚框架46 Lead Free 无铅47 level-shift 电平移动48 Line regulation 电源调整率49 load regulation 负载调整率50 Lot Number 批号51 Low Dropout 低压差52 Miller 密勒53 node 节点54 Non-Inverting 非反相55 novel 新颖的56 off state 关断状态57 Operating supply voltage 电源工作电压58 out drive stage 输出驱动级59 Out of Phase 异相60 Part Number 产品型号61 pass transistor pass transistor62 P-channel MOSFET P沟道MOSFET63 Phase margin 相位裕度64 Phase Node 开关节点65 portable electronics 便携式电子设备66 power down 掉电67 Power Good 电源正常68 Power Groud 功率地69 Power Save Mode 节电模式70 Power up 上电71 pull down 下拉72 pull up 上拉73 Pulse by Pulse 逐脉冲（Pulse by Pulse）74 push pull converter 推挽转换器75 ramp down 斜降76 ramp up 斜升77 redundant diode 冗余二极管78 resistive divider 电阻分压器79 ringing 振铃80 ripple current 纹波电流81 rising edge 上升沿82 sense resistor 检测电阻83 Sequenced Power Supplys 序列电源84 shoot-through 直通，同时导通85 stray inductances. 杂散电感86 sub-circuit 子电路87 substrate 基板88 T elecom 电信89 Thermal Information 热性能信息90 thermal slug 散热片91 Threshold 阈值92 timing resistor 振荡电阻93 T op FET T op FET94 Trace 线路，走线，引线95 Transfer function 传递函数96 Trip Point 跳变点97 turns ratio 匝数比，＝Np / Ns。
电力电子专业英语1、元件设备三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器：Capacitor并联电容器：shunt capacitor电抗器：Reactor母线：Busbar输电线：TransmissionLine发电厂：power plant断路器：Breaker刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator分接头：tap电动机：motor-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2、状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current容量：capacity电压：voltage档位：tap position有功损耗：reactive loss无功损耗：active loss功率因数：power-factor功率：power功角：power-angle电压等级：voltage grade空载损耗：no-load loss铁损：iron loss铜损：copper loss空载电流：no-load current阻抗：impedance正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance电阻：resistor电抗：reactance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测：YC(telemetering)遥信：YX励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current定子：stator功角：power-angle上限:upper limit下限：lower limit并列的：apposable高压: high voltage低压：low voltage中压：middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功（功率） active power无功（功率） reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻：resistance电抗：reactance阻抗：impedance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance导纳：admittance电感：inductance电容: capacitance-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Absorber Circuit ——吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter ——交交变频电路AC power control ——交流电力控制AC Power Controller ——交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch ——交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller ——交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation ——异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit ——贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor ——双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT ——双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper ——升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper ——升压斩波电路Boost Converter ——升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper ——桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper ——降压斩波电路Buck Converter ——降压变换器Commutation ——换流Conduction Angle ——导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF ——恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM ——（电流）连续模式Control Circuit ——控制电路Cuk Circuit —— CUK斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper ——电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI ——电流（源）型逆变电路Cycloconvertor ——周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter ——直交直电路DC Chopping ——直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit ——直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter ——直流－直流变换器Device Commutation ——器件换流Direct Current Control ——直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode ——（电流）断续模式displacement factor ——位移因数distortion power ——畸变功率double end converter ——双端电路driving circuit ——驱动电路electrical isolation ——电气隔离fast acting fuse ——快速熔断器fast recovery diode ——快恢复二极管fast recovery epitaxial diodes ——快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor ——快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor ——场控晶闸管flyback converter ——反激电流forced commutation ——强迫换流forward converter ——正激电路frequency converter ——变频器full bridge converter ——全桥电路full bridge rectifier ——全桥整流电路full wave rectifier ——全波整流电路fundamental factor ——基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO ——可关断晶闸管general purpose diode ——普通二极管giant transistor——GTR ——电力晶体管half bridge converter ——半桥电路hard switching ——硬开关high voltage IC ——高压集成电路hysteresis comparison ——带环比较方式indirect current control ——间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter ——直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT ——绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power。
Figure 6.1-1Simplified two-level inverter for high-power applications.Figure 6.2-1Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM).Figure 6.2-2Simulated waveforms for the two-level inverter operating at m a= 0.8, m f= 15, f m= 60 Hz, and f sw= 900 Hz.Figure 6.2-3Harmonic content of v AB in Fig. 6.2-2.OvermodulationOvermodulation occurs when the amplitude modulation index m a is greater than unity. Figure 6.2-4 shows such a case with m a= 2. The overmodulation causes a re-duction in number of pulses in the line-to-line voltage waveform, leading to the emergence of low-order harmonics such as the 5th and 11th. However, the funda-mental voltage V AB1is boosted to 0.744V d, which represents a 22% increase in com-parison with 0.612V d at m a= 1. With m a further increased to 3.24, v AB becomes a square wave, whose fundamental voltage is V AB1= 0.78V d, which is the highest pos-sible value produced by the two-level VSI. The overmodulation is seldom used in practice due to the difficulties to filter out the low-order harmonics and the nonlin-ear relationship between V AB1and m a.Third Harmonic Injection PWMThe inverter fundamental voltage V AB1can also be increased by adding a third har-monic component to the three-phase sinusoidal modulating wave without causing overmodulation. This modulation technique is known as third harmonic injection Figure 6.2-5 illustrates the principle of this PWM scheme, where the modulating is composed of a fundamental component v m1and a third harmonic com-mA, making v mA somewhat flattened on the top. As a result, the peak funda-m3mental component ˆV m1can be higher than the peak triangular carrier wave ˆV boosts the fundamental voltage v AB1. In the meantime the peak modulating wave can be kept lower than ˆV cr, avoiding the problems caused by overmodulation. The maximum amount of v AB1that can be increased by this scheme is 15.5% [2, 3].Figure 6.2-4Overmodulation (m a= 2.0, m f= 15, and f m= 60 Hz). Figure 6.2-5Modulating wave v mA with third harmonic injection.Figure 6.3-1Space vector diagram for the two-level inverter.Figure 6.3-2ǞV ref synthesized by ǞV1, ǞV2and ǞV0.Figure 6.3-3Seven-segment switching sequence for ǞV ref in sector I.Let us now examine a case given in Fig. 6.3-4, where the vectorsFig. 6.3-3 are swapped. Some switching state transitions, such as the transition from [OOO] to [PPO], are accomplished by turning on and off four switches in two in-verter legs simultaneously. As a consequence, the total number of switchings dur-ing the sampling period increases from six in the previous case to ten. Obviously, this switching sequence does not satisfy the design requirement and thus should not be adopted.It is interesting to note that the waveforms of v AB in Figs. 6.3-3 and 6.3-4 pro-duced by two different switching sequences seem different, but they are essentially the same. If these two waveforms are drawn for two or more consecutive sampling periods, we will notice that they are identical except for a small time delay ( is much shorter than the period of the inverter fundamental frequency, the effect caused by the time delay is negligible.Table 6.3-4 gives the seven-segment switching sequences forǞV ref residing in all six sectors. Note that all the switching sequences start and end with switching state [OOO], which indicates that the transition forǞV ref moving from one sector to the next does not require any switchings. The switching sequence design requirement (b) is satisfied.Spectrum AnalysisThe simulated waveforms for the inverter output voltages and load current are shown in Fig. 6.3-5. The inverter operates under the condition of f1= 60 Hz, = 720 Hz, and m a= 0.8 with a rated three-phase inductive load. The swload power factor is 0.9 per phase. It can be observed that the waveform of the in-Figure 6.3-4Undesirable seven-segment switching sequence.verter line-to-line voltage v AB is not half-wave symmetrical, that is, to + ). Therefore, it contains even-order harmonics, such as 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 10th, in addition to odd-order harmonics. The THD of v AB and i A8.37%, respectively.Figure 6.3-6 shows waveforms measured from a laboratory two-level inverter operating under the same conditions as those given in Fig. 6.3-5. The top and bot-tom traces in Fig. 6.3-6a are the inverter line-to-line voltage v AB and load phase Table 6.3-4Seven-Segment Switching SequenceSwitching Segment123456ǞV0ǞV1ǞV2ǞV0ǞV2ǞV1OOO POO PPO PPP PPO POOǞV0ǞV3ǞV2ǞV0ǞV2ǞV3OOO OPO PPO PPP PPO OPOǞV0ǞV3ǞV4ǞV0ǞV4ǞV3OOO OPO OPP PPP OPP OPOǞV0ǞV5ǞV4ǞV0ǞV4ǞV5OOO OOP OPP PPP OPP OOPǞV0ǞV5ǞV6ǞV0ǞV6ǞV5OOO OOP POP PPP POP OOPǞV0ǞV1ǞV6ǞV0ǞV6ǞV1OOO POO POP PPP POP POOTHD = 80.2%THD = 80.2%THD = 8.37%THD = 80.2% Figure 6.3-5Inverter output waveforms produced by SVM scheme with f1= 60 Hz, f sw 720 Hz, and m a= 0.8.(a) Waveforms 2 ms/div(b) Spectrum (500 Hz/div) Figure 6.3-6Measured inverter voltage waveforms and harmonic spectrum for the verification of simulated waveforms in Fig. 6.3-5.(a) Even-order harmonics(b) Odd-order harmonicsFigure 6.3-7Harmonic content of v AB with f1= 60 Hz and f sw= 720 Hz.Figure 6.3-8Two valid switching sequences for ǞV ref in sector IV.Figure 6.3-9Alternative use of two switching sequences for even-order harmonic elimination.v AB v AOᎏvvAdnᎏFigure 6.3-11Five-segment switching sequence.Figure 6.3-12Waveforms produced by five-segment SVM with f1= 60 Hz,f sw= 600 Hz, T s= 1/900 s and m a= 0.8.6.4SUMMARYThis chapter focuses on pulse-width modulation schemes for the two-level voltage source inverter. The switching frequency of the inverter is usually limited to a few hundred hertz for high-power medium-voltage (MV) drives. A carrier-based sinu-soidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) scheme is reviewed, followed by a detailed analysis on space vector modulation (SVM) algorithms, including derivation of space vectors, calculation of dwell times, design of switching sequence, and analy-sis of harmonic spectrum and THD.The SVM schemes usually generate both odd- and even-order harmonics in the inverter output voltages. The even-order harmonics may not have a significantly impact on the operation of the motor. However, they are strictly regulated by har-monic guidelines such as IEEE Standard 519-1992 when the two-level converter is used as a rectifier in the MV drive. Since the two-level voltage source rectifier is not separately discussed in the book, the mechanism of even-order harmonic gener-ation is analyzed and a modified SVM scheme for even-order harmonic elimina-tions presented.The two-level inverter has a number of features, including simple converter topology and PWM scheme. However, the inverter produces high dv/dt and THD in its output voltage, and therefore often requires a large-size LC filter installed at its output terminals. Other advantages and drawbacks of the two-level inverter for use in the MV drive will be elaborated in Chapter 12.。
Model 1600A High Voltage Probe User’s GuidePA-148 Rev. A / 09-05Keithley Instruments, Inc.28775 Aurora RoadCleveland, Ohio 44139(440) 248-0400WARNING This high voltage probe is designed to prevent accidental shock tothe operator when properly used. This operating note must be readand fully understood prior to using the probe.SpecificationsInput resistance:Approx. 1000mΩDivision ratio:1000:1Maximum working voltage:40KV DC or Peak AC, 28KV RMS ACAccuracy:DC volts:±1%(1KV to 20KV), ±2%(20KV to 40KV)AC volts:Typically 5% at 60HzTemperature Coefficient:Less than 200ppm/ºCOperating temperature:0ºC to +50ºCStorage temperature:-20ºC to -70ºCCable length: 1 meterSafety precautionsThis high voltage probe must only be used by personnel who are trained, experienced, or otherwise qualified to recognize hazardous situations and who are trained in the safety precautions that are necessary to avoid possible injury when using such a device.Do not work alone when working with high voltage circuits.For your own safety, inspect the probes for cracks and frayed or broken leads before each use. If defects are noted, DO NOT use the probe.Hands, shoes, floor, and work bench must be dry. Avoid making measurements under humid, damp, or other environmental conditions that might affect the safety of the measurement situation.If possible, always turn the high voltage source off before connecting or disconnecting the probe.The probe body should be kept clean and free of any conductive contamination. Refer to the section on cleaning.Operation1.Connect the plugs to the volts (HI) and corn (LO) input terminals of your voltmeter.2.Select the desired voltmeter function and range: do not use autoranging.3.Whenever possible, turn the high voltage source off before making any connections.4.Connect the divider probe common lead (alligator clip) to a good earth ground or reliable chassisground.WARNING Do not attempt to take measurements from sources where thechassis or return lead is not grounded.2WARNING This ground connection is critical to the safe operation of the probe.Failure to make this connection when making high voltagemeasurements may result in personal injury or damage to the probeor voltmeter. This connection must always be made BEFORE theprobe tip comes into contact with the high voltage and must not beremoved until after the probe tip has been removed from the highvoltage source.WARNING Do not connect the ground clip lead to the high voltage source or theprobe lip to ground for any reason.WARNING Before turning the high voltage on, make sure that no part of yourbody is in contact with the device under test.5.Measure the voltage remembering that the voltage being measured is 1000 times greater then thevoltmeter reading.6.Turn the high voltage off.7.Disconnect the probe tip from the high voltage source BEFORE removing the ground clip lead.CleaningClean only the exterior probe body and cables. Use a soft cotton cloth lightly moistened with a mild solution of detergent and water. Do not allow any portion of the probe to submerge at any time.Dry the probe thoroughly before attempting to make voltage measurement.Do not subject the probe to solvent fumes as these can cause deterioration of the probe body and cables.3。
General Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplishedby switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations ,major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages , the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity into individual particles baffled them.Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wanders away.Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other.This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. V olta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.MagnetsAlmost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this ironter, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets.In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magnetic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electricity).So we can see that there is arelationship between moving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons.Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.变电站建设的一般要求变电站(所)在电源系统的工业企业是一个至关重要的因素。
generator 发电机gas insulated substation GIS 气体绝缘变电站turbogenerator 汽轮发电机neutralpoint 中性点hydrogenerator 水轮发电机movingcontact 动触头hydraulic turbine 水轮机fixedcontact 静触头steam turbine 汽轮机arc-extinguishingchamber灭弧室dynamo 直流发电机straycapacitance 杂散电容motor 电动机strayinductance 杂散电感stator 定子spheregap 球隙rotor 转子bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线power transformer 电力变压器electrostaticvoltmeter 静电电压表variable transformer 调压变压器ammeter 电流表taped transformer 多级变压器groundingcapacitance 对地电容step up (down) transformer 升(降)压变压器voltagedivider 分压器circuit breaker CB 断路器surgeimpedance 波阻抗dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器Scheringbridge 西林电桥live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器Rogowskicoil 罗可夫斯基线圈vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器oscilloscope 示波器sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF6断路器peakvoltmeter 峰值电压表potential transformer PT 电压互感器conductor 导线current transformer CT 电流互感器cascadetransformer 串级变压器disconnector 隔离开关couplingcapacitor 耦合电容earthing switch 接地开关testobject 被试品synchronous generator 同步发电机detectionimpedance 检测阻抗asynchronous machine 异步电机substation 变电站Insulator 绝缘子hydro power station 水力发电站lightning arrester 避雷器thermal power station 火力发电站metal oxide arrester MOA 氧化锌避雷器nuclear power station 核电站bus bar 母线oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆overhead line 架空线mixeddivider (阻容)混合分压器transmission line 传输线XLPEcable 交链聚乙烯电缆(coaxial) cable (同轴)电缆relay 继电器iron core 铁芯tunedcircuit 调谐电路winding 绕组suspensioninsulator悬式绝缘子bushing 套管porcelaininsulator 陶瓷绝缘子front(tail) resistance 波头(尾)电阻glassinsulator 玻璃绝缘子inverter station 换流站flashcounter 雷电计数器steel-reinforced aluminum conductor 钢芯铝绞线charging(damping)resistor充电(阻尼)电阻tank 箱体point plane gap 针板间隙earth(ground) wire 接地线excitingwinding 激磁绕组grading ring 均压环triggerelectrode 触发电极highvoltage engineering 高电压工程glowdischarge 辉光放电highvoltage testing technology 高电压试验技术harmonic 谐波Power electronics 电力电子Automaticcontrol 自动控制Principles of electric circuits 电路原理Digital signal processing 数字信号处理current 冲击电流power system 电力系统impulseflashover 冲击闪络power network 电力网络impulse不均匀场fieldinsulation 绝缘inhomogenous绝缘配合coordinationovervoltage 过电压insulationdischarge 内部放电aging 老化internalstroke 雷电波alternating current 交流电lightningovervoltage 雷电过电压AC transmission system 交流输电系统lightningangle （介质）损耗角arc discharge 电弧放电lossfield 磁场attachment coefficient 附着系数magneticattenuation factor 衰减系数mean free path 平均自由行程anode (cathode) 阳极（阴极）mean molecular velocity 平均分子速度ions 负离子breakdown （电）击穿negativetesting 非破坏性试验bubble breakdown 气泡击穿non-destructivefield 不均匀场cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器non-uniformdischarge 局部放电cavity 空穴,腔partialcorona 电晕peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压emission 光电发射composite insulation 组合绝缘photoelectriccritical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压photon 光子线电压Discharge 放电phase-to-phasevoltageeffect 极性效应Dielectric 电介质,绝缘体polaritycapacitor 电力电容dielectric constant 介质常数powerfield 稍不均匀场dielectric loss 介质损耗quasi-uniforminterference 无线干扰direct current 直流电radiodivider ratio 分压器分压比rating of equipment 设备额定值testing 常规试验grounding 接地routing残余电容capacitanceelectric field 电场residualelectrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀shielding 屏蔽electron avalanche 电子崩short circuit testing 短路试验charge 空间电荷electronegative gas 电负性气体spacebreakdown 流注击穿epoxy resin 环氧树脂streamerbreakdown 表面击穿expulsion gap 灭弧间隙surfacedischarge 自持放电field strength 场强sustainedovervoltage 操作过电压field stress 电场力switchingbreakdown 热击穿field distortion 场畸变thermalfield gradient 场梯度treeing 树枝放电field emission 场致发射uniformfield 均匀场front(tail) 波头（尾）flashover 闪络wavevoltage 耐受电压gaseous insulation 气体绝缘withstandPrime mover 原动机Powerfactor 功率因数Torque 力矩Distribution automation system 配电网自动化系统Servomechanism 伺服系统Automatic meter reading 自动抄表Boiler 锅炉Armature 电枢Internal combustion engine 内燃机Brush 电刷Deenergize 断电Commutator 换向器emf 反电势Underground cable 地下电缆CounterLoop system 环网系统Demagnetization 退磁，去磁panel 继电器屏Distribution system 配电系统Relaywinding 第三绕组Trip circuit 跳闸电路Tertiarycurrent 涡流Switchboard 配电盘，开关屏Eddyloss 铜损Instrument transducer 测量互感器Copperloss 铁损Oil-impregnated paper 油浸纸绝缘Ironflux 漏磁通Bare conductor 裸导线LeakageReclosing 重合闸Autotransformer 自耦变压器Distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心Zero sequence current 零序电流Pulverizer 磨煤机Series (shunt) compensation 串（并）联补偿Drum 汽包，炉筒Restriking 电弧重燃自动录波仪Superheater 过热器Automaticoscillographcurrent 潮流Peak-load 峰荷Tidalcoil 跳闸线圈Prime grid substation 主网变电站Tripcondenser 同步调相机Reactive power` 无功功率SynchronousActive power 有功功率Main and transfer busbar 单母线带旁路Shunt reactor 并联电抗器Feeder 馈电线effect 集肤效应Blackout 断电、停电Skinstress 电位应力(电场强度) Extra-high voltage (EHV) 超高压PotentialUltra-high voltage (UHV) 特高压Capacitorbank 电容器组Domestic load 民用电crusher 碎煤机Reserve capacity 备用容量pulverizer 磨煤机Fossil-fired power plant 火电厂baghouse 集尘室Combustion turbine 燃气轮机Stationary (moving) blade 固定（可动）叶片Right-of-way 线路走廊Shaft 转轴动（势）能Rectifier 整流器Kinetic(potential)energyInductive (Capacitive) 电感的(电容的) Pumped storage power station 抽水蓄能电站condenser 同步调相机Reactance (impedance) 电抗（阻抗）Synchronous轻（沸）水反应堆Reactor 电抗器Light(boiling)-waterreactorReactive 电抗的，无功的Stator(rotor) 定（转）子Phase displacement (shift) 相移Armature 电枢Surge 冲击，过电压Salient-pole 凸极ring 滑环Retaining ring 护环SlipCarbon brush 炭刷Arc suppression coil 消弧线圈Short-circuit ratio 短路比Primary(backup)主(后备)继电保护relayingshifter 移相器Induction 感应PhaseAutotransformer 自藕变压器Power line carrier (PLC) 电力线载波（器）trap 线路限波器Bushing 套管LineTurn (turn ratio) 匝（匝比，变比）Uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源Power factor 功率因数Spot power price 实时电价Tap 分接头Time-of-use(tariff) 分时（电价）交联聚乙烯（电缆）LinkedRecovery voltage 恢复电压XLPE(CrossPolyethylene )Arc reignition 电弧重燃Rms (root mean square) 均方根值Operation mechanism 操动机构RF (radio frequency) 射频Pneumatic(hydraulic) 气动（液压）Rpm (revolution per minute) 转/分Nameplate 铭牌LAN (local area network) 局域网Independent pole operation 分相操作LED (light emitting diode) 发光二极管Malfunction 失灵Single (dual, ring) bus 单（双，环形）母线Shield wire 避雷线IC (integrated circuit) 集成电路Creep distance 爬电距离FFT (fast Fourier transform) 快速傅立叶变换Silicon rubber 硅橡胶Telemeter 遥测Composite insulator 合成绝缘子Loadshedding 甩负荷Converter (inverter) 换流器（逆变器）Lateral 支线Bus tie breaker 母联断路器Power-flowcurrent 工频续流Protective relaying 继电保护sparkover 放电Transfer switching 倒闸操作Siliconcarbide 碳化硅Outgoing (incoming) line 出（进）线Zincoxide 氧化锌Phase Lead(lag) 相位超前（滞后）Withstandtest 耐压试验Static var compensation (SVC) 静止无功补偿Dispatcher 调度员Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) 灵活交流输电系统Supervisory control and dataacquisition (SCADA)监控与数据采集EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) 电磁兼容ISO (international standardizationorganization)国际标准化组织GIS (gas insulated substation, geographic information system) 气体绝缘变电站地理信息系统IEC(internationalElectrotechnical Commission)国际电工（技术）委员会IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 电气与电子工程师学会（美）IEE (Institution of ElectricalEngineers)电气工程师学会（英）scale 刻度，量程calibrate 校准rated 额定的terminal 接线端子fuse 保险丝，熔丝humidity 湿度resonance 谐振，共振moisture 潮湿，湿气analytical 解析的operationamplifier 运算放大器numerical 数字的amplitude modulation (AM) 调幅frequency-domain 频域frequency modulation (FM) 调频time-domain 时域binary 二进制operation amplifier 运算放大器octal 八进制active filter 有源滤波器decimal 十进制passive filter 无源滤波器hexadecimal 十六进制Aabort abort 中断中断中断,,停止abnormal abnormal 异常异常abrader abrader 研磨研磨研磨,,磨石磨石,,研磨工具absence absence 失去失去Absence of brush Absence of brush 无无(碳)刷Absolute ABS Absolute ABS 绝对的绝对的Absolute atmosphere ATA Absolute atmosphere ATA 绝对大气压绝对大气压AC Lub oil pump AC Lub oil pump 交流润滑油泵交流润滑油泵absorptance absorptance 吸收比吸收比吸收比,,吸收率acceleration acceleration 加速加速accelerator accelerator 加速器加速器accept accept 接受接受access access 存取存取accomplish accomplish 完成完成完成,,达到accumulator accumulator 蓄电池蓄电池蓄电池,,累加器Accumulator battery Accumulator battery 蓄电池组蓄电池组accuracy accuracy 准确准确准确,,精确acid acid 酸性酸性酸性,,酸的Acid washing Acid washing 酸洗酸洗acknowledge acknowledge 确认确认确认,,响应acquisition acquisition 发现发现发现,,取得action action 动作动作Active power Active power 有功功率有功功率actuator actuator 执行机构执行机构address address 地址地址adequate adequate 适当的适当的适当的，，充分的adjust adjust 调整调整调整，，校正Admission mode Admission mode 进汽方式进汽方式Aerial line Aerial line 天线天线after after 以后以后air air 风风，空气Air compressor Air compressor 空压机空压机Air duct pressure Air duct pressure 风管压力风管压力Air ejector Air ejector 抽气器抽气器Air exhaust fan Air exhaust fan 排气扇排气扇Air heater Air heater 空气加热器空气加热器Air preheater Air preheater 空气预热器空气预热器Air receiver Air receiver 空气罐空气罐Alarm Alarm 报警报警algorithm algorithm 算法算法alphanumeric alphanumeric 字母数字字母数字第 第 1 1 1 页页Alternating current Alternating current 交流电交流电Altitude Altitude 高度高度高度，，海拔Ambient Ambient 周围的周围的周围的，，环境的Ambient temp Ambient temp 环境温度环境温度ammeter ammeter 电流表电流表电流表，，安培计Ammonia tank Ammonia tank 氨水箱氨水箱Ampere Ampere 安培安培amplifier amplifier 放大器放大器Analog Analog 模拟模拟Analog input Analog input 模拟输入模拟输入Analog Analog--to to--digital A digital A//D D 模拟转换模拟转换Analysis Analysis 分析分析Angle Angle 角度角度Angle valve Angle valve 角伐角伐Angle of lag Angle of lag 滞后角滞后角Angle of lead Angle of lead 超前角超前角anthracite anthracite 无烟煤无烟煤Anion Anion 阴离子阴离子Anionic exchanger Anionic exchanger 阴离子交换器阴离子交换器Anode Anode 阳极阳极阳极，，正极announce announce 通知通知通知，，宣布Annual Annual 年的年的年的，，年报Annual energy output Annual energy output 年发电量年发电量anticipate anticipate 预期预期预期，，期望Aph slow motion motor Aph slow motion motor 空预器低速马达空预器低速马达Application program Application program 应用程序应用程序approach approach 近似值近似值近似值，，接近Arc Arc 电弧电弧电弧，，弧光architecture architecture 建筑物结构建筑物结构Area Area 面积面积面积，，区域armature armature 电枢电枢电枢，，转子衔铁Arrester Arrester 避雷器避雷器Ash Ash 灰烬灰烬灰烬，，废墟Ash handling Ash handling 除灰除灰Ash settling pond Ash settling pond 沉渣池沉渣池Ash slurry pump Ash slurry pump 灰浆泵灰浆泵assemble assemble 安装安装安装，，组装Assume Assume 假定假定假定,,采取采取,,担任Asynchronous motor Asynchronous motor 异步马达异步马达atmosphere atmosphere 大气大气大气，，大气压Atomizing Atomizing 雾化雾化Attempt Attempt 企图企图第 第 2 2 2 页页Attemperater Attemperater 减温器减温器减温器，，调温器Attention Attention 注意注意Attenuation Attenuation 衰減衰減衰減,,减少减少,,降低Auto reclose Auto reclose 自动重合闸自动重合闸Auto transfer Auto transfer 自动转移自动转移Autoformer Autoformer 自耦变压器自耦变压器Automatic AUTO Automatic AUTO 自动自动Automatic voltage regulator Automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器自动调压器Auxiliary AUX Auxiliary AUX 辅助的辅助的Auxiliary power Auxiliary power 厂用电厂用电Available Available 有效的有效的有效的,,可用的Avoid Avoid 避免避免避免,,回避Avometer Avometer 万用表万用表万用表,,安伏欧表计Axial Axial 轴向的轴向的Axis Axis 轴轴,轴线Axis disp protection Axis disp protection 轴向位移轴向位移轴向位移，，保护Axle Axle 轴轴，车轴车轴，，心捧BBack Back 背后背后背后，，反向的Back pressure Back pressure 背压背压Back wash Back wash 反冲洗反冲洗Back up Back up 支持支持支持，，备用Back ward Back ward 向后向后Baffle Baffle 隔板隔板Bag filter Bag filter 除尘布袋除尘布袋Balance Balance 平衡平衡Ball Ball 球球Ball valve Ball valve 球阀球阀Bar Bar 巴巴，条杆Bar screen material classifier Bar screen material classifier 栅形滤网栅形滤网base base 基础基础基础、、根据Base load Base load 基本负荷基本负荷Base mode Base mode 基本方式基本方式Batch processing unit Batch processing unit 批处理单元批处理单元Battery Battery 电池电池Bearing BRG Bearing BRG 轴承轴承before before 在在…之前bell bell 铃铃Belt Belt 带带，皮带Bend Bend 挠度挠度挠度，，弯曲Besel Besel 监视孔监视孔BLAS BLAS 偏置偏置偏置，，偏压第 第 3 3 3 页页Binary Binary 二进制二进制二进制，，双Black Black 黑色黑色Black out Black out 大停电大停电大停电，，全厂停电blade blade 叶片叶片Bleed Bleed 放气放气放气，，放水Blocking signal Blocking signal 闭锁信号闭锁信号Blow Blow 吹吹Blow down Blow down 排污排污Blowlamp Blowlamp 喷灯喷灯blue blue 蓝色蓝色Bms watchdog Bms Bms watchdog Bms看门狗看门狗看门狗，，bms bms监视器监视器boiler BLR boiler BLR 锅炉锅炉Boiler feedwater pump BFP Boiler feedwater pump BFP 锅炉给水泵锅炉给水泵Boil Boil--off off 蒸发汽化蒸发汽化bolt bolt 螺栓螺栓bore bore 孔孔，腔boost BST boost BST 增压增压增压，，提高Boost centrifugal pump BST CEP Boost centrifugal pump BST CEP 凝升泵凝升泵Boost pump BP Boost pump BP 升压泵升压泵Boot strap Boot strap 模拟线路模拟线路模拟线路，，辅助程序bottom bottom 底部底部Bowl mill Bowl mill 碗式磨碗式磨brash brash 脆性脆性脆性，，易脆的bracket bracket 支架支架支架，，托架托架，，括号breadth breadth 宽度宽度break break 断开断开断开，，断路breaker breaker 断路器断路器断路器，，隔离开关Breaker coil Breaker coil 跳闸线路跳闸线路breeze breeze 微风微风微风，，煤粉Brens Brens--chluss chluss 熄火熄火熄火，，燃烧终结bridge bridge 电桥电桥电桥，，跨接跨接，，桥形网络brigade brigade 班班，组，队，大队broadcast broadcast 广播广播brownout brownout 节约用电节约用电brush brush 电刷电刷电刷，，刷子Brush rocker Brush rocker 电刷摇环电刷摇环Brown coal Brown coal 褐煤褐煤Buchholtz protecter Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护瓦斯保护bucket bucket 斗斗，吊斗Buffer tank Buffer tank 缓冲箱缓冲箱built built 建立建立bulletin bulletin 公告公告公告，，公报第 第 4 4 4 页页bump bump 碰碰，撞击bunker bunker 煤仓煤仓burner burner 燃烧器燃烧器Burner management system Burner management system 燃烧器管理系统燃烧器管理系统Bus section Bus section 母线段母线段busbar busbar 母线母线Busbar frame Busbar frame 母线支架母线支架buscouple buscouple 母联母联button button 按钮按钮Bypass Bypass//by pass BYP by pass BYP 旁路旁路Bypass valve Bypass valve 旁路阀旁路阀Ccabinet cabinet 柜柜cable cable 电缆电缆calculator calculator 计算器计算器caliber caliber 管径管径管径、、尺寸尺寸、、大小calorie calorie 卡卡caloric caloric 热的热的热的、、热量Caloric value Caloric value 发热量发热量发热量、、热值calorific calorific 发热的发热的发热的、、热量的Calorific efficiency Calorific efficiency 热效率热效率cancel cancel 取消取消取消、、省略capacitance CAPAC capacitance CAPAC 电容电容Capacitive reactance Capacitive reactance 容抗容抗capacity capacity 容量容量容量、、出力出力、、能量card card （（电子电子））板、卡carrier carrier 搬运机搬运机搬运机、、载波载波、、带电粒子Carrier protection Carrier protection 高频保护高频保护cascade CAS cascade CAS 串级串级Case pipe Case pipe 套管套管casine casine 壳壳、箱casual casual 偶然的偶然的偶然的、、临时临时、、不规则的Casual inspection Casual inspection 不定期检查不定期检查不定期检查、、临时检查casualty casualty 人身事故人身事故人身事故、、伤亡伤亡、、故障catastrophe catastrophe 灾祸灾祸灾祸、、事故Catastrophe failure Catastrophe failure 重大事故重大事故Cat Cat--pad pad 猫爪猫爪cathode cathode 阴板阴板阴板、、负极Cathode ray tube CRT Cathode ray tube CRT 显示器显示器Cation exchanger Cation exchanger 阳离子交换器阳离子交换器caution caution 注意注意Center Center 中心中心第 第 5 5 5 页页centigrade centigrade 摄氏温标摄氏温标Central control room Central control room 中控室中控室Central processing unit CPU Central processing unit CPU 中央处理器中央处理器Centrifugal Centrifugal 离心的离心的Certificate Certificate 证明书证明书证明书、、执照Centrifugal fan Centrifugal fan 离心风机离心风机Certification of fitness Certification of fitness 合格证书合格证书合格证书、、质量证书Chamber Chamber 办公室办公室办公室、、会议室Change Change 改变改变Channel Channel 通道通道通道、、频道Character Character 字符字符Characteristics Characteristics 特性特性特性、、特性曲线Charge Charge 负荷负荷负荷、、充电充电、、加注Charge indicator Charge indicator 验电器验电器验电器、、带电指示器Chart Chart 图图、图线图chassis chassis 底座底座底座、、机壳Chassis earth Chassis earth 机壳接地机壳接地Check Check 检查检查Check valve CK VLV Check valve CK VLV 截止线截止线截止线、、止回线Chemical Chemical 化学化学Chemical dosing Chemical dosing 化学加药化学加药Chest Chest 室室Chief Chief 主要的主要的主要的、、首长首长、、首领Chief engineer Chief engineer 总工程师总工程师Chief operator Chief operator 值班长值班长Chimney Chimney 烟囱烟囱烟囱、、烟道Chlorine Chlorine 氯氯Circuit Circuit 电路电路Circuit breaker Circuit breaker 电路断路器电路断路器Circuit diagram Circuit diagram 电路图电路图Circular current Circular current 环流环流Circulating Circulating 循环循环Circulating water pump Circulating water pump 循环水泵循环水泵Circulating cooling water Circulating cooling water 循环冷却水循环冷却水Clamp Clamp 夹具夹具夹具、、钳Clarification Clarification 澄清澄清Class Class 类类、等级等级、、程度Class of insulation Class of insulation 绝缘等级绝缘等级Clean Clean 清洁的清洁的清洁的、、纯净的Cleanse Cleanse 净化净化净化、、洗净洗净、、消毒Clear Clear 清除清除CLEARING OF FAULT CLEARING OF FAULT 故障清除故障清除第 第 6 6 6 页页Clock interface unit CIU Clock interface unit CIU 时钟接口单元时钟接口单元Clockwise Clockwise 顺时针顺时针顺时针、、右旋的Close Close 关闭关闭Closed cooling water Closed cooling water 闭式冷却水闭式冷却水Closed Closed--loop loop 闭环闭环Cluster Cluster 电池组电池组电池组、、组、群Coal Coal 煤煤Coal ash Coal ash 煤灰煤灰Coal breaker Coal breaker 碎煤机碎煤机Coal consumption Coal consumption 耗煤量耗煤量耗煤量、、煤耗Coal crusher Coal crusher 碎煤机碎煤机Coal handling Coal handling 输煤设备输煤设备输煤设备、、输煤装置Coal dust Coal dust 煤粉煤粉Coal Coal--fired power plant fired power plant 燃煤发电厂燃煤发电厂Coal hopper Coal hopper 煤斗煤斗Coal yard Coal yard 煤场煤场Coarse Coarse 粗的粗的粗的、、不精确的Coaxial cable Coaxial cable 同轴电缆同轴电缆Code Code 代号代号代号、、密码Coil Coil 线圈线圈Coil pipe Coil pipe 蛇形管蛇形管Cold Cold 冷冷Cold air Cold air 冷风冷风Cold reheater CRH Cold reheater CRH 再热器冷段再热器冷段Cold reserve Cold reserve 冷备用冷备用冷备用（（锅炉锅炉））Cold start Cold start 冷态启动冷态启动Cold test Cold test 冷态试验冷态试验Collect Collect 收集收集Collecting pipe Collecting pipe 集水管集水管Collector Collector 收集器收集器Colour Colour 颜色颜色Colour library Colour library 颜色库颜色库Combin Combin 合并合并合并、、联合Combustion Combustion 燃烧燃烧Command Command 命令命令命令、、指挥Commission Commission 使投入使投入使投入、、使投产Common Common 共同的共同的共同的、、普通的Communication Communication 联系联系联系、、通讯Commutator Commutator 换向器换向器Compensation Compensation 补偿补偿Company CO Company CO 公司公司Company limited CO LTD Company limited CO LTD 有限公司有限公司第 第 7 7 7 页页Complexity Complexity 复杂复杂Complete Complete 完成完成Component Component 元件元件Compress Compress 压缩压缩Compress air Compress air 压缩空气压缩空气Compresser Compresser 压缩机压缩机Computer Computer 计算机计算机Concrete Concrete 混凝土制的混凝土制的Concurrent Concurrent 同时发生的同时发生的同时发生的、、一致的Concurrent boiler Concurrent boiler 直流锅炉直流锅炉Cond press Cond press 凝结器压力凝结器压力Condensate Condensate 冷凝冷凝冷凝、、使凝结Condensate extraction pump CEP Condensate extraction pump CEP 凝结水泵凝结水泵Condenser COND Condenser COND//CNDER CNDER 凝结器凝结器Condensive reactance Condensive reactance 容抗容抗Condition Condition 条件条件条件、、状况Conduct Conduct 传导传导Conductivity Conductivity 导电率导电率Conference Conference 会议会议会议、、商讨商讨、、谈判Congealer Congealer 冷却器冷却器冷却器、、冷冻器Configure Configure 组态组态Connection Connection 联接联接Connector Connector 联接器联接器联接器、、接线盒Console Console 控制台控制台Consult Consult 商量商量商量、、咨询咨询、、参考Consumption Consumption 消费消费消费、、消耗Consumption steam Consumption steam 汽耗汽耗Constant Constant 恒定的恒定的Contact Contact 触点触点Contactor Contactor 接触器接触器接触器、、触头Contact to earth Contact to earth 接地接地接地、、触地触地、、碰地Content Content 目录目录Contin blwdwn Contin blwdwn 连排连排Continuous Continuous 连续的连续的Contract Contract 合同合同Control CNTR Control CNTR//CNTPL CNTPL 控制控制Control Control & & & instrument instrument instrument 仪控仪控Control loop Control loop 控制环控制环Control oil Control oil 控制油控制油Control panel Control panel 控制盘控制盘Controller Controller 控制器控制器Control stage Control stage 调节级调节级调节级、、控制级第 第 8 8 8 页页Control valve Control valve 调节阀调节阀Conve cton sh Conve cton sh 低温过热器低温过热器Convection Convection 对流对流Convertor Convertor 运输机运输机运输机、、传输机Cool Cool 冷的冷的Cooler Cooler 冷却器冷却器Cooling Cooling 冷却冷却Cooling fan Cooling fan 冷却风机冷却风机Cooling water pump Cooling water pump 冷却水泵冷却水泵Cooling tower Cooling tower 冷却塔冷却塔Coordinate COORD Coordinate COORD 协调协调Coordinate boiler follow mode Coordinate boiler follow mode 协调的锅炉跟随方式协调的锅炉跟随方式Coordinate control system Coordinate control system 协调控制系统协调控制系统Coordinate turbine follow mode Coordinate turbine follow mode 协调的汽机跟随方式协调的汽机跟随方式Copy Copy 拷贝拷贝Core Core 铁心铁心铁心、、核心核心、、磁心Core loss Core loss 铁铁（芯损芯损））耗Corner Corner 角落角落Correction Correction 修正修正修正、、改正Corrosion Corrosion 腐蚀腐蚀Cost Cost 价格价格价格、、成本成本、、费用Cost of fuel Cost of fuel 燃料费用燃料费用Cost of upkeep Cost of upkeep 日常费用日常费用日常费用、、维护费用Coupler Coupler 联轴器联轴器Coupling Coupling 耦合耦合耦合、、联轴Couple CPL Couple CPL 联轴器联轴器Crane Crane 起重机起重机Critical Critical 临界的临界的Critical speed Critical speed 临界速度临界速度Crusher Crusher 碎渣机碎渣机Current transformer CT Current transformer CT 电流互感器电流互感器Cube Cube 立方立方立方（（体）Cubicle illumination Cubicle illumination 箱内照明箱内照明Curdle Curdle 凝固凝固Current Current 电流电流电流、、当前Cursor Cursor 光标光标Curve Curve 曲线曲线Custom Custom 习惯习惯习惯、、海关Custom keys Custom keys 用户键用户键Cutter Cutter 切削工具切削工具Cyanic Cyanic 青色青色青色、、深蓝色Cycle Cycle 循环循环循环、、周期周期、、周波第 第 9 9 9 页页Cymometer Cymometer 频率表频率表Cyclome classifier Cyclome classifier 旋风分离器旋风分离器Cylinder CYL Cylinder CYL 汽缸汽缸D Daily load curve Daily load curve 日负荷曲线日负荷曲线Daily load Daily load 日负荷日负荷Damage Damage 损坏损坏损坏、、破坏Damper DMPR Damper DMPR 阻尼器阻尼器阻尼器、、挡板Danger Danger 危险危险危险、、危险物Dank Dank 潮湿潮湿Danger zone Danger zone 危险区危险区Data Data 数据数据Data base Data base 数据库数据库Data acquisition system DAS Data acquisition system DAS 数据采集系统数据采集系统Data highway Data highway 数据高速公路数据高速公路Date Date 日期日期Data pool Data pool 数据库数据库Dc lub oil pump Dc lub oil pump 直流润滑油泵直流润滑油泵Dead band Dead band 死区死区Deaerator DEA Deaerator DEA//DEAE DEAE//DEAER DEAER 除氧器除氧器Decimeter Decimeter 分米分米Decrease DEC Decrease DEC 减少减少Deep Deep 深度深度深度、、深的深的、、深Default Default 默认默认默认、、缺席Degree Degree 度度、等级Demand Demand 要求要求要求、、查问Delay Delay 延迟延迟Delay time Delay time 延时延时Delete Delete 删除删除Demineralized water Demineralized water 除盐水除盐水Demineralizer Demineralizer 除盐装置除盐装置Deposit Deposit 沉积结垢沉积结垢Desalt Desalt 除盐设备除盐设备Description Description 说明说明说明、、描述Destination Destination 目标目标目标、、目的地Desuperheater Desuperheater 减温器减温器Desuperheater water DSH WTE Desuperheater water DSH WTE 减温水减温水Detail Detail 细节细节Detect Detect 发现发现发现、、检定Deviate Deviate 偏离偏离偏离、、偏差Device Device 设备设备设备、、仪器Diagnosis Diagnosis 诊断诊断第 第 10 10 10 页页Diagram Diagram 图形图形图形、、图表Diagram directory Diagram directory 图目录图目录Diagram number Diagram number 图形号图形号Diameter Diameter 直径直径Diaphragm Diaphragm 膜片膜片膜片、、隔板Dielectric Dielectric 介质介质介质、、绝缘的Diesel generator Diesel generator 柴油发电机柴油发电机Difference Difference 差异差异差异、、差别差别、、差额Differential protection Differential protection 差动保护差动保护Diff press Diff press 差压差压Diff expansion DIFF EXP Diff expansion DIFF EXP 胀差胀差Differential pressure DP Differential pressure DP//DSP DSP 差压差压Digital Digital 数字的数字的Digital electric hydraulic Digital electric hydraulic 电调电调Digital input Digital input//output output 数字量输入数字量输入数字量输入／／输出Digital Digital--to to--analog D analog D//A A 数数／模转换Dioxde Dioxde 二氧化碳二氧化碳Direct current DC Direct current DC 直流直流直流（（电）Direct digital control DDC Direct digital control DDC 直接数字控制直接数字控制Disassembly Disassembly 拆卸拆卸Disaster Disaster 事故事故事故、、故障Disc Disc 叶轮叶轮Disaster shutdown Disaster shutdown 事故停机事故停机Discharge Discharge 排除排除排除、、放电放电、、卸载Discharge current Discharge current 放电电流放电电流放电电流、、泄漏电流Disconnector Disconnector 隔离器隔离器隔离器、、隔离开关Disconnect switch Disconnect switch 隔离开关隔离开关Discrete input Discrete input//output output 离散输入离散输入离散输入／／输出Disk Disk 磁盘磁盘Disk manage commands Disk manage commands 磁盘管理命令磁盘管理命令Dispatch Dispatch 调度调度调度、、发送派遣Dispatcher Dispatcher 调度员调度员Dispatching station Dispatching station 调度站调度站调度站（（局）Disconnector Disconnector 隔离器隔离器隔离器、、隔离开关Discrete input Discrete input//output output 离散输入离散输入离散输入／／输出Disk Disk 磁盘磁盘Displacement Displacement 位移位移Displacement pump Displacement pump 活塞泵活塞泵Display Display 显示显示显示、、列屏Distance Distance 距离距离Distilled water DISTL WTR Distilled water DISTL WTR 蒸馏水蒸馏水Distributed Distributed 分布分布分布\\分配分配\\配电配电（（水、汽）第 第 11 11 11 页页Distributed control system DCS Distributed control system DCS 集散控制系统集散控制系统Distributed processing unit DPU Distributed processing unit DPU 分布处理单元分布处理单元Distributing board Distributing board 配电盘配电盘Distribution network Distribution network 配电网络配电网络Distribution substation Distribution substation 二次变电站二次变电站Disturbance Disturbance 扰动扰动Diverter vlv Diverter vlv 切换线切换线Divided by Divided by 除以除以Design Design 设计设计设计、、发明Division Division 分界分界分界、、部门Division wall Division wall 分割屏分割屏Documentation Documentation 文件文件Door Door 门门Dosing pump Dosing pump 加药泵加药泵Dowel pin Dowel pin 定位销定位销Down pipe Down pipe 下降管下降管Download Download 下载下载Downtime Downtime 停机时间停机时间Dozer Dozer 推土机推土机Draft Draft 通风通风通风、、草图Drain DRN Drain DRN 疏水疏水疏水、、排放Drain pump Drain pump 疏水泵疏水泵Drain tank Drain tank 疏水箱疏水箱Drawing Drawing 图样图样图样、、牵引Drill Drill 钻孔钻孔钻孔、、钻头钻头、、钻床Drive Drive 驱动驱动驱动、、强迫Drn collector Drn collector 疏水收集器疏水收集器Drop Drop 站站Drowned pump Drowned pump 潜水泵潜水泵Drum Drum 汽包汽包Drum Drum--type boiledtype boiled 汽包式锅炉汽包式锅炉Dry Dry 干干、干燥Dual Dual 双重的双重的Duct Duct 风道风道风道、、管道Dust Dust 灰尘灰尘Dust helmet Dust helmet 防尘罩防尘罩Dust catcher Dust catcher 除尘器除尘器除尘器、、吸尘器Duty Duty 责任责任Dynamic Dynamic 动态的动态的Dynamometer Dynamometer 功率表功率表E Earth Earth 大地大地第第 12 12 12 页页Earth fault Earth fault 接地故障接地故障Earth connector Earth connector 接地线接地线接地线、、接地Earth lead Earth lead 接地线接地线接地线、、接地Eccentricity Eccentricity 偏心偏心偏心、、扰度Econ recirc vlv Econ recirc vlv 省煤器再循环线省煤器再循环线Economizer ECON Economizer ECON 省煤器省煤器Edit Edit 编辑编辑Efficiency Efficiency 效率效率Eject pump Eject pump 射水泵射水泵Ejection Ejection 射出射出Ejector Ejector 抽气器抽气器Electric Electric 电的电的Elbow Elbow 弯管弯管弯管、、弯头Electric Electric--hydraulic control hydraulic control 电电／液控制Electrical Electrical 电的电的电的、、电气的Electrical lockout solenoid vlv Electrical lockout solenoid vlv 电磁阀锁阀电磁阀锁阀Electrical machine Electrical machine 电机电机Electrical service Electrical service 供电供电Electric power industry Electric power industry 电力工业电力工业Electrode Electrode 电极电极Electric power company Electric power company 电力公司电力公司Electric power system Electric power system 电力系统电力系统Electronic Electronic 电子的电子的电子的、、电子学的Electrotechnics Electrotechnics 电工学电工学电工学、、电工技术Electrostaic precipitator Electrostaic precipitator 静电除尘器静电除尘器Electrostatic Electrostatic 静电的静电的Element Element 元件元件元件、、零件零件、、单元Elevation ELEV Elevation ELEV 标高标高Elevator Elevator 升降机升降机Ellipse Ellipse 椭圆椭圆Emergency decree Emergency decree 安规安规Emerg lub oil Emerg lub oil 事故润滑油事故润滑油Emerg off Emerg off 事故停事故停事故停／／关闭Emerg seal oil Emerg seal oil 事故密封油事故密封油Emergency EMERG Emergency EMERG 紧急事故紧急事故Emergency drain Emergency drain 事故疏水事故疏水Emergency governet Emergency governet／／intercepter intercepter 危急遮断器危急遮断器Employee Employee 雇员雇员Empty Empty 排空排空Enclosure Enclosure 外壳外壳外壳、、包围End End 末端末端末端、、终结End cover End cover 端盖端盖第 第 13 13 13 页页Energize Energize 激励激励激励、、加电Energy Energy 能能、能量Energy meter Energy meter 电度表电度表Energy source Energy source 能源能源Engineer keyboard Engineer keyboard 工程师键盘工程师键盘Engineer station Engineer station 工程师站工程师站Engineer Engineer''s console s console 工程师操作站工程师操作站Engineering Engineering 工程工程Enter Enter 开始开始开始、、使进入Entry Entry 输入输入Equalizer valve Equalizer valve 平衡线平衡线Equipment Equipment 设备设备Erase Erase 删除删除Error Error 错误错误Escape valve Escape valve 安全线安全线Evaporate Evaporate 蒸发蒸发蒸发、、冷化Evaporating Evaporating 蒸发量蒸发量Event Event 事件事件Excess Excess 超过超过超过、、过度Excess combustion air Excess combustion air 过剩燃烧空气过剩燃烧空气Excitation Excitation 励磁励磁Exciter Exciter 励磁机励磁机Exhaust EXH Exhaust EXH 排汽排汽Exhaust portion Exhaust portion 排汽段排汽段Exit Exit 出口出口Expansion EXP Expansion EXP 膨胀膨胀Expansion tank Expansion tank 扩容箱扩容箱Expenditure Expenditure 费用费用Expert Expert 专家专家专家、、能手Explosion Explosion 爆炸爆炸Exponent Exponent 指数幂指数幂External External 外部的外部的外部的、、表面的Extinguisher Extinguisher 灭火器灭火器Extinguishing medium Extinguishing medium 灭弧介质灭弧介质Extraction check valve EXTR CHK VLV Extraction check valve EXTR CHK VLV 抽汽逆止阀抽汽逆止阀Extra Extra--high voltage high voltage 超高压超高压Extend Extend 扩展扩展扩展、、延伸Exteral Exteral 外部的外部的外部的、、表面的Extr press Extr press 抽汽压力抽汽压力Extr temp Extr temp 抽汽温度抽汽温度Extraction EXTR Extraction EXTR 抽汽抽汽F第 第 14 14 14 页页。
