Week 1 讲义

2nd week1. Identify the errors in manuscript form in the following paragraph from a paper. Explain the errors in the spaces below.“ the trouble with perfectionists”Of all kinds of people, perfectionists bother me the most. They want to get thins right; that is admirable. They are certainly not like a lot of people who just do not care about their jobs or anything else. But once you get to know a perfectionist, you will feel the same as I.2. Specific and General Words.Classroom Activities one:Read the following sentences, underline the general words in them and see how you can add power to them by replacing the general words with specific ones.Vague -----when I was young, we moved from one area to another.Revised ------ when I was eight years old, we move from Detroit to Ohio.V-----the patient’s wound was treated.V-----your relative is nice to me.V-----John is a good student.Here are some suggestions to help you choose concrete and specific words.a)Use the most specific word you can to describe something. eg: you can use German shepherd instead of dog, usetulips(郁金香) instead of flowers; use Boeing 747 instead of plane; use Uncle Tom instead a relative; use a bad headache instead of sick; use Gone with the Wind i n stead of a book; and use 17 degrees below zero instead of very cold.b)Verbs are among the most expressive words in language;. Using a verb that most vividly describes an action canbring a sentence to life.Weak verbs---- the man did badly in front of a large audience.Revised ----- the man panicked(恐慌) in front of a large audience.W----I don’t care for noodles and choose not to eat them.W----the boy walked into the classroomc)use words that are clear and appropriate for the topic. Don’t use words that aren’t common in conversation, andin particula r, don’t chose big words to impress the readers rather that to communicate ideas clearly.Big verbs------ John displayed an element of delight over the acquisition of a stereo system of unquestionable quality.Revised ---- John was thrilled to buy a high-quality stereo system.B---- my eyesight is getting worse.B----those lately purchased chairs that rock to and fro were of a very steep price.d)whenever possible, show the readers something instead of telling them about it.Telling ----Myrtle has a good sense of humor.Revised:----Myrtle loves to tell funny stories about her childhood and to play practical jokes on her friends.T----the math test was easy.T----Matthew put up a good fight against the bully. Bully(欺凌弱小者)Classroom Activities Two:Classroom Activities ThreeNow can you make the following narration more concrete?It was fine last weekend, so we went to the countryside and had a good time. We saw many things and people there. And we had a wonderful time.3. Textbook P19-20. Idiomatic expression V.S. Chinglish1) Avoid Literal translationHis body is very healthyHe only said a few sentences. He made us very disappointed.His two eyes are blind.Please help us to propagate this new product. （请帮我们宣传一下这个新产品）He is self-concerned and individualistic. (他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了)2) Collocation4. Input reading materialsThe PresentIt was the old lad y’s birthday.She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the t little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.Today she was sure there would be something. Myra wouldn’t forget her mother’s birthday, ev en if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged.The old lady was proud of Myra, but Enid was the daughter she loved. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.One evening, however, Enid said, “I’ve arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital ----- just a m inor operation. I’ll soon be home.”In the morning she went, but never came back----- she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast.Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.The old lady was eighty today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps---perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at.Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Two spots of color brightened her cheeks. She was excited ---like a child. She would enjoy her day.Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with packet of mints, and said he wouldn’t go out to play until the post had come.“ I guess you’ll get lots and lots of presents,” he said. “I did last week when I was six.”“What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blue’s such a pretty color. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door.“Granny, granny,” he shouted, “I’ve got your post.”He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra’s writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment.“N o parcel, Johnnie?”///“No, G ranny.”Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday---buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present,her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.5．Writing Task 1) Describe an incident happened in your life, and apply the principle of choosing specific and concrete words. 2) Read from P20 to P21, synonyms3rd Week1. Check Reading Task2. Meaning of Words :Denotation Meaning and Connotative Meaning:I am slender/slim /// my sister is thin. /// my neighbor is skinny.I am plump. /// my sister is fat. /// my neighbor is obese.I am firm /// my sister is stubborn /// my neighbor is pig-headed.Many words have powerful political, sexist, or other social overtones. Because they may cause misunderstanding when used in the unsuitable situation, writers must be certain of their connotations before they decide to choose them.AttitudeIn all kinds of writing, the words you choose may do more than inform. The selection of a word often reveals how your feel about your subject, whether you are please, angry, critical or admiring.Classroom activities one:Classroom activities two:Fill in the blanks with words in the above table:1)He has the most _______ distinction of having written speeches which were effective when delivered.2)Many of the managing posts are filled up by ________ people only because they happen to have the habit of orderingpoor people about.3)I was _______ by your invitation to come to this party.4)He thought his landlady was a mean ________.5)Hurray! End of my single life! Not an old and bad-tempered _________any more!Classroom activities three:Can you detect in the following pairs of sentences how the writer’s attitude changes from the first sentence to the second one? Point out the words that indicate the change.1)Jerry nagged at me to walk the dog.Jerry reminded me to walk the dog.2)Gloria was tall and bony. As she left, she hung a fur jacket around her shoulders.Gloria was tall and slender. As she left, she draped a fur jacket round her shoulders.3)Grandmother said Dad was a mama’s boy all his life.Grandmother said Dad was a devoted son all his life.4. Input ReadingDealing with AIDSDealing with AIDS strengthens the bond of friendship, encourages emotional and mature growth. Before the sixteenth of October 1995, I was the most carefree person in the world. I had no worries and was just living life up. I never thought that anything bad could happen to me or my friends. We were invincible. That is, until the word AIDS came into my life. For 10 years David and I were the best of friends. Then we got to high school and things started to change. We were in different classes, so we didn’t hang out as much. It bothered me but I thought that we were both just growing up, and therewere more friends where he came from. Then I began to notice that he wasn’t in school a lot, and was sick more than usual. So I called him and he hung up on me. I didn’t know what to do, so once again I blew it off. Then one day I was David in the mall and I confronted him as to why we were not friends anymore. He pulled me aside and broke down in tears and said that he was dying. I didn’t believe him. Sure, I had heard about AIDS, but that it was a homosexual disease and it didn’t affect young people, so said that it was a sick joke and left.When I got home, things started to make sense. I ran to my room and cried. David was only 17; he couldn’t die. Then I felt so bad that we had grown so far apart. I called David, asking him to come over so we could talk. When he came over I saw a seriousness in him that I had never seen before. He look so old, too old for his age. I asked how it happened. David had had unprotected sex once and now had to pay with his life. I was so angry. I have never felt so powerless in my whole life. When things had gone wrong before this, I could always rely on my parents to make things better. There was nothing that they could do this time. I had to handle it all on my own.David and I became very close again, and it seemed that I was the only one there for him. David made the decision to tell people about his disease. There was no use in hiding it; sooner or later people would find out. People looked at him as if he had a plague, and our friends from school wanted nothing to do with him. Soon after that they wanted nothing to do with me. All of a sudden I felt that I had the disease. I didn’t know what to do. My whole life was changing so fast that I could keep up. Once again I was growing up and realized that our friendship meant everything to me. Also, I couldn’t turn my back on him when he needed me the most. So I stuck it out and lost most of my friends. The ones that still talked with me didn’t come too close in fear that they would catch the disease. The thing was, I didn’t even have AIDS, so why did my friends treat me like this? I was being treated this way because teenagers are not used to dealing with situations like this, and don’t know how to react. So how could I blame them since I would have done the same thing? As time went on, David became very ill. There was nothing that I could do but watch him die. David found out that he had full blown AIDS, This to me meant death was sure to come and all too quickly. I wasn’t ready to let him die, not yet anyway. There was so many things that I wanted to do and say, but I couldn’t find the words. I went to doctor after doctor with him, and saw him go through so much. Everyone said that I must keep a position attitude for his sake, because attitude means everything. So, in times of stress I was the one that had to keep thins together. I pushed all my emotions aside and was strong for him.My mom had had a trip planned for the whole family for some time now, and still wanted to go. She thought that the trip would do me good; she said that I was not the one that was dying. I couldn’t believe that she said that to me, but to make her happy I went. We were gone for 2 weeks, and when I came back the first thing I did was go to see David. That was when I saw AIDS for the first time. I didn’t even recognize him. David had lost weight, had purple lesions all over his body, and was very pale. He couldn’t even get up when he saw me. He was bedridden. I still had to be the strong one and keep everything in. I had brought him stuff from the ocean, his favorite place. We talked about my trip and anything else we could think of. Then he fell asleep because he could no longer stay awake for long periods of time.On the second of May 1996, David was put in the hospital. This gave him the feeling that there was no more hope left, that he was going die, I still had to maintain my positive outlook for him. He needed that in me. One day he looked at me and said. “Faye I am dying; let’s accept that and deal with it. I know what I did was wrong and now I have to deal with it. All I want you to do is to remember me, enjoy life and be careful.” For the first time in front of him, I cried. I knew that it wouldn’t be long before he was gone forever. He shouldn’t have to deal with this at such a young age.Towards the end of May he became so sick that the hospital staff had a bubble around him, so he wouldn’t catch our bad germs. I hated to see him like that, and every day it became worse. I had come to realize that any day now he would die. At night I would wonder if he would make it through. School was over now, so I spent every hour I could in the hospital. He was everything to me. If felt bad for the times that we had los and how I wasn’t even going to fight for our friendship.The fifth of June, 1996 marked the end of my best friend David’s life. He went peacefully. That was a comfort all in its own. In a way I was glad it was over, for he was no longer in pain. All the emotions that I had held in came rushing out as I realized that I would never see David again. His mother said that I had kept him alive and that she was grateful that I was her son’s last friend. It hasn’t been a year yet, but I have done so much since then that I am no longer that carefree teenager. I now educate people about AIDS which to me is keeping David’s memory alive. Even though David is gone, heis still with me and always will be, in mind and spirit.5. Writing Task My Family (apply the principle of choosing specific and concrete words.)6. Reading Task Read from P17-184th WeekCockroach ConflictBefore coming to Xiamen University, I had never seen so many people living in one room, let alone cockroaches, the number of which is even greater. So our dormitory is always overcrowded. Fights between us eight girls and those small ugly-looking dark creatures are continually breaking out.I still remember my first encounter with cockroaches. It was deep in the night. All of my roommates had fallen into a sound sleep except me, for I had some clothes to wash. When I came back and opened the door, I heard a strange noise, faint abut clear. I looked towards the source of the noise. To my horror, I saw a small shadow at the tip of a bed pole, with two spots glittering in the dark. It could only be a cockroach. With the help of the dim light from the corridor, I confirmed my assumption. The cockroach was conducting his “beetle band” playing beetle music for their beetle party. I did not like this. So I quietly picked up a book and tiptoed to the pole. Holding my breath, I tried hard not to make any noise. Then, close enough, I slowly lifted up the book. “hit it!”I cried in silence. But unfortunately, I missed. It seemed that the cockroach had been ready for my attack. Before my book reached him, he had run away. The whole band scattered out of sight in a second.This is only one scene of the numerous fights that went on. We, the two masters of the dorm, live under the same roof, breathe the same air, and sometimes even share the same food. But we live a totally upside-down life from each other. During the day, they enjoy a sound sleep in corners; when the night falls, they wake up. They may run a 100-meter-race on the table, have a picnic in the plastic bag where food is kept, “read” some books or even fall in love with each other and have many babies. To the cockroaches, all this is fantastic. But for us it is a disaster. Every night we are disturbed in our sleep, and from time to time we wake up only to find our books rag-eared, food nibbled, candy boxes decorated with their excrement, or even a cockroach walking on your bed…Oh God! How can a girl bear this? So whenever this happens, a fight is unavoidable. We use pesticide, beat them or tread on them, trying to get rid of these nuisances. But somehow they just become more agile, “read” more books and have more children in return.Even now, the fights are continuing. There seems to be no effective ways for us to wipe out our enemy. As a result, we have to live in a continual fight with them, day after day. Who would be our savior?Meaning of Words :Classroom Activities OneThe following three excerpts are taken from different types of business writing. Please answer the questions after reading. a. What is the style of each excerpt? Is it formal, informal, or colloquial? Mark the words that give you the impression. b. What is the possible relationship between the writer and target reader of each excerpt? Are they colleagues or a superior and subordinate? Or are they friends?Excerpt 1I think your proposal to Smith and Sons is great. If we get the contract, I owe you a lunch! I’ve marked a couple of places where we could cover ourselves on the schedule. See what you think.Except 2I think your proposal to Smith and Sons is excellent. I have marked a couple of places for your consideration where we could ensure that we are not committing ourselves to schedule we might not be able to keep. If I can help in any other way, please let me know.Excerpt 3The Smith and Sons’ proposal appears complete and thorough, based on our department’s evaluation. Several small revisions, however, would ensure that Acme is not committing itself to an unrealistic schedule. These are marked on the copy of the report being circulated.Specific features that distinguish informal and formal English P286-2911)Contractions likes don’t, mustn’t, he’s,I’ve, etc, are generally used in informal writing. In formal writing the fullforms are preferred: do not, must not, etc.2)for indefinite reference you is often used informal English while one is often used in formal English.You never know what new measures the President will take.One never knows what new measures the President will take.3)In informal English who can be used instead of whom as an object in questions.Who (Whom) did you see in that room?Who is the secretary talking with?With whom is the secretary talking? (Formal)4)In informal English that can often be left out before an object clause, especially after verbs of saying or thinking, e.g.She said (that) she would come. He told me (that) he liked the house.5)in informal style they is often used as a pronoun referring to everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone,anybody, no one, nobody, e.g.Has everyone finished doing their exercises?6)when the subject is I or he( she, it), was can be used in stead of were in the subjunctive mood in informal style:The old lady treated him as if he was her own son.I wish he was here with us.7)Participial phrases are generally used in formal style:Having been warned of the impending(即将发生的) storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage.( less formal)Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirits.The team was badly defeated in the match, and they returned in low spirits. (less formal)She decided to go home at once, knowing that her mother was anxiously waiting for her.She decided to go home at once. She knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her. (less formal)8)Nominative absolute constructions are generally used in formal style:The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. (less formal)9)Adjectival and adverbial phrases placed before the subject often make the sentence formal:A famous professor of biology, Dr. Jones was the new president of the university.Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.10)parenthetical remarks often make a sentence formal:This village has built, in less than ten years, several small factories that bring in more income than the farm produce every year.He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink.All the people present------ Chairman Smith, Professor Brown, James and Williams, and the secretary----supported the motion. (动议)11)A series of nouns, verbs, or adjectives may make a sentence sound formal:His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and listening to anything.She has experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.12)the following types of sentences are often used in formal style:long sentences; compound-complex sentences; sentences with parallel constructions;balanced sentences; and periodic sentences. Passive voice.Eg: She decided to study English though she was interested in music.Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to study English. The idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second, thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one. Besides, the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure, but that of the second is only an adverbial clause and cannot be called a sentence without the second part.13)As for vocabulary, everyday words are mainly of Anglo Saxon origin, while words of Greek, French and Latin originsare mostly formal or learned words ( see chapter two, p17-18). It would be helpful, when you learn a formal word, to remember an informal word with the same or nearly the same meaning, for example:不正式（informal ）正式(formal)so therefore, consequently, accordinglybut howeververy extremelydeep profoundlucky fortunateenough sufficientend terminateraise elevatesame identicallearned erudite14)Phrasal verbs are colloquial and often used in conversational style.Go on continuelook into investigate15)Shortened words like photo, ad, bike, gym, prep and pop are commonly used in everyday conversation. They are notoften used in formal writing.16)Slang words and expressions are often too casual and informal to be used in formal writing.Slang commonMighty very, extremelyNeat, cool fine, pleasantIn hot water in troubleMake a hit succeed in doing something17)use concrete words and expressions: avoid vague or imprecise terms, eg. Avoid bit, thing, stuff, etc.4. WritingTask: Rewrite the following passage by using formal English.Studying AbroadMany of our best students are going abroad nowadays to study. Why do they go? We have very good universities and colleges in our own country. Our teachers know our local situation, and so what they teach is relevant to local problems.When our students go abroad, they meet many problems. They find that their teachers know nothing about the countries from which they come. As a result our students learn a lot of useless information. Sometimes they are confused because the foreign teachers tell them things which are different from what they learned at home.Our students have to study in a foreign language. Therefore they have language problems. Whatgood is studying in English if they are going to work in their own language when they come back?There is also the question of cost. It is very expensive to send a student to study abroad. Because of this our government has less money to spend on education at home. In my opinion, it would be better to spend the money on improving our own colleges and universities.Finally, our students come back with many immoral ideas. For this reason studying abroad is corrupting our culture and way of life. I think this is disastrous. So, I believe that students should stay at home to study and not go abroad.5th Week1. Comments on Students’ Writing My FamilyWhen I think back through good memories of my life, most of them are in some way associated with my family. Family is the one constant that has always been a part of me, my rock against the storms of life. I can’t imagine life without my Mom and Dad, and I hope they’re around for a long, long time.The one thing my folks always had for me, as well as for my brother, was time. I was on a swim team from the time I was ten years old through high school, and I don’t ever remember them missing one of my meets. They were always there rooting me on, congratulating me when I did well and consoling me when I did poorly. It was the same with all my activities: volleyball, basketball, school plays, back-to-school nights, you name it. I never had to worry about my folks not showing up or not caring about what I was doing. I could count on them.I’ve also done my share of leaning on their shoulders over the year. I never felt there was anything I couldn’t tell my Mom and Dad, and I am the kind who has to get it all out when I have a problem. Over the years they’ve heard it all: the time in junior high when one boy was constantly bugging me, the time in high school when I got caught drinking, the time I wrecked their V olkswagen Rabbit, rough times with my former boyfriend, and on and on. They always listened to me, helped me any way they could, gave me good advice when I needed it, and always showed they cared. Even getting through my freshman year of college away from home with a “roommate from hell”was something I couldn’t have survived without many, many long-distance calls home and some timely visits from the folks.We’ve done our share of fun too. We traveled all over the state and spent lots of good times together. We loved going to movies and eating out as a family, and we still do when I get home on breaks. We also have fun just sitting around the house watching TV and eating popcorn. My parents are fun-loving people and I still have as much with them as I do with my friends. Well almost as much…….The greatest thing about family, at least about mine, is I know nothing is going to change. Whether I am twenty, thirty, or forty, I will have two very special people who care for me and want the best for me. Friends may come and go, good times and bad times lie ahead, and there are lots of uncertainties in this world. Through all of this it is really great to know that family is forever, the one constant in my life. I hope I am someday able to pass on the same sense of security and love to my own children.2.objectivity objectivity is achieved in the following ways.a)Avoid the first person pronoun I and the second person pronoun You .If the first person pronoun cannot beavoided, use we instead of I, or use third person reference like, the writer, the present author, e tc.b)when expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonal constructions. Eg:it can be seen that …..instead of youcan see;it is commonly believed that … in stead of I believe ,it is said… instead of I hear…. Other examples of impersonal constructions include: it is argued; it is found through research // research has found/ studies have revealed; it is estimated; it is contended. Etc. .Classroom Activities Two Rewrite the following sentences in more objective English.1)I failed to get the results I wanted 2）You can easily see that I have proved my theory.3）I can’t agree with this idea. 4) If you read Krashen ( 1981), you will learn a lot about his theory of language acquisition. acquisition 5) We all believe that a person who wants to learn will have a certain amount of success with the learning experience. 6) Williamson (1981) like me, believes that there is a clear distinction between language learning and language acquisitions.Classroom Activities Four Rewrite the following sentences in more formal English.1)In the way the economy is at present, many small businesses are beginning to feel the pinch. (difficulty, hardship)2)The first thing to do is to sort out the results.3)Don’t go over the top with this idea because it doesn’t hold water.4)This bit of the experiment didn’t quite come up to expectations.5)Several things must be borne in mind when evaluating EFL textbooks.6)More than half of the teachers in the developing world are fed up with large classes and very limited resources.3..Reading task read from P43—57, correct sentences。

Module 3 Making PlansUnit 1 What are you going to do at the weekend?第一课时一、学习目标(1) 理解对话并能用所给信息谈论周末计划。

(2) 掌握本单元的单词，学会用be going to do 句型。

二、学习重点go over ,on , nobody, at , nothing, silly, fantasticWhat are you going to do…? I’m going to …Are you going to…? Yes ,we are./ No, we aren’t.三、学习难点be going to do sth. ；would like的用法课前预习一、使用说明与学法指导1、必须掌握重点单词。

2、预习要注意：（1）5分钟完成单词的学习，要求读音正确。

（2）15分钟完成课文的预习，所有生单词都画出来并标注汉语，疑点做出标记，并找出导学案上的词组和句子。

3、将预习中不能解决的问题标出来，并写在我的疑问处。

二、教材助读请同学们预习课文的基础上写出下列词组，并在书本上将这些词组画线。

查询我的电子邮件______________复习功课________________上钢琴课______________________看电影__________________野餐________________________帮助做家务_________________在周末______________________在周六的早上_______________呆在家里____________________ 别傻了_____________________三、预习自测题1.翻译下列单词picnic________ housework ______ else ________ nobody _______nothing_______ fantastic________2.翻译下列短语Do homework_________ help with the housework __________see a movie___________ Check emails____________have a piano lesson________ have a picnic___________Go over lessons___________ a fantastic weekend______________四、我的疑问_________________________________________________________________课内探究1、T: What day is it today? S:Today is Friday/...T:What's the weather like？S:It's sunny/...T:What are you going to do at the week end? S:I'm going to have a picnic/...2、利用句型，根据实际情况回答问题1、—What are you going to do this Sunday?—I'm going to...2、—What is your mother going to do at the weekend? —She is going to ...3、—what are your friends going to do at the weekend?—They are going to...3、听录音掌握大意并完成Activity4.（一）1、听力练耳Listen and match (听录音，连线组成短语,然后朗读这些短语，背诵)2、Write the phrases in Activity1 and the picture.(Activity2)（二）对话处理读前听Listen to the dialogue, and answer the questions.1、Is Daming going to check his email?2、Is Betty going to a party at a friend’s home on Saturday evening?3、What is Daming going to do on Saturday afternoon?听后读：最大声、最准确的朗读对话一遍，说一说Betty和Daming的计划。

人教新目标英语八年级上册Unit 1 单元知识点讲义1.复合不定代词：指人: someone anyone no one everyone某人某人，任何人没有人每人somebody anybody nobody everybody指物：something anything nothing everything某物某物，任何事物没有东西每件事物1) 复合不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单三.Ex. Someone is waiting for you at the door.Nobody knows the answer to the question .2) some…一般用于肯定句中，any…一般用于否定句和疑问句中.Ex. There is something in the room .There isn’t anything in the room .Is there anything in the room ?I have something to do today .I don’t have anything to do today .There is someone outside the door .There isn’t anyone outside the door.Is there anyone outside the door ?3) 在表示邀请，请求，建议希望得到对方肯定回答时，用some… , 不用any…Would you like something to drink / eat ?4) 肯定句中anything 表示任何事物, anyone = anybody 任何人Ex. Anything is OK.I can do anything for you .Anybody knows the answer.5) 形容词或to do 形式修饰复合不定代词时要后置.Ex. There is nothing wrong with my car.I have something important to tell you .There isn’t anything interesting here .Do you want something to drink / eat ?6) not everybody / everyone / everything 表示部分否定，意为‘并非都…’Ex. Not everyone likes singing .Not everything goes well .not any …和no…表示全部否定Ex. He listened ,but heard nothing .He listened ,but didn’t hear anything .not anything = nothing not anyone/ body = no one / nobodyEx. There is nothing in the bottle . = There isn’t anything in the bottle.7) no one 指人，回答Who 提问, no one of … / nobody 不能加ofnothing 指物, 不能加of none 指人或物，回答Is there …? 提问none of …Ex. Who is in the room ? No one .Is there anyone in the room ? None .2.表地点复合不定副词：somewhere anywhere某地，肯定句中某地，否定句和疑问句中/ 任何地方，肯定句中nowhere everywhere没有地方到处，每个地方, 用于肯定句中Ex. I want to go somewhere interesting .3.wonderful adj. 精彩的Ex. We had a wonderful time on the beach .It is such a wonderful film that we all enjoy it .who…wonder v. 想知道what…引导的宾语从句，用陈述句语序why…Ex. I wonder who the boy is . = I want to know who the boy is .I wonder what they are doing . =I want to know what they are doing .wonder +特殊疑问词+ to doEx. I wonder what to do . = I want to know what to do . = I wonder what I should do.I wonder where to go . / I wonder how to do that .4、几乎没有few 后接可数名词复数（否）little 后接不可数名词肯 a few 有一些，后加可数名词复数quite a few 相当多，不少a little 有点，后加不可数名词quite a little相当多，不少only a few 只有一点only a littlevery few 非常少very littleEx. I have a few friends. 肯I have few friends . 否I have quite a few friends .a little 修饰adj. = kind of= a little bit5. most of the time 大部分时间most of the foodmost of us/themmost of + n. = most +n.Ex. Most of the students like English . = Most students like English .6. Of course . = Sure. = Certainly . 当然.7. 反身代词第一人称：myself ourselves 我们自己第二人称：yourself 你自己yourselves 你们自己第三人称：himself 他自己herself 她自己itself 它自己themselves 他们自己8. seem 似乎，好像1) seem to be +形容词/名词= seem + 形容词/名词似乎…Ex. That seems to be her mother . = That seems her mother .It seems to be too difficult . = It seems too difficult.2) seem to do sthHe seems to have a cold.3) It seems that + 从句.It seems that he is happy. = He seems to be happy . = He seems happy.9. adj. bored 感到无聊的修饰人boring 令人厌烦的修饰事或物I feel bored , because the movie is boring.be bored with …对…感到无聊Ex. I’m bored with the boring movie.10. keep / write a diary = keep /write diaries 记日记(keep优先使用)11. activity n. 活动activities 复数Ex. What activities did you find interesting ?12. decide 决定1) decide to do sth. 决定做某事= make a decision to do sth = make one’s mind doing sthThey decide to visit the museum.decide not to do sth 决定不要做某事decide + 疑问词+动词不定式He can not decide when to leave.2) decide + 宾语从句（陈述句语序）He can’t decide when he leaves .I can’t decide where I should go. 改为同义句I can’t decide where to go.13. try to do sth. 努力尽力去做某事Ex. You must try to pass the exam.try doing sth. 试着做某事Ex. He tried making a model plane.try one’s best to do sth = do one’s best to do sth 尽最大努力做某事Ex. You should try your best to learn English well .have a try 试一试try on 试穿Ex. Let me have a try .14. feel like1）给……的感觉，后接从句He feels like he is swimming.I felt like I was a bird.2) feel like 想要后接名词/代词/doing sthfeel like doing sth = want to do sth =would like to do sth想要做某事Do you feel like taking a walk with me ？Do you want to take a walk with me ?3) feel + 形容词, 感到…I feel bored .look +adj. sound+adj. feel +adj.look like +n. sound like+n. feel like +n.15.look 看起来taste 尝起来be( was were is am are)sound 听起来feel 感觉摸起来系动词+adj.smell 闻起来seem 似乎16. build v. 建筑n. 体格of medium build 中等身材building n. 建筑物,大楼builder n. 建筑师16.difference n. 不同点-----differences n. 复数different adj. 不同的be different from …不同于… = not the same as…Ex. 1) Chinese names are different from English names. = Chinese names aren’t the same as English names .2) I’m different from you . = I’m not the same as you .3) I can’t see the differences between the buses in the picture.n. 不同之处17. on the top of the hill在山顶, 面at the top of the hill 在山顶, 点（最高点）at the foot of the hill在山脚下walk up to the hill top 径直走向山顶come top 登顶，得第一Ex. He always comes top every exam.18. wait for + 人或物wait 不及物动词，连接forEx. I’ll wait for you at the door.He waited over an hour for the train . ( He waited for the train over an hour. )can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事Ex. The wonderful vacation , I can’t wait .19. because + 从句because of + n./ pron./ doingBecause the weather was bad, we couldn’t see anything below.Because of the bad weather, we could n’t see anything below.20. enough 1) adj足够的，修饰名词做定语We have enough time to do our homework.I have enough money .2) adv.足够地，充分地，用来修饰形容词或副词，一般置于被修饰词之后I know him well enough.我足够了解他。

⼋年级上册英语u1-u2讲义Unit 1 How often do you exercise?重点词组：1.how often多久⼀次2.go skateboarding去参加滑板运动3.do some reading阅读(do somecleaning/cooking/washing)4.do/take some exercise锻炼=play sports5.go to the movies=go to the films去看电影6.hardly ever ⼏乎不曾7.every day每天8.once a week⼀周⼀次9.twice a month ⼀个⽉两次10.three times a year⼀年三次11.three or four times a day⼀天三四次12.his favorite program他最喜欢的节⽬13.surf the Internet⽹上冲浪chat with others on the Internet ⽹上聊天14.student activity survey学⽣活动调查15.most students=most of the students⼤多数的学⽣16.the results of………的结果17.as for⾄于18.improve your English提⾼你的英语19.eat junk food吃垃圾⾷品20.drink milk/coffee喝⽜奶/咖啡21.want sb. to do sth.=would like sb. to do sth.想让某⼈去做某事22.be good for对…有益---be bad for对…有害23.sleep nine hours every night每晚睡九⼩时/doc/17141661caaedd3383c4d393.html e home from school从学校来到家⾥25.eating habits饮⾷习惯26.try toeat a lot of vegetables尽量吃⼤量的蔬菜(a lot of=lots of=many+可数名词的复数=much+不可数名词)27.ofcourse=certainly=sure当然28.look after=take care of照顾，关⼼29.have a healthy lifestyle拥有健康的⽣活⽅式30.get good grades 取得好成绩31.help sb (to) do sth帮助某⼈做某事32.study better学得更好33.kind of unhealthy有点不太健康34.be the same as与…相同----be different from与…不同35.the differences between A and B A和B之间的区别，差异36.keephealthy=stay healthy=keep/be in good health保持健康37.keep doing sth⼀直或持续做某事38.look the same看起来⼀样look different看起来不同重点句⼦：1.你多久锻炼⼀次？我每周锻炼三四次。

知识点击:Ｓectiｏｎ A1.I ｏften sａｗyou plａy basketball duriｎg tｈe summer ｈoliday。

see sb ｄo sth、意为“看见某人做某事”,表示看见事件、行动的全过程,强调动作已经结束、Ｅg:He saw ｈｅr cross tｈe road。

他看见他过了马路。

see sｂdoing sth、意为“看到某人正在做某事”,强调事件、行动正在进行。

Eg: I ｓaw hｅｒ dancｉnｇ at this ｔiｍe yestｅrdａy、我看到她昨天这个时间在跳舞、类似用法的动词还有watch,hｅar, smell, feel,listeｎto等。

练习:(1) Do yoｕsmellｓomethiｎｇ？(bｕｒn) 答案:burnｉｎｇ(2) Ｉofteｎseｅhim baskeｔball aｆter cｌass、(plaｙ)答案:plａy２、Wｏｕld yｏu lｉke to e and cheer us on？－-－－- Sure, I'ｄｌovｅｔo。

(1)Wｏulｄｙoｕｌike + 不定式+其他？表建议或邀请。

常用I’ｄｌove ｔｏ来回答,不同意也常用“I’d loｖe tｏ, bｕt… "来拒绝别人。

如:Ｗould you likｅto plaｙbaｓｋetball wiｔh me ？－－—I’d loｖe to, bｕt I havｅa lot of ｈomework to do。

(2)在肯定句中ｗould like= wａnｔ如: I’ｄlike tｏhａveａrest、= Ｉｗanｔto ｈavｅ a ｒｅｓt。

注意:cheer sbｏn 为“为某人加油,向某人欢呼"的意思ｃhｅer sｂup 使某人快乐/振奋起来Eg:Our frieｎds will cheer us on、我们的朋友会为我们加油的。

1.一般现在时态do 客观事实或者某种规律I do my homework.我做我的作业。

标志性词：every time 每次in the morning早上once a week每周一次twice a month每月两次hardly ever几乎不every Sunday每个周日always总是usually通常often经常sometimes 有时every day每天did 表示过去发生的动作I did my homework yesterday.我昨天做了家庭作业。

标志性词语：ago以前yesterday昨天the day before yesterday前天last time上次last night昨晚last year去年last term上学期last Monday上周一once upon a time曾经once曾经(I)in+过去的时间过去某时in the early days在早期just now刚才will do 将来发生的动作I will do my homework tomorrow．我明天会做我的家庭作业。

标志性词语：tomorrow明天the day after tomorrow后天tomorrow night明睌next time 下次next Friday下周五next month下个月next term下学期(I)in+一段时间多久之后soon很快sooner or later还早at once立刻by the end of +将来时间be doing 现在正在进行的动作I am doing my homework now．我正在做我的家庭作业。

标志性词语：look看listen听at this time此时at this moment此时at present现在right now 现在was/were doing表示过去一个具体时间正在收生的动作I标志性调话：at that time在那时at that moment在那时will be doing在将来正在发生的动作I will be doing my homework at 9:00.9点的时候，我会正在政作业。

【根底知识稳固】U1T2SA1 get lost 走失，迷路。

其中lost为形容词，其近义词有missing和gone。

e.g. I found my bike missing.我发现我的自行车丢了。

My pen is lost. 我的笔丢了。

2 call up给……打,名词作宾语时可以放在up后面或两词之间；宾语是代词时，必须放在两词之间。

e.g. I called Tom up yesterday, but he didn’t answer it.昨天我给汤姆打，但他没有接。

I’ll call you up as soon as I come back.我一回来就给你打。

同义词组：ring up, make a telephone call。

3 already常用于肯定句中，指动作已经发生,或比期望发生的要早，一般用在句子中间或句末；yet用于疑问句和否认句中，议论尚未发生但可能发生的事，通常位于句末。

e.g. —Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗？—Yes, I’ve already had it.是的，我已经吃过了。

U1T2SB1 population意为“人口〞,“居民〞，常用形容词large或small来表示人口的多少。

e.g. China has the largest population in the world.中国拥有世界上最多的人口。

注: 常用句式：What’s the population of...? 意为“……人口是多少？〞have a pupulation of... 意为“有……人口〞e.g. China has a pupulation of 1.3billion. 中国有13亿人口。

2 increase v. (使)增加，〔使)增大，增多。

increase by＋倍数或百分数，表示“增加了……倍或百分之……〞。

e.g. Compared with last year, our pay has increased by three times.与去年相比，我们的工资增长了3倍。

最新初中教学设计教案知识点和真题汇总中考一轮复习W 开头词汇（一）（讲义）❤❤以字母 W 开头的单词wait /weɪt/v. 等候；等待wait for…等候…Who are you waiting for?wait for sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事He’s waiting for me to make a mistake.can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事wait a minute/moment/second 稍等一下；等一会儿n. 等候；等待；等待的时间We had a long wait for the bus.We then faced a six-month wait for the results to arrive.wake /weɪk/ v. (waked; waked 或woke; woken) 醒来；唤醒，弄醒wake up 醒来；唤醒James usually wakes up early.I’ll wake you up when it’s time to leave.walk /wɔːk/v. 走，步行；散步I walk to school. = I go to school on foot.walk into (意外地)撞着He wasn’t looking around and walked straight into a tree.n. 步行；散步The office is ten minutes’ walk from here.Let’s go for a walk.wall /wɔːl/ n. 墙the Great Wall 长城want /wɒnt/ v. 想，想要；需要want (sb.) to do sth. 想要(某人)做某事Do you want me to help?war /wɔː/ n. 战争，内战；战争时期；斗争World War II = the Second World War Howlong have they been at war?Germany has been at peace with France for 50 years. 德国已与法国和平相处了 50 年。

Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?一、重点短语go on vacation去度假stay at home待在家里go to the mountains去爬山go to the beach去海滩visit museums 参观博物馆go to summer camp去参观夏令营quite a few相当多study for为……而学习go out出去most of the time大部分时间taste good尝起来很好吃have a good time玩得高兴of course当然feel like给……的感觉;感受到go shopping去购物in the past在过去walk around四处走走because of因为one bowl of… 一碗…… the next day第二天drink tea喝茶find out找出;查明go on 继续something important重要的事up and down上上下下come up出来take photos照相二、句型集萃buy sth、for sb、/ buy sb、sth、为某人买某物taste + adj、尝起来……seem+(to be)+ adj、瞧起来……keep doing sth、继续做某事arrive in+大地点/ arrive at+小地点到达某地tell sb、(not) to do sth、告诉某人(不要)做某事try doing sth、尝试做某事/ try to do sth、尽力去做某事decide to do sth、决定去做某事forget doing sth、忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth、忘记做某事enjoy doing sth、喜欢做某事want to do sth、想去做某事stop doing sth、停止做某事dislike doing sth、不喜欢做某事Why not do、sth、?为什么不做……呢？so+adj、+that 如此……以至于……look+adj、瞧起来……start doing sth、开始做某事三、单元重点、难点、考点精讲(一)Section A1、Where did you go on vacation? 您去哪里度假了？(P1)1)这就是有疑问副词where引导的特殊疑问句,where用来询问地点与场所,放在句首。