英汉汉英交传口译笔记

文学界交替传译笔记方法初探柯文娣（西南财经大学，四川成都611130）摘要：笔记在交替传译中有着重要作用。

本文结合笔者自己学习交替传译的体会，探索如何做笔记才能使传译过程顺利完成。

根据吉尔的负荷模型，笔记要尽量精简。

根据塞莱斯科维奇释意三角模型理论，笔记中记下的应该是源语涵盖的意义，而不是源语本身。

另外，笔记除了记下意义之外，还要注意记下意义之间的关系。

关键词：交替传译笔记负荷模型释意三角模型中图分类号：G840文献标识码：A文章编号：1673－2111（2010）05－0221－021引言在读刘敏华的《逐步口译与笔记》这本书之前，笔者对口译的笔记完全是感性的认识和切身的失败体会，没有进行过理论的思考。

反思自己之前学习交替传译的经验：做口译笔记时，写字速度总赶不上说话的速度，因此也漏听很多信息。

导致后来读着笔记进行口译时，相当困难，表现在以下两个方面：首先，想不起来前面听的内容，看不懂自己支离破碎的笔记；第二，译出来的语言翻译腔很重，甚至完全不知所云。

这样看来，笔记的错误方法直接导致了口译学习的失败。

读完《逐步口译与笔记》才发现自己笔记的根本错误：口译过程的注意力分配出了问题。

根据刘敏华的说法，交传的过程分为五个步骤：听，倾听，分析，记忆和笔记，口译。

我花费了过多精力在笔记上，没能分配足够注意力去倾听，并且忽视了更关键的笔记之前的信息处理，导致笔记没有记下精髓，毫无章法。

那么应该如何做笔记才能满足交替传译的需要呢2口译笔记应该尽量精简－－－吉尔负荷模型（The Ef-fort Model ）如前所述，刘敏华认为做笔记只占交替传译过程的一小部分，如果花费过多精力在笔记上，必然导致其它的任务（如记忆）无法有效完成。

这一现象也可以用吉尔的负荷模型（The Effort Model ）来解释。

此模型基于两个观点：第一，人只有有限的注意力资源。

第二，在做口译时，几乎要需要消耗掉所有这种注意力，甚至有时会超过人的极限，这样会导致口译质量的下降。

acc = account, accountant acdg = according acpt = acceptad = advertisement adm = administration ads = addressadv = advice agr = agriculture agt = agentalt = altitude a.m. = ante meridiem = before noonAMAP = as much as possible amb = ambassadoramt = amount anal = analysis anc = ancientanon = anonymous ans = answer app = appendixApr = April apt = apartment arch = architecturearr = arrive; arrival ASAP = as soon as possibleass = assistant; association at = atmosphere; atomicatt = attorney; attention Aug = August aux = auxiliaryav = average ave = avenue a.w.l. = absent with leave (准假)a.w.o.l. = absent without official leave (无故缺席)B.A. = Bachelor of Arts bal = balance B.C. = before Christbd = board bdl = bundle bk = bank; bookbkts = baskets B/L = bill of lading (提单) BLDG = building bp = birthplace br = branch; brother B.S. = Bachelor of Science bu = bureauC = capacity; century; chapter; centigrade; cost; city; centercal = calendar; caliber; calories cap = capital; captaincat = catalog cc = carbon copy (复印件；抄送) CEO = chief executive officer cert = certificate CFM = confirm cncl = cancel cp. = comparecit = citizen civ = civil; civilization clk = clerkcml = commercial co. = company c/o = care of(转交)col = college; colorcom = commentary; common; communication; communitycomm = commission comp = complete; computer; competitioncon = conclusion; againstcond = condition cont. = continent; continuedcorp = corporation cust = customer; custom; customsDec = December dec = deceased; declarationdef = defender; defense deg = degree dep = depositDEPT = department disc = discount dist = distance; distinguishdiv = divide; divorced do. = ditto (同上）dorm = dormitorydpt = departure dz = dozen e = east; earth; engineeringecon = economics; economy ed. = education; editore.g. = exempli gratia = for example encl. = enclosed; enclosure esp. = especially etc. = et cetera = and so onex. = example; exception; extra exp. = export expln = explain ext = extend; extension FAX = facsimile Feb. = Februaryfem = female; feminine ff. = following fig = figuresfin = finance; financial fl = fluid FLT = flightFOB = free on board (船上交货；离岸价格)for = foreign; forestryfp = freezing point fr = frequentFri. = Friday frt = freight (货物；货运) ft = foot; feet (脚；英寸) fut = future FYR = for your reference (仅供参考)g = gold; grain; guide; gender; gravityG.A. = General Assembly (联合国大会)gen. = generally gent = gentleman; gentlemengm = gram; general manager gov = governmentgs = general secretary (秘书长)h = harbor; hundred; husband; hydrogenhd = head (头部；首脑) hf = half Hon = honorable; honoraryH.Q. = headquarters hr = hour ht = heighthypoth = hypothesis; hypothetical i.a. = in absence; absentib. = ibidem = in the same placeID = identity; identity card i.e. = id est = that isimp = import; imperial IMPS = impossibleIMPT = important in. = inch; inchesind = industrial; independent indiv = individualinfo = information ins = insurance inst. = instant; instituteint. = interior; interest (兴趣；利息) I/O = instead ofIOU = I owe you (借据) I.Q. = intelligence quotientIVO = in view of (鉴于，考虑到)is. = island J = judge; justice jour = journal; journalistjr. = junior (大学三年级学生; 年少的; 初级的) kg = kilogram (千克；公斤) km = kilometer (公里) lat. = latitude lb. = pounds (磅；英镑)L/C = letter of credit (信用证) leg = legal lib = library; librarianliq = liquid lit = literature long. = longitudeM.A. = Master of Arts mach = machinery mag = magazineman. = manual; manufacture Mar = March math = mathematicsMDL = model (型号；模特) Mdm = Madam med. = medicine; medical mem = member; memoir (回忆录) memo = memorandum (备忘录)mid = middle min = minute; minimum mkt. = marketmod = moderate; modern Mon. = Mondaymph = mile per hour (每小时英里数; 车速) Mr. = MisterMrs. = Mistress MS = manuscripts (手稿) msg = messageMt = Mount; mountain mus = music; museumn = north; noon; name; normal nat = national; native; naturaln.d. = no date (无日期) NLT = not later than (不迟于) No. = number Nov. = November nr = near obj = object; objectiveobs = obsolete (过时的); observe obt = obtainOct. = October off. = office; officialop. = opera; operation; oppositeord = ordinary org = organization orig = originaloz. = ounce (盎司) p. = page; power; pressurepara = paragraph part = particular; partnerpass = passive; passenger PAT = patentpayt = payment pc = piece; personal computerpd. = paid (钱款)已付perf = perform; performancePh.D. = Doctor of Philosophypk = park; peak (备注：pk这个符号大家可以根据时髦的用语来灵活拓展其含义) pkg = package PLS = please p.m. = post meridiem = [w]afternoon POB = post-office box pop = popular; population pr. = pair; preferred prec = preceding prim = primary; primitive prin. = principlepro = product Prof. = professor pub. = public; publishqr. = quarter qt. = quantity qua = qualityr. = radius; railroad; retired rcd = receivedrcpt = receipt Rd = road re = about (关于)reg = register; region rep = representativerev = revise; reverse; revenue riv = riverrm. = room rpt = report; repeat Sat. = Saturdaysch = school sci = science sec = second; section; sectorsig. = signal; signature sitn = situationsp. = species (物种); specimen (标本) sq. = squareSTD = standard Sun. = Sunday surg = surgery; surgeontech = technology tel. = telephone temp = temporary; temperature Thur. = Thursday TKS = thanks trans = transaction; translationtrf = traffic ttl = totalTu. = TuesdayT.U. = Trade Union (英)工会ult = ultimate UN = United Nations univ = university up = upper usu. = usuallyvil = village V.P. = Vice President vs. = versusv.v. = vice versa (反之亦然) wel = welcome; welfareXL = extra large (特大号)常用速记符号大于＞小于＜小于或等于≤大于或等于≥等于、意味着= 不等于≠约等于≈遗憾、悲哀; 高兴、荣兴( 错误、否、不、否定×正确、对、好、肯定√不同意N 同意Y 上升、增加↑下降、减少↓强、好＋更强、更好＋＋弱、差－更弱、更差――因为∵所以∴优秀★属于∈胜利V 问题、疑问？和、与＆结论是=＞将来; 过去< 促进、发展↗另一方面/#8226;关系#8226;/#8226;国家□国与国□/□原因←导致、结果→对立、冲突>< 波折＜＜会议、会面⊙进入∩接触、交往∞分歧⊥非常、十分重要** 坚持≡关键！奇观!有关@ 替换为∽但是‖与……比较而言∥空洞○代表△＠关于J 笑脸表示高兴，荣幸，好现象L 苦脸表示难过，悲伤，忧虑，不满○3 看似人头和耳朵，表示听说°右上角的圈，表示人，如中°，科°⊥代表……，（打）基础□国家○地球，世界⊙会议h 看似椅子，表示主持，h°即主持人，主席∪协议，在下凹处写2表示双边，3表示三方。

论汉英交替传译中的语篇衔接和笔记技巧当今全球化深入发展，国际交流日渐频繁，各种中高层次的国际会议应运而生。

与此同时，口译作为提供语言服务的职业引起了更多人的好奇和关注，口译员尤其是高端口译的从业人员却供不应求。

因此全国众多高校相继开设了口译和翻译硕士（MTI）专业，口译行业的欣欣向荣对口译研究与教学提出了问题与挑战。

本文以中国总理记者招待会中汉英交替传译文本为例，试图在语篇衔接理论的框架下，探讨汉英交替传译中的语篇衔接手段，结合自己的汉译英体会及笔记经验，分析衔接手段在交替传译时的积极影响，对于它给口译实践和教学带来的启示作用做出进一步探索。

本文的另外一个侧重是基于案例的笔记技巧。

整理和归纳了国内外学者关于笔记法的理论、原则和观点，借鉴了国外学者的实验成果，以及借鉴了T型笔记法，以帮助口译员理解记忆源语，输出完整的目的语。

本文致力于研究汉译英口译中的语篇分析和笔记技巧，以期对将来从事这两方面研究的人士提供借鉴。

口译交传笔记所记内容与符号交传笔记内容：信息要点事件场景：何时?何地?何人?何事?为何?(5w原则)……交流信息：谁在说?对谁说?发言者到底想表达什么意思?……译员需要理解事件发生的背景和参与事件的人物以及人物与人物、人物与背景之间的关系逻辑连贯列举／递进：首先／其次／最后，第一／第二／第三，……原因／目的：因为，所以，从而，……假设／条件：如果，只要，一旦，……转折／让步：虽然，但是，尽管，……人类的语言中充满了关联词语，并且在不同民族之间呈现出一定的共性。

可见，话语逻辑的连贯衔接反映人类思维的基本规律，因此译员的理解过程包括逻辑推理的层面，有关线索应当体现在交传笔记当中。

容易遗忘的细节数字专有名词技术术语交传中常见符号：表示各种各样“说”的动词，表示“问题”∧表示转折√表示“好的”状态☆表示“重要的”状态N 表示“交流”状态＆表示“和”、“与”∥表示“结束”人际交流：认为，相信，觉得，以为”说，表示，陈述，指出问题，疑问答案，解答（这个符号来自于西班牙语的标点。

）逻辑关联∴因为，由于（许多逻辑和数量符号借用了数学中的写法。

）+ 表示“多”∵所以，因此→表示推理←虽然，尽管数量关系> 多于，更多< 少于，更少= 相等，相同≈大约，粗略，差不多≠不同于，差异↗增加↘下降max 最大，最高min 最小，最低时间关系」之前，直到L 之后，自从+ 表示“多”++(+2)表示“多”的比较级+3 表示“多”的最高级一表示“少”×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念( ) 表示“在……之间”。

口译笔记要点：1. 少写多划。

划线条比写文字快。

线条形象，相当于翻译的"半成品"，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。

两种情况下应该尽量用线条：表示动作和动态的词句。

比如，以上升的斜线代表"发展"，"增加"，"进步","进一步"；以下降的斜线代表"减少"，"下降"，"恶化"等等。

表示因果或前后关系的词句。

比如，用一条线代表"因为/所以"，"…之后"，"在…之前"，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。

2. 少字多意。

养成一个词的笔记不超过一个字的习惯。

中文里有大量的词汇是由两个，或两个以上的字组成。

只要看到其中一个，你的短期记忆就应该能够补齐其余的字。

不必多写。

比如，"中国"最多写个"中"。

"北京"最多写个"北"。

英文词也同理处理。

"politics" 最多写"poli"，"government"最多写"gov"，等等。

另外，需要培养以笔记与记忆互动；看到一个字能说出几个字，甚至一串词的能力。

在有上下文的情况下，这不难。

比如，谈中国的近况，听到"改革，开放"记一个"改"字，不难从短期记忆中说出原文。

听到"British Prime Minister Tony Blair"，记"PM"，也同样能说出原文。

3. 少线多指。

通用一小组线条/标记。

否则在自己本来熟悉的中英文之外，又编出一套自己不熟悉的文码使用，会导致需要想一想用哪个符号的情况，适得其反。

4. 少横多竖。

第一篇回顾与展望词汇学习：回顾过去in retrospect展望未来look ahead共识common understanding / common consensus / shared understa nding致力于(专心致志于) commit oneself to (sth.)…<=委身于…>; Be commit ted to (sth.)…<非人主语>不干涉内政non-interference in one another‟s interna l affairs友好协商friendly consultation前提条件prerequisite <an important ~ 一个重要的先决条件>调整产业结构readjust industrial structure(有效)转变增长方式effected shift in modes of growth自尊自强self-respect and self-strengthening勤劳节俭industriousness and frugality美德virtue和平共处peaceful coexist弘扬carry forward粗放型crude mode基础设施infrastructure深刻教训a profound lesson监管supervise国际游资international hot money过度投机excessive speculation发展经济develop the economy扩大互利合作expand mutually beneficial cooperation促进共同繁荣promote common prosperity政局稳定(with) political stability经济保持持续增长the sustained economic growth谦虚好学modesty and eagerness to learn自习词汇：ward off 规避，挡住 <~ excessive speculation 避免过度投机>in light of = in the light of 按照All this has provided a broad scope for … 这为……提供了广阔的空间。