全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码00830

2011年10月全国自考《外语教学法》真题全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码：00833Ⅰ. Multiple Choices: (15 %)Directions: In this section，you are given 15 questions，beneath each of which are four choices marked A，B，C，andD. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1. In the 19th century，foreign language teachers usually adopted the strategy of combining grammar roles with ______.A. readingB. speakingC. writingD. translating2. T eachers in a/an ______ classroom are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students，and the drills are designed to produce success for the students.A. Grammar-TranslationB. SituationalC. AudiolingualD. Communicative3. English 900is a typical example of textbooks which provide materials for teaching and learning adopting ______ Method.A. Grammar-TranslationB. AudiolingualC. DirectD. Situational4. One of the objectives by the Natural Approach is to enable the students to make the meaning clear but not necessarily be ______ in all details of grammar.A. correctB. accurateC. briefD. concise5. The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are ______ in the creative use of language.A. usefulB. understandableC. unavoidableD. reasonable6. According to the Natural Approach，______plays only the insignificant function toconvey meaning.A. formB. vocabularyC. grammarD. phonetics7. English teaching in China didn’t enter into the formal educational system until the ______ century.A. late 19thB. early 20thC. mid-20thD. late 20th8. Palmer and his fellow linguists believed that a mastery of some ______ words would greatly assist foreign language learning.A. 1,000B. 2,000C. 3,000D. 4,0009. The Communicative Approach lays emphasis on learning to communicate through ______ in the target language.A. listening and note-takingB. interactionC. role playD. oral presentation10. The best-known reformer in the mid-19th century is ______，who developed anapproach to teaching a foreign language on the basis of his observations of child first language learning.A. M.D. BerlitzB. W. M. WundtC. J. A. ComeniusD. F. Gouin11. In foreign language teaching，the target language was interpreted as a systemof rules to be observed in texts and sentences，and to be related to the first language ______ and meaning.A. wordsB. rulesC. sentencesD. context12. In the Direct Method，teachers encourage learners to ______ rules of grammarthrough active use of the target language in the classroom.A. applyB. analyzeC. induceD. paraphrase13. Which of the following dictionaries is a great contribution made by Homby to EFL teaching?A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B. The Concise Oxford Dictionary.C. Everyman’s English Pronouncing Dictionary.D. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.14. The generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also in explaining language.A. teachingB. describingC. usingD. understanding15. According to M. A. K. Halliday，which of the following should NOT be accounted for in terms of linguistic events?A. Form.B. Context.C. Substance.D. Culture.Ⅱ. Filling Blanks: (20 %)Directions: In this section，there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.16. Bloomfield and Fries were known as the representatives of the ______ linguistics.17. The Natural Approach advocates that language teaching should emphasize ______ rather than form.18. According to Skinner，a renowned behaviorist psychologist，______ was muchmore effective than punishment in a teaching situation.19. The Direct Method got its name from the assumption that ______ are to beconnected directly with the target language，without going through the process of translating into the students’ native language.20. A major feature of ______ code-learning is the emphasis on explanations of grammatical functioning.21. Asher，the advocate of the Total Physical Response method，views the verb，and particularly the verb in the ______，as the central element around which language use and learning are organized.22. Krashen regards provision of comprehensible ______ and reduction of stress as keys to successful language acquisition.23. The establishment of a laboratory of ______ psychology announced the official birth of the science.24. The neogrammarians，represented by Hermann Paul，formed the main linguistic basis of the ______ Method.25. The experts in grammar analysis and translation approach believed that thehuman minds could be trained by logical analysis of the classic language，memorization of complicated rules，and ______ between languages.。

xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。

Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。

A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。

全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码00833全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码：00833请将答案填在答题纸相应的位置上Ⅰ. Multiple Choices: (15 %)Directions: In this section，you are given 15 questions，beneath each of which are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. You are to make the bestchoice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer thequestion. One point is given to each correct choice.1. In the 19th century，foreign language teachers usually adopted the strategy of combining grammar roles with ______.A. readingB. speakingC. writingD. translating2. Teachers in a/an ______ classroom are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students，and the drills are designed to produce success for the students. A. Grammar-Translation B. SituationalC. AudiolingualD. Communicative3. English 900is a typical example of textbooks which provide materials for teaching and learning adopting ______ Method.A. Grammar-TranslationB. AudiolingualC. DirectD. Situational4. One of the objectives by the Natural Approach is to enable the students to make the meaning clear but not necessarily be ______ in all details of grammar.A. correctB. accurateC. briefD. concise5. The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are ______ in the creative use of language.A. usefulB. understandableC. unavoidableD. reasonable6. According to the Natural Approach，______plays only the insignificant function to convey浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第1页(共6页)meaning.A. formB. vocabularyC. grammarD. phonetics7. English teaching in China didn’t enter into the formal education al system until the ______ century.A. late 19thB. early 20thC. mid-20thD. late 20th8. Palmer and his fellow linguists believed that a mastery ofsome ______ words would greatly assist foreign language learning.A. 1,000B. 2,000C. 3,000D. 4,0009. The Communicative Approach lays emphasis on learning to communicate through ______ in the target language.A. listening and note-takingB. interactionC. role playD. oral presentation10. The best-known reformer in the mid-19th century is ______，who developed an approach to teaching a foreign language on the basis of his observations of child first language learning.A. M. D. BerlitzB. W. M. WundtC. J. A. ComeniusD. F. Gouin11. In foreign language teaching，the target language was interpreted as a system of rules to be observed in texts and sentences，and to be related to the first language ______ and meaning.A. wordsB. rulesC. sentencesD. context12. In the Direct Method，teachers encourage learners to ______ rules of grammar through active use of the target language in the classroom.A. applyB. analyzeC. induceD. paraphrase13. Which of the following dictionaries is a great contribution made by Homby to EFL teaching?A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B. The Concise Oxford Dictionary.浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第2页(共6页)C. Everyman’s English Pronouncing Dictionary.D. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.14. The generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also in explaining language.A. teachingB. describingC. usingD. understanding15. According to M. A. K. Halliday，which of the following should NOT be accounted for in terms of linguistic events?A. Form.B. Context.C. Substance.D. Culture.Ⅱ. Filling Blanks: (20 %)Directions: In this section，there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to eachblank.16. Bloomfield and Fries were known as the representatives of the ______ linguistics.17. The Natural Approach advocates that language teaching should emphasize ______ rather than form.18. According to Skinner，a renowned behaviorist psychologist，______ was much more effective than punishment in a teaching situation.19. The Direct Method got its name from the assumption that ______ are to be connected directly with the target language，without going through the process of translating into the students’ native language.20. A major feature of ______ code-learning is the emphasis on explanations of grammatical functioning.21. Asher，the advocate of the T otal Physical Response method，views the verb，and particularly the verb in the ______，as the central element around which language use and learning are organized.22. Krashen regards provision of comprehensible ______ and reduction of stress as keys to successful language acquisition.23. The establishment of a laboratory of ______ psychology announced the official birth of the浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第3页(共6页)science.24. The neogrammarians，represented by Hermann Paul，formed the main linguistic basis of the ______ Method.25. The experts in grammar analysis and translation approach believed that the human minds could be trained by logical analysis of the classic language，memorization of complicated rules，and ______ between languages.26. Books such as A Grammar of Spoken English on a Strictly Phonetic Basis，A Handbook of English Grammar，Guide to Patterns and Usage in English served as a standard ______ sourceof basic English sentence patterns for textbook writers.27. The Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on innate organizing principles in human perception and ______.28. Notions，according to V an Ek and Alexander，are domains in which we use ______ to express thought and feeling.29. Cognitive psychologists hold that language learning is the discovery of the underlying ______ of the language by means of inductive and deductive inference.30. Chomsky divides the grammar of a ______ language into core grammar and peripheral grammar.31. The fundamental purpose of learning Latin was to study the ______ culture which was worshipped in the Renaissance.32. In the Natural Approach，to ______ stress，learners are not required to speak until they feel ready，but they are expected to make responses in other ways.33. Some British linguists emphasized the close relationship between the ______ of a language and the context and situation in which the language was used.34. The Natural Approach considers ______ as the most important element of any language teaching program.35. Two indispensable parts of Communicative Language Teaching are supposed to be discourse analysis and ______.Ⅲ. Matching: (15 %)Directions: This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns，A and B. You are to match the one marked ①，②，③，④ or⑤ in Column A浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第4页(共6页)with the one marked a，b，c，d or e in Column B. One point is givento each pair you match correctly.36.37.38.浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第5页(共6页)Ⅳ. Questions for Brief Answers: (30%)Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.39. Could you please name any two of Daniel Jones’ works on English phonetics?40. What is the learning theory of the Direct Method according to J. A. Comenius?41. How does the teacher mat practices the Oral Approach deal with students’ errors?42. What is language in Chomsky’s opinion?43. What is the primary goal of the Natural Approach?44. What are the four points summarized by Tang Lixing on the methodological development before the 1980s in China?Ⅴ. Questions for Long Answers: (20%)Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you’velearned. Ten points are given to each question.45. Discuss in your own words the advantages of the Direct Method.46. What are the principles that Asher believes in?浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第6页(共6页)。

全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：0830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（）A．all consonants B．vowels onlyC．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actuallypronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（）A．deletion B．assimilationC．phonetic D．sequential3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffixC．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English”to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposingC．postposing D．maintaining5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?（）A．complementary B．relationalC．superordinate D．gradable6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）A．one-place predication B．two-place predicationC．three-place predication D．no-place predication7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English,word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.（）A．SOV B．SVOC．VSO D．OSV8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）A．regional B．standardC．ethnic D．situational9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.（）A．1-2 B．2-12C．1-12 D．13-1810．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（）A．behaviorist B．nativistC．mentalist D．empiricistⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of languagedata.12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and areof interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due totheir r________________ properties.14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the sametime stands structurally alone.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationshipbetween X and Y is i_________________16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state ordescribe, and were thus verifiable.17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,sound a________________ and sound movement.18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable inf_________________ styles of language.19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones,two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept orpredication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approachesare equally favored by modern linguists.22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items inthese categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology ofthe words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend itsmeaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the lefthemisphere of the brain.30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number ofyears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemic contrast32.free morphemes33.hierarchical structure34.co-hyponyms35.utterance meaning36.perlocutionary act37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animalcommunication system.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingualcommunities have one thing in common?。

自考语言学概论（2011.10）真题及答案一判断1.任何一种语言都有自己的口头存在形式，但可以没有书面语。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称应该如何理解口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的难易程度简单讲解任何一种语言都有自己的口头存在形式，但是古往今来只有极少数语言在口语的基础上产生了相应的书面语。

统计刷题次数:3588 错误率:40%2.每个词都处在两种关系之中：组合关系和聚合关系。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称组合关系和聚合关系的关系难易程度简单讲解聚合关系是在组合关系中体现出来的，或者说是在组合关系中分析出来的，而组合关系又体现为聚合类的线性序列。

所以组合关系和聚合关系是有机地统一的，是不可分割的。

组合关系和聚合关系是语言研究的两个十分重要的理论原则，不论是在哪个研究领域都具有重要的指导意义。

语言单位之间的聚合关系，所以涉及到各级的语言单位。

统计刷题次数:637 错误率:54%3.语音的物理属性是语音的本质属性。

A.对B.错正确答案B知识点名称为什么说语音本质上是一种社会现象难易程度简单讲解语音虽然具有物理属性、生理属性等自然属性，但它本质上是一种社会现象，这就是"语音的社会属性".语音的社会属性是使语音从根本上与一般声音区别开来的本质属性。

统计刷题次数:2688 错误率:36%4.音素是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称音素难易程度简单讲解音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。

统计刷题次数:1702 错误率:14%5.汉语普通话音节ji中的i是舌面元音。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称元音的发音特征难易程度简单讲解舌面元音i."zi"中的"i"是舌尖元音。

统计刷题次数:1290 错误率:40%6."莲子"是附加式构词的合成词。

A.对B.错正确答案B知识点名称构词(两个以上语素组合形成合成词):复合构词,附加构词,重叠构词,复杂的合成词难易程度简单讲解附加构词就是词根语素加上词缀语素构成一个新词。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin andend the words church andjudge are voiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study ofthe physical properties of the streams of sounds producedin speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingyare different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other languagein common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functionsin a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think a statement is false, you must explain whyyou think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as,out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming.But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segmentsand square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29． ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%× 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung togetherin any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies ofm , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audiblyreleased and the air passing out again, suchas English stops [p] and [t] in pit. Inproducing [p] and [t] the flow of air isblocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaningof a compound is always perceived fromthe meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”referto highly abstract properties of grammarwhich are applied to language in generaland which generate phrases and at thesame time restrain the power of Move a,while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restrictedways, according to which particulargrammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations betweensentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which arerepresentatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, theword ask is pronounced [æks], but theword asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It isinteresting that in Old English the verb askwas aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/.This means that a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants, producingask in most dialects of English. Metathesisis the phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing twoadjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effectivein expressing ideas in communication. 29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that thereare striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a newlanguage.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factorsover and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD.a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented throughPhrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B.writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD.career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language whichmeans language iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue isbrought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain soundand “pop” meaning popular are in relationship ofc homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology haveoccurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety anda high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functionsin a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a givenstage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.（2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept theview of language as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern oftones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, whenpitch, stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. 23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, duringthe process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usuallydo not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels ofstructure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntacticrepresentations of these two levels must bedifferent. Since syntactic movement occursto all sentences, so the representations ofthe twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between whathe called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms ofnouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakersstarted saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur whenwords are borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are FirstName (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith),Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title +Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g.,Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outsideof marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names arealways preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able totransfer their language centers to the righthemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3%×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. missives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40.interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought developand blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair ofrelational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., OldEnglish noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to bethe basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors socialattitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities. 20. If the target language functions as a foreign language,the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute,i.e., there are no words in world languages thatmaintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissibleand others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compounddo not usually affect the meaning of thecompound. 24. () The recursive properties of phrase structurerules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y,the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not statea fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thoughtof as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes.For example,children and adults are presently sayingI dreamed last night (instead of dreamt).This kind ofchange has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetrybetween male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37.stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples. 42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words.。

全国2011年10月自考试题大学语文第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题中的括号内。

1.韩愈在《答李翊书》中认为，为文立言的根本是( )A、"无望其速成，无诱于势利"B、"行之乎仁义之途"C、"惟陈言之务去"D、"用则施诸人，舍则传诸其徒"2.司马光指责王安石新法是"生事"，王安石在《答司马谏义书》中驳斥这一指责时，所依据的主要理由是( )A、新法是"受命于人主"B、新法是"辟邪说，难壬人"C、新法是"为天下理财"D、新法是"举先王之政"3.下列《论毅力》中的论断，说法不够严密的是( )A、人生历程，大抵逆境居十六七，顺境亦居十三四B、其事愈大者，其遇挫愈多，其不退也愈难C、小逆之后，必有小顺；大逆之后，必有大顺D、盘根错节之既经，随有应刃而解之一日4.为了证明中国是一个"人肉筵宴的厨房"，鲁迅在《灯下漫笔》中说："有吃烧烤的身价不资的阔人，也有饿得垂死的每斤八文的孩子。

"这里所运用的两种论证方法是( )A、对比与例证B、类比与对比C、演绎与类比D、例证与演绎5.在《选择与安排》中，朱光潜以"常山蛇阵"为喻证，是为了说明( )A、安排材料要突出文章主旨B、刻画人物要抓住典型细节C、艺术品是一件有生命的东西D、层次安排要做到轻重分明6.在《论学问》中，培根用"射箭有益于胸肺"来证明"精神的缺陷都可以由相当的学问来补救"的道理，这种论证方法是( )A、演绎法B、例证法C、对比法D、类比法7.下列议论文中，结论全部包孕在反诘句中的是( )A、《秋水》B、《赵威后问齐使》C、《答李翊书》D、《人的正确思想是从哪里来的？》8.《郑伯克段于鄢》一文中，姜氏的性格特征是( )A、阴险狠毒，工于心计B、老成持重，为国焦虑C、贪婪狂妄，愚昧无知D、褊狭昏愦，以私情干政9.李广死后，"百姓闻之，知与不知，无老壮皆为垂涕。

xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。

Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。

A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%× 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n)______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds.The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English isthe distinct variety of English native to black populations inthe USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONEword only, and you are not allowed to change the lettergiven. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to createthe same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs. 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which areidentical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community. 29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% ×10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Whydid Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them. 2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audibly releasedand the air passing out again, such as Englishstops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t]the flow of air is blocked through the mouthonly.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of acompound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstractproperties of grammar which are applied tolanguage in general and which generate phrasesand at the same time restrain the power ofMove a, while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restricted ways,according to which particular grammars ofnatural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences,Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X mustbe true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into fivegeneral categories, which are representatives,directives, commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the wordask is pronounced [æks], but the word asking ispronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in OldEnglish the verb ask was aksian, withthe/k/preceding the/s/. This means that ahistorical metathesis rule switched these twoconsonants, producing ask in most dialects ofEnglish. Metathesis is the phonological processthat reorders segments, often by transposingtwo adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effective inexpressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there arestriking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______,which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through PhraseStructure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction mayhelp learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examination II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which meanslanguage iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue is broughtinto contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred inthe history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stageof second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habituallyused oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Mostlinguists today accept the view of language as aset of "habitually used symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tonesover stretch of speech in principle longer than aword, in other words, when pitch, stress andsound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during theprocess of which they modify the meaning ofthe original word but usually do not change itspart of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure,D-structure and S-structure, we do not meanthat the syntactic representations of these twolevels must be different. Since syntacticmovement occurs to all sentences, so therepresentations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what hecalled “constatives”and “performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nounsconstantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, anddog/dogs, English speakers started saying cowsas the plural of cow instead of the earlier pluralkine. This analogical change does not occurwhen words are borrowed from foreignlanguages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name(e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + LastName (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr.President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term(e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings,between friends, neighbours and colleagues, firstnames are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able to transfertheir language centers to the right hemisphereand to reacquire the lost linguistic skills withrelatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% ×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33.bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old Englishnoun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage,they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be thebasic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning ofa sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison ofits daughterlanguages is called the comparative method. 18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude,emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, thelearner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e.,there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible andothers are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do notusually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rulesenable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, themeaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state afact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as“economy of memory”results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry betweenmale and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the mostpartis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced[æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”.Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that。

全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试数据库及其应用试题课程代码:02120一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或均无分。

1.教学数据库中有学生、课程、教师和成绩4个表，基于学生、课程和成绩表创建一个查询，则该查询是一个( )A.模式B.外模式C.逻辑模式D.内模式2.用来表达数据库物理结构的模型称为( )P9A.概念模型B.逻辑模型C.外部模型D.内部模型3.下面关于DBA职责的选项中，不．正确的是( ) P23A.编写应用程序B.监控数据库运行C.定义模式D.转储与恢复4.设一个工程项目可以有多个职工参加，一个职工可参加多个工程项目，职工与工程项目实体之间是( )A.一对一联系B.一对多联系C.多对一联系D.多对多联系5.下列关于数据访问页的说法中，错误．．的是( )P221A.数据访问页是连接数据库的web页B.可以利用数据访问页输入、查看和编辑数据C.能够在IE浏览器中打开数据访问页D.必须在打开数据库的状态下，才能打开数据访问页6.空数据库是指数据库中( )A.无任何对象B.表中没有数据C.只有“表”对象D.不包括“表”对象7.在Access中，撤销数据库密码时，需要( )A.关闭数据库B.以只读方式打开数据库C.以独占方式打开数据库D.以独占只读方式打开数据库8.若表中某一字段需要存放Word文档，则应将该字段的类型设置为( )A.备注B.超级连接C.查阅向导D.OLE对象9.若两个表之间建立了一对多关系，且设置参照完整性和级联删除，则删除( )A.“一”方表中的一个记录，会自动删除“多”方表中的所有相关记录B.“多”方表中的一个记录，会自动删除“一”方表中的所有相关记录C.“一”方表中的一个记录，会自动删除“多”方表中的一个相关记录D.“多”方表中的一个记录，会自动删除“一”方表中的一个相关记录10.有部门和职工关系，在建立部门与职工之间一对多联系时，若选择的联接类型如图所示，则数据之间的关联方式是( )A.自然联接B.左外联接C.右外联接D.内部联接11.下列关于查询视图的说法中，错误．．的是( )A.“设计视图”与“SQL视图”都可以创建查询对象B.“SQL视图”中显示创建查询的SQL语句C.“SQL视图”不能切换到“设计视图”D.“设计视图”显示查询的数据源、查询准则等信息12.若设置查询准则为：Like"P[KFD]###"，则满足查询条件的值是( )A.P[KFD]B.PK231C.PFD234D.P[KFD]###13.假设创建了一个商品展示窗体，下图是该窗体的( )A.数据表视图B.设计视图C.窗体视图D.操作视图14.假设窗体中有1个命令按钮控件，当单击该命令按钮时，将弹出另一个窗体，则应设置该控件的( )A.格式属性B.数据属性C.事件属性D.其它属性15.下列关于报表数据源的说法中，正确的是( )p43A.报表的数据源只能是表B.报表的数据源可以是表或查询C.报表的数据源可以是表或窗体D.报表的数据源可以是表、查询和窗体16.有学生表：学生（学号，姓名，学分），如果要在报表中输出已有学分的学生人数，则在报表设计时应使用的函数是( )A.=Count（[学号]）B.=Count（[学分]）C.Count（学号）D.Count（学分）17.数据访问页以单独的HTML文件格式存储，其文件的扩展名为( )A.HTMB.HMLC.EXED.WEB18.在Access中，运行Windows应用程序的宏操作是( )A.RunAppB.RunCodeC.RunMacroD.RunSQL19.在Access的报表中，报表格式为“在当前行中打印当前节，而在下一行中打印下一节”，则需将报表的“新行或新列”属性设置为( )P206A.无B.节前C.节后D.节前和节后20.判断“学生”窗体中“籍贯”字段值为“四川”的宏条件表达式为( )A.[Forms]![学生]="四川"B.[Forms]![籍贯]=四川C.[Forms]![学生]![籍贯]=四川D.[Forms]![学生]![籍贯]="四川"二、填空题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。

A. socialB. regional全国 2008 年 10 月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码： 00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of thefour choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%X 10=20%_________ early last century. () B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure D. British linguist J. R. Firthchurch and judge are voiceless and voiced ______________ respectively.( )B. fricatives D. plosives - ”“isu (na n) _________ morpheme. ( )B. bound D. inflectional 4. ___________________________________________________________ Words in a sentence are organizedinto groups of lexical ______________________________________________________ , commonly known as partsof speech. ( )A. verbsB. nounsD. categories5. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling andmeaning. They are ___________. () A. complete homonymsC. hyponyms6. The illocutionary point of _______________ is toB. homographs D. homophones express the psychological state specified in the utterance. () A. directives1.The distinction between langue and parole was made byA. American linguist N. ChomskyC. American linguist Edward Sapir 2.The sounds that begin and end the wordsA. stopsC. affricates3.In the word unreliable , the prefixA. freeC. root C. phrases B. expressivesD. representativesmissives7.Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in __________________________________________________ , Greek, or Latin. ( )A. EnglishB. SanskritC. GermanD. Danishnguage planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across boundaries. ( )A. socialB. regionalC.culturalD. political9.The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _____________ .( )A.huma n Ian guage ability is not located in the brain because Phin eas ' brain was so damagedand he could still speakB.huma n Ian guage ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if huma n Ian guage ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the backD.if huma n Ian guage ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “ datf”r “ that b”longs to__________ e rror.( )A. fossilizati onB. tran sferC. in terfere neeD. overge neralizati onII.Directions: Fill in the bla nk in each of the follow ing stateme nts with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, andyou are not allowed to cha nge the letter give n. (1% x 10=10%11.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the Ianguage people actually use, it is said to bed _________ .12.If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these wordsare a _________ soun ds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is n asal.13.The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “ fall. n ewly formed word is gen erally regarded as a c_ __________ .14. A c _________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “ and, ”“ bi15.Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relati on ship betwee n the two items are calledr, _________ o pposites.16.All the speech acts that bel ong to the same category share the same purpose or the samei __________ p oint, but they differ in their stre ngth or force.17.The [d] of spin dle is developed betwee n an adjace nt [n] and [I]. Such a process or cha nge inwhich successive sounds are separated by an in terve ning segme nt is known as e_ _____________ .18.The two ( or possibly more ) groups use their native Ianguages as a basis for a rudimentaryIanguage of few lexical items and “ straightforward grammatical rules. Such a m ________________________Ian guage is called pidg in.19.The brain 'neurological specialization for Ianguage is called linguistic 」____________________ , whichpsycholi nguists are particularly in terested in.20.Within the framework of C _________ A nalysis, second Ianguage learning was believed to be amatter of overco ming the differe nces betwee n L 1 and L2 systems.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets infront of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correctversion. (2%x 10=20%) The arbitrary nature of Ianguage makes it possible for Ianguage to have an21.(unlimited source of expressions.22（. ）When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentthat occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.23.（）The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words inthe compound.24.（）The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surfacestructure.25（. ）The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogativeforms.26.（）Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late1950s.27.（）Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes,such as the creation of adjectives from nouns （professional < profession）, nouns from verbs （computer < compute ）, adjectives from verbs （conceivable < conceive）, and verbs from nouns （eulogize < eulogy）.28.（）In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something ,somebody , and some become the negative indefinites nothing , nobody , and none, such as He don't know ntohing . Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “ illogically. ”29.（）The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signalsfrom, the right side of the body.30.（）Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system oflanguage.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. （3% x 10=30%31.displacement32.general linguistics33.assimilation rule34.derivational affix33. hierarchical structure36.semantic triangle37.grammatical meaning38.cooperative principle39.high variety40.right ear advantageV.Directions: Answer the following questions. （ 10%x 2=20%%41.New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each withtwo examples.42.Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.。

2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学 试卷（课程代码00830）本试卷共4页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。

考生答题注意事项：1 •本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。

答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均 可作草稿纸。

2 •第一部分为选择题。

必须对应试卷上的题号使用 2B 铅笔将“答题卡”的相应 代码涂黑。

3 .第二部分为非选择题。

必须注明大、小题号，使用 0. 5毫米黑色字迹签字笔 作答。

4 .合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。

第一部分 选择题Directionst Read e^ch of the following statements carefully;which one of the four choices best completes the statement bhekea the corresponding tetter A, C or D on theANSWER SHEET (2%Xlfr=20%5 What can be drawn safely from theof Genie is that __________ . A- it confirms the critical period hypothesisB, homan's language acquisition device k independent of other intellectual abilities申C language cannot be acquired at 汨]after th* critic^ periodD. the language iaculty of an average human degenerates after (he critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skiUs cannot developI. 3. According to E de Saussure, ___________ refers to 曲匕 abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.A, competence B, performanceThe English sound [u:] is a _ _ .A. close vowel B ・ scnu<lose vowel C. semi-open vowelWhich of the following factors is NOT a learner factor?A, AccuituratiOfi B. PersonalityC. Interaction The words 、帕ku” HIK I :l tabJe w are calledC. langueD. parole D H open vowel A. free morphemesC. form wordsD. Motivation _____ because they can occur unattached. B. bound morphemes D. inflectional morphemes6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticalitybelong to the same __________ •A. syntactic categoryB. phonological categoryC. morphological categoryD. semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance of language and language usein different speech communities.A. variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called __________________ , which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence・A. predicationB. predicate C・ argument D・ sense9. The notion of ___________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.A. utteranceB. sentence C・ context D・ speech act10. The first and most widely investigated language femily of the world is ________________ •A. the Sino-Tibetan FamilyB. the Indo-European FamilyC. the Austronesian Family D・ the Afroasiatic Family第二部分非选择题11. Directions: Fill in the bbink on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements withone word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%X 10=10%)11. Cultural t ________ means that language can be passed on from one generation to thenext through teaching and leamin& rather than by instinct12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i ____________ •13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d __________ in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i . not always being the sumtotal of the meanings of its components.15. ______________________________________________________________________ The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite a ___________________ .16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called t ________________ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p ____________ that has become established as a nativelanguage in some speech community.】& E _____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is required in a conversation, hc/she violates themaxim of a .20. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Q ___________ English.UL Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in time is a diachronic study.22. [0] and [d] are two dental fricatives in English・23. Although there are individual differences in onset and rate of language development, childrenacross cultures follow the same order of language development.24. “Plural” is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way oranother and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group of people living in the same community.28. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaningto observable contexts.29. The two sentences u Tom smokes^ and ^Tom is smoking/ have the same predication.30. Modem linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken・IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for iUustration where appropriate* (3% X 10=30% )31 ・ duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35・ cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movcment37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions： Answer the following questions (10%X2=20%)41 • Name and describe 5 of the core branches of linguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how do they differ?现代语J 学试題答案及评分参子第I 页（共3 U （）绝密★启用前2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试题答案及评分参考（课程代码00830 ）I . Directions: Read each of the follouing statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A. B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.l.C 2. A 3.C 4. A Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWRR SHEET in each of (he ColloHinK statements with one word, the first letter of uhich is already given as a clue ・ Note that you are to fill in ONE v^ord only, and you are not allowed to change the letter 七iven. (1%X 10=10%)II. transmission12. intonation 13. development 15・ arbitrary17. pidgin19. quanlily 14. idiomatic 16. transformational 1X. Polysemy 20. Old 111. Directions ： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or P forfalse on the ANS'、ER SHEET. If you think a statement h fal^ >ou must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. FThe description of a language at sonu: point in time is a synchronic study.或者I he (lcscnption of a la as il changes ihrou 字h linx is a diachronic simly评分标准：答对得2分；正饯判断错I 吴扣全分。

1. What is linguistics?1.1 Definition1.2 The scope of linguistics1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic1.3.3 Speech and writing1.3.4 Langue and parole1.3.5 Competence and performance2. What is language?2.1 Definitions of language2.2 Design featuresStudy questionsChapter 2 Phonology1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics2.1 What is phonetics?2.2 Organs of speech2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.4.1 Classification of English consonants2.4.2 Classification of English vowels3. Phonology3.1 Phonology and phonetics3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair3.4 Some rules in phonology3.4.1 Sequential rules3.4.2 Assimilation rules3.4.3 Deletion rule3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation3.5.1 Stress3.5.2 Tone3.5.3 IntonationStudy questionsChapter 3 Morphology1. Definition2. Morpheme2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language2.2 Types of morphemes2.2.1 Free morphemes2.2.2 Bound morphemes2.2.3 Morphological rules3. Compounding3.1 Types of compound words3.2 Features of compoundsStudy questionsChapter 4 Syntax1.Syntax as a system of rules2. Sentence structure2.1 The basic components of a sentence2.2 Types of sentences2.2.1 The simple sentence2.2.2 The coordinate sentence2.2.3 The complex sentence2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure3. Syntactic categories3.1 Lexical categories3.2 Phrasal categories4. Grammatical relations5. Combinational rules5.1 Phrase structure rules5.2 The recursiveness of phrase structure rules5.3 X-bar theory6. Syntactic movement and movement rules6.1 NP- movement and WH- movement6.2 Other types of movement6.3 D-structure and S-structure6.4 Move α—a general movement rule7. Toward a theory of universal grammar7.1 General principles of Universal Grammar7.2 The parameters of Universal GrammarStudy questionsChapter 5 Semantics1. What is semantics?2. Some views concerning the study of meaning2.1 The naming theory2.2 The conceptualist view2.3 Contextualism2.4 Behaviorism3. Lexical meaning3.1 Sense and reference3.2 Major sense relations3.2.1 Synonymy3.2.2 Polysemy3.2.3 Homonymy3.2.4 Hyponymy3.2.5 Antonymy4. Sense relations between sentences5. Analysis of meaning5.1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning5.2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze sentence meaningStudy questionsChapter 6 Pragmatics1. What is pragmatics?1.1 Definition1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics1.3 Context 1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning2. Speech act theory3. Principle of conversationStudy questionsChapter 7 Historical Linguistics1. The purpose and significance of the historicalstudy of language2. The nature of language change3. The historical development of English3.1 Major periods in the history of English3.1.1 Old English3.1.2 Middle English3.1.3 Modern English3.2 linguistic change of English3.2.1 Sound change3.2.2 Morphological change3.2.3 Syntactic change3.2.4 Lexical change3.2.5 Semantic change4. Language family4.1 Classifying genetically related languages4.2 The Indo-English language family5. The causes of language change5.1 Sound assimilation5.2 Rule simplification and regularization5.3 Internal borrowing5.4 Elaboration5.5 Sociological triggers5.6 Cultural transmission5.7 Children’s approximation t oward the adultgrammarStudy questionsChapter 8 Sociolinguistics1. Language variation1.1 Speech community1.2 Speech variety1.3 Regional variation1.4 Social variation1.5 Stylistic variation1.6 Idiolectal variation2. Standard and nonstandard language2.1 Standard and nonstandard language2.2 Lingua francas2.3 Pidgins2.4 Creoles3. Diglossia and bilingualism3.1 Diglossia3.2 Bilingualism4. Ethnic dialect4.1 Black English, a case study of ethnic dialect4.2 The social environment of Black English5. Social dialect5.1 Education varieties5.2 Age varieties5.3 Gender varieties5.4 Register varieties5.5 Address terms5.6 Slang5.7 Linguistic taboo5.8 EuphemismStudy questionsChapter 9 Psycholinguistics1. The biological foundations of language1.1 The case of Phineas Gage1.2 The human brain1.3 Brain lateralization2. Linguistic lateralization2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for language2.2 Dichotic listening research3. The language centers3.1 Broca’s are a3.2 Wernicke’s area3.3 The angular gyrus3.4 Language perception, comprehension andproduction4. The critical period for language acquisition4.1 The critical period hypothesis4.2 The case of Genie and the degeneration oflanguage faculty with age5. Language and thought5.1 Early views on language and thought5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3.1 Words and meaning5.3.2 Grammatical structure5.3.3 Translation5.3.4 Second language acquisition5.3.5 Language and world views5.4 Understanding the relation of language andthought5.4.1 Major functions of language5.4.2 The development and blending of language5.4.3 Thinking without language5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding system toexpress thought5.4.5 The ways in which language affects thoughtStudy questionsChapter 10 Language Acquisition1. First language acquisition1.1 The biological basis of language acquisition1.2 Language acquisition as the acquisition ofgrammatical rules1.3 The role of input and interaction1.4 The role of instruction1.5 The role of correction and reinforcement1.6 The role of imitation2. Stages of first language acquisition2.1 The prelinguistic stage2.2 The one-word stage2.3 The two-word stage2.4 The multiword stage3. The development of the grammatical system3.1 The development of phonology3.2 The development of syntax3.3 The development of morphology3.4 The development of vocabulary and semantics4. Second language acquisition4.1 Acquisition vs. learning4.2 Transfer and interference4.3 Error Analysis and the natural route ofdevelopment4.4 Interlanguage and fossilization4.5 The role of input4.6 The role of formal instruction4.7 Individual learner factors4.7.1 The optimum age for secondacquisition4.7.2 Motivation4.7.3 Acculturation4.7.4 PersonalityStudy questionsSuggested Answers to Study QuestionsAn English-Chinese Glossaryis generally defined asThe study of language asIn a narrow sense,linguistics refers to the application ofprinciples and theories to language teachinglearning, especially the teaching of foreignsecond languages. In a broad sense, it refersapplication of linguistic findings to the solutionpractical problems such as the recovery ofA study of the featuresthe English used in Shakespeare’s time isA diachronic studylanguage is a historical study, which studiestime. e.g. a study of the changes Englishundergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronicThe ideal user’knowledge of the rules of his language.transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.performance islanguage usby all the members of acommunity; Langue is the set of conventionsrules which language users all have toLangue is relatively stable, it does notin actual use; parole is the concrete use ofvaries from person to person, andLanguage is a system oflanguage. It means that there is noconnection between meanings and sounds. ALanguage is productivemakes possible theLanguage is a system, whichat the lower or basic level, and the otherthings which are present or not present, realfar-away places. In other words, language canused to refer to contexts removed fromWhile we arethe detailsany language are not genetically transmitted,It refers to thethat distinguishFrench words.)Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？(American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.)Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc…Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的).9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study.They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific.11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con¬struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before.3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structureof individual and meaningless sounds, which can begrouped into meaningful units at the higher level.This duality of structure or dou¬ble articulation oflanguage enables its users to talk about anythingwithin their knowledge.4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animalcan “talk”about things removed from theimmediate situation）Language can be used to referto things which are present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present, or future, orfar-away places. In other words, language can beused to refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker.5. Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：（课本答案：details of human language system are taught andlearned while animals are born with the capacity tosend out certain signals as a means of limitedcommunication）While we are born with the abilityto acquire language, the details of any language arenot genetically transmitted, but instead have to betaught and learned.12.Do you think human language is entirelyarbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirelyarbitrary, because there are a limited number ofwords whose connections between forms andmeanings can be logically explained to a certainextent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words whichare coined on the basis of imitation of sounds bysounds such as bang, crash, etc.. Take compoundsfor another example. The two elements “photo” and“copy” in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but thecompound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2: Phonology1.Define the terms:1).phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study ofthe phonic medium of language; it is concerned withall the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages2).auditory phonetics: It studies the speech soundsfrom the hearer’s point of view. It studies how thesounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech soundsby looking at the sound waves. It studies thephysical means by which speech sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person toanother.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is astandardized and internationally accepted system ofphonetic transcription.5).Broad transcription: the transcription withletter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for onesound. This is the transcription normally used indictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription withletter-symbols together with the diacritics. This isthe transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be addedto the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions thanthe letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清音）: when the vocal cords are drawnwide apart, letting air go through without causingvibration, the sounds produced in such a conditionare called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing（浊音）: Sounds produced while thevocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel: the sounds in production of which noarticulators come very close together and the airstream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: the sounds in the production ofwhich there is an obstruction of the air stream atsome point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system ofsounds of a particular language; it aims to discoverhow speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning inlinguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as thespeech sounds we use when speaking a language. Aphone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: a collection of abstract phoneticfeatures, it is a basic unit in phonology. It isrepresented or realized as a certain phone by acertain phonetic context.15).allophone: The different phones which canrepresent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers tothe relation between two phonemes. If twophonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to therelation between two similar phones which areallophones of the same phoneme, and they occur indifferent environments.18).minimal pair:When two different forms areidentical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, thetwo words are said to form a minimal pair. Forexample: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features: the phonemicfeatures that occur above the level of the segmentsare called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone andintonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which arecaused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaningjust like phonemes. The meaning-distinctivefunction of the tone is especially important in tonelanguages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound lengthare tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as intonation.For example, English has four basic types ofintonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, thefall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.2.What are the two major media ofcommunication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why? 语言交际的两大媒介是什么？哪一个是基本的交际媒介？为什么？Speech and writing are the major media ofcommunication. Speech is considered primary overwriting. The reasons are: speech is prior to writingin language evolution, speech plays a greater role indaily communications, and speech is the way inwhich people acquire their native language.3.What are the three branches of phonetics? Howdo they contribute to the study of speech sounds?语音学的三个分支是什么。

00051管理系统中计算机应 用
山东经济学院
青岛大学
03709马克思主义基本原理 概论
00102世界市场行情
00098国际市场营销学
04183概率论与数理统计 （经管类）
04184线性代数（经管类）
本
03709马克思主义基本原 理概论
04127文化市场与营销
00853广告学（二）
04129人类文明史
02797家畜饲养管理学
青岛农业大学
00182公共关系学 03005护理教育导论 00263外国法制史 05680婚姻家庭法
03628社区精神卫生护理 山东大学
00169房地产法
山东大学 青岛大学
00228环境与资源保护法学
00229证据法学
00228环境与资源保护法学 山东师范大学 山东财政学院
00924婚姻家庭法原理与实 00925公证与基层法律服务
00281社区社会工作 00285中国福利思想 00182公共关系学 00316西方政治制度 00321中国文化概论 00399学前游戏论
00449教育管理原理
06057生理心理学
山东财政学院
00228环境与资源保护法学 青岛大学 山东经济学院
00278社会统计学
00287发展社会学
00322中国行政史 00323西方行政学说史
05565物业管理法规
本
03709马克思主义基本原理 概论
04183概率论与数理统计
（经管类）
05374物流企业财务管理
00147人力资源管理（一） 03325劳动关系学
本 03709马克思主义基本原理
概论
03323劳动经济学
本
03709马克思主义基本原理 概论

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。

全国2019年10月自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码：00833Ⅰ. Multiple Choice (15%)Directions: In this section, you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer thequestion. One point is given to each correct choice.1. The Communicative Approach is essentially a manifestation of the .A.1950’sB.1960’sC.1970’sD.1980’s2. Georgi Lozano was the founder of .A. The Silent WayB. SuggestopaediaC. The Total Physical ResponseD. Community Language Learning3. The functional linguistics develops directly from .A. the transformational generative grammarB. the habit-formation theoryC. the American School of LinguisticsD. the London School of Linguistics4. Traditional linguists believe that the written form of language is to the spoken form.A. seniorB. juniorC. inferiorD. superior5. Who applied the theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire language in a book entitled“Verbal Behavior”?A. SkinnerB. BrunerC. BloomfieldD. Piaget6. Language meaning depends to a large extent on the contexts in which speech acts occurred.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. culturalD. sociocultural7. The Oral Approach believes in a theory of learning that is based on a type of theory.A. behaviouristB. cognitiveC. discoveryD. hypothesis-testing8. As an inter-disciplinary science, FLTM makes use of of different subjects.A. theoriesB. rulesC. methodsD. languages9. In Palmer and Hornby’s view, the organization of the grammatical content of a language courseshould be based on the principle of .A. cognitionB. automaticityC. deductionD. gradation10. Which of the following became a key feature of the Oral Approach in the 1960’s?A. Priority of spoken language.B. Classroom instruction in the target language.C. Situational presentation and practice.D. V ocabulary selection.11. Materials in the Audiolingual Method are primarily .A. teacher-orientedB. learner-orientedC. text-orientedD. activity-oriented12. The Silent Way takes to the organization of language to be taught.A. a discovery methodB. a cognitive approachC. direct and indirect methodD. a structural approach13. The most obvious characteristic of the Communicative Approach is that almost everything is done with acommunicative .A. situationB. settingC. informationD. intent14. All of the following principles reflect the influence of structural linguistics and behaviourist psychology in language teaching except that .A. language is speech, not writingB. a language is what its native speakers say, not what someone thinks they ought to sayC. languages are differentD. competence comes before performance15. What are the five factors which are considered crucial components in foreign language teaching in the ASSRFMethod?A. Attention, security, structure, retention and function.B. Approach, situation, skill, reading and formation.C. Affective factors, situation, structure, rule and function.D. Attention, summarizing, situation, reflection and form.Ⅱ. Filling Blanks: (20%)Directions: In this section there are 15 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.16. Generally speaking, the Grammar-Translation Method belongs to the school of linguistics.17. According to the advocates of the Direct Method, the verbal expression of an event isa word, but a .18. The cognitive theory of learning as put forward by Ausubel is perhaps best understood by contrastinglearning and meaningful learning.19. Towards the end of the 19th century, the language teaching innovation turned into theMovement.20. Chomsky made a difference between the grammatical knowledge and the sentences it produced. He called theknowledge of grammar rules “”.21. The book The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom states theand of the Natural Approach.22. In the view of Grammar-Translation Method, the first language is maintained as thein the acquisition of the target language.23. Grammar is learned by listening and speaking activities in the Direct Method, that is, byencouraging learners to induce rules by active use of language.24. The process of learning by discovery involves (taking particular instances and using them todevise a general case ) with the minimum of instruction, and errorful .25. According to the psychological principles of the German scholar F. Franke, a direct association between formsand in the target language should be established.26. In Grammar-Translation Method, grammar is the main in foreign language classrooms.27. Piaget saw cognitive development as essentially a process of , within which genetics andexperience interact.28. In the opinion of Krashen and Terrell, is the primary function of language.29. In the acquisition-learning hypothesis, it is said that speakers are concerned with not thebut the of language.30. The theory of learning underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was Psychology.Ⅲ. Matching: (15%)Directions: This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④, or ⑤in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d, or e in Column B. Onepoint is given to each correct pair you match.31.A: techniques used in B: the purposeGrammar-Translation Method:①reading a. to present new items or to understand the passage ②analysis and comparison b. to apply the new items③translation c. to check the understanding of the reading passage④reading comprehension questions d. to introduce new words and grammar rules⑤written work e. to apply the grammar rules to examples and tounderstand the reading passage32.A: procedures/techniques used B: the purposein the Oral Approach:①individual imitation a. to encourage the students to listen to each othercarefully②building up a new model b. to check the pronunciation③listening practice c. to familiarize the students with the pronunciationand the pattern④choral imitation d. to introduce the new model⑤correction by the students themselves e. to obtain students’ attention33.A: techniques used in the Cognitive B: the purposeApproach:①the ASSRF method a. Wang Cairen②dual activity method b. Zhang Sizhong③global method c. Zhang Jianzhong④leveled method d. Liu Zhaoyi⑤Zhang Sizhong method e. Hao YoumingⅣ. Questions for Brief Answers: (30%)Directions: This section has six questions. You are to briefly answer them. Five points are given to each question.34. What are the roles of the teacher in the Communicative Approach?35. According to the cognitive theory, what are two processes that second language acquisition involves?36. What are the disadvantages of the Natural Approach?37. What language skills are emphasized by the Direct Method? Why?38. Why was speech given a priority in audiolingual classroom practice?39. What sort of linguistics is the Grammar-Translation Method based on?Ⅴ. Questions for Long Answers: (20%)Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you’ve learned. Ten points are given to each question.40. What theories of language are used by the Communicative Approach as its theoretical basis?41. Do you think the Direct Method can be used in the second language classrooms today? Why or why not?。