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EViews的基本操作一、Workfile（工作文件）Workfile就象你的一个桌面，上面放有许多Object，在使用EViews时首先应该打开该桌面，如果想永久保留Workfile及其中的内容，关机时必须将该Workfile存盘，否则会丢失。
（一）创建一个新的Workfile打开EViews后，点击File\New\Workfile，弹出一个WorkfileCreate对话框（图1.2.1）。
该对话框是定义Workfile的频率等内容。
该频率是用于界定样本数据的类型，其中包括时序数据、截面数据、Panel Data等。
选择与所用样本数据相适应的频率。
例如，样本数据是年度数据，则选择年度（Annual），相应的Object也是年度数据，且Object数据范围小于等于Workfile的范围。
当我们的样本数据为1978年至1998年的年度数据，则选择的频率为年度数据（Annual），接着再在起始时间（Start date）和终止时间（End date）两项选择项中分别键入1970、1998，然后点击OK，就建立了一个时间频率为年度数据的Workfile（图1.2.2）。
图1.2.1图1.2. 2其他不同频率的时间序列样本数据的选择方法类似于年度数据的选择方法，对于截面数据，则是在Workfile Create对话框左侧Workfile structure type栏中选择Unstructure/Undated 选项，在右侧Date Range中填入样本个数。
在Workfile窗口顶部，有一些主要的菜单命令，使用这些菜单命令可以查看Object、改变样本范围（Range）、存取Object、生成新的Object等操作，这些命令和EViews主窗口上的菜单命令功能相同。
稍后我们会详细介绍其功能。
在新建的Workfile中已经默认存在两个Object，即c和resid。
c是系数向量、resid是残差序列，当估计完一个模型后，该模型的系数、残差就分别保存在c和resid中。
Eviews实验操作记录（慢慢整理）相关系数检验：W AGE ED SEXW 1.000000 0.210152 0.495856 -0.260906AGE 0.210152 1.000000 -0.038637 0.144689ED 0.495856 -0.038637 1.000000 -0.084487SEX -0.260906 0.144689 -0.084487 1.000000①可以在命令窗口键入命令：cor x y z……，就会输出相关系数矩阵。
②假设你的样本数据序列：x1 x2从主菜单选择Quick/Group Statistics/Correlations之后会弹出个对话框，在对话框选择你的目标序列x1 x2说明：序列相关好像只有正相关、负相关、完全相关、完全不相关、强相关、弱相关等概念。
相关系数为1是完全正相关，－1是完全负相关，0是完全不相关。
个人感觉0.5左右的相关关系（趋势）就比较弱了。
eviews提供的相关计算是指序列之间的线性相关关系。
如果序列之间不存在线性相关，也有可能存在其他类型的相关关系，如对数相关、指数相关等等。
通常显著性是和建设检验关联的。
统计假设检验也称为显著性检验，即指样本统计量和假设的总体参数之间的显著性差异。
显著性是对差异的程度而言的，程度不同说明引起变动的原因也有不同：一类是条件差异，一类是随机差异。
显著性差异就是实际样本统计量的取值和假设的总体参数的差异超过了通常的偶然因素的作用范围，说明还有系统性的因素发生作用，因而就可以否定某种条件不起作用的假设。
假设检验时提出的假设称为原假设或无效假设，就是假定样本统计量与总体参数的差异都是由随机因素引起，不存在条件变动因素。
假设检验运用了小概率原理，事先确定的作为判断的界限，即允许的小概率的标准，称为显著性水平。
如果根据命题的原假设所计算出来的概率小于这个标准，就拒绝原假设；大于这个标准则接受原假设。
这样显著性水平把概率分布分为两个区间：拒绝区间，接受区间。
inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易option forward transaction 择期交易swap transaction 调期交易quote 报价settlment and delivery 交割Treasury bond 财政部公债current-account 经常项目pickup in rice 物价上涨Federal Reserve 美联储buying rate 买入价selling rate 卖出价spread 差幅contract 合同at par 平价premium 升水discount 贴水direct quoation method 直接报价法indirect quoation method 间接报价法dividend 股息domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率parent company 母公司credit swap 互惠贷款venture capital 风险资本book value 帐面价值physical capital 实际资本IPO(initial public offering) 新股首发；首次公开发行job machine 就业市场welfare capitalism 福利资本主义collective market cap 市场资本总值glolbal corporation 跨国公司transnational status 跨国优势transfer price 转让价格consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆financial turmoil/meltdown 金融危机file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购buy out 购买(某人的)产权或全部货物go under 破产take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌falter 摇摇欲坠on the hook 被套住shore up confidence 提振市场信心stave off 挡开, 避开,liquidate assets 资产清算at fire sale prices 超低价sell-off 证券的跌价reserve 储备note 票据discount贴现circulate流通central bank 中央银行the Federal Reserve System联邦储备系统credit union 信用合作社paper currency 纸币credit creation 信用创造branch banking 银行分行制unit banking 单一银行制out of circulation 退出流通capital stock股本at par以票面价值计electronic banking电子银行banking holding company 公司银行the gold standard金本位the Federal Reserve Board 联邦储备委员会the stock market crash 股市风暴reserve ratio 准备金比率division of labor 劳动分工commodity money 商品货币legal tender 法定货币fiat money 法定通货a medium of exchange交换媒介legal sanction法律制裁face value面值liquid assets流动资产illiquidl assets非流动资产the liquidity scale 流动性指标real estate 不动产checking accounts,demand deposit,checkable deposit 活期存款time deposit 定期存款negotiable order of withdrawal accounts 大额可转让提款单money market mutual funds 货币市场互助基金repurchase agreements 回购协议certificate of deposits存单bond 债券stock股票travelers'checks 旅行支票small-denomination time deposits小额定期存款large-denomination time deposits大额定期存款bank overnight repurchase agreements 银行隔夜回购协议bank long-term repurchase agreements 银行长期回购协议thrift institutions 存款机构financial institution 金融机构commercial banks商业银行a means of payment 支付手段a store of value储藏手段a standard of value价值标准deficit 亏损roll展期wholesale批发default不履约auction拍卖collateralize担保markup价格的涨幅dealer交易员broker经纪人pension funds 养老基金face amount面值commerical paper商业票据banker's acceptance银行承兑汇票Fed fund 联邦基金eurodollar欧洲美元treasury bills 国库券floating-rate 浮动比率fixed-rate 固定比率default risk 拖欠风险credit rating信誉级别tax collection税收money market货币市场capital market资本市场original maturity 原始到期期限surplus funds过剩基金syndication辛迪加underwrite包销，认购hedge对冲买卖、套期保值innovation到期交易spread利差principal本金swap掉期交易eurobond market 欧洲债券市场euronote欧洲票据Federal Reserve Bank (FRB)联邦储备银行unsecured credit无担保贷款fixed term time deposit定期支付存款lead bank牵头银行neogotiable time deposit议付定期存款inter-bank money market银行同业货币市场medium term loan 中期贷款syndicated credit银团贷款merchant bank商业银行portfolio management 有价债券管理lease financing租赁融资note issurance facility票据发行安排bearer note不记名票价underwriting facility包销安排floating-rate note 浮动利率票据bond holder债券持持有者London Interbank Offered Rate(LIBOR)伦敦同业优惠利率back-up credit line备用信贷额promissory note(P.N..p/n)本票revolving cerdit 循环信用证，即revolving letter of credit non interest-bearing reserves无息储备金interest rate controls 利率管制interest rate ceiling 利率上限interest rate floor 利率下限破产 insolvency有偿还债务能力的 solvent合同 contract汇率 exchange rate私营部门 private sector财政管理机构 fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策 slack fiscal policy税法 tax bill财政 public finance财政部 the Ministry of Finance平衡预算 balanced budget继承税 inheritance tax货币主义者 monetariest增值税 VAT (value added tax)收入 revenue总需求 aggregate demand货币化 monetization赤字 deficit经济不景气 recessiona period when the economy of a country is not successful, business conditions are bad, industrial production and trade are at a low level and thereis a lot of unemployment经济好转 turnabout复苏 recovery成本推进型 cost push货币供应 money supply生产率 productivity劳动力 labor force实际工资 real wages成本推进式通货膨胀 cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀 demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀 double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀 hyperinflation长期通货膨胀 chronic inflation治理通货膨胀 to fight inflation最终目标 ultimate goal坏的影响 adverse effect担保 ensure贴现 discount萧条的 sluggish认购 subscribe to支票帐户 checking account货币控制工具 instruments of monetry control借据 IOUs(I owe you)本票 promissory notes货币总监 controller of the currency拖收系统 collection system支票清算或结算 check clearing资金划拨 transfer of funds可以相信的证明 credentials改革 fashion被缠住 entangled货币联盟 Monetary Union再购协议 repo精明的讨价还价交易 horse-trading欧元 euro公共债务 membership criteria汇率机制 REM储备货币 reserve currency劳动密集型 labor-intensive股票交易所 bourse竞争领先 frontrun牛市 bull market非凡的牛市 a raging bull规模经济 scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价 bid-ask spreads 期货（股票） futures经济商行 brokerage firm回报率 rate of return股票 equities违约 default现金外流 cash drains经济人佣金 brokerage fee存款单 CD(certificate of deposit)营业额 turnover资本市场 capital market布雷顿森林体系 The Bretton Woods System经常帐户 current account套利者 arbitrager远期汇率 forward exchange rate即期汇率 spot rate实际利率 real interest rates货币政策工具 tools of monetary policy银行倒闭 bank failures跨国公司 MNC ( Multi-National Corporation) 商业银行 commercial bank商业票据 comercial paper利润 profit本票，期票 promissory notes监督 to monitor佣金（经济人） commission brokers套期保值 hedge有价证券平衡理论 portfolio balance theory外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves固定汇率 fixed exchange rate浮动汇率 floating/flexible exchange rate 货币选择权（期货） currency option套利 arbitrage合约价 exercise price远期升水 forward premium多头买升 buying long空头卖跌 selling short按市价订购股票 market order股票经纪人 stockbroker国际货币基金 the IMF七国集团 the G-7监督 surveillance同业拆借市场 interbank market可兑换性 convertibility软通货 soft currency限制 restriction交易 transaction充分需求 adequate demand短期外债 short term external debt汇率机制 exchange rate regime直接标价 direct quotes资本流动性 mobility of capital赤字 deficit本国货币 domestic currency外汇交易市场 foreign exchange market国际储备 international reserve利率 interest rate资产 assets国际收支 balance of payments贸易差额 balance of trade繁荣 boom债券 bond资本 captial资本支出 captial expenditures商品 commodities商品交易所 commodity exchange期货合同 commodity futures contract普通股票 common stock联合大企业 conglomerate货币贬值 currency devaluation通货紧缩 deflation折旧 depreciation贴现率 discount rate归个人支配的收入 disposable personal income 从业人员 employed person汇率 exchange rate财政年度fiscal year自由企业 free enterprise国民生产总值 gross antional product库存 inventory劳动力人数 labor force债务 liabilities市场经济 market economy合并 merger货币收入 money income跨国公司 Multinational Corproation个人收入 personal income优先股票 preferred stock价格收益比率 price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率 prime rate利润 profit回报 return on investment使货币升值 revaluation薪水 salary季节性调整 seasonal adjustment关税 tariff失业人员 unemployed person效用 utility价值 value工资 wages工资价格螺旋上升 wage-price spiral收益 yield补偿贸易 compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行 saving banks欧洲联盟 the European Union单一的实体 a single entity抵押贷款 mortgage lending业主产权 owner's equity普通股 common stock无形资产 intangible assets收益表 income statement营业开支 operating expenses行政开支 administrative expenses现金收支一览表 statement of cash flow贸易中的存货 inventory收益 proceeds投资银行 investment bank机构投资者 institutional investor垄断兼并委员会 MMC招标发行 issue by tender定向发行 introduction代销 offer for sale直销 placing公开发行 public issue信贷额度 credit line国际债券 international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差 interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款 leveraged loan权利股发行 rights issues净收入比例结合 net income gearing证券行业词汇share, equity, stock 股票、股权;bond, debenture, debts 债券;negotiable share 可流通股份;convertible bond 可转换债券;treasury/government bond 国库券/政府债券;corporate bond 企业债券;closed-end securities investment fund 封闭式证券投资基金; open-end securities investment fund 开放式证券投资基金; fund manager 基金经理/管理公司;fund custodian bank 基金托管银行;market capitalization 市值;p/e ratio 市盈率;(price/earning)mark-to-market 逐日盯市;payment versus delivery 银券交付;clearing and settlement 清算/结算;commodity/financial derivatives 商品/金融衍生产品;put / call option 看跌/看涨期权;margins, collateral 保证金;rights issue/offering 配股;bonus share 红股;dividend 红利/股息;ADR 美国存托凭证/存股证;(American Depository Receipt) GDR 全球存托凭证/存股证;(Global Depository Receipt) retail/private investor 个人投资者/散户;institutional investor 机构投资者;broker/dealer 券商;proprietary trading 自营;insider trading/dealing 内幕交易;market manipulation 市场操纵;prospectus 招股说明书;IPO 新股/初始公开发行;(Initial Public Offering)merger and acquisition 收购兼并。
ＥＣ小型灌溉控制器用户安装使用手册 美国ＨＵＮＴＥＲ公司出品 北京绿友时代园林机械有限公司中国总代理 目录......................................................................................................................简介和安装指导简介．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３EC 的组成(室内型l) ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３EC的组成(室外型) ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．５ 在墙壁上安装室内型控制器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．６在墙壁上安装室外型控制器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．７电磁阀和变压器的连接．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．７电池的安装．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．８主阀门的连接．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．８水泵继电器的连接．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．８传感器的连接．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．９电源中断．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．９控制器程序设置和调试喷灌系统的基本原则．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．９．程序设置的原则．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１０制定灌溉制度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１１怎样填写完整的灌溉制度表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１１灌溉制度表(范例) ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１２灌溉制度表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１２控制器的程序编制．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１３设置时间、日期．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１３设置灌水起始时间．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１３取消一个灌溉程序起始时间．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１４设置站点的运行时间(灌溉延续时间) ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１４设置灌水日期．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１４设置周灌溉模式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１４设置隔日灌溉模式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１５自动．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１５系统关闭．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１５关闭传感器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１５季节调节．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１５手动运行单站．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１６手动运行所有站点．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１６“一键”式手动启动．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１６．故障排除说明及指南故障排除指南．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１７常见问题．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１８规格说明．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１８快速程序设置指南．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２０(美国)通讯委员会提示．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２２简介.......................................................................................................................公司很荣幸推出了EC-系列家用/商用控制器。
金融学和会计学英语词汇division of labor 劳动分工commodity money 商品货币legal tender 法定货币fiat money 法定通货a medium of exchange 交换媒介legal sanction 法律制裁face value 面值liquid assets 流动资产illiquidl assets 非流动资产the liquidity scale 流动性指标real estate 不动产checking accounts,demand deposit,checkable deposit 活期存款time deposit 定期存款negotiable order of withdrawal accounts 大额可转让提款单money market mutual funds 货币市场互助基金repurchase agreements 回购协议certificate of deposits 存单bond 债券stock 股票travelers'checks 旅行支票small-denomination time deposits 小额定期存款large-denomination time deposits 大额定期存款bank overnight repurchase agreements 银行隔夜回购协议bank long-term repurchase agreements 银行长期回购协议thrift institutions 存款机构financial institution 金融机构commercial banks 商业银行a means of payment 支付手段a store of value 储藏手段a standard of value 价值标准reserve 储备note 票据discount 贴现circulate 流通central bank 中央银行the Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统credit union 信用合作社paper currency 纸币credit creation 信用创造branch banking 银行分行制unit banking 单一银行制out of circulation 退出流通capital stock 股本at par 以票面价值计electronic banking 电子银行banking holding company 公司银行the gold standard 金本位the Federal Reserve Board 联邦储备委员会the stock market crash 股市风暴reserve ratio 准备金比率deficit 亏损roll 展期wholesale 批发default 不履约auction 拍卖collateralize 担保markup 价格的涨幅dealer 交易员broker 经纪人pension funds 养老基金face amount 面值commerical paper 商业票据banker's acceptance 银行承兑汇票Fed fund 联邦基金eurodollar 欧洲美元treasury bills 国库券floating-rate 浮动比率fixed-rate 固定比率default risk 拖欠风险credit rating 信誉级别tax collection 税收money market 货币市场capital market 资本市场original maturity 原始到期期限surplus funds 过剩基金宏观经济的 macroeconomic通货膨胀 inflation破产 insolvency有偿还债务能力的 solvent合同 contract汇率 exchange rate紧缩信贷 tighten credit creation 私营部门 private sector财政管理机构 fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策 slack fiscal policy税法 tax bill财政 public finance财政部 the Ministry of Finance平衡预算 balanced budget继承税 inheritance tax货币主义者 monetariest增值税 VAT (value added tax)收入 revenue总需求 aggregate demand货币化 monetization赤字 deficit经济不景气 recession经济好转 turnabout复苏 recovery成本推进型 cost push货币供应 money supply生产率 productivity劳动力 labor force实际工资 real wages成本推进式通货膨胀 cost-push inflation 需求拉动式通货膨胀 demand-pull inflation 双位数通货膨胀 double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀 hyperinflation长期通货膨胀 chronic inflation治理通货膨胀 to fight inflation最终目标 ultimate goal坏的影响 adverse effect担保 ensure贴现 discount萧条的 sluggish认购 subscribe to支票帐户 checking account货币控制工具 instruments of monetry control 借据 IOUs(I owe you)本票 promissory notes货币总监 controller of the currency拖收系统 collection system支票清算或结算 check clearing资金划拨 transfer of funds可以相信的证明 credentials改革 fashion被缠住 entangled货币联盟 Monetary Union再购协议 repo精明的讨价还价交易 horse-trading欧元 euro公共债务 membership criteria汇率机制 REM储备货币 reserve currency劳动密集型 labor-intensive股票交易所 bourse竞争领先 frontrun牛市 bull market非凡的牛市 a raging bull规模经济 scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价 bid-ask spreads 期货（股票） futures经济商行 brokerage firm回报率 rate of return股票 equities违约 default现金外流 cash drains经济人佣金 brokerage fee存款单 CD(certificate of deposit)营业额 turnover资本市场 capital market布雷顿森林体系 The Bretton Woods System经常帐户 current account套利者 arbitrager远期汇率 forward exchange rate即期汇率 spot rate实际利率 real interest rates货币政策工具 tools of monetary policy银行倒闭 bank failures跨国公司 MNC ( Multi-National Corporation) 商业银行 commercial bank商业票据 comercial paper利润 profit本票，期票 promissory notes监督 to monitor佣金（经济人） commission brokers套期保值 hedge有价证券平衡理论 portfolio balance theory 外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves固定汇率 fixed exchange rate浮动汇率 floating/flexible exchange rate 货币选择权（期货） currency option套利 arbitrage合约价 exercise price远期升水 forward premium多头买升 buying long空头卖跌 selling short按市价订购股票 market order股票经纪人 stockbroker国际货币基金 the IMF七国集团 the G-7监督 surveillance同业拆借市场 interbank market可兑换性 convertibility软通货 soft currency限制 restriction交易 transaction充分需求 adequate demand短期外债 short term external debt汇率机制 exchange rate regime直接标价 direct quotes资本流动性 mobility of capital赤字 deficit本国货币 domestic currency外汇交易市场 foreign exchange market国际储备 international reserve利率 interest rate资产 assets国际收支 balance of payments贸易差额 balance of trade繁荣 boom债券 bond资本 captial资本支出 captial expenditures商品 commodities商品交易所 commodity exchange期货合同 commodity futures contract普通股票 common stock联合大企业 conglomerate货币贬值 currency devaluation通货紧缩 deflation折旧 depreciation贴现率 discount rate归个人支配的收入 disposable personal income 从业人员 employed person汇率 exchange rate财政年度fiscal year自由企业 free enterprise国民生产总值 gross antional product 库存 inventory劳动力人数 labor force债务 liabilities市场经济 market economy合并 merger货币收入 money income跨国公司 Multinational Corproation 个人收入 personal income优先股票 preferred stock价格收益比率 price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率 prime rate利润 profit回报 return on investment使货币升值 revaluation薪水 salary季节性调整 seasonal adjustment关税 tariff失业人员 unemployed person效用 utility价值 value工资 wages工资价格螺旋上升 wage-price spiral收益 yield补偿贸易 compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行 saving banks欧洲联盟 the European Union单一的实体 a single entity抵押贷款 mortgage lending业主产权 owner's equity普通股 common stock无形资产 intangible assets收益表 income statement营业开支 operating expenses行政开支 administrative expenses现金收支一览表 statement of cash flow贸易中的存货 inventory收益 proceeds投资银行 investment bank机构投资者 institutional investor垄断兼并委员会 MMC招标发行 issue by tender定向发行 introduction代销 offer for sale直销 placing公开发行 public issue信贷额度 credit line国际债券 international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差 interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款 leveraged loan 权利股发行 rights issues净收入比例结合 net income gearing常用的经济学金融学中英文词汇及解释Equilibrium，competitive 竞争均衡见竟争均衡（competitive equilibrium）。
inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易option forward transaction 择期交易swap transaction 调期交易quote 报价settlment and delivery 交割Treasury bond 财政部公债current-account 经常项目pickup in rice 物价上涨Federal Reserve 美联储buying rate 买入价selling rate 卖出价spread 差幅contract 合同at par 平价premium 升水discount 贴水direct quoation method 直接报价法indirect quoation method 间接报价法dividend 股息domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率parent company 母公司credit swap 互惠贷款venture capital 风险资本book value 帐面价值physical capital 实际资本IPO(initial public offering) 新股首发；首次公开发行job machine 就业市场welfare capitalism 福利资本主义collective market cap 市场资本总值glolbal corporation 跨国公司transnational status 跨国优势transfer price 转让价格consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆financial turmoil/meltdown 金融危机file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购buy out 购买(某人的)产权或全部货物go under 破产take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌falter 摇摇欲坠on the hook 被套住shore up confidence 提振市场信心stave off 挡开, 避开,liquidate assets 资产清算at fire sale prices 超低价sell-off 证券的跌价reserve 储备note 票据discount贴现circulate流通central bank 中央银行the Federal Reserve System联邦储备系统credit union 信用合作社paper currency 纸币credit creation 信用创造branch banking 银行分行制unit banking 单一银行制out of circulation 退出流通capital stock股本at par以票面价值计electronic banking电子银行banking holding company 公司银行the gold standard金本位the Federal Reserve Board 联邦储备委员会the stock market crash 股市风暴reserve ratio 准备金比率division of labor 劳动分工commodity money 商品货币legal tender 法定货币fiat money 法定通货a medium of exchange交换媒介legal sanction法律制裁face value面值liquid assets流动资产illiquidl assets非流动资产the liquidity scale 流动性指标real estate 不动产checking accounts,demand deposit,checkable deposit 活期存款time deposit 定期存款negotiable order of withdrawal accounts 大额可转让提款单money market mutual funds 货币市场互助基金repurchase agreements 回购协议certificate of deposits存单bond 债券stock股票travelers'checks 旅行支票small-denomination time deposits小额定期存款large-denomination time deposits大额定期存款bank overnight repurchase agreements 银行隔夜回购协议bank long-term repurchase agreements 银行长期回购协议thrift institutions 存款机构financial institution 金融机构commercial banks商业银行a means of payment 支付手段a store of value储藏手段a standard of value价值标准deficit 亏损roll展期wholesale批发default不履约auction拍卖collateralize担保markup价格的涨幅dealer交易员broker经纪人pension funds 养老基金face amount面值commerical paper商业票据banker's acceptance银行承兑汇票Fed fund 联邦基金eurodollar欧洲美元treasury bills 国库券floating-rate 浮动比率fixed-rate 固定比率default risk 拖欠风险credit rating信誉级别tax collection税收money market货币市场capital market资本市场original maturity 原始到期期限surplus funds过剩基金syndication辛迪加underwrite包销，认购hedge对冲买卖、套期保值innovation到期交易spread利差principal本金swap掉期交易eurobond market 欧洲债券市场euronote欧洲票据Federal Reserve Bank (FRB)联邦储备银行unsecured credit无担保贷款fixed term time deposit定期支付存款lead bank牵头银行neogotiable time deposit议付定期存款inter-bank money market银行同业货币市场medium term loan 中期贷款syndicated credit银团贷款merchant bank商业银行portfolio management 有价债券管理lease financing租赁融资note issurance facility票据发行安排bearer note不记名票价underwriting facility包销安排floating-rate note 浮动利率票据bond holder债券持持有者London Interbank Offered Rate(LIBOR)伦敦同业优惠利率back-up credit line备用信贷额promissory note(P.N..p/n)本票revolving cerdit 循环信用证，即revolving letter of credit non interest-bearing reserves无息储备金interest rate controls 利率管制interest rate ceiling 利率上限interest rate floor 利率下限破产insolvency有偿还债务能力的solvent合同contract汇率exchange rate私营部门private sector财政管理机构fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策slack fiscal policy税法tax bill财政public finance财政部the Ministry of Finance平衡预算balanced budget继承税inheritance tax货币主义者monetariest增值税VAT (value added tax)收入revenue总需求aggregate demand货币化monetization赤字deficit经济不景气recessiona period when the economy of a country is not successful, business conditions are bad, industrial production and trade are at a low level and there is a lot of unemployment经济好转turnabout复苏recovery成本推进型cost push货币供应money supply生产率productivity劳动力labor force实际工资real wages成本推进式通货膨胀cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀hyperinflation长期通货膨胀chronic inflation治理通货膨胀to fight inflation最终目标ultimate goal坏的影响adverse effect担保ensure贴现discount萧条的sluggish认购subscribe to支票帐户checking account货币控制工具instruments of monetry control 借据IOUs(I owe you)本票promissory notes货币总监controller of the currency拖收系统collection system支票清算或结算check clearing资金划拨transfer of funds可以相信的证明credentials改革fashion被缠住entangled货币联盟Monetary Union再购协议repo精明的讨价还价交易horse-trading欧元euro公共债务membership criteria汇率机制REM储备货币reserve currency劳动密集型labor-intensive股票交易所bourse竞争领先frontrun牛市bull market非凡的牛市a raging bull规模经济scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价bid-ask spreads 期货（股票）futures经济商行brokerage firm回报率rate of return股票equities违约default现金外流cash drains经济人佣金brokerage fee存款单CD(certificate of deposit)营业额turnover资本市场capital market布雷顿森林体系The Bretton Woods System经常帐户current account套利者arbitrager远期汇率forward exchange rate即期汇率spot rate实际利率real interest rates货币政策工具tools of monetary policy银行倒闭bank failures跨国公司MNC ( Multi-National Corporation)商业银行commercial bank商业票据comercial paper利润profit本票，期票promissory notes监督to monitor佣金（经济人）commission brokers套期保值hedge有价证券平衡理论portfolio balance theory外汇储备foreign exchange reserves固定汇率fixed exchange rate浮动汇率floating/flexible exchange rate 货币选择权（期货）currency option 套利arbitrage合约价exercise price远期升水forward premium多头买升buying long空头卖跌selling short按市价订购股票market order股票经纪人stockbroker国际货币基金the IMF七国集团the G-7监督surveillance同业拆借市场interbank market可兑换性convertibility软通货soft currency限制restriction交易transaction充分需求adequate demand短期外债short term external debt汇率机制exchange rate regime直接标价direct quotes资本流动性mobility of capital赤字deficit本国货币domestic currency外汇交易市场foreign exchange market 国际储备international reserve利率interest rate资产assets国际收支balance of payments贸易差额balance of trade繁荣boom债券bond资本captial资本支出captial expenditures商品commodities商品交易所commodity exchange期货合同commodity futures contract普通股票common stock联合大企业conglomerate货币贬值currency devaluation通货紧缩deflation折旧depreciation贴现率discount rate归个人支配的收入disposable personal income 从业人员employed person汇率exchange rate财政年度fiscal year自由企业free enterprise国民生产总值gross antional product库存inventory劳动力人数labor force债务liabilities市场经济market economy合并merger货币收入money income跨国公司Multinational Corproation个人收入personal income优先股票preferred stock价格收益比率price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率prime rate利润profit回报return on investment使货币升值revaluation薪水salary季节性调整seasonal adjustment关税tariff失业人员unemployed person效用utility价值value工资wages工资价格螺旋上升wage-price spiral收益yield补偿贸易compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行saving banks欧洲联盟the European Union单一的实体a single entity抵押贷款mortgage lending业主产权owner's equity普通股common stock无形资产intangible assets收益表income statement营业开支operating expenses行政开支administrative expenses现金收支一览表statement of cash flow贸易中的存货inventory收益proceeds投资银行investment bank机构投资者institutional investor垄断兼并委员会MMC招标发行issue by tender定向发行introduction代销offer for sale直销placing公开发行public issue信贷额度credit line国际债券international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款leveraged loan权利股发行rights issues净收入比例结合net income gearing证券行业词汇share, equity, stock股票、股权;bond, debenture, debts债券;negotiable share可流通股份;convertible bond可转换债券;treasury/government bond国库券/政府债券;corporate bond企业债券;closed-end securities investment fund 封闭式证券投资基金; open-end securities investment fund 开放式证券投资基金; fund manager基金经理/管理公司;fund custodian bank基金托管银行;market capitalization市值;p/e ratio市盈率;(price/earning)mark-to-market逐日盯市;payment versus delivery银券交付;clearing and settlement清算/结算;commodity/financial derivatives 商品/金融衍生产品;put / call option看跌/看涨期权;margins, collateral保证金;rights issue/offering配股;bonus share红股;dividend红利/股息;ADR美国存托凭证/存股证;(American Depository Receipt) GDR全球存托凭证/存股证;(Global Depository Receipt) retail/private investor个人投资者/散户;institutional investor机构投资者;broker/dealer券商;proprietary trading自营;insider trading/dealing内幕交易;market manipulation市场操纵;prospectus招股说明书;IPO新股/初始公开发行;(Initial Public Offering) merger and acquisition收购兼并。
Eviews的基本操作-窗口介绍————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Eviews的基本操作一、The Workfile（工作簿）Workfile就象你的一个桌面，上面放有许多Objects，在使用Eviews时首先应该打开该桌面，如果想永久保留Workfile及其中的内容，关机时必须将该Workfile存到硬盘或软盘上，否则会丢失.(一）、创建一个新的Workfile打开Eviews后,点击file/new/workfile，弹出一个workfile range对话框（图2。
1。
1）。
该对话框是定义workfile的频率，该频率规定了workfile中包含的所有objects频率。
也就是说，如果workfile的频率是年度数据,则其中的objects也是年度数据，而且objects数据范围小于等于workfile的范围。
例如我们选择年度数据（Annual）,在起始日（Start date）、终止日（End date）分别键入1970、1998，然后点击OK,一个新的workfile就建立了（图2。
1.2）.图2.1。
1在workfile窗口顶部，有一些主要的工具按钮,使用这些按钮可以存储workfile、改变样本范围、存取object、生成新的变量等操作，稍后我们会详细介绍这些按钮的功能。
在新建的workfile中已经存在两个objects，即c和residual。
C是系数向量、residual是残差序列,当估计完一个模型后，该模型的系数、残差就分别保存在c和residual中。
workfile窗口中主要按钮的功能下面我们以第一章已经建好的包含X（人均可支配收入）与Y(人均可支配支出）为例来说明workfile窗口中主要按钮的功能(图2.1。
3）。
VIEW(视图）：该按钮与Eviews 主画面顶部的view 功能是一样的,功能是显示所选的object 。
一、实验目的1．回顾上节课所讲述的EViews的基本使用2．建立工作文件并将数据输入存盘二、实验要求熟悉EViews的基本使用三、实验数据四、实验内容（一）创建一个新的工作文件在主菜单上选择File，并点击其下的New，然后选择Workfile。
Eviews将进一步要求用户输入工作文件的日期信息（频数）。
在频数栏中选择一个频数，并按如下规则键入开始日期（Start date）和结束日期：（End Date）如果数据是月度数据，则按下面的形式输入（从Jan. 1950 到 Dec.1994）： 1950:01 1994:12如果数据是季度数据，则按下面的形式输入（从1st Q. 1950 到 3rd Q. of1994）： 1950:1 1995:3如果数据是年度数据，则按下面的形式输入（从1950 到 1994） 1950 1994如果数据是按周的数据，则按下面的形式输入（从2001年1月第一周到2010年1月第四周）：1/01/2001 1/04/2010如果数据非时间型的或不是按一定时间间隔收集的数据，则按下面的形式输入（共30个观测值）： 1 30然后，单击ok，就这样，就创建成功了一个新的工作文件。
（二）、打开工作文件并输入数据在主菜单上选择File，并点击其下的Open, 然后选择Workfile，并在驱动器栏中选择驱动器，在目录栏中选择保存该文件的路径，选择要打开的工作文件的文件名，最后点击OK按钮。
这样，就打开了一个已经存在的工作文件。
选择Objects/New Object/Series，在Name for Object对话框中输入序列名，单击OK。
这时会打开序列窗口，所有值用“NA”表示。
在对象窗口单击EDIT+/-按钮。
然后用鼠标单击单元格，这是可以向该单元输入数据。
D、建立组Group1、按C的步骤建立序列S1, S2, S3，按住CTRL键，用鼠标单击S1, S2, S3，选中这三个序列，单击Objects/New Object/Group，单击OK。
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT USING THE X12 PROCEDURETammy Jackson and Michael LeonardSAS Institute, Inc.IntroductionThe U.S. Census Bureau has developed a new seasonal adjustment/decomposition algorithm called X-12-ARIMA that greatly enhances the old X-11 algorithm. The X-12-ARIMA method modifies the X-11 variant of Census Method II by J. Shiskin A.H. Young and J.C. Musgrave of February 1967 and the X-11-ARIMA program based on the methodological research developed by Estela Bee Dagum, Chief of the Seasonal Adjustment and Time Series Staff of Statistics Canada, September 1979. The X12 procedure is a new addition to SAS/ETS software that implements the X-12-ARIMA algorithm developed by the U.S. Census Bureau (Census X12). With the help of employees of the Census Bureau, SAS employees have incorporated the Census X12 algorithm into the SAS System. The X12 procedure was experimentally introduced in Release 8.0, and after careful testing it was introduced for production in Release 8.1. It has since been enhanced for Release 8.2.There have been numerous papers on the X-12-ARIMA algorithm. This paper provides a brief summary of the algorithm with references for the interested reader. It also summarizes the benefits of using the SAS System for Census X-12 seasonal adjustment/decomposition, briefly describes how to use the X12 procedure, and provides examples that compare the Census X-12 program to the X12 procedure. More details of the X12 procedure can be found in the SAS/ETS Users Guide, Release 8.1. The X12 Procedure SummaryThe X12 procedure seasonally adjusts monthly or quarterly time series. The procedure makes additive or multiplicative adjustments and creates an output data set containing the adjusted time series and intermediate calculations.The X-12-ARIMA program combines the capabilities of the X-11 program (Shiskin, Young, and Musgrave 1967), the X-11-ARIMA/88 program (Dagum 1988), and introduces some new features (Findley et al. 1988). Thus, the X-12-ARIMA program contains methods developed by both the U.S. Census Bureau and Statistics Canada. The four major components of the X-12-ARIMA program are regARIMA modeling, model diagnostics, seasonal adjustment using enhancedX-11 methodology, and post-adjustment diagnostics. Statistics Canada's X-11 method fits an ARIMA model to the original series, then uses the model forecast and extends the original series. This extended series is then seasonally adjusted by the standard X-11 seasonal adjustment method. The extension of the series improves the estimation of the seasonal factors and reduces revisions to the seasonally adjusted series as new data become available.Seasonal adjustment of a series is based on the assumption that seasonal fluctuations can be measured in the original series (O t, t = 1,..., n) and separated from the trend cycle, trading-day, and irregular fluctuations. The seasonal component of this time series, S t, is defined as the intrayear variation that is repeated constantly or in an evolving fashion from year to year. The trend cycle component, C t, measures variation due to the long-term trend, the business cycle, and other long-term cyclical factors. The trading-day component, D t, is the variation attributed to the composition of the calendar. The irregular component, I t, is the residual variation. Many economic time series are related in a multiplicative fashion (O t=S t C t D t I t) and others are related in an additive fashion (O t=S t + C t + D t + I t). A seasonally adjusted time series, C t I t or C t + I t , consists of only the trend cycle and irregular components.Summary of UsageThe X12 syntax contains the following statements: PROC X12 options;BY variables;ID variables;TRANSFORM options;ESTIMATE;IDENTIFY options;REGRESSION options;ARIMA options;X11 options;FORECAST options;VAR variables;OUTPUT options;RUN;The PROC X12 statements perform basically the same function as the Census Bureau's X-12-ARIMA specs. Specs or specifications are used in X-12-ARIMA to control the computations and output. The PROC X12 statement performs some of the same functions as the Series spec in the Census Bureau's X-12-ARIMA software. The TRANSFORM, ESTIMATE, IDENTIFY, REGRESSION, ARIMA, X11, and FORECAST statements are designed to perform the same functions as the corresponding X-12-ARIMA specs, although full compatibility is not yet available.The online help, online documentation, and printed documentation describe the X12 procedure syntax in greater detail. The Census Bureau documentation X-12-ARIMA Reference Manual can also provide added insight about the functionality of these statements. Appendix A contains a cross-reference between the X12 procedure and the X-12-ARIMA syntax. Summary of BenefitsThe X12 procedure is seamlessly incorporated into the SAS system. As with other analytical tools provided by SAS, this incorporation provides the following benefits:Data StorageData can be efficiently stored in SAS data sets or warehoused in SAS data warehouses. Once data is stored in the SAS System, the X12 procedure and other analytical procedures can be used to analyze the data.Data PreparationThe SAS language (DATA Step) of Base SAS can be used to prepare generic data for analysis. The EXPAND procedure of SAS/ETS software can be used to prepare time series data for time series analysis, decomposition, adjustment, modeling, and forecasting.Output Delivery System (ODS)ODS allows the output of the SAS procedures to be directed to a variety of destinations. These destinations include HTML (Web pages), Listing (Output Window), Printer (Network Printer), Output (SAS Data Set), and others. ODS also allows the format of the output to be customized as desired. In particular, the output of the X12 procedure can be customized to create reports specific to the needs of the organization. GraphicsSAS/GRAPH software is the information and presentation graphics component of the SAS System. High-quality graphics can be generated for time series data. In particular, seasonal decomposition/adjustment graphs can be created from the data sets created by the X12 procedure. Application DevelopmentSAS/AF (SCL based) or SAS/WebAF (Java based) applications can be custom-built for specific data analysis needs. In particular, applications for seasonal decomposition/adjustment using the X12 procedure and other analyses such as time series forecasting can be custom-built to address the specific needs of an organization.Cross-Platform CompatibilitySAS programs and applications work on most major operating systems. SAS programs and applications developed on one platform can be used on other platformsAs shown, the SAS system provides many benefits for the seasonal decomposition/adjustment.Examples of UsageThe following examples compare the syntax and output of the Census X-12 Spec File and the X12procedure. Each of the following examples uses twelve years of monthly sales data (SALES). The salesdata is plotted in the graph below.Example 1In this first example, the data is log transformed (POWER=0) and time series identification is specified. The IDENTIFY Spec in the Census X-12 program is compared to the IDENTIFY statement in the X12 procedure. As can be seen, the syntax is very similar. The IDENTIFY spec/statement determines the appropriate simple and seasonal differencing as well as tentatively identifying the ARMA(p,q)(P,Q)s orders.EXAMPLE 1Census X-12 Spec File PROC X12 Codeseries{start=1972.07 data=(112 118 132 129 121 135 148 148 136 119 104 118 115 126 141 135 125 149 170 170 158 133 114 140 145 150 178 163 172 178 199 199 184 162 146 166 171 180 193 181 183 218 230 242 209 191 172 194 196 196 236 235 229 243 264 272 237 211 180 201 204 188 235 227 234 264 302 293 259 229 203 229 242 233 267 269 270 315 364 347 312 274 237 278 284 277 317 313 318 374 413 405 355 306 271 306 315 301 356 348 355 422 465 467 404 347 305 336 340 318 362 348 363 435 491 505 404 359 310 337 360 342 406 396 420 472 548 559 463 407 362 405 417 391 419 461 472 535 622 606 508 461 390 432 )}data sales;input sales @@;date = intnx( 'month', '01jul72'd, _n_-1 ); format date monyy.; datalines;112 118 132 129 121 135 148 148 136 119 104 118 115 126 141 135 125 149 170 170 158 133 114 140 145 150 178 163 172 178 199 199 184 162 146 166 171 180 193 181 183 218 230 242 209 191 172 194 196 196 236 235 229 243 264 272 237 211 180 201 204 188 235 227 234 264 302 293 259 229 203 229 242 233 267 269 270 315 364 347 312 274 237 278 284 277 317 313 318 374 413 405 355 306 271 306 315 301 356 348 355 422 465 467 404 347 305 336 340 318 362 348 363 435 491 505 404 359 310 337 360 342 406 396 420 472 548 559 463 407 362 405 417 391 419 461 472 535 622 606 508 461 390 432 run;proc x12 data=sales seasons=12 date=date; var sales; transform{power=0} transform power=0; identify{diff=(0, 1) sdiff = (0, 1)} identify diff=(0,1) sdiff=(0,1);run;Example 2Continuing from the first example, the ARIMA Spec in the Census X-12 program is compared to the ARIMA statement in the X12 procedure. As can be seen, the syntax is similar. The ARIMA spec/statement specifies the simple and seasonal differencing as well as the ARMA(p,q)(P,Q)s orders.EXAMPLE 2Census X-12 Spec File PROC X12 Codeseries{start=1972.07data=(…see datalines in example 1 …)} data sales;input sales @@;date = intnx( 'month', '01jul72'd, _n_-1 ); format date monyy.;datalines;…see datalines in example 1 …run;proc x12 data=sales seasons=12 date=date; var sales;transform{power=0} transform power=0;arima {model=(0,1,1) (0,1,1)} arima model=( (0,1,1) (0,1,1) );estimate { } estimate;run; Example 3Continuing from the second example, the X11 Spec in the Census X-12 program is compared to the X11 statement of the X12 procedure. The X11 spec/statement specifies X-11 decomposition.EXAMPLE 3Census X-12 Spec File PROC X12 Codeseries{start=1972.07data=(…see datalines in example 1 …)} data sales;input sales @@;date = intnx( 'month', '01jul72'd, _n_-1 ); format date monyy.;datalines;…see datalines in example 1 …run;proc x12 data=sales seasons=12 date=date; var sales;transform{power=0} transform power=0;arima {model=(0,1,1) (0,1,1)} arima model=( (0,1,1) (0,1,1) );estimate { } estimate;x11{} x11;run;Example 4Example 3 has been expanded to include an output statement. SAS/GRAPH is used to plot the original and seasonally adjusted series contained in the dataset.EXAMPLE 4Census X-12 Spec File PROC X12 Codeseries{start=1972.07 data=(…see datalines in example 1 … )}data sales;input sales @@;date = intnx( 'month', '01jul72'd, _n_-1 ); format date monyy.; datalines;…see datalines in example 1 … run;proc x12 data=sales seasons=12 date=date; var sales; transform{power=0} transform power=0; arima {model=(0,1,1) (0,1,1)} arima model=( (0,1,1) (0,1,1) ); estimate { } estimate;x11{} x11; output out=out a1 d11;run; symbol1 i=join v='star';symbol2 i=join v='circle';legend1 label=none value=('original' 'adjusted');proc gplot data=out; plot sales_A1 * date = 1sales_D11 * date = 2 / overlay legend=legend1; run; quit;Example 5Here the results from Example 3 are directed to HTML files using the SAS Output Delivery System (ODS).EXAMPLE 5Census X-12 Spec File PROC X12 Codeseries{start=1972.07data=(…see datalines in example 1 …)} data sales;input sales @@;date = intnx( 'month', '01jul72'd, _n_-1 ); format date monyy.;datalines;…see datalines in example 1 …run;Ods html file="out.html"contents="out_index.html"frame="out_frame.html";proc x12 data=sales seasons=12 date=date; var sales;transform{power=0} transform power=0;arima {model=(0,1,1) (0,1,1)} arima model=( (0,1,1) (0,1,1) );estimate { } estimate;x11{} x11;run;odshtmlclose;Exact ARMA Maximum Likelihood EstimationFor variable salesParameter Lag Estimate Standard Error t Value Pr > |t| Nonseasonal MA10.401810.07887 5.09<.0001 Seasonal MA120.556950.076267.30<.0001Table F 2: Summary MeasuresTable F 2.F: Relative Contribution of the componentsto the stationary portion of the variance in theoriginal seriesFor variable salesI C S P TD&H Total0.3911.2787.040.000.0098.70Table F 3: Monitoring and Quality Assessment StatisticsAll the measures below are in the range from 0 to 3 with an acceptance region from 0 to 1.For variable sales1.The relative contribution of the irregular overthree months span (from Table F 2.B).M1=0.0382.The relative contribution of the irregularcomponent to the stationary portion of thevariance (from Table F 2.F).M2=0.0393.The amount of month to month change in theirregular component as compared to theamount of month to month change in thetrend-cycle (from Table F2.H).M3=0.0004.The amount of autocorrelation in the irregularas described by the average duration of run(Table F 2.D).M4=0.8755.The number of months it takes the change inthe trend-cycle to surpass the amount ofchange in the irregular (from Table F 2.E).M5=0.2686.The amount of year to year change in theirregular as compared to the amount of yearto year change in the seasonal (from Table F2.H).M6=0.7007.The amount of moving seasonality presentrelative to the amount of stable seasonality(from Table F 2.I).M7=0.1988.The size of the fluctuations in the seasonalcomponent throughout the whole series.M8=0.4359.The average linear movement in the seasonalcomponent throughout the whole series.M9=0.35210.Same as 8, calculated for recent years only.M10=0.46111.Same as 9, calculated for recent years only.M11=0.414 *** ACCEPTED *** at the level 0.26*** Q (without M2) = 0.29 ACCEPTED.ConclusionThe X12 procedure of SAS/ETS software is an adaptation of the U.S. Bureau of the Census X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment program. The X12 procedure is fully incorporated into the SAS system. This incorporation permits the storage and the preparation of data for subsequent analysis and for the presentation of the analysis using high-quality graphics, customized reports, and applications.AcknowledgmentsSAS Institute, Inc. is thankful for the support of the U.S. Census Bureau for the assistance provided in the development of the X12 procedure. In particular, Brian Monsell and Catherine Hood have contributed greatly. This paper and its associated practical demonstration relied heavily on the contributions of Evan Anderson, Virginia Clark, and Mark Traccarella of SAS Institute Inc. ReferencesBox, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., and Reinsel, G. C. (1994), Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Third Edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.Dagum, E. B. (1988), The X-11-ARIMA/88 Seasonal Adjustment Method: Foundations and User's Manual, Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Findley, D. F., Monsell, B. C., Bell, W. R., Otto, M. C., and Chen, B. C. (1998), "New Capabilities and Methods of the X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Program," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 16, 127 -176 (with Discussion). Ladiray, D. and Quenneville B. (1999), "Understanding the X11 Method," Working Paper, Time Series Research and Analysis Centre, Statistics Canada.Lothian, J. and Morry M., (1978), "A Test of Quality Control Statistics for the X-11-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Program," Research Paper, Seasonal Adjustment and Times Series Staff, Statistics Canada.SAS Institute Inc. (2000), SAS/ETS User’s Guide, Release 8.1, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Shiskin, J., Young, A. H., and Musgrave, J. C. (1967), "The X-11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program," Technical Paper No. 15, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.U.S. Bureau of the Census (1999), X-12-ARIMA Reference Manual, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC,[ftp:///pub/ts/x12a/].U.S. Bureau of the Census (1999), "X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Program,"[ftp:///pub/ts/x12a/].U.S. Bureau of the Census (1999), X-12-ARIMA Quick Reference for Unix, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC,[ftp:///pub/ts/x12a/].Base SAS, SAS/ETS, SAS/GRAPH, SAS/AF, and SAS/WebAF are registered trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA registration.Appendix A – Cross Reference of PROC X12 and X-12-ARIMA SyntaxSAS (V. 8.2) STATEMENT SAS OPTION DESCRIPTION CENSUS SPEC CENSUSARGUMENTPROC X12 Mostly data specifications series{} DATA= Should specify the input data set data= DATE= Date variable name none equivalent START= Date of 1st observation start= SPAN= (monyy,monyy) or (‘yyQq’,’yyQq’) span= SEASONS= 4 for quarterly, 12 for monthly data period= INTERVAL= QTR or MONTH period= NOPRINT Suppress all printing All specs print=none TRANSFORM Transform or prior adjust series transform{}POWER= Box-Cox power transformation parameterpower =FUNCTION= Transformation specified by name: NONE, LOG, SQRT, INVERSE, LOGISTIC, AUTOfunction =IDENTIFY Used to identify the ARIMA portion of the model using seasonal andnonseasonal differencingidentify{}DIFF= Orders of nonseasonal differencing diff=SDIFF= Orders of seasonal differencing sdiff= REGRESSION reg information for regARIMA modelregression{}PREDEFINED= List of predefined regressionvariables: CONSTANT, LOM, LOMSTOCK, LOQ, LPYEAR, SEASONAL, TD, TDNOLPYEAR, TD1COEF, TD1NOLPYEARvariables =ARIMA ARIMA modeling information arima{}MODEL = ((p d q)(P D Q)s) Specify an ARIMA model(p d q)(P D Q)s using Box-Jenkinsnotation (if s is omitted, s=seasons)model =ESTIMATE Estimates the regARIMA modelspecified by the regression and arima statementsestimate{} X11 Seasonal adjustment info x11{} MODE = MULT, ADD, LOGADD, PSUEDOADDmode =SEASONALMA= Seasonal moving average used to estimate seasonal factors: S3X1, S3X3, S3X 5, S3X9, S3X15, STABLE, X11DEFAULT, MSRseasonalma =TRENDMA= Value for Henderson moving averagetrendma =OUTFORECAST Appends forecasts to tables A6, A8, A16, B1, D10, and D16appendfcst =yesFORECASTControl forecast options forecast{}LEAD=The number of periods ahead to forecastmaxlead =VAR SAS standard statement to specifythe time series variables to beadjusted/forecastBY SAS standard statement to specifyvariables used in By-Groupprocessingnone equivalentID SAS standard statement to specifyvariables used for identificationpurposes onlyOUTPUT Information for output datasets for time seriesout = SAS-data-set name A1 Original series series{} save =(span) A6 regARIMA trading day component regression{} save=(tradingday) A8 regARIMA combined outlier componentregression{} save =(outlier)B1 Prior adjusted or original series x11{} save=(adjoriginal) C17 Final weight for irregular componentsx11{} save =(irrwt)D8 Final unmodified S-I rations x11{} save=(unmodsi) D9 Final replacement values for extreme S-I rationsx11{} save =(replacsi)D10 Final seasonal factors x11{} save=(seasonal) D10D Final seasonal difference x11{} save =(seasonaldiff) D11 Final seasonally adjusted series x11{} save=(seasadj) D12 Final trend cycle x11{} save=(trend) D13 Final irregular series x11{} save=(irregular) D16 Combined adjustment factors x11{} save=(adjustfac) D16B Final adjustment differences x11{} save=(adjdiff) D18 Combined calendar adjustment factorsx11{} save =(calendar)E5 Percent changes in original series x11{} save =(origchanges) E6 Percent changes in final seasonally adjusted seriesx11{} save =(sachanges)E7 Differences in final trend cycle x11{} save=(trendchanges) MV1 Original series adjusted for missing value regressorsseries{} save =(missingvaladj)Missing values are automatically imputed.。
