宏观经济学名词解释宏观经济学名词解释一、从经济总量指标数据透视宏观经济1.国内生产总值：反映一国经济实力、经济发展水平和经济增长的基础性的总量指标；我国2012年GDP总额约为52万亿元人民币，同比增长7.8%。
2.经济增长率：反映一国经济是膨胀还是萧条，对经济走势把握得更直接、明了。
3.消费率、储蓄率：是衡量国民经济中消费比重和储蓄比重的重要指标；近20多年来，世界平均消费率约为77%，目前我国社会最终消费率约为50%左右，居民储蓄率较高。
4.外汇储备：对于一国用于平衡国际收支，稳定汇率，偿还对外债务，有着重要的作用和影响；谨慎的外汇储备水平应为该国3-6个月的进口额，2010年我国的外汇储备已达到28473亿美元，独占全球外汇储备的30%。
5.社会总供给：衡量一个国家或地区可以提供给市场的最终使用的产品和劳务总量的能力；一般认为社会总供给的变动区间与GDP的增长区间应保持一致。
6.社会总需求：是社会对产品和劳务的需求总量，反映了社会经济运行的状况，是宏观经济状态的晴雨表；社会总需求保持8%-10%的增长率，我国GDP才能保持8%-10%的经济增长率。
7.财政收入：衡量一国政府财力的重要指标，是实现国家职能的财力保证；2012年我国的财政收入为11.7万亿元人民币，占GDP的23%，增长12.8%，其中，中央财政收入5.6万亿元，增长9.4%，地方财政收入6.1万亿元，增长16.2%，财政收入中的税收收入10万亿元，增长12.1%。
8.财政支出：是一国政府调控国民经济的核心工具之一；2012 年，全国公共财政支出12.6万亿元，增长15.1%；中央财政支出6.4万亿元。
9.工业增加值:能够很好地反映生产单位或部门对GDP的贡献，它的增长速度可以折射出国民经济的运行状况；工业增加值一般比GDP增长快3%-5%。
10.社会消费品零售总额：是观察国家居民生活状况、城乡均衡发展、社会零售商品购买力水平、社会生产、货币流通和物价的变动趋势等的重要依据；社会消费品零售总额增长区间在15%-20%之间。
Chapter 23 Measuring a Nation's IncomeMULTIPLE CHOICE1. M acroeconomists studya. the decisions of individual households and firms.b. the interaction between households and firms.c. economy-wide phenomena.d. regulations imposed on firms and unions.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Definitional2. W hich of the following newspaper headlines is more closely related to what micro-economists study than to what macroeconomists study?a. Unemployment rate rises from 5 percent to 5.5 percent.b. Real GDP grows by 3.1 percent in the third quarter.c. Retail sales at stores show large gains.d. The price of oranges rises after an early frost.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive3. W hich of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist thana macroeconomist?a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others?b. Why do wages differ across industries?c. Why do national production and income increase in some periods and not in others?d. How rapidly is GDP currently increasing?ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive4. W hich of the following topics are more likely to be studied by a macroeconomist thanby a microeconomist?a. the effect of taxes on the prices of airline tickets, and the profitability ofautomobile-manufacturing firmsb. the price of beef, and wage differences between gendersc. how consumers maximize utility, and how prices are established in markets foragricultural productsd. the percentage of the labor force that is out of work, and differences in averageincome from country to countryANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive12 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income5. W e would expect a macroeconomist, as opposed to a microeconomist, to be particularlyinterested ina. explaining how economic changes affect prices of particular goods.b. devising policies to deal with market failures such as externalities and marketpower.c. devising policies to promote low inflation.d. identifying those markets that are competitive and those that are not competitive. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive6. W hich of the following is not a question that macroeconomists address?a. Why is average income high in some countries while it is low in others?b. Why does the price of oil rise when war erupts in the Middle East?c. Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?d. Why do prices rise rapidly in some periods of time while they are more stable inother periods?ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive7. T he basic tools of supply and demand area. useful only in the analysis of economic behavior in individual markets.b. useful in analyzing the overall economy, but not in analyzing individual markets.c. central to microeconomic analysis, but seldom used in macroeconomic analysis.d. central to macroeconomic analysis as well as to microeconomic analysis.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Supply and demandMSC: Definitional8. W hich of the following statistics is usually regarded as the best single measure ofa society’s economic well-being?a. the unemployment rateb. the inflation ratec. gross domestic productd. the trade deficitANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Definitional范文范例学习参考9. G DPa. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is not the singlebest measure of a society’s economic well-being.b. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is the single bestmeasure of a society’s economic well-being.c. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is the singlebest measure of a society’s economic well-being.d. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is not the singlebest measure of a society’s economic well-being.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: DefinitionalTHE ECONOMY'S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE1. G ross domestic product measuresa. income and expenditures.b. income but not expenditures.c. expenditures but not income.d. neither income nor expenditures.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive2. E xpenditures on a nation’s domestic productiona. are less than its domestic production.b. are equal to its domestic production.c. are greater than its domestic production.d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Definitional3. I ncome generated by a nation’s domestic productiona. is less than its domestic production.b. is equal to its domestic production.c. is greater than its domestic production.d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Definitional4 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income4. F or an economy as a whole,a. wages must equal profit.b. consumption must equal saving.c. income must equal expenditure.d. the number of buyers must equal the number of sellers.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive5. W hich of the following statements about GDP is correct?a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economyand the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services.b. Money continuously flows from households to firms and then back tohouseholds, and GDP measures this flow of money.c. GDP is generally regarded as the best single measure of a society’seconomic well-being.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive6. B ecause every transaction has a buyer and a seller,a. GDP is more closely associated with an economy’s income than it is withan economy’s expenditure.b. every transaction contributes equally to an economy’s income and to itsexpenditure.c. the number of firms must be equal to the number of households in a simplecircular-flow diagram.d. firms’ profits are necessarily zero in a simple circular-flow diagram. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow MSC: Interpretive7. F or an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure becausea. the number of firms is equal to the number of households in an economy.b. individuals can only spend what they earn each period.c. every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.d. every dollar of saving by some consumer is a dollar of spending by someother consumer.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow MSC: Interpretive范文范例学习参考8. I f an economy’s GDP falls, then it must be the case that the economy’sa. income falls and saving rises.b. income and saving both fall.c. income falls and expenditure rises.d. income and expenditure both fall.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive9. I f an economy’s GDP rises, then it must be the case that the economy’sa. income rises and saving falls.b. income and saving both rise.c. income rises and expenditure falls.d. income and expenditure both rise.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive10. W hich of the following statements about GDP is correct?a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economyand the unemployment rate of the economy’s labor force.b. Money continuously flows from households to government and then back tohouseholds, and GDP measures this flow of money.c. GDP is to a nation’s economy as household income is to a household.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive11. I n a simple circular-flow diagram, total income and total expenditure area. never equal because total income always exceeds total expenditure.b. seldom equal because of the ongoing changes in an economy’s unemploymentrate.c. equal only when the government purchases no goods or services.d. always equal because every transaction has a buyer and a seller.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow MSC: Interpretive6 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income12. I n a simple circular-flow diagram,a. households spend all of their income.b. all goods and services are bought by households.c. expenditures flow through the markets for goods and services, while incomeflows through the markets for the factors of production.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow MSC: Interpretive13. I n a simple circular-flow diagram, firms use the money they get from a saletoa. pay wages to workers.b. pay rent to landlords.c. pay profit to the firms’ owners.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow MSC: Definitional14. I n a simple circular-flow diagram, households buy goods and services with theincome they get froma. wages.b. rents.c. profits.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow MSC: Definitional15. I n the actual economy, householdsa. spend all of their income.b. divide their income among spending, taxes, and saving.c. buy all goods and services produced in the economy.d. Both (a) and (c) are correct.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow MSC: Interpretive范文范例学习参考16. T otal income from the domestic production of final goods and services equalsa. only household expenditures for these goods.b. only household and business expenditures for these goods.c. only household and government expenditures for these goods.d. the expenditures for these goods whoever buys them.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow MSC: Definitional17. I n the actual economy, goods and services are purchased bya. households, but not firms or the government.b. households and firms, but not the government.c. households and the government, but not firms.d. households, firms, and the government.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive18. A ccording to the circular-flow diagram GDPa. can be computed as the total income paid by firms or as expenditures onfinal goods and services.b. can be computed as the total income paid by firms, but not as expenditureson final goods and services.c. can be computed as expenditures on final goods and services, but not asthe total income paid by firms.d. cannot be computed as either total income paid by firms or expenditureson final goods and services.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow MSC: Definitional19. A ccording to the circular-flow diagram GDPa. can be computed as either the revenue firms receive from the sales of goodsand services or the payments they make to factors of production.b. can be computed as the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods andservices but not as the payments they make to factors of production.c. can be computed as payments firms make to factors of production but notas revenues they receive from the sales of goods and services.d. cannot be computed as either the revenue firms receive or the payments theymake to factors of production.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow MSC: Definitional8 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's IncomeTHE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT1. G DP is defined as thea. value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given periodof time.b. value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of a country,regardless of where they are living, in a given period of time.c. value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a givenperiod of time.d. value of all final goods and services produced by the citizens of a country,regardless of where they are living, in a given period of time.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic productionMSC: Definitional2. W hich of the following is a way to compute GDP?a. add up the wages paid to all workersb. add up the quantities of all final goods and servicesc. add up the market values of all final goods and servicesd. add up the difference between the market values of all final goods andservices and then subtract the costs of producing those goods and services ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Interpretive3. I n order to include many different goods and services in an aggregate measure,GDP is computed using, primarily,a. values of goods and services based on surveys of consumers.b. market prices.c. quantities purchased by a typical urban household.d. profits from producing goods and services.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Interpretive4. G ross domestic product adds together many different kinds of goods and servicesinto a single measure of the value of economic activity. To do this, GDP makes use ofa. market prices.b. statistical estimates of the value of goods and services to consumers.c. prices based on the assumption that producers make no profits.d. the maximum amount consumers would be willing to pay.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Interpretive范文范例学习参考5. I n computing GDP, market prices are used to value final goods and servicesbecausea. market prices do not change much over time, so it is easy to make comparisonsbetween years.b. market prices reflect the values of goods and services.c. market prices reflect the quantity sold.d. None of the above is correct; market prices are not used in computing GDP. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Interpretive6. I f the price of a Blu-Ray Disc player is three times the price of an MP3 player,then a Blue-Ray Disc player contributesa. more than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.b. less than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.c. exactly three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.d. None of the above is necessarily correct.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative7. S uppose that an economy produces 40,000 units of good A which sells at $4 aunit and 20,000 units of good B which sells at $5 per unit. Production of good A contributesa. 2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.b. 8/5 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.c. 5/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.d. 4/5 times as much to GDP as production of good B.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative8. S uppose that an economy produces 30,000 units of good A which sells at $3 aunit and 60,000 units of good B which sells at $2 per unit. Production of good A contributesa. 1/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.b. 3/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.c. 3/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.d. 4/3 times as much to GDP as production of good B.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative10 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income9. W hich of the following is included in GDP?a. the market value of rental housing services, but not the market value ofowner-occupied housing services.b. the market value of owner-occupied housing services, but not the marketvalue of rental housing servicesc. both the market value of rental housing services and the market value ofowner-occupied housing servicesd. neither the market value of owner-occupied housing services nor the marketvalue of rental housing services.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing servicesMSC: Definitional10. T he value of the housing services provided by the economy's owner-occupiedhouses isa. included in GDP, and the estimated rental values of the houses are usedto place a value on these housing services.b. included in GDP, and the actual mortgage payments made on the houses areused to estimate the value of these rental services.c. excluded from GDP since these services are not sold in any market.d. excluded from GDP since the value of these housing services cannot beestimated with any degree of precision.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing servicesMSC: Definitional11. S uppose an apartment complex converts to a condominium, so that the formerrenters are now owners of their housing units. Suppose further that a current estimate of the value of the condominium owners' housing services is the same as the rent they previously paid. What happens to GDP as a result of this conversion?a. GDP necessarily increases.b. GDP necessarily decreases.c. GDP is unaffected because neither the rent nor the estimate of the valueowner-occupied housing services is included in GDP.d. GDP is unaffected because previously the rent payments were included inGDP and now the rent payments are replaced in GDP by the estimate of the value of owner occupied housing services.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing servicesMSC: Applicative12. J ames owns two houses. He rents one house to the Johnson family for $10,000per year. He lives in the other house. If he were to rent the house in which he lives, he could earn $12,000 per year in rent. How much do the housing services provided by the two houses contribute to GDP?a. $0b. $10,000c. $12,000d. $22,000ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing servicesMSC: Applicative13. R yan lives in an apartment where he pays $7,000 a year in rent. Alexis livesin a house that could be rented for $14,000 a year. How much do these housing services contribute to GDP?a. $21,000b. $14,000c. $7,000d. $0ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing servicesMSC: Applicative14. M ost goods and services produced at homea. and most goods and services produced illegally are included in GDP.b. are included in GDP while most goods and services produced illegally areexcluded from GDP.c. are excluded from GDP while most goods and services produced illegally areincluded in GDPd. and most goods and services produced illegally are excluded from GDP. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economicsTOP: Household chores | Illegal goods MSC: Definitional15. G DP excludes most items that are produced and sold illegally and most itemsthat are produced and consumed at home becausea. the quality of these items is not high enough to contribute value to GDP.b. measuring them is so difficult.c. the government wants to discourage the production and consumption of theseitems.d. these items are not reported on income tax forms.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods MSC: Interpretive16. E stimates of the values of which of the following non-market goods or servicesare included in GDP?a. the value of unpaid houseworkb. the value of services provided by major household appliances purchased ina previous periodc. the estimated rental value of owner-occupied homesd. All of the above are included in GDP.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economicsTOP: Housing services | Household chores MSC: Applicative17. O ver the last few decades, Americans have chosen to cook less at home and eatmore at restaurants. This change in behavior, by itself, hasa. reduced measured GDP.b. not affected measured GDP.c. increased measured GDP by the value of the restaurant meals.d. increased measured GDP by the value added by the restaurant’s preparationand serving of the meals.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household choresMSC: Applicative18. O ver time, people have come to rely more on market-produced goods and servicesand less on goods and services they produce for themselves. For example, busy people with high incomes, rather than cleaning their own houses, hire people to clean their houses. By itself, this change hasa. caused measured GDP to fall.b. not caused any change in measured GDP.c. caused measured GDP to rise.d. probably changed measured GDP, but in an uncertain direction; the directionof the change depends on the difference in the quality of the cleaning that has resulted.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household choresMSC: Applicative19. R alph pays someone to mow his lawn, while Mike mows his own lawn. Regardingthese two practices, which of the following statements is correct?a. Only Ralph’s payments are included in GDP.b. Ralph’s payments as well as the estimated value of Mike’s mowi ng servicesare included in GDP.c. Neither Ralph’s payments nor the estimated value of Mike's mowing servicesis included in GDP.d. Ralph’s payments are included in GDP, while the estimated value of Mike’smowing services is included in GDP only if Mike voluntarily provides his estimate of that value to the government.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household choresMSC: Interpretive20. S usan switches from going to Speedy Lube for an oil change to changing the oilin her car herself. Which of the following is correct? The value of changing the oil isa. included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it or changes itherself.b. included in GDP if Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it but not if she changesit herself.c. included in GDP if Susan changes it herself, but not if she pays SpeedyLube to change it.d. not included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy lube to change it or shechanges it herself.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household choresMSC: Applicative21. R achel babysits for her sister for no pay. When she babysits for someone elseshe charges $8 an hour. When is Rachel’s babysitting included in GDP?a. When she babysits for her sister and when she babysits for someone else.b. When she babysits for her sister, but not when she babysits for someoneelse.c. When she babysits for someone else, but not when she babysits for her sister.d. Neither when she babysits for her sister nor for someone else.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive22. W hich of the following is not included in GDP?a. carrots grown in your garden and eaten by your familyb. carrots purchased at a farmer’s market and eaten by your familyc. carrots purchased at a grocery store and eaten by your familyd. None of the above are included in GDP.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household choresMSC: Applicative23. A professional gambler moves from a state where gambling is illegal to a statewhere gambling is legal. Most of his income was, and continues to be, from gambling. His movea. raises GDP.b. decreases GDP.c. doesn't change GDP because gambling is never included in GDP.d. doesn't change GDP because in either case his income is included.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods MSC: Applicative24.If a state made a previously-illegal activity, such as gambling or prostitution,legal, then, other things equal, GDPa. decreases.b. increases.c. doesn't change because both legal and illegal production are included inGDP.d. doesn't change because these activities are never included in GDP. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods MSC: Applicative25. W hich of the following is included in GDP?a. medical marijuana purchased from a government-run pharmacy by a glaucomapatientb. recreational marijuana purchased from a drug dealer by a college studentc. recreational marijuana produced and consumed by a man in his atticd. All of the above are included in GDP.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods MSC: Applicative26. D arin grows and sells marijuana to Jennifer. Thomas is an organic farmer whosells broccoli to Jennifer. Marijuana is an illegal good and broccoli is a legal good. Assume that if Jennifer marries either, they give her what they。
宏观经济学教师：张延北京大学经济学院本科生课程2012年3月21日2012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有1•五、LM曲线以外点的经济含义：•LM曲线上的点都是能够实现货币市场均衡的国民收入与利率的组合点。
2012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有2•1、LM曲线以左点的经济含义：•B点到底存在什么？2012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有32012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有4R cR DY 1Y 2YRLM 曲线B C D LM 曲线以左点经济含义1•我们必须从R-Y 坐标系，回到波动初始发生的货币市场中，回到R-L、M/P坐标系中，才能把问题看清楚。
2012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有52012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有6R 0LM 曲线以左点的经济含义2L 、M ／P M o ／PR BRR CY Y 1R B R C LM 曲线B C D B ′C ′D ′ESM•现在的问题是：B点到底是和C点还是D点在同一条货币需求曲线之上？•B点的利率水平= D点的利率水平•B点的收入水平= C点的收入水平2012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有7•在R-L、M/P坐标系中，Y 是外生变量，外生变量决定货币需求曲线的截距。
•如果外生变量一样，则L 曲线的截距一样，应该在同一条L曲线之上。
•在R-L、M/P坐标系中，R是内生变量。
如果内生变量一样，还有可能是在不同的L曲线之上。
2012-3-21 中宏（12）《中宏》讲义，张延著。
版权所有8•所以在R—L、M/P坐标系中，B 点应该是同收入水平一样的C 点在同一条L 需求曲线之上。
• C 点是LM 曲线之上的点，是一个能够实现货币市场均衡的利率与收入的组合点。
这意味着在C上，在R-L、M/P坐标系中，点所对应的利率水平RC对应着一条L 曲线和M/P 曲线的交点C′点。
