全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码00830

2011年10月全国自考《外语教学法》真题全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码：00833Ⅰ. Multiple Choices: (15 %)Directions: In this section，you are given 15 questions，beneath each of which are four choices marked A，B，C，andD. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1. In the 19th century，foreign language teachers usually adopted the strategy of combining grammar roles with ______.A. readingB. speakingC. writingD. translating2. T eachers in a/an ______ classroom are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students，and the drills are designed to produce success for the students.A. Grammar-TranslationB. SituationalC. AudiolingualD. Communicative3. English 900is a typical example of textbooks which provide materials for teaching and learning adopting ______ Method.A. Grammar-TranslationB. AudiolingualC. DirectD. Situational4. One of the objectives by the Natural Approach is to enable the students to make the meaning clear but not necessarily be ______ in all details of grammar.A. correctB. accurateC. briefD. concise5. The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are ______ in the creative use of language.A. usefulB. understandableC. unavoidableD. reasonable6. According to the Natural Approach，______plays only the insignificant function toconvey meaning.A. formB. vocabularyC. grammarD. phonetics7. English teaching in China didn’t enter into the formal educational system until the ______ century.A. late 19thB. early 20thC. mid-20thD. late 20th8. Palmer and his fellow linguists believed that a mastery of some ______ words would greatly assist foreign language learning.A. 1,000B. 2,000C. 3,000D. 4,0009. The Communicative Approach lays emphasis on learning to communicate through ______ in the target language.A. listening and note-takingB. interactionC. role playD. oral presentation10. The best-known reformer in the mid-19th century is ______，who developed anapproach to teaching a foreign language on the basis of his observations of child first language learning.A. M.D. BerlitzB. W. M. WundtC. J. A. ComeniusD. F. Gouin11. In foreign language teaching，the target language was interpreted as a systemof rules to be observed in texts and sentences，and to be related to the first language ______ and meaning.A. wordsB. rulesC. sentencesD. context12. In the Direct Method，teachers encourage learners to ______ rules of grammarthrough active use of the target language in the classroom.A. applyB. analyzeC. induceD. paraphrase13. Which of the following dictionaries is a great contribution made by Homby to EFL teaching?A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B. The Concise Oxford Dictionary.C. Everyman’s English Pronouncing Dictionary.D. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.14. The generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also in explaining language.A. teachingB. describingC. usingD. understanding15. According to M. A. K. Halliday，which of the following should NOT be accounted for in terms of linguistic events?A. Form.B. Context.C. Substance.D. Culture.Ⅱ. Filling Blanks: (20 %)Directions: In this section，there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.16. Bloomfield and Fries were known as the representatives of the ______ linguistics.17. The Natural Approach advocates that language teaching should emphasize ______ rather than form.18. According to Skinner，a renowned behaviorist psychologist，______ was muchmore effective than punishment in a teaching situation.19. The Direct Method got its name from the assumption that ______ are to beconnected directly with the target language，without going through the process of translating into the students’ native language.20. A major feature of ______ code-learning is the emphasis on explanations of grammatical functioning.21. Asher，the advocate of the Total Physical Response method，views the verb，and particularly the verb in the ______，as the central element around which language use and learning are organized.22. Krashen regards provision of comprehensible ______ and reduction of stress as keys to successful language acquisition.23. The establishment of a laboratory of ______ psychology announced the official birth of the science.24. The neogrammarians，represented by Hermann Paul，formed the main linguistic basis of the ______ Method.25. The experts in grammar analysis and translation approach believed that thehuman minds could be trained by logical analysis of the classic language，memorization of complicated rules，and ______ between languages.。

xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。

Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。

A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。

全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码00833全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试外语教学法试题课程代码：00833请将答案填在答题纸相应的位置上Ⅰ. Multiple Choices: (15 %)Directions: In this section，you are given 15 questions，beneath each of which are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. You are to make the bestchoice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer thequestion. One point is given to each correct choice.1. In the 19th century，foreign language teachers usually adopted the strategy of combining grammar roles with ______.A. readingB. speakingC. writingD. translating2. Teachers in a/an ______ classroom are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students，and the drills are designed to produce success for the students. A. Grammar-Translation B. SituationalC. AudiolingualD. Communicative3. English 900is a typical example of textbooks which provide materials for teaching and learning adopting ______ Method.A. Grammar-TranslationB. AudiolingualC. DirectD. Situational4. One of the objectives by the Natural Approach is to enable the students to make the meaning clear but not necessarily be ______ in all details of grammar.A. correctB. accurateC. briefD. concise5. The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are ______ in the creative use of language.A. usefulB. understandableC. unavoidableD. reasonable6. According to the Natural Approach，______plays only the insignificant function to convey浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第1页(共6页)meaning.A. formB. vocabularyC. grammarD. phonetics7. English teaching in China didn’t enter into the formal education al system until the ______ century.A. late 19thB. early 20thC. mid-20thD. late 20th8. Palmer and his fellow linguists believed that a mastery ofsome ______ words would greatly assist foreign language learning.A. 1,000B. 2,000C. 3,000D. 4,0009. The Communicative Approach lays emphasis on learning to communicate through ______ in the target language.A. listening and note-takingB. interactionC. role playD. oral presentation10. The best-known reformer in the mid-19th century is ______，who developed an approach to teaching a foreign language on the basis of his observations of child first language learning.A. M. D. BerlitzB. W. M. WundtC. J. A. ComeniusD. F. Gouin11. In foreign language teaching，the target language was interpreted as a system of rules to be observed in texts and sentences，and to be related to the first language ______ and meaning.A. wordsB. rulesC. sentencesD. context12. In the Direct Method，teachers encourage learners to ______ rules of grammar through active use of the target language in the classroom.A. applyB. analyzeC. induceD. paraphrase13. Which of the following dictionaries is a great contribution made by Homby to EFL teaching?A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B. The Concise Oxford Dictionary.浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第2页(共6页)C. Everyman’s English Pronouncing Dictionary.D. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.14. The generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also in explaining language.A. teachingB. describingC. usingD. understanding15. According to M. A. K. Halliday，which of the following should NOT be accounted for in terms of linguistic events?A. Form.B. Context.C. Substance.D. Culture.Ⅱ. Filling Blanks: (20 %)Directions: In this section，there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to eachblank.16. Bloomfield and Fries were known as the representatives of the ______ linguistics.17. The Natural Approach advocates that language teaching should emphasize ______ rather than form.18. According to Skinner，a renowned behaviorist psychologist，______ was much more effective than punishment in a teaching situation.19. The Direct Method got its name from the assumption that ______ are to be connected directly with the target language，without going through the process of translating into the students’ native language.20. A major feature of ______ code-learning is the emphasis on explanations of grammatical functioning.21. Asher，the advocate of the T otal Physical Response method，views the verb，and particularly the verb in the ______，as the central element around which language use and learning are organized.22. Krashen regards provision of comprehensible ______ and reduction of stress as keys to successful language acquisition.23. The establishment of a laboratory of ______ psychology announced the official birth of the浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第3页(共6页)science.24. The neogrammarians，represented by Hermann Paul，formed the main linguistic basis of the ______ Method.25. The experts in grammar analysis and translation approach believed that the human minds could be trained by logical analysis of the classic language，memorization of complicated rules，and ______ between languages.26. Books such as A Grammar of Spoken English on a Strictly Phonetic Basis，A Handbook of English Grammar，Guide to Patterns and Usage in English served as a standard ______ sourceof basic English sentence patterns for textbook writers.27. The Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on innate organizing principles in human perception and ______.28. Notions，according to V an Ek and Alexander，are domains in which we use ______ to express thought and feeling.29. Cognitive psychologists hold that language learning is the discovery of the underlying ______ of the language by means of inductive and deductive inference.30. Chomsky divides the grammar of a ______ language into core grammar and peripheral grammar.31. The fundamental purpose of learning Latin was to study the ______ culture which was worshipped in the Renaissance.32. In the Natural Approach，to ______ stress，learners are not required to speak until they feel ready，but they are expected to make responses in other ways.33. Some British linguists emphasized the close relationship between the ______ of a language and the context and situation in which the language was used.34. The Natural Approach considers ______ as the most important element of any language teaching program.35. Two indispensable parts of Communicative Language Teaching are supposed to be discourse analysis and ______.Ⅲ. Matching: (15 %)Directions: This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns，A and B. You are to match the one marked ①，②，③，④ or⑤ in Column A浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第4页(共6页)with the one marked a，b，c，d or e in Column B. One point is givento each pair you match correctly.36.37.38.浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第5页(共6页)Ⅳ. Questions for Brief Answers: (30%)Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.39. Could you please name any two of Daniel Jones’ works on English phonetics?40. What is the learning theory of the Direct Method according to J. A. Comenius?41. How does the teacher mat practices the Oral Approach deal with students’ errors?42. What is language in Chomsky’s opinion?43. What is the primary goal of the Natural Approach?44. What are the four points summarized by Tang Lixing on the methodological development before the 1980s in China?Ⅴ. Questions for Long Answers: (20%)Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you’velearned. Ten points are given to each question.45. Discuss in your own words the advantages of the Direct Method.46. What are the principles that Asher believes in?浙00833# 外语教学法试卷第6页(共6页)。

全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：0830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（）A．all consonants B．vowels onlyC．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actuallypronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（）A．deletion B．assimilationC．phonetic D．sequential3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffixC．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English”to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposingC．postposing D．maintaining5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?（）A．complementary B．relationalC．superordinate D．gradable6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）A．one-place predication B．two-place predicationC．three-place predication D．no-place predication7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English,word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.（）A．SOV B．SVOC．VSO D．OSV8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）A．regional B．standardC．ethnic D．situational9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.（）A．1-2 B．2-12C．1-12 D．13-1810．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（）A．behaviorist B．nativistC．mentalist D．empiricistⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of languagedata.12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and areof interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due totheir r________________ properties.14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the sametime stands structurally alone.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationshipbetween X and Y is i_________________16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state ordescribe, and were thus verifiable.17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,sound a________________ and sound movement.18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable inf_________________ styles of language.19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones,two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept orpredication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approachesare equally favored by modern linguists.22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items inthese categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology ofthe words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend itsmeaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the lefthemisphere of the brain.30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number ofyears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemic contrast32.free morphemes33.hierarchical structure34.co-hyponyms35.utterance meaning36.perlocutionary act37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animalcommunication system.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingualcommunities have one thing in common?。

自考语言学概论（2011.10）真题及答案一判断1.任何一种语言都有自己的口头存在形式，但可以没有书面语。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称应该如何理解口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的难易程度简单讲解任何一种语言都有自己的口头存在形式，但是古往今来只有极少数语言在口语的基础上产生了相应的书面语。

统计刷题次数:3588 错误率:40%2.每个词都处在两种关系之中：组合关系和聚合关系。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称组合关系和聚合关系的关系难易程度简单讲解聚合关系是在组合关系中体现出来的，或者说是在组合关系中分析出来的，而组合关系又体现为聚合类的线性序列。

所以组合关系和聚合关系是有机地统一的，是不可分割的。

组合关系和聚合关系是语言研究的两个十分重要的理论原则，不论是在哪个研究领域都具有重要的指导意义。

语言单位之间的聚合关系，所以涉及到各级的语言单位。

统计刷题次数:637 错误率:54%3.语音的物理属性是语音的本质属性。

A.对B.错正确答案B知识点名称为什么说语音本质上是一种社会现象难易程度简单讲解语音虽然具有物理属性、生理属性等自然属性，但它本质上是一种社会现象，这就是"语音的社会属性".语音的社会属性是使语音从根本上与一般声音区别开来的本质属性。

统计刷题次数:2688 错误率:36%4.音素是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称音素难易程度简单讲解音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。

统计刷题次数:1702 错误率:14%5.汉语普通话音节ji中的i是舌面元音。

A.对B.错正确答案A知识点名称元音的发音特征难易程度简单讲解舌面元音i."zi"中的"i"是舌尖元音。

统计刷题次数:1290 错误率:40%6."莲子"是附加式构词的合成词。

A.对B.错正确答案B知识点名称构词(两个以上语素组合形成合成词):复合构词,附加构词,重叠构词,复杂的合成词难易程度简单讲解附加构词就是词根语素加上词缀语素构成一个新词。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin andend the words church andjudge are voiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study ofthe physical properties of the streams of sounds producedin speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingyare different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other languagein common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functionsin a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think a statement is false, you must explain whyyou think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as,out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming.But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segmentsand square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29． ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%× 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung togetherin any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies ofm , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audiblyreleased and the air passing out again, suchas English stops [p] and [t] in pit. Inproducing [p] and [t] the flow of air isblocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaningof a compound is always perceived fromthe meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”referto highly abstract properties of grammarwhich are applied to language in generaland which generate phrases and at thesame time restrain the power of Move a,while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restrictedways, according to which particulargrammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations betweensentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which arerepresentatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, theword ask is pronounced [æks], but theword asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It isinteresting that in Old English the verb askwas aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/.This means that a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants, producingask in most dialects of English. Metathesisis the phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing twoadjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effectivein expressing ideas in communication. 29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that thereare striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a newlanguage.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factorsover and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD.a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented throughPhrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B.writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD.career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language whichmeans language iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue isbrought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain soundand “pop” meaning popular are in relationship ofc homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology haveoccurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety anda high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functionsin a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a givenstage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.（2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept theview of language as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern oftones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, whenpitch, stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. 23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, duringthe process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usuallydo not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels ofstructure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntacticrepresentations of these two levels must bedifferent. Since syntactic movement occursto all sentences, so the representations ofthe twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between whathe called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms ofnouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakersstarted saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur whenwords are borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are FirstName (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith),Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title +Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g.,Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outsideof marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names arealways preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able totransfer their language centers to the righthemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3%×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. missives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40.interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought developand blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair ofrelational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., OldEnglish noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to bethe basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors socialattitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities. 20. If the target language functions as a foreign language,the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute,i.e., there are no words in world languages thatmaintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissibleand others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compounddo not usually affect the meaning of thecompound. 24. () The recursive properties of phrase structurerules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y,the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not statea fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thoughtof as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes.For example,children and adults are presently sayingI dreamed last night (instead of dreamt).This kind ofchange has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetrybetween male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37.stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples. 42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words.。

全国2011年10月自考试题大学语文第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题中的括号内。

1.韩愈在《答李翊书》中认为，为文立言的根本是( )A、"无望其速成，无诱于势利"B、"行之乎仁义之途"C、"惟陈言之务去"D、"用则施诸人，舍则传诸其徒"2.司马光指责王安石新法是"生事"，王安石在《答司马谏义书》中驳斥这一指责时，所依据的主要理由是( )A、新法是"受命于人主"B、新法是"辟邪说，难壬人"C、新法是"为天下理财"D、新法是"举先王之政"3.下列《论毅力》中的论断，说法不够严密的是( )A、人生历程，大抵逆境居十六七，顺境亦居十三四B、其事愈大者，其遇挫愈多，其不退也愈难C、小逆之后，必有小顺；大逆之后，必有大顺D、盘根错节之既经，随有应刃而解之一日4.为了证明中国是一个"人肉筵宴的厨房"，鲁迅在《灯下漫笔》中说："有吃烧烤的身价不资的阔人，也有饿得垂死的每斤八文的孩子。

"这里所运用的两种论证方法是( )A、对比与例证B、类比与对比C、演绎与类比D、例证与演绎5.在《选择与安排》中，朱光潜以"常山蛇阵"为喻证，是为了说明( )A、安排材料要突出文章主旨B、刻画人物要抓住典型细节C、艺术品是一件有生命的东西D、层次安排要做到轻重分明6.在《论学问》中，培根用"射箭有益于胸肺"来证明"精神的缺陷都可以由相当的学问来补救"的道理，这种论证方法是( )A、演绎法B、例证法C、对比法D、类比法7.下列议论文中，结论全部包孕在反诘句中的是( )A、《秋水》B、《赵威后问齐使》C、《答李翊书》D、《人的正确思想是从哪里来的？》8.《郑伯克段于鄢》一文中，姜氏的性格特征是( )A、阴险狠毒，工于心计B、老成持重，为国焦虑C、贪婪狂妄，愚昧无知D、褊狭昏愦，以私情干政9.李广死后，"百姓闻之，知与不知，无老壮皆为垂涕。

xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。

Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。

A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%× 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n)______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds.The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English isthe distinct variety of English native to black populations inthe USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONEword only, and you are not allowed to change the lettergiven. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to createthe same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs. 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which areidentical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community. 29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% ×10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Whydid Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them. 2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audibly releasedand the air passing out again, such as Englishstops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t]the flow of air is blocked through the mouthonly.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of acompound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstractproperties of grammar which are applied tolanguage in general and which generate phrasesand at the same time restrain the power ofMove a, while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restricted ways,according to which particular grammars ofnatural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences,Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X mustbe true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into fivegeneral categories, which are representatives,directives, commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the wordask is pronounced [æks], but the word asking ispronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in OldEnglish the verb ask was aksian, withthe/k/preceding the/s/. This means that ahistorical metathesis rule switched these twoconsonants, producing ask in most dialects ofEnglish. Metathesis is the phonological processthat reorders segments, often by transposingtwo adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effective inexpressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there arestriking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______,which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through PhraseStructure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction mayhelp learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examination II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which meanslanguage iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue is broughtinto contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred inthe history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stageof second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habituallyused oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Mostlinguists today accept the view of language as aset of "habitually used symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tonesover stretch of speech in principle longer than aword, in other words, when pitch, stress andsound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during theprocess of which they modify the meaning ofthe original word but usually do not change itspart of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure,D-structure and S-structure, we do not meanthat the syntactic representations of these twolevels must be different. Since syntacticmovement occurs to all sentences, so therepresentations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what hecalled “constatives”and “performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nounsconstantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, anddog/dogs, English speakers started saying cowsas the plural of cow instead of the earlier pluralkine. This analogical change does not occurwhen words are borrowed from foreignlanguages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name(e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + LastName (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr.President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term(e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings,between friends, neighbours and colleagues, firstnames are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able to transfertheir language centers to the right hemisphereand to reacquire the lost linguistic skills withrelatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% ×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33.bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old Englishnoun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage,they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be thebasic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning ofa sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison ofits daughterlanguages is called the comparative method. 18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude,emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, thelearner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e.,there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible andothers are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do notusually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rulesenable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, themeaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state afact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as“economy of memory”results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry betweenmale and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the mostpartis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced[æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”.Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that。