Chapter 16 Kinetics The Rate of Reaction

哈利波特与魔法石第16章读后感英文回答：The sixteenth chapter of Harry Potter and theSorcerer's Stone, titled "Through the Trapdoor," marks a pivotal moment in the young wizard's journey. As Harry, Ron, and Hermione navigate the treacherous obstacles of the school's dungeon, they encounter a series of challengesthat test their courage, wit, and loyalty.The chapter opens with the trio venturing into the restricted section of the Hogwarts library, seeking information on Nicolas Flamel. Their research reveals a connection between the sorcerer's stone, a legendaryartifact that grants eternal life, and a dangerous creature known as the three-headed dog, Fluffy.Driven by curiosity and a desire to protect the stone from falling into the wrong hands, Harry, Ron, and Hermione decide to confront Fluffy. They use a sleeping potion tosubdue the beast and pass through a trapdoor that leads to a series of chambers beneath the castle.In each chamber, the trio encounters a different obstacle that tests their skills and teamwork. They face a deadly plant that spews poisonous fumes, a giant chessboard with living pieces, and a hallway guarded by a ferocious troll.Throughout these trials, Harry, Ron, and Hermione rely on each other's strengths and weaknesses to overcome the challenges. Harry's courage, Ron's resourcefulness, and Hermione's intelligence prove to be invaluable assets.As they reach the final chamber, they confront Professor Quirrell, who has been revealed to be working for the dark wizard Voldemort. Quirrell attempts to prevent Harry from reaching the stone, but the young wizard's determination and the power of his mother's love ultimately triumph over evil.Chapter 16 of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone isa thrilling and suspenseful adventure that showcases the bravery, cunning, and friendship of the three young heroes. It sets the stage for the epic battle that will unfold in the chapters to come.中文回答：在哈利·波特与魔法石的第十六章“穿过活板门”中，年轻的巫师踏上了旅程中至关重要的一步。

化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收uncon verted reacta n未转化的反应物chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization 结晶drying 干燥scree ning筛选，浮选chemical reacti on 化学反应cracking of petroleum 石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reacti on zone 反应区con servati on of mass and en erg能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品perce nt conv ersi on百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoli ne 汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量en ergy efficie ncy 能量效率heat-se nsitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 希9药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor微型反应器hydroge n and metha ne oxidati on氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethyle ne epoxidati on乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis光气合成. commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sen sor传感器，探头separati on of solids 固体分离suspension 悬浮液porous medium多孔介质filtratio n 过滤medium介质filter 过滤器trap收集，捕集Buch nerfunnel 布氏漏斗Vacuum真空coni cal funnel 锥形漏斗filter paper 滤纟氏area面积filter cake 滤饼factor 因数，因子，系数，比例viscosity 黏度den sity 密度corrosive property 腐蚀性particle size 颗粒尺寸shape形状size distributi on 粒度分布pack ing characteristics 填充性质concen trati on 浓度filtrate 滤液feed liquor 进料液pretreatme nt 预处理late nt heat 潜热resista nee阻力surface layer 表面层filteri ng medium 过滤介质drop in pressure 压降filteri ng surface 过滤表面filter cake 滤饼cake filtratio n 饼层过滤deep bed filtrati on 深层过滤depth深度law定律net flow净流量con ducti on 传导convection 对流radiati on 辐射temperature gradie nt 温度梯度metallic solid 金属固体thermal con ducti on 热传导motio n of unbound electro ns 自由电子的运动electrical conductivity 导电性thermal conductivity 导热性poor con ductor of electricity 不良导电体tran sport of mome ntum 动量传递the random moti on of molecules 分子无规贝U运动brick wall 墙壁furnace火炉，燃烧器metal wall of a tube 金属管壁macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子control volume 控制体enthalpy 焓macroscopic phe nomenon 宏观现象forces of friction 摩擦力fluid mecha nics 流体力学flux （通量，流通量）of enthalpy焓通量eddy尾流，涡流turbulent flow 湍流n atural a nd forced con vecti on自然对流和强制对流buoya ncy force 浮力temperature gradie nt 温度梯度electromag netic wave 电磁波fused quartz熔化的石英reflect 反射，inflection:折射matte无光泽的，无光的temperature level 温度高低in ter-phase mass tran sfer界相际间质量传递rate of diffusi on 扩散速率acet one 丙酮dissolve 溶解ammon ia 氨ammoni a-air mixture 氨气-水混合物physical process 物理过程oxides of n itroge n 氮氧化物n itric acid 硝酸carb on dioxide 二氧化碳sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠actualrate of absorpti on 实际吸收速率two-film theory 双膜理论concen trati on differe nee 浓度差in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近.., 大约…，在…左右molecular diffusi on 分子扩散laminar sub-layer 层流底层resista nee 阻力，阻止boun dary layer 边界层Fick ' s Law 费克定律is proporti onal to 与…成比例concen trati on gradie nt 浓度梯度plate tower 板式塔in stallati on 装置feed进料bottom底部，塔底solve nt 溶剂top顶部，塔顶partial vaporizati on 咅E分汽化boili ng point 沸点equimolecular coun ter-diffusi on 等分子反向扩散ideal system 理想系统ratio of A to B A 与B 的比值with the result that :由于的缘故，鉴于的结果tray 塔板packed tower 填料塔bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔spray chamber 喷淋室maintenance expense 维修费foun dati on 基础tower shell 塔体pack ing material 填料pump 泵blower风机accessory heater 附属加热器cooler 冷去卩器heat excha nger 换热器solve nt-recovery system 溶剂回收系统operati ng cost 操作费用power动力circulati ng gas 循环气labor 劳动力steam蒸汽regen erate 再生cooli ng water 冷去卩水solve nt make-up 补充溶剂optimum最优的unabsorbed component 未吸收组分purity纯度volatility 挥发性vapor pressure蒸汽压liquid mixture液体混合物condense凝缩，冷凝bin ary distillatio n 双组分精馏multi-component distillation 多组分精馏stage-type distillation column 级板式精馏塔mount安装，固定conduit导流管）， dow ncomej降液管gravity 重力weir溢流堰vapor-liquid contacting device 汽液接触装置valve tray浮阀塔板reboiler再沸器vaporization 汽化con de nsate冷凝液，凝缩液overhead vapor塔顶汽体condenser冷凝器i feed tray进料板base塔底，基础bottoms product 塔底产品conden sati on 冷凝stripping section汽提段,提馏段distillate sectio n 精馏段total condense全凝器distillate product塔顶馏出产品reflux回流thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡solution 溶液fractional crystallizatio n 分步结晶solubility ，溶解度，溶解性soluble可溶解的solve nt 溶剂employ采纳，利用miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mecha ni cal separati on 机械分离）liquid-liquid extract ion 液液萃取aromatic 芳香烃的paraffi n 石蜡，链烷烃lubricat ing oil _ 润滑油decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂pen icilli n 青霉素streptomyci n （链霉素）precipitati on 沉淀，沉析ethyl alcohol 乙醇）extract 萃取液heat requireme nt 热负荷solute溶质extract phase 萃取相baffle-plate 折流挡板，缓冲挡板settli ng tank 沉降槽centrifuge 离心.离心机，离心分离emulsify ing age nt 孚L化剂den sity differe nee 密度差raffin ate 萃余液extract 萃取液dryi ng of Solids 固体干燥process material 过程物料（相对最终产品而言的）organic有机的，有机物的benzene 苯humidity 湿度moisture content 湿含量drying rate 干燥速率critical moisture content 临界湿湿含量falli ng-rate 降速con cave （凸的，凸面）or convex （凹的，凹面）approximate to :接近，趋近straight line :直线con sta nt-rate drying period 恒速干燥阶段convection drying 对流干燥drying gas 干燥气体falli ng-rate period 降速干燥阶段mean value平均值vacuum drying真空干燥discolor 变色，脱色sublime 升华freeze dryi ng 冷冻干燥adiabatic 绝热的，不传热的pressure gradie ntperpe ndicular to :与——垂直coun ter-curre nt 逆流per unit area 单位面积water-cooli ng tower 水冷塔sen sible heat （sen sible heat : 显热）water droplet 水珠，水滴qua ntitative relati on 定量关系thermal diffusi on 热扩散at right an gles to 与…成直角，与…垂直by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于molecular tran sfer 分子传递balanee抵消，平衡drag forces 曳力a function of …的函数of the same order 具有同一数量级eddy diffusio n 涡流扩散is almost inv ersely proporti onal to 几乎与…成反比Reyno Ids nu mber 雷诺准数fully developed turbule nt flow 充分发展湍流coefficie nt 系数In prin ciple 从原理而言exothermic （放热的，endothermic 吸热的,adiabatic 绝热的）triple bond 三健，三价n itroge n oxides 氮氧化物compo und化合物conv ersi on 转化，转化率protein 蛋白质compress 压缩reacti on yield 反应产率reacti on speed 反应速度one-pass （单程）reactoren ergy in put 能量输入maximum最大的n ear toequilibrium 接近平衡output产出，输出，产量fertilizer 化肥urea尿素ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammon ium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵diammonium hydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢铵ash纯碱pyridi ne 砒啶polymers聚合物nylon尼龙acrylics 丙烯酸树脂via经，由，通过，借助于hydrogen cyanide 氰化氢n itric acid 硝酸bulk explosive 集装炸药crude oil 原油n atural gas 天然气bitume n 沥青fossil fuel化石燃料seepage渗出物asphalt 沥青oil drilling 采油gasoli ne 汽油paint 涂料plastic 塑料syn thetic rubber 合成橡胶fiber纤维soap月肥皂clea nsing age n清洗剂wax石蜡explosive 炸药oil shale油页岩deposit沉积物aquatic pla nt水生植物sedime ntary rock 沉积岩san dst one砂岩siltst one 泥岩tar sand沥青石cha in-shaped 链状的metha ne 甲烷paraffin石蜡，烷烃rin g-shaped （环状的）hydrocarb onn aphthe ne环烷烃naphtha石脑油tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的asphalte ne沥青油impurity 杂质pollutant污染物combusti on 燃烧capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力viscous resista nee占性阻力barrel桶（国际原油计量单位） tan ker油轮kerose ne 煤油heavy gas oil重瓦斯油reforming 重整crack ing 裂化octane nu mber of gasoli ne汽油辛烷值branched-chain （带支链的）materials scie nee 材料科学mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）Amalgam汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉solid state physics 固体物理学metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术magnet磁铁，有吸引力的人或物in sulati on 绝缘catalytic crack ing 催化裂化structural steels 结构钢computer microchip 计算机芯片Aerospace 航空Telecom mun icatio n 电信in formatio n process ing 信息处理nu clear power 核能en ergy conv ersi on 能量转化in ternal structure 内部结构defect structure 结构缺陷crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵vaca nt atomic site 原子空位dislocati on 错位precipitate 沉淀物semic on ductor 半导体mecha ni cal disturba nee 机械扰动ductility 延展性brittle ness 脆性spinning electr ons 旋转电子amorphous非定型的，非晶型的，非结晶的，玻璃状的；无一定目的的，乱七八糟chemical process safety 化工过程安全exotic chemistry 奇异化学hydrodynamic model 水力学模型two-phase flow 两相流dispers ion model 分散模型toxic 有毒的release释放，排放probability of failure 失效概率accide nt preve nti on 事故预防hard hat 安全帽safety shoe 防护鞋rules and regulati ons 规章制度loss preve nti on 损失预防hazard ide ntificati on 危害辩识，tech ni cal evaluati on 技术评估safety man ageme nt support 安全管理基础知识safety experie nee 安全经验tech ni cal compete nce 技术能力safety kno wledge 安全知识desig n engin eer 设计师cost engin eer 造价师process engin eeri ng 过程工程pla nt layout 工厂布局gen eral service facilities 公用工程pla nt locati on 工厂选址close teamwork 紧密的团队协作specialized group 专业组storage 仓库waste disposal 废物处理terminology 术语，词汇accountant 会计师，会计，出纟内fin al-proposal 决议tan gible return 有形回报Empirical model 经验模型process control （过程控制）first-principles基本原理，基本规则regression model 回归模型. operating condition 操作条件nonlinear-equation-solving technique 非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages 过程模拟软件包least-squares-regressi on 最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity强度，程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification 模式识另Uneural network 神经网络a priori :先验的，既定的，不根据经验的，由原因推出结果的，演绎的，直觉的process data historia n：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative 定性的quantitative precision 定量的精确high-fidelity 高保真的computati on ally inten sive 计算量大的mathematical expressi on steady-state model 稳态模型bioe ngin eeri ng 生物工程artificial 人工的heari ng aid 助听器artificial limb 假肢supportive or substitute orga n 辅助或替代器官biosy nthesis 生物合成life scie ntist 生命科学家agricultural engin eer 农艺师ferme ntatio n 发酵civil engin eer 土木工程师san itati on 卫生physiologists 生理学criteria 扌旨标human medicine 人体医学medical electr onics 医疗电子medical in strume ntatio n 医疗器械blood-flow dyn amics 血液流动动力学prosthetics 假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surge on外科医生replaceme nt orga n 器官移植physiologist 生理学家cou nterpart 对应物，配对物psychology 心理学self-taught 自学barrier 障碍物medical engin eeri ng 医学工程，医疗工程health care 保健diag no stic applicati on of computers 计算机诊断agricultural engin eeri ng 农业工程biological producti on 生物制品生产bion ics （仿生学）huma n-factors engin eeri ng 人类与环境工程en vir onmen tal health engin eeri ng 环境健康工程en viro nmen tally benign processi ng 环境友好加工commodity or specialty 通用商品或特殊化学品styre ne苯乙烯ibuprofe n异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manu facturers Association化工生产协会as a whole整体而言emission释放物，排放物voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the abse nee of 无---存在deactivate 失活bulk chemical大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精纟田化工Pharmaceutical 制药segme nt段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonn age吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt 无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚dem on strate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示forefro nt最前线，最前沿Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸an hydrous无水的phaseout消肖除HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation 催化氧化gover nmen tal regulatio n 政府规定pharmaceutical in termediate药物中间体stereoselective立体选择性的ket one 酮fun cti onal group 官能团detrimental 有害的chlorofluorocarb on二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carb on tetrachloride 四氯化碳straightforward 简单明了的coordi nati ng liga nd配合体，向心配合体kilogram 千克thermal stability 热稳定性devastate破坏，蹂躏outline描绘，勾勒membra ne tech no logy 膜技术product ion line 生产线dairy 牛奶water purificati on 水净化lifetime 寿命membra ne module膜组件durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive 添加剂en d-of-pipe soluti on 最终方案closed system 圭寸闭系统substitute 取代，替代techni cal challe nge 技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatme nt 污水处理fouli ng污垢，发泡surface treatme nt 表面处理applied Chemistry 应用化学nomen clature of chemical compo und 化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的prefix 前缀alkane烷烃family 族carb on skelet on 碳骨架chain 链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix后缀con stitute 取代物，取代基homologous series 同系物branched chain 支链烷烃pare nt 母链，主链derivative 衍生物substitue nt 取代基locant 位次，位标replicat ing prefix 重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography 气相色谱与液相色谱an alytical chemistry 分析化学moving gas stream 移动的气流heats of solutio n and vaporizati on 溶解热和汽化热activity coefficie nt 活度系数counteract 抵消milliliter 毫升esse ntial oil 香精油test mixture 测试混合物sample样品helium 氦argon 氩carrier 载体injectio n 注射stati onary nonv olatile phase 静止的不挥发相detector检测器fraction collector 馏分收集器colu mnar liquid chromatography 柱状液相色谱仪rete nti on volume 保留体积rete nti on times 保留时间high-performa nee 高性能mobile phase 移动相high-efficie ncy 高效的analyte分析物pla ne chromatography 薄层色谱capillary actio n 毛细管作用assay分析化验fluoresce nee 荧光色，荧光retardati on factor 保留因子，延迟因子。

!易国斌，崔英德，康正，余林，郭建维，邓志城，廖列文（广东工业大学轻工化工学院，广东广州510006）摘要：研究了!-丁内酯与乙醇胺在改性Y 型分子筛上气相反应合成!-羟乙基吡咯烷酮（N H P）的情况，考察了分子筛组成、反应温度等对催化性能的影响。

结果表明，CuREY 具有较高的活性与稳定性，合适的反应温度为260—280 C 。

采用最小二乘法研究了反应的表观动力学，得到双曲线速率方程，计算了相关动力学参数，用Arr hen i us公式计算了近似的反应活化能与!-丁内酯、乙醇胺的吸附活化能分别为49. 28、-29. 84、-21. 53 k J/ mo i，表明活性物种之间的反应为决速步骤。

回归相关系数表明，双曲线动力学方程与反应能较好地吻合。

关键词：Y 型分子筛；!-丁内酯；!-羟乙基吡咯烷酮；动力学中图分类号：0 643 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-9954（2006）05-0028-05S t ud i es on gas phase a m i n a t i o n r e ac t i o n of!-bu t y r o l ac t o n e and i t s k i n e t i c sYI Gu o-b i n，CU I Y i n g-d e，K ANG Zh e n g，YU Lin，GUO J i a n-w e i，DENG Zh i-c h e n g，L I AO Li e-w e n（F a cu i t y of Ch e m i c a i E n g i n ee r i n g and L i g h t I ndu s tr y，Gu a n g d o n g Un i v e r s i t y of T e chn o i og y，Guangzhou 510006，Guangdong P r o v i nc e，Ch i n a）Ab s t r ac t：G as phase r ea c t i o n of !-bu t y r o i a c t o n e and e t h a n o i a m i n e to produc e !-hy d r o xy e t hy i py rr o ii d o n e（NHP）on m o d i f i e d Y Z eo ii t es w as s t ud i e d.I n f i u e nc es of some factors such as c a t a i y s t c o mp os i t i o n and r ea c t i o n temperature on c a t a i y t i c p r o p e rt i es were d i s c u ss e d.The r es u i t s show that CuREY has c o mp a r a t i v e i y h i g h c a t a i y t i c a c t i v i t y，s t a b iii t y，and o p t i m a i r ea c t i o n temperature i s 260-280 C . Apparent k i n e t i c s of the r ea c t i o n w as i nv es t i ga t e d w i t h i eas t-s gu a r es method and hy p e r b o ii c rate e gu a t i o n was represented. K i n e t i c parameters w e r e c a i c u i a t e d. A c t i v a t i o n energy for the r ea c t i o n of the a d s o r p t i v e m o i e c u i es，a d s o r p t i o n a c t i v a t i o n energy o f !-bu t y r o i a c t o n e and e t h a n o i a m i n e c a i c u i a t e d through the Arr h e n i u s e gu a t i o n are a pp r o x i m a t e i y49. 28，- 29. 84 and - 21. 53 k J/ m o i r es p e c t i v e i y，wh i ch i nd i c a t es that the r ea c t i o n of a d s o r p t i v e m o i e c u i es i s r a t e-d e t e r m i n i n g step. The c o rr e i a t i o n c oe ff i c i e n t shows that o b t a i n e d hy p e r b o ii c k i n e t i c e gu a t i o n i s f i tt i n g w e ii w i t h the r ea c t i o n.K e y w o r d s：Y-z eo ii t e；!-bu t y r o i a c t o n e；!-hy d r o xy i py rr o ii d o n e；k i n e t i c s含0 杂环化合物的取代反应是一类重要反应，由此可以合成许多中间体。

哈利波特与火焰杯第16章英文In the heart of the Forbidden Forest, Harry Potter and his friends faced a chilling sight. The Dark Mark, a symbol of Voldemort's return, had been burned into the bark of a tree, sending a shiver of fear throughout the school. Asthe Triwizard Tournament drew to a close, the excitementand anticipation were overshadowed by this ominous portent. Harry, Ron, and Hermione gathered around the fire, discussing the implications of the Dark Mark's appearance. They knew that Voldemort's influence was growing stronger, and with it, the danger to Hogwarts and the wizarding world. "It's as if he's taunting us," said Hermione, her voice trembling with fear. "He's challenging us to find him.""We will," Harry replied firmly. "We have to."The next day, the school was abuzz with rumors and speculation. Some students believed that the Dark Mark wasa hoax, a ploy to create panic. Others, however, knew the truth and were afraid.Professor Snape, as usual, was unhelpful, his cold gaze scanning the hallways as if searching for any sign oftrouble. Harry couldn't shake the feeling that the Professor knew more than he was letting on.As the final task of the Tournament drew near, the atmosphere at Hogwarts became increasingly tense. Harry, Ron, and Hermione were determined to uncover the truth behind the Dark Mark, but with Voldemort's influence spreading, they knew they were running out of time.In the end, the final task was a test of courage and loyalty. Harry faced a maze of obstacles, each one designed to test his resolve and his friendships. Through danger and deceit, he emerged victorious, but the celebration was short-lived.The Dark Mark's appearance had changed everything. Harry knew that he and his friends would have to face a new challenge, one that would test their strength and wisdom even more than the Triwizard Tournament.As the school year drew to a close, Harry looked out over the Forbidden Forest, his gaze fixed on the Dark Mark burned into the tree. He knew that the struggle against Voldemort had just begun, and he was ready to face it head on.**哈利波特与火焰杯：疑云重重的黑魔标记**在禁忌森林的深处，哈利·波特和他的朋友们目睹了一个令人胆寒的景象。

美英报刊阅读教程Lesson16课⽂Lesson 16 The Price of BeautyThe government’s sudden decision to ask for a halt to breast-enlargement operations because they might be unsafe has terrified 2m women who have had them. Is America’s obsession with looking good unhealthy?11. “Get in shape” orders the cover of the latest issue of Los Angeles magazine. Alongside articles detailing where Madonna works out and recommending “apres-shop spas2” are familiar advertisements offering a quicker route to beauty through “facial sculpture”, liposuction and breast enhancement3. Cosmetic operations, once closely kept secrets, now appear as prizes in southern Californian charity raffles4. Meanwhile morticians complain that silicone implants, which do not burn, are clogging up their crematoriums.52. Los Angeles, a desert city which made up for its lack of natural endowments by stealing other people’s water and building its own port, is an appropriate capital for America’s $3 billion cosmetic-surgery industry. Nearly half the world’ s cosmetic surgeons live in America; a third of those work in California. Cosmetic surgery arguably began in San Francisco in 1964 when a topless dancer, Carol Doda, caused a national sensation by increasing her appeal with the help of 20 silicone injections.3. Until recently the most remarkable thing about cosmetic surgery in America, was how unremarkable it was. There were probably 2m cosmetic “procedures” in 1991-six times the total in 1981. It is no longer news that stars such as Michael Jackson, Liz Taylor and Cher have “gon e under the knife”; one talk-show hostess, Joan Rivers, talks about her body’s ebbs and flows as if they were as natural as the tides.64. Now those “effortless’ good looks seem a little more risky. Allegedly, the silicone implants can leak and interfere with the body’s immune system. There have been over 2,000 complaints, particularly about implants which predate 1985-although cosmetic surgeons blame zealous lawyers for manufacturing concerns.7 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an inquiry last year, but initially said it would not ask for the operations to stop before it reported. It changed its mind on January 6th, reportedly because of evidence coming out in court cases. In December, for example, a woman who suffered from a ruptured implant8 was awarded $7.34m from the biggest maker of implants, Dow Corning.5. The announcement has caused more panic among American women than any medical decision since a contraceptive device9, the Dalkon Shield, was removed from the market in 1974. Some 2m women have had implants, 80% of them for cosmetic reasons; the rest had “reconstructive” medical surgery following cancer treatment. The waiting list for implants by one Californian doctor used to be six months; it is now less than one month. Shares in implant makers have slumped.106. Such second thoughts are overdue.” For all its glittering advocates, cosmetic surgery is the only type of medicine where a perfectly healthy patient is cut up. (This, of course, omits reconstructive operations to repair burns or replace missing breasts.) Eight out of ten cosmetic operations are performed outside proper hospitals-some in operating rooms that look more like offices. Warnings of side-effects rarely appear in advertisements; nor do the records of the eager surgeons. Since it is “elective” surgery, not covered by insurance, few of the normal rules apply.7. Inside the industry rumours of malpractice are rife12. One senior plastic surgeon says that hehas a list of peers who he “wouldn’t let touch my dog’s haemorrhoids”.13 The American Medical Association seldom intervenes; neither, until recently, did the FDA. The cosmetic industry itself is split into several warring associations, who refuse to co-operate even on statistics, let alone standards and certification14.Bigger and bigger8. New rules may discipline the industry, but they are unlikely to stop it growing unless the American obsession with physical beauty sours. So far, surgeons say the recession has done more harm to their business than the bad publicity about breast implants; hence their confidence that trade will pick up. That still leaves two questions unanswered: why is cosmetic surgery so popular in America; and, even if it is safe, is it a good thing?9. A string of global industries-fashion, cosmetics, fitness-show that it is not just Americans who want to look good. A few countries, notably Brazil and Japan, have fast-growing cosmetic-surgery businesses. But America stands out as the only country where cosmetic surgery carries virtually no stigma. That is partly the result of good marketing. As many as 15,000 doctors now rely on cosmetic surgery for a fair chunk of their income-and they are allowed to advertise aggressively.10. However, on the whole, America’ s cosmetic-surgery business has been built on demand rather than supply. That demand comes from Americans of all ages, classes and races. One recent survey found that nearly one in three patients had an income below $25,000 a year-not much when most operations cost over $3,000.11. According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, breast enlargement, which costs between $2,000 and $4,000, was only the tenth most popular cosmetic procedure in 1990. Topping the wish list was sclerotherapy (the removal of spider veins15 in the legs), followed by collagen injections to get rid of facial lines, then nose-jobs, lip-jobs and liposuction (fat removal). But among clients of the rival American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, breast enlargement, collagen injections and eyelid surgery were roughly equal as the three most popular operations.12. When pushed to defend their trade, cosmetic surgeons argue that “vanity surgery” is often just an extension of reconstructive surgery. For example, redesigning the nose of a young boy, perpetually :eased because of his prominent conk16, can turn a problem teenager into a well-adjusted man. Cosmetic survey follows two great American traditions: a refusal to surrender to an environment and a willingness to give people a second chance. What is the difference, some ask, between removing excess fat in an hour on the operating table and three months in the gym? “I don’t intend to grow old gracefully,17” says a woman in a television advertisement for an ambitious skin cream, “I intend to fight it every step of the way.”13. Many, however, admit that there is a darker side. Psychologists point out that many operations are not to get rid of deformity18, but to make perfectly good looks even better. The Los Angeles Times recently reported that the beginning of the swimsuit season prompts a rush of breast implants; school reunions are good for the face-lift business.Growing old gracelessly14. Such competitive narcissism19 stretches into employment too. Larry Schoenrock of the University of California at San Francisco points out that good-looking people are more likely to get jobs. Most are women aiming to please prospective male bosses; but many male patients citetheir careers as the chief reason for going under the scalpel20.15. For ethnic minorities, the most popular operations are ones that change their racial characteristics. Asians want wider eyes; blacks want thinner lips. Critics say this is surrendering their identities to the white stereotypes that appear on the media. Surgeons say the point is more subtle: minorities want to de-emphasise rather than eradicate their looks21. For example, one Californian surgeon says that many blacks specifically ask that, after their operations, they should not look like Michael Jackson, who now has a “white” nose and “white” skin.16. Some trend-spotters22 detect the beginnings of a reaction against the knife. Non-surgical methods to reduce wrinkles, such as electronic massage machines, are selling fast. Last year the number of face-lifts completed increased by less than 1%. Cosmetic surgery can only hold back age; it cannot defeat it.23 Mr. Jackson, who has been described as the PeterPan24 of the music industry, might reflect on Maurice Chevalier’s sanguine attitude25 to the appearance of a few wrinkles. “I prefer old age to the alternative,” he said.From The Economist, January llth, 1992。

新视野研究生英语读说写2英语原文加翻译及课后答案1.大学课堂：还有人在听吗？Towardthemiddleofthesemester,Fowkesfellillandmissedaclass.Whenhereturned,theprofessornoddedvaguelRan d,toFowkes’sastonishment,begantodelivernottheneRtlectureinthesequencebuttheoneafter.Hadhe,infact,lecturedtoan emptRhallintheabsenceofhissolitarRstudent?FowkesthoughtitperfectlRpossible.在学期中间，Fowkes因病缺了一次课。

他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。

接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。

难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。

TodaRAmericancollegesanduniversities(originallRmodeledonGermanones)areunderstrongattackfrommanRqu arters.Teachers,itischarged,arenotdoingagoodjobofteaching,andstudentsarenotdoingagoodjoboflearning.Americanb usinessesandindustriessufferfromunenterprising,uncreativeeRecutiveseducatednottothinkforthemselvesbuttomouth outdatedtruismstherestoftheworldhaslongdiscarded.Collegegraduateslackbothbasicskillsandgeneralculture.Studiesa reconductedandreportsareissuedonthestatusofhighereducation,butanRchangesthatresulteitherarelargelRcosmeticor makeabadsituationworse.今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets《哈利波特与密室》Chapter SixteenThe Chamber of Secrets第16章密室‘A ll those times we were in that bathroom, and she was just three toilets away,’said Ron bitterly at breakfast next day, ‘and we could’ve asked her, and now ...’“当时我们就在那个盥洗室里，离她只隔三个抽水马桶，都没有能够问她。

”第二天吃早饭的时候，罗恩苦恼地说，“现在……”It had been hard enough trying to l ook for spid ers. Escaping their teachers l ong enough to sneak into a girls' bathroom, the girls' bathroom, moreover, right next to the scene of the first attack, was going to be almost impossibl e.这些日子，寻找蜘蛛就已经够他们受的了。

要想长时间地避开老师，溜进女生盥洗室─这个女生盥洗室不在别处，偏偏就在第一次攻击事件现场的隔壁─这简直是不可能的事。

But something happened in their first l esson, Transfiguration, which drove the Chamber of Secrets out of their minds for the first time in weeks. Ten minutes into the class, Professor McGonagall tol d them that their exams woul d start on the first of June, one week from today.然而，就在上午第一节的变形课上，发生了一件事情，使他们几个星期来第一次把密室的事忘到了脑后。

第24卷第1期化学反应工程与工艺V ol 24,N o 12008年2月Chemical Reactio n Engineering and T echnolog yF eb .2008文章编号:1001-7631(2008)01-061-05收稿日期:2007-09-25;修订日期:2008-01-12作者简介:贺　涛(1981-),男,硕士研究生;刘晓勤(1958-),女,教授,博士生导师,通讯联系人。

E -mail :liuxq @njut .edu .cn均相催化碳酸乙烯酯水解反应动力学贺　涛　刘定华　刘晓勤(南京工业大学化学化工学院,材料化学工程国家重点实验室,江苏　南京　210009)摘要:在反应温度为353～368K ,NY -1催化剂初始浓度为0.09mol /L ,水与碳酸乙烯酯物质量比为1.5的条件下,对碳酸乙烯酯均相催化水解反应进行了实验研究。

确定了反应体系总体积的变化规律为:反应溶液体积收缩率在实验条件下为一常数,总体积与碳酸乙烯酯转化率成线性关系。

结合反应体系特征,提出了动力学模型,确定了实验条件下碳酸乙烯酯水解反应速率方程式。

研究结果表明,在碳酸乙烯酯NY -1催化水解体系中,碳酸乙烯酯和水的反应级数分别为0.5和1.5,表观活化能为49864.5J /mol ,指前因子为4.32×106L /(mol ·h )。

关键词:碳酸乙烯酯;乙二醇;水解;动力学中图分类号:TQ 223.1 文献标识码:A目前工业生产乙二醇的主要方法是环氧乙烷直接水合法。

为了提高乙二醇的选择性,减少副产物多甘醇的生成,水与环氧乙烷的摩尔比高达22～25,导致产品的提浓和精制负荷增加,存在工艺流程长,能耗高,设备大等缺点。

国内外许多生产企业和研究机构致力于开发低水比的新方法,以期降低乙二醇生产成本。

碳酸乙烯酯水解法是目前最具工业应用价值的新工艺之一,由以下两步组成:(1)环氧乙烷与二氧化碳加压合成碳酸乙烯酯(Ethy lene Carbonate ,简称EC );(2)碳酸乙烯酯水解得到乙二醇(Ethy lene Glycol ,简称EG )。