Consumer Behavior：Consumers Rule

如何应对经济危机英语作文Economic crises are complex and challenging periods that can have far-reaching impacts on individuals, businesses, and nations. They are characterized by a sharp downturn in economic activity, often marked by high unemployment, falling incomes, and reduced consumer spending. Here's a look at some strategies that can be employed to navigate through such tumultuous times.1. Government Intervention: Governments play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of an economic crisis. They can stimulate the economy through fiscal policies, such as increasing public spending on infrastructure projects or offering tax incentives to encourage business investment and consumer spending.2. Monetary Policy: Central banks can use monetary policy tools to manage the crisis. This includes lowering interest rates to encourage borrowing and investment, or implementing quantitative easing to inject liquidity into the financial system.3. Regulatory Reforms: Strengthening financial regulations can help prevent future crises. This may involve more stringent oversight of financial institutions, ensuring transparency, and enforcing rules to limit risky behaviors that can lead to systemic risk.4. Personal Financial Management: Individuals shouldfocus on building an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses. Reducing debt and living within one's means canalso provide a buffer against economic downturns.5. Investment Diversification: Investors should diversify their portfolios to spread risk. This can involve investingin a mix of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and commodities, which may perform differently under various economic conditions.6. Education and Skill Development: During economic downturns, it's essential to invest in education and skills that are in demand. This can improve employability and help individuals adapt to a changing job market.7. Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Encouraging entrepreneurship can lead to job creation and economic growth. Governments can support this by providing startup incentives, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and fostering a culture of innovation.8. International Cooperation: Economic crises often have global implications. Countries should work together through international organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bankto coordinate responses and prevent protectionist measuresthat can exacerbate the crisis.9. Social Safety Nets: Strengthening social safety nets can protect the most vulnerable during economic downturns.This includes unemployment benefits, food assistance programs, and healthcare support.10. Consumer Behavior: Consumers can contribute by making informed decisions, such as supporting local businesses,which can help maintain economic activity at the community level.In conclusion, responding to an economic crisis requiresa multifaceted approach that involves both collective and individual actions. By working together, governments, businesses, and individuals can help mitigate the effects ofa downturn and set the stage for a stronger economic recovery.。

高三英语市场营销单选题60题1. In the marketing field, "brand awareness" means the extent to which consumers ______ a particular brand.A. recognizeB. realizeC. understandD. know答案：A。

“recognize”有“认出、识别”之意，在市场营销中“brand awareness”强调消费者对特定品牌的识别程度，A 选项符合语境。

B 选项“realize”意为“实现、意识到”；C 选项“understand”是“理解”；D 选项“know”表示“知道、了解”，但不如“recognize”在这种语境下准确。

2. A successful marketing campaign often depends on the ______ of the target audience.A. identificationB. classificationC. determinationD. recognition答案：A。

“identification”有“识别、确定”的意思，这里指成功的营销活动通常依赖于对目标受众的确定，A 选项符合。

B 选项“classification”是“分类”；C 选项“determination”是“决心”；D 选项“recognition”侧重“认出、承认”，均不符合此处语境。

3. The main goal of marketing is to increase the ______ of productsor services.A. saleB. salesC. sellD. selling答案：B。

“sales”是“销售额、销售量”的意思，“increase the sales”表示增加销售量或销售额，A 选项“sale”是单数形式，通常不这样使用；C 选项“sell”是动词；D 选项“selling”是动名词形式，此处需要名词“sales”，B 选项正确。

消费者行为学1、Consumer Behavior消费者行为的定义(掌握英文)The behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs.2、消费者的两种类型（掌握英文）Personal ConsumerThe individual who buys goods and services for his or her own use, for household use, for the use of a family member, or for a friend.Organizational ConsumerA business, government agency, or other institution (profit or nonprofit) that buys the goods, services, and/or equipment necessary for the organization to function.3、市场调研The Consumer Research Process•Secondary research•Primary research–Qualitative–Quantitative定性调研：访谈，投射法（深入）定量调研：问卷调研Qualitative Research•Depth Interviews •Focus Groups •Projective Techniques •Metaphor Analysis Quantitative Research •Observation •Experimentation •Survey questionnaires4、市场细分英文Segmentation: process of dividing the market into subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics.可分为：Age、Gender、Marital Status、Family Life-cycle、Income, Education, and Occupation.5、消费者调查流程The Consumer Research Process7、消费者动机含义、类型含义：Motivation as a Psychological Force 动机是心理驱动力•Motivation 动机is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action.类型：Rational versus Emotional Motives 理性动机vs. 情感动机•Rationality implies that consumers select goals based on totally objective criteria, such as size, weight, price, or miles per gallon•Emotional motives imply the selection of goals according to personal or subjective criteria马斯洛需求等级，麦克力兰需求三重奏-------需求系统（中英文都掌握）Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs自我实现self-actualization(self-fulfillment)尊重需求ego needs(prestige,status,self-esteem)归属需求social needs(affection,friendship,belonging)安全需求safety and security needs(protection,order,stability)生理需求physiological needs(food,water,air,shelter,sex)A Trio of Needs 戴维·麦克利兰美国社会心理学•Power 权力–individual’s desire to control environment•Affiliation 归属–need for friendship, acceptance, and belonging•Achievement 成就–need for personal accomplishment–closely related to egoistic 利己的and self-actualization 自我实现needs8、学习与记忆的定义（英文）Definition of Consumer Learning•学习：过去经验导致的行为变化。

中英文名词解释第一章导言Consumer behavior: The term consumer behavior is defined as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs.消费者行为学：消费者在寻求、购买、使用、评价和处理他们期望能够满足其需求的产品和服务过程中所表现出的行为。

Consumer decision making: In put, process, out put.消费者决策：输入、处理、输出Consumer research: Methodology used to study consumer behavior.消费者研究：描述用以研究消费者行为的过程与工具。

Marketing concept: A consumer-oriented marketing philosophy that focuses on the needs of the buyers and the profits through customer satisfaction.市场营销观念：关注买方的需求通过顾客满意来创造利润的顾客导向的市场营销哲学。

Organizational consumer: A business, government agency, or other institution (profit or nonprofit) that buys the goods, services, and/or equipment necessary for the organization to function.组织消费者：包括盈利和非盈利的商业单位、政府机构和各种组织机构，它们必须购买产品、设备和服务来维持组织的运转。

Chapter 1 Consumer Rule1.Consumer behavior(消费者行为):the study of the process involved when individuals or groups select,purchase,use,or dispose of products,services,ideas,or experience to satisfy needs and desires.※2.Relationship marketing(关系营销):interact with customers regularly;give them reasons to maintain a bond with the company.3.Database marketing(数据库营销):tracking specific consumers’buying habits and crafting products and messages tailored precisely to people’s wants.4.C2C e-commerce:(consumer to consumer activity) the new world of virtual brand communities.5.Business ethics(商业道德):are rules of conduct that guide action in the marketplace----the standards against which most people in a culture judge what is right and what is wrong,good or bad.Chapter 2 Perception1.Sensory systems感觉系统Sensation感觉: is the immediate response of our sensory receptors(eyes,ears,nose,mouth,and,fingers)to,basicstimuli(light,color,sound,odor,and texture).Perception知觉:is the process by which sensations are selected,organized,and interpreted.Hedonic Consumption享乐消费: multisensory,fantasy,and emotional aspects of consumers’ interactions with products.2.Sensory marketing感觉营销:companies pay extra attention to the impact of sensations on our product experiences.3.Absolute threshold绝对阈限:the minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected on a given sensory channel.4.Different threshold差别阈限:ability of a sensory system to detect changes or differences between two stimuli/5.Weber’s law韦伯定律: the amount of change required for the perceiver to notice a change is systematically related to the intensity of the original stimulus.K=Ii∆K=a constant(this varies across the senses)i∆=the minimal change in intensity of the stimulus required to produce a j.n.d.I=the intensity of the stimulus where the change occurs.6.Subliminal perception阈下知觉:occurs when stimulus is below the level of the consumer’s awareness.7.Sensory overload感官超载:consumers exposed to far more information than they can process.8.Perceptual selection:people attend to only a small portion of the stimuli to which they are exposed.9.Perceptual vigilance知觉警惕:consumers are more likely to be aware of stimuli that relate to their current needs.10.Perceptual defense知觉防御:people see what they want to see--and don’t see what they don’t want to see. 11.Adaptation适应:the degree to which consumers continue to notice a stimulus over time.12.Semiotics符号学:is the study of the correspondence between signs and symbols and their roles in how we assign meanings.13.Perceptual positioning知觉定位:constitutes the product’s market position,and it may have more to do with our expectations of product performance as communicated by its color,packaging,or styling with the product itself.14.Perceptual map知觉地图:a vivid way to paint a picture of where products or brands are”located”in consumers’ minds.Chapter 3 Learning and memory1.Behavioral learning theories行为学习理论:assume that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events.2.Classical conditioning经典条件反射理论:a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially doe not elicit a response on its own.3.Instrumental conditioning(also operant conditioning)工具性条件反射:the individual learns to perform behaviors that produce positive outcomes and to avoid those that yield negative outcomes.4.Stimulus generalization刺激泛化:tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar,unconditioned responses.5.Stimulus discrimination刺激辨别:occurs when a UCS does not folloiw a stimulus similar to a CS.指对于相近但不同的刺激学会做出不同反应的过程。