最新1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析.docx

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题1分，共26分)1.关于语言与言语的关系，下列说法中不正确的一项是( )。

A.用文字记录下来的就是语言，用声音说出来的就是言语B.语言具有内在的一致的规律，而言语则不同，很难找到一致的规律C.语言是言语活动中社会成员约定俗成的共同使用的部分，是均质的D.言语具有个人特点，因此不同于社会约定俗成的“语言”2.最早的比较全面系统地阐述“语言”一般理论的著作通常认为是德国学者( )的《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》。

A.黑格尔B.康德C.洪堡特D.歌德3.元音音质的差别主要是由下列( )决定的。

A.发音体B.共鸣腔的不同形状C.发音源D.发音部位4.下列各组辅音中都是双唇音的一组是( )。

A.［ｐ］［ｐ‘］B.［ｐ］［ｆ］C.［ｐ］［ｎ］D.［ｂ］［ｋ］5.语音的本质属性是( )。

A.物理属性B.生理属性C.心理属性D.社会属性6.北京人把“分配”［f n55p‘ei51］说成［f m55p‘ei51］，这种语音变化形象是( )。

A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落7.下列四组合成词中，( )含有不成词语素。

A.火车B.热爱C.心疼D.端详8.一般说来，前缀在构词中通常( )。

A.只改变词的具体意义、不改变词的词类B.只改变词的抽象意义、不改变词的词类C.只改变词的词类、不改变词的具体意义D.只改变词的词类、不改变词的抽象意义19.“一张上海”这句话表面上看起来是词语搭配不当，其实是“买一张去上海的车票”这句话在特定场所(售票处)对话省略。

这种现象说明了( )。

A.语境对语法的作用B.修辞对语法的作用C.语汇对语法的作用D.语音对语法的作用10.“学习外语”和“政治学习”中的“学习”是( )。

A.边缘类的词B.兼类词C.同音词D.词性完全相同的词11.义素分析的基本方法是( )。

全国2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2% X 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguisticA. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our , which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. (A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which containsA. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the of a language, for example, in En glish, NP ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed byA. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) act is the change brought about bythe utterance. (A. prelocuti onaryB. locuti onaryC. illocutio naryD. perlocutio nary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that _____ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinitythan could possibly have been produced by accident.( )A. Germa nicB. Persia nD. Lithua nianC. Sa nskrit8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a .( )A. con ceptual meaningB. conno tative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic liste ning research tells us a sig nal coming in the left ear will first go to the _____ hemisphere, from where it is tran sferred to the left side of the brain for process ing. ( )A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal in struct ion on sec ond Ian guage acquisiti on suggest that formalin structio n may help lear ners perform some of the followi ng types of tasks except ___ .( ) A. pla nned speech B. writ ingC. casual and spontan eous con versati onD. career-orie nted exam in ati on11. Directions: Fill in the bla nk in each of the follow ing stateme nts with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, andyou are not allowed to cha nge the letter give n. (1% x 10=10%)11. Double a _____ refers to the property of Ianguage which means Ianguage is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meanin gless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meanin gful.12. In the producti on of v ______ , the back of the ton gue is brought into con tact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [ n ] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type ofs ____ to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally in depe ndent unit that usually comprises a nu mber of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a _h ___ structure to sentences.15. The words such as “ pop”meaning a certain sound and “ pop ” meaning popular are inrelati on ship of c ____ homony ms.16. The c ____ view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sen se.17. Exte nsive cha nges in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of En glish. En glish haslost most of its i ______ endin gs, by which it is no Ion ger possible to ide ntify the functionalroles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f ______differe ntiati on betwee n a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l _____ .20. I ____ is the Ianguage that a learner constructs at a given stage of second Ianguageacquisiti on.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the follow ing stateme nts is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you thi nk so and the n give the correct vers ion. (2% x 10=20%)21. ( ) Accord ing to Hall (1968), la nguage is "the in stituti on whereby huma ns com muni cateand in teract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols."Most lin guists today accept the view of Ian guage as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22. ( ) Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principleIon ger tha n a word, in other words, whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as inton ati on. 23. ( ) Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the origi nal word but usually do not cha nge its part of speech.24. ( ) When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25. ()“ He has been to New York ” presupposes “ He has been to America” .26. ()John Searle made a distinction between what he called “ constatives” and“ performatives ” .27. ()Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words areborrowed from foreign languages.28. ()The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone(e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29. ()Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30. ()The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if n ecessary. ( 3% 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 1=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understandthe relationship between language and thought.。

《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• ngue• B.linguist• nguage• D.learning正确答案：C语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。

2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A.vowels• B.consonants• C.sounds• D.speech sounds正确答案：D在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。

这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。

3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B.morpheme• C.the rules by which words are formed• D.word正确答案：B正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.• rge• B.small• C.finite• D.infinite正确答案：C对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”的提出者是（）A．老子B．孔子C．荀子D．庄子2．声音的强弱决定于（）A．频率的大小B．振幅的大小C．发音体的松紧D．说话的速度3．语音中声带振动的浊辅音是（）A．乐音B．噪音C．乐音和噪音的混合体D．纯音4．舌尖前不送气清塞音是（）A．［t］B．［d］C．［ts］D．［s］5．汉语北京话中，有的人把“一般儿大”(同样大)说成“一边儿大”，这种现象在语音学上叫（）A．同化B．异化C．弱化D．增音6．把词分为单纯词和合成词所依据的是（）A．音节的数量B．语素的数量C．词的用途D．词的地位7．“背黑锅”、“走后门”、“碰钉子”都属于（）A．惯用语B．谚语C．成语D．简缩词语8．外语学习中，学习者往往会建立一种不同于母语也不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统，这就是（）A．交叉语B．双语C．混合语D．中介语19．外语学习中，学习者的母语会对其所学的外语产生影响，这种现象叫（）A．语言接触B．语言迁移C．语言混同D．语言杂糅10．机器翻译可以分为四个层级，其中最高的一级是（）A．语境平面的翻译B．语义平面的翻译C．句法平面的翻译D．单词平面的翻译11．汽车司机行驶到路口，看见红灯就会马上停车，这是一种（）A．感性思维B．逻辑思维C．发散思维D．推理思维12．人大脑的右半球掌管（）A．语言活动B．直观动作的思维活动C．抽象思维D．判断和推理13．一般认为人大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是（）A．2至3岁B．6至8岁C．9至10岁D．12至13岁14．从语言形式本身看，双词句标志着儿童产生了最早的（）A．语音能力B．语义能力C．语法能力D．构词能力15．在儿童语言获得过程的某一阶段，儿童说出的话很像大人打电报时所用的表达方式，这个阶段他们的语言被称作“电报式语言”，这个阶段是（）A．咿呀学语阶段B．单词阶段C．简单句阶段D．复杂句阶段16．小脑的主要功能是（）A．连接大脑左右两半球B．负责内脏功能C．控制人体运动的平衡D．负责掌管记忆功能17．最小的音义结合的语言单位是（）A．音素B．语素C．义素D．义位18．文字起源于（）A．结绳B．图画C．结珠D．穿贝19．语言间亲属关系最重要的标志是（）A．语音对应关系B．词汇对应关系2C．语法对应关系D．文字对应关系20．要确定几种未定的“话”是属于同一“语言”的不同“‘方言”，还是不同的“语言”，应当依据（）A．说话者相互理解程度B．语言结构本身差异的程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．说话者的民族二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

浙江省2018年1月自考语言学概论试题课程代码：10044一、判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内打“√”，错的打“×”。

1.语言学直到19世纪才成为一门科学，在这之前的语言研究只能称之为“语文学”。

( )2.语言既是一种物质实体，又是一种社会现象。

( )3.语言获得主要是通过有意识的教或学的形式，即所谓直觉习惯和模仿强化等来完成的。

( )4.词的内部语素与语素的组合形式不完全等同于句法结构的形式，即词的构造具有某些特殊类型。

( )5.一般说，前缀在构词中除了改变词的抽象意义外，也往往改变词的词类。

( )6.大脑的语言功能完全是通过后天的学习、训练获得的。

( )7.一部分思维活动完全可以摆脱语言独立进行。

( )8.作为来源语的母语对作为目标语的外语会产生影响，这就叫做“语言迁移”。

( )9.目前汉字输入就已经可以采用语音合成技术。

( )10.文字改革必须要注意解决书面语的历史继承性问题，否则就会割断历史文化传统，引起多数人的反对。

( )二、单项选择题(本大题共14小题，每小题1分，共14分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.关于语言研究，下列说法中不正确的是( )Ａ.语言的研究可以着重于语言的“本体”，重点研究语音、语法、语汇、语义等系统内部的结构规律Ｂ.语言的研究指的就是对于语言和人脑思维之间关系的研究Ｃ.语言的研究可以从不同的角度，采用不同的方式来进行Ｄ.由于研究的范围、目的、方法等等的不同，会形成各种不同的语言学派2.下列说法正确的是( )A.语言符号具有任意性，因此不同的语言符号之间都是独立存在、互不联系的Ｂ.语言是一个系统，这个系统具有相对的封闭性，很少受到外界各种因素的影响C.语素是可以自由运用的最小的语言单位D.无论从语音学还是从语义学的角度来看，语素都是最小的不可再分的单位3.关于语言的组合关系，下列说法中不正确的一项是( )A.组合关系又称句段关系，其实质就是同义词或近义词的组合与替换问题Ｂ.我们通常所说的“词类”，指的就是一种在组合关系中具有相同语法功能的类C.语言单位的组合，只能采取线性的序列形式D.在语链中，在同一位置上出现的语言单位处在共同的组合关系之中，具有共同的句法功能4.普通语言学指的是( )A.语言学研究中的初级阶段B.语言学研究的低级对象C.对人类语言进行一般性研究的科学D.对某一门语言进行普遍而适用的研究的学问5.下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是( )A.［p］［f］B.［p］［m］C.［t］［p］D.［k］［m］6.下列关于韵律特征的表述中，不正确的一项是( )A.韵律特征指的是语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音长和音强方面的变化。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830L Directions: Read each of the following statements carerully. Decide which one of ihe four chokes best completes the statement and put the letter A t B, C or D in the brackets. (2^x10=20%)L Modem linguistics is the scientific study of language, therefore modern Linguists emphiisize Ehe imporunce of language data collected from ____________ .A. newspapers and magazinesB. ihe language peopie actually speakC\ writings by the most famous authorsD. radio broadcasts [ j2. To form the present tense, 3rd person singulitr, of the verb “【each*； we have to add “vs", insteadot'just ' -s，h to it This is required by the ______________ o f English.A. assimilation ruleB. sequential ruleC. deletion rule D, mmpholcgLca] rule [ ] 3“ Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and param&ters are important components in the well-known theory of _____________________ _A. traditional grammar C. universal grammarB. functionaJ grammarD r phrase structure grammar [ J4 The level of syntactic representation that exists after movement cak虧place is commonly termedAS the ”A. phrase stnicwre C. surface structure B, deep structureD, syntactic structure [ )15. _________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning ofwords.A. Predication analysisB. Comportential analysisC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics [ ]6. The Cooperative PrincipJe was firsi proposed by _ ______A. John AuMinB. Jokn SearleC. Geoffrey LeechD. Paul Grice [ ]7. Languages in the world can be classified into families, such as the Indo-European family, theSino-Tibciaii family, the Afroasiatic family, the Austronesian family* the Austro-Tai Family, and the Altaic family. Among them ________________________ is the first and most widely investigatedlanguage family of the world.A. Sino-Tibetan B , AfroasiaticC. AustronesianD. Indo-European [ ]8. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tend5 to speak withlanguage features which derive from oneS constant use of the ___________ language.A. writtenB. spokenC. literalD. coHoquial [ ]9. _____ . is the language center wiihin the brain responsible for converting a visual stimulusinto an auditory form and vice versa.A. The angular gyrusB. Broca鲁areaC. Wernicke's areaD. Cerebral cortex [ 110. The acquisidon of a second language is dependent on a combination of learner facrors. Whichof the following is NOT an individual learner factor?____________ .A. aptitjdeB. moiivauonC. instructionD. cognitive style [ 1II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are notallowed lo change the letter Eiven. ( 1 % «10=10*<)11. Language is not an i___________ phenomenon, it is a social activity carried out in a certainsocial environment by human beings.12. While phonetics i$ interested in all the speech sounds us&d in all human languages^ phonologyis interested in the system ot' sounds of a p__________ language.13. A can be divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes according to their positionsin the words.14. A f _________ verb, informally called the main verb of A sentence, expresses existence,2action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, case.15. WPa【we can depend on to make a disunction between polysemy and homonymy is thee . of the words in question.16. The ac( performed when an utterance achieves a particular effect on the behaviour, beliefs,feelings* etc.»of a listener is called p__________ act.17. In old English the affixation of the suffix -yan to an adjective would change the word into ac _________ verb, just as the Modem English suffix m added io adjectives io form suchverbs as blacken, whiten. redden and awaken,18. A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcomnunicaiion. As a c_________ __ language, a pidgin may contain significant grammaticalfeatures of two or more languages.19. J_________ communication refers to the process of using language within an individual tofacilitate one^ own thought and speech behavior.20. Starting from the prelinguistic cooing and ______________ stage, children move through theone-word, two-word and mulnwcrd stages, gradually acquiring the adult linguistic system as they grow.III. Directions^ Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. Lf you think a statement is false^ you mustexplain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%xl0=20%)21. ( ) The distinction be[ween langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist E deSaussure. Langutt refers LO lhe abstracL Linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community while parole refers (o the concrete use of conventions and rules, thusvarying from person to person.322.()The conclusions we reach about rhe phonology of a particular language can be generalizediruci the stud}' of another language-23.()The word ''microphone" consists of two morpheme, of which micro* U a rwt* and "phone" is&n affix.24.() Strictly speaking, (he statement that (he subject usually precedes the ¥亡出and the direct object usually foDows the verb is true in terms of both structural and logical concepts.25.(} In semantic analysis. predication, which is the abstractiuR of the meaning of a sentence►can only apply to statements bu( not to imperative and interrogative forms.26.()There are different kinds of antonyms because swords opposite in meaning dono( contrast each other only cn a single dimension.27.()[jnguiige change is one of the subjects of synchronic linguiilics because ic studies problemsconnected with【ht：charEicieristics cf a lajiguuge as ic exists one dme b for example4theGreat Vowel Shift28+() Some speakers of English are perfectly comfortable using the word anymore in sentences ^uch 加tht following: Tfcioh are expenfiive anyrrLqne.Other speakers of English can use anymore only it there is a negative element, such asrioL in the semence^ Tc*ols are not cheap anymore.This difference between speakers can be linked to a particular region of (he country or itiA panicuiar j;ueial chisg or ethnic group.29”(旧eca空Wernicke? area and angulargjius are all iocated in rhe left hemisphere of the brain.XThere is no biological basis for humans to prefer one panic jlar language over any other. 30.(Our Inn莒uagt： facuky pcrmjis us La acquire any human Language io which we ajeexposed.[V- Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for tlJustration* (3%xlO=JO%)3 f ’ productivity32. front vowel33. articulatory phaneiics34. morphology435. selecdonal restrictions3& commissives37, acronym鹑一standard language39. social dialect40. behaviorist learning theoryV. Answer the following questions. ( 10%*2=20% )41. What [ypc of movement is involved in lhe general question transformation in English? Work out thedeep-structure represenuuon for Che sentence H Will the shop owner hire her?"42. Provide a( least two evidences for the view (hat there is a critical period of language acquisition.5。

浙江省2018年1月自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：10044一、判断题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内打“√”，错的打“╳”。

每小题1分，共10分)1.语言是民族的重要标志也是最可靠的标志。

( )2.语音本质上是一种社会现象。

( )3.音强变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。

( )4.舌面元音的音质差别是由口腔的不同形状决定的。

( )5.根据词的音节数量，汉语的词一般分成单纯词和合成词。

( )6.所有的语法规则都是互相联系着共同起作用的。

( )7.语言诸要素语音、语汇、语法中，语音发展变化最快。

( )8.语调是任何一种语言都有的语法手段。

( )9.“觉得不舒服”和“睡得不舒服”结构相同。

( )10.已知的所有自源文字都是意音文字、词语文字。

( )二、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共26分)1.普通话音节zhi中的元音i是( )。

A.舌面前元音B.舌面后元音C.舌尖前元音D.舌尖后元音2.辅音［s］和［x］的区别是( )。

A.送气与否B.清音和浊音C.擦音和塞擦音D.发音部位不同3.［k］是( )。

A.塞音B.擦音C.鼻音D.塞擦音4.前低不圆唇元音是( )。

A.［e］B.［u］C.［a］D.［o］5.造成现代汉语词的音形关系复杂的原因有( )。

A.语音偶合B.历史音变C.词义分化D.以上都是6.语法规则的“递归性”是指( )。

A.相同的规则可以在一个结构里重复使用B.语法规则可以相互推导和解释C.语法规则的变化过程十分缓慢D.对语言成分和结构进行类的概括7.汉语普通话中“啊”的音变属于语流音变中的( )。

A.同化B.异化C.脱落D.加音8.汉字“末”属于下列哪一种造字法( )。

A.象形B.指事C.会意D.形声9.我国解放前的“洋泾浜语”是语言的( )。

A.借用B.双语现象C.转用D.混合10.下列属于意译词的是( )。

浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets”and “candy”are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?”( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab”is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy”to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。

自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的'高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。

下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。

Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。

自考语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1.下列哪项不属于语言学研究的基本观点是？A. 外语教学内容的不同，体现了语言学的多样性。

B. 语言的发展与社会发展密切相关。

C. 语言学的研究对象包括语音、语法、词汇、语义、语用等多个方面。

D. 语言学只关注语言形式，与语言使用无关。

答案：D2.语音学的基本任务是？A. 研究语言的音系结构和音变规律。

B. 研究语言的词汇和词义。

C. 研究语言的句法结构和语法规则。

D. 研究语言的交际功能和语用规则。

答案：A3.对于语音学研究的重要意义，下列说法正确的是？A. 语音学是解密文字中隐藏信息的重要工具。

B. 语音学是比较不重要的语言学分支。

C. 语音学与语义学和语用学的关系并不密切。

D. 语音学只研究母语的发音，与第二语言无关。

答案：A4.下列哪项不属于词法学的研究内容？A. 词法单位的构成。

B. 词汇的分类和词义变化。

C. 词法的语用功能。

D. 词法的音韵规律。

答案：D5.语法学研究的是？A. 语言的音韵规则和语音结构。

B. 语言的词汇和词义。

C. 语言的句法规则和句子结构。

D. 语言的交际功能和语用规则。

答案：C二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1.简述语言学的定义和研究对象。

答案：语言学是研究语言的一门学科，它研究语言的构成、发展、功能和使用规则等方面的问题。

语言学的研究对象包括语音、语法、词汇、语义和语用等多个方面。

通过对语言的结构和功能进行研究，语言学旨在了解语言的本质及其在人类社会中的作用。

2.简述语音学和语法学的关系。

答案：语音学和语法学都是语言学的分支学科，它们之间有着密切的关系。

语音学研究语言的音系结构和音变规律，即语言的发音和语音系统。

而语法学研究语言的句法结构和语法规则，即语言的句子结构和组织规律。

语音学和语法学在研究对象和方法上有所不同，但都关注语言的形式和结构，互相补充和支持，共同构成了对语言的全面研究。

3.语用学研究的是什么内容，它在语言学研究中的作用是什么？答案：语用学研究语言的交际功能和语用规则，即语言的使用方式和交际目的。

全国2018年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )1A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.214. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we3do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference4V. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.5。

自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征？A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案：C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案：D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学研究方法中，不包括以下哪一项？B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案：D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。

答案：描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。

答案：任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。

答案：规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。

答案：创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。

答案：社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。

答案：抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。

答案：具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。

答案：情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another1bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in theprocess of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is calleda ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。

2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is posed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasA. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refersto in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intent ion; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech munity is thus defined as a group of people who form a munity (which may have few membersas a family or as many members as a country), andshare the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful munication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups ofpeople from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between petence and performance?petence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in t he late 1950’s. Chomsky defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?四、阐述题(每题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with exles.。

2022年1月自考现代汉语试题及答案基础》试题与答案（课程代码：03706）一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

l.理想信念之所以能成为一种推动人生实践和社会生活的巨大力量，是因为它具有（）A.思想性B.实践性C.时代性D.阶级性2.邓小平曾经指出：“为什么我们过去能在非常困难的情况下奋斗出来，战胜千难万险使革命胜利呢？就是因为我们有理想，有马克思主义信念，有共产主义信念。

”这段话说明（）A.理想信念是人生的行为规范 B.理想信念是人生的精神支柱C.理想信念是人生的主观臆造D.理想信念是人生的精神状态3.无产阶级追求的是牡会主义革命的胜利，但在中国却首先要为实现资产阶级革命的目标而奋斗。

这说明理想的实现具有（）A.自发性B.趋同性C.曲折性D.偶然性4.当发现理想与现实的矛盾时，不加分析地全盘认同当下的现实，对于现实中的一些消极乃至丑恶的现象不愤怒、不斗争，甚至与之同流合污。

以这种方式看待和处理理想与现实矛盾实质上是（）A.以理想来否定现实B.以理想来肯定现实C.以现实来否定理想D.以现实来肯定理想5.中国自古就是一个多民族的国家。

把中国疆域内众多的大小民族凝聚在一起，把亿万中华儿女牢牢地吸引在中国大地上，动员和鼓舞中国人民团结奋斗的一面旗帜是（）A.爱国主义B.民主主义C.集体主义D.理性主义6.我们应该树立的科学、高尚的人生目的是（）A.功利主义的人生目的B.享乐主义的人生目的C.极端个人的人生目的D.为人民服务的人生目的7.马克思说：“在选择职业时，我们应该遵循的主要指针是人类的幸福和我们自身的完美。

不应认为，这两种利益是敌对的、互相冲突的。

”在这里，马克思所说的“以人类的幸福”为主要指针，就是为人类谋幸福，为人民献身，这是人生的（）A.境遇B.社会价值C.自我价值D.自然生命活动8.马克思主义科学地揭示了道德的起源，认为道德产生于（）A.人性中的情感、欲望B.“天”的意志、“神”的启示C.人先天具有的某种良知和善良意志D.人类的历史发展和人们的社会实践9.道德的功能是指道德作为社会意识的特殊形态对于社会发展所具有的功效和能力。

浙江省 2018 年 1 月自考语言学概论试题课程代码： 10044一、判断题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10分)判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内打“V”，错的打“X” 。

1．语言是识别民族的主要标准，相互理解程度是区分语言与方言的惟一标准。

( )2．语言的统一只能通过消灭共同语以外的少数民族语言和方言来实现。

( )3．非音质音位包括“调位” 、“重位”和“时位”等。

( )4．单音节词一定是单纯词。

( )5．广义的构形包括附加表示词类特征的后缀形式，而狭义的构形只是指纯粹的词尾形式。

( ) 6．洋泾浜语是母语不同的人在相互交往时所使用的由两种语言或多种语言混杂而成的交际工具。

( )7．第一语言即母语主要是习得的。

( )8．三千多年来，汉字无论在字体方面还是在性质方面都发生了根本性的变化。

( )9•普通话中的音位/p/的区别特征是“双唇、闭塞、送气、清音”。

( )10．大脑的语言功能完全是通过后天的学习、训练获得的。

( )二、单项选择题(本大题共14小题，每小题1分，共14 分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1下列不能改变舌面元音的特征的一项是( )A .舌位的高低 E.舌位的前后C.唇的圆展D .声带是否振动2. ___________________________________ 元音音质的差别主要是由决定的。

( )A .共鸣腔的不同形状 E.发音体C.发音源 D .发音部位3.关于音位和音位变体的关系，下列说法中不正确...的一项是( )A .音位是从具体音素中抽象概括出来的功能音类，音位变体则是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现E.音位是用来概括反映一组音素的辨义作用的功能单位，音位变体则是音位在各种语音环境里的实际发音C.同属一个音位的变体无主次之分D .同属一个音位的变体有主次之分，通常从中选出一个作为代表4. __________________________________________________ 一个音位具有什么样的区别特征，是由决定的。

现代语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 现代语言学研究的核心是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的规则D. 语言的功能答案：C2. 以下哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学中的“phoneme”指的是什么？A. 音位B. 音素C. 音节D. 音标答案：A4. 下列哪个选项是“语言接触”的结果？A. 语言的消亡B. 语言的产生C. 语言的融合D. 语言的孤立答案：C5. 以下哪种语言现象不属于词汇变化？A. 合成B. 派生C. 借用D. 语音变化答案：D6. 语言学中的“transformational grammar”是什么？A. 转换语法B. 句法分析C. 语义分析D. 语音学答案：A7. 以下哪个术语与语言的“社会功能”无关？A. 语言的规范B. 语言的变异C. 语言的习得D. 语言的交际答案：C8. “语言的普遍语法”是哪位语言学家提出的？A. 费尔迪南·德·索绪尔B. 诺姆·乔姆斯基C. 爱德华·萨丕尔D. 威廉·冯·洪堡特答案：B9. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语用学研究范畴？A. 言语行为B. 语境分析C. 语音变化D. 隐喻答案：C10. “语言的相对性原则”是哪种语言理论的核心？A. 结构主义B. 形式主义C. 功能主义D. 心理语言学答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的创始人是________。

答案：费尔迪南·德·索绪尔2. 语言学中，________是指语言的最小意义单位。

答案：语素3. 语言的________是指语言在特定社会环境中的使用。

答案：语境4. 语言学中的________是指语言的音韵结构。

答案：音韵学5. 语言的________是指语言的词汇和语法结构。

答案：形式6. 语言学中的________是指语言的规则系统。