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Albania[ælˈbeinjə] n. 阿尔巴尼亚(欧洲巴尔干半岛西南部国家)Algeria[ælˈdʒiəriə]n. 阿尔及利亚(北非国家) Andorra[ænˈdɔrə] n. 安道尔共和国(位于欧洲), 安道尔市Angola[æŋˈɡəulə]n. 安哥拉[非洲] =Angora Argentina[ˌɑːdʒənˈtiːnə]n. 阿根廷(南美洲南部国家) Australia[ɔsˈtreiljə]n. 澳大利亚[大洋洲]Austria[ˈɔstriə]n. 奥地利(欧洲中部国家) Bangladesh[ˌbɑːŋɡləˈdeʃ]孟加拉国[亚洲]Belgium[ˈbeldʒəm]n. 比利时(西欧国家,首都布鲁塞尔Brussels)Belize[beˈliːz]n.1. 伯利兹(拉丁美洲国家, 旧称英属洪都拉斯)Bolivia[bəˈliviə]n. 玻利维亚(南美洲西部国家)Brazil[brəˈzil]n. 巴西[拉丁美洲]Bulgaria[bʌlˈɡɛəriə] n. 保加利亚(欧洲东南部一个国家, 首都是Sofia)Cameroon[ˈkæməruːn]n. 喀麦隆(非洲西部国家) Canada[ˈkænədə]n. 加拿大[北美洲]Chile[ˈtʃili]n. 智利（南美洲西南部国家, 首都是圣地亚哥Santiago）China[ˈtʃainə]n. 中国, 瓷器Colombia[kəˈlɔmbiə]n 哥伦比亚(南美洲西北部国家,首都波哥大Bogota)Congo[ˈkɔŋɡəu]n. 刚果河（即扎伊尔河）［非洲］Costarica n. [国名]哥斯达黎加Cuba[ˈkjuːbə]n. 古巴(由古巴岛及其临近诸小岛组成的国家,首都为哈瓦那) [拉丁美洲]Cyprus[ˈsaiprəs](地中海东部一岛)塞浦路斯[亚洲] Denmark[ˈdenmɑːk]n. 丹麦(北欧国家,首都哥本哈根) Ecuador[ˌekwəˈdɔː, ˈekwədɔː]厄瓜多尔(南美洲西北海岸的国家) [拉丁美洲]Egypt[ˈi:dʒipt]n.埃及[非洲]Finland[ˈfinlənd]n. 芬兰[欧洲]France[frɑːns]n. 法国, 法兰西Germany[ˈdʒə:məni]n.德国[欧洲]Gibraltar[dʒiˈbrɔːltə]n.直布罗陀(西班牙南端港市, 英国直属殖民地)Greece[ɡriːs]n. 希腊(欧州南部国家, 首都为Athens) Guiana[ɡaiˈænə, ɡiˈænə]n. 圭亚那[拉丁美洲] Haiti[ˈheiti]n. 海地[拉丁美洲]Honduras[hɔnˈdjuərəs]n. 洪都拉斯（拉丁美洲国家）Hungary[ˈhʌŋɡəri]n. 匈牙利[欧洲]Iceland[ˈaislənd]n. 冰岛(欧洲岛名,在大西洋北部,近北极圈)Indonesia[ˌindəuˈniːzjə]印度尼西亚[亚洲] 印尼(东南亚岛国)Iran[iˈrɑːn] n. 伊朗[亚洲]Iraq[iˈrɑːk]n. 伊拉克[亚洲]Ireland[ˈaiələnd]n. 爱尔兰[欧洲]Israel[ˈizreiəl]n.以色列[亚洲]Italy[ˈitəli]n. 意大利(欧洲南部国家)Jamaica[dʒəˈmeikə]n.牙买加[拉丁美洲]Japan[dʒəˈpæn]n.日本[亚洲]Jordan[ˈdʒɔ:dn]n.约旦[亚洲]Kenya[ˈkiːnjə, ˈkenjə]n. 肯尼亚共和国[非洲]DPRK=Democratic People's Pepublic of Korea 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国Korea[kəˈriə, kɔ(ː)ˈriə]n.朝鲜[亚洲]Kuwait[kuˈweit]n. 科威特[亚洲]; 科威特(科威特首都) (中东国家)Laos[ˈlauz]n. 老挝国（东南亚国家）Lebanon[ˈlebənən]n. 黎巴嫩(西南亚国家)Liberia[laiˈbiəriə]n. 利比里亚(西非国家)Libya[ˈlibiə]n. 利比亚（北非国家）Luxembourg[ˈluksəmˌbəːɡ]n. 卢森堡公国(西欧国家) Liechtenstein[ˈliktənˌstain]n. 列支敦士登[欧州] (中欧国家)Madagascar[ˌmædə`gæskL; ˌmædəˋgæskə]马达加斯加(世界上之第四大岛,位于印度洋,距非洲东南岸约250 哩,面积227,602 平方哩,原为法属地,于一九六○年六月二十六日独立而定名为马拉加西共和国,一九七五年改名为马达加斯加民主共和国,首都Tananarive )Macao[mə`kaJ; məˋkau]澳门(在中国东南部,香港(Hong Kong) 对岸)Malaysia[məˈleiʃə]n. 马来西亚[亚洲]; (=Malay Archipelago)马来群岛Maldives[ˋmɔːldaɪvz, ˋmæl-]马尔代夫(群岛)[亚洲岛国] Mauritius[məˈriʃəs]n. 毛里求斯(非洲岛国)Mexico[ˈmeksikəu]n.墨西哥[拉丁美洲]Monaco[ˈmɔnəkəu]n. 摩纳哥(欧洲西南部国家,位于法国东南,南临地中海)Morocco[məˈrɔkəu]n摩洛哥(位于西北非洲)Myanmar[ˈmjænmɑː(r)]缅甸[东南亚国家](即Burma) Nepal[niˈpɔːl]n. 尼泊尔(亚洲国家)Netherlands[ˈneðələndz]n. [the Netherlands](=Holland)荷兰New Zealand[njuːˈziːlənd]n. 新西兰(太平洋南部岛国) Niger[ˈnaidʒə]n. 尼日尔(非洲中西部国家)Nigeria[naiˈdʒiəriə]n. 尼日利亚(非洲中西部国家) Norway[ˈnɔːwei]n. 挪威(北欧国家)Pakistan[ˌpɑːkisˈtɑːn]n. 巴基斯坦(南亚国家)Panama[ˌpænəˈmɑː]n. 巴拿马(位于中美洲的国家) Paraguay[ˈpærəɡwai]n. 巴拉圭(南美洲中部国家), 巴拉圭茶Peru[pəˈru:]n.秘鲁[南美洲]Philippines[ˈfilipi:nz]n.菲律宾[亚洲]Poland[ˈpəulənd]n. 波兰(中欧国家)Portugal[ˈpɔːtjuɡəl]n. 葡萄牙(欧洲西南部国家)Qatar[ˈkɑːtər]n. (=katar)卡塔尔[亚洲]Romania[rəuˈmeinjə]n. [国名] 罗马尼亚（欧洲巴尔干半岛东北部国家）Saudi Arabia[ˈsaudi əˈreibjə]n. 沙特阿拉伯[亚洲] Singapore[ˌsiŋɡəˈpɔː]n. 新加坡(东南亚国家)Somali[səuˈmɑːli] n.(东非国家)索马里族(人)Spain[spein]n. 西班牙(欧洲南部国家)Korea[kəˈriə, kɔ(ː)ˈriə]n. 韩国, 朝鲜Sudan[suːˈdæn]n.苏丹(非洲北部一片辽阔地区的总称) Sweden[ˈswi:dn]n.瑞典[欧洲]Switzerland[ˈswitsələnd]n. 瑞士(欧洲中部国家)Syria[ˈsiriə]n. 叙利亚共和国(西南亚国家)Tanzania[ˌtænzəˈniːə]n. 坦桑尼亚(东非国家)Thailand[ˈtailænd]n. 泰国[亚洲]Togo[ˈtəuɡəu]n. 多哥[非洲]Tonga[ˈtɔŋɡə]n. 汤加[大洋洲]Tunisia[tju(ː)ˈniziə]n. 突尼斯[非洲]Turkey[ˈtəːki]n. 土耳其[亚洲]UK / ˏjuːˈkeɪ; ˏju ˋke/ abbr 缩写= (esp in addresses) United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) （尤用於通讯地址）（大不列颠及北爱尔兰）联合王国（即英国）: a UK citizen 英国公民. =>Usage at great 用法见great.Uruguay[ˈuruɡwai]乌拉圭[拉丁美洲] USA / ˏjuː es ˈeɪ; ˏju ɛs ˋe/ abbr 缩写=(US) United States Army 美国陆军.(esp in addresses) United States of America （尤用於地址）美利坚合众国.Russia[ˈrʌʃə]n.俄罗斯[欧亚]Venezuela[ˌveneˈzweilə]n. 委内瑞拉(南美洲北部国家) Yemen[ˈjemən]n. 也门(西南亚国家)Yugoslavia[ˈjuːɡəuˈslɑːvjə]n. 南斯拉夫[欧洲]Zaire[zəˈiːrə]1. 扎伊尔[非洲]2. [the Zaire]扎伊尔河(即刚果河)Zambia[ˈzæmbiə]n. [国名]赞比亚(位于非洲) Zimbabwe[zimˈbɑːbwei]n. 津巴布韦[非洲]。
介绍匈牙利的书-回复
以下是一些介绍匈牙利的书籍：
1. "Hungary: A Short History" by John Lukacs: 这本书提供了一个简洁但全面的历史概述，从匈牙利的早期历史到现代时期。
2. "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat" by Paul Lendvai: 这本书详细介绍了匈牙利的历史、文化和社会，以及其在欧洲历史上的地位。
3. " Budapest: A Cultural History" by Krisztina Passuth: 这本书深入探讨了匈牙利的首都布达佩斯的历史和文化，包括其建筑、艺术和文学。
4. "Hungarian Cooking" by George Lang: 这本书介绍了匈牙利的传统美食和烹饪技巧，包括著名的古拉什和chimney cakes。
5. "The Danube: A Cultural History" by Nick Thorpe: 虽然这本书不仅仅关注匈牙利，但它详细描述了多瑙河沿岸的文化和历史，其中包括匈牙利的部分。
这些书籍都可以为读者提供对匈牙利的深入了解和认识。
驼峰命名法（Camel-Case）驼峰命名法（Camel-Case）是电脑程序编写时的一套命名规则（惯例）。
程序员们为了自己的代码能更容易的在同行之间交流，所以才取统一的可读性比较好的命名方式。
例如：有些程序员喜欢全部小写，有些程序员喜欢用下划线，所以如果要写一个my name的变量，他们常用的写法会有myname、my_name、MyName或者myName。
这样的命名规则不适合所有程序员阅读，而利用驼峰命名法来表示，可以增加程序可读性。
驼峰命名法就是当变量名或函数名是由一个或多个单字连结在一起，而构成的唯一识别字时，第一个单字以小写字母开始，第二个单字的首字母大写；或每一个单字的首字母都采用大写字母，例如：myFirstName、myLastName，这样的变量名看上去就像骆驼峰一样此起彼伏，故得名。
驼峰命名法（Camel-Case）一词来自Perl 语言中普遍使用的大小写混合格式，而Larry Wall 等人所著的畅销书《Programming Perl》（O'Reilly 出版）的封面图片正是一匹骆驼。
驼峰命名法的命名规则可视为一种惯例，并无绝对与强制，为的是增加识别和可读性。
匈牙利命名法匈牙利（Hungary）命名法是一种编程时的命名规范，又称为HN命名法。
原则匈牙利命名法是一种编程时的命名规范。
基本原则是：变量名=属性+类型+对象描述，其中每一对象的名称都要求有明确含义，可以取对象名字全称或名字的一部分。
命名要基于容易记忆容易理解的原则。
保证名字的连贯性是非常重要的。
例子举例来说，表单的名称为form，那么在匈牙利命名法中可以简写为frm，则当表单变量名称为Switchboard时，变量全称应该为frmSwitchboard。
这样可以很容易从变量名看出Switchboard是一个表单，同样，如果此变量类型为标签，那么就应命名成lblSwitchboard。
可以看出，匈牙利命名法非常便于记忆，而且使变量名非常清晰易懂，这样，增强了代码的可读性，方便各程序员之间相互交流代码。
匈牙利在哪匈牙利（Hungary）是欧洲中部的一个内陆国家，位于中欧平原的心脏地带。
匈牙利西接奥地利，北界斯洛伐克，东北与乌克兰相隔，东南接罗马尼亚，南部和西南部则与塞尔维亚、克罗地亚斯洛文尼亚相邻。
匈牙利的首都和最大城市是布达佩斯（Budapest）。
匈牙利的历史可以追溯到公元9世纪，当时东欧部落与欧洲的民族相接触。
匈牙利在中世纪形成了自己的王国，并于16世纪成为欧洲重要的大国之一。
在历史上，匈牙利曾受到奥斯曼帝国和哈布斯堡帝国的控制，直到20世纪初才重新获得独立。
两次世界大战期间，匈牙利都处于战争的混乱中，但战后得以恢复和重建。
匈牙利是一个富有历史和文化遗产的国家。
布达佩斯是匈牙利最著名的旅游目的地之一，拥有许多令人惊叹的建筑和景点。
其中包括布达佩斯城堡，圣斯蒂芬大教堂，温泉浴场等等。
匈牙利还以其独特的音乐和舞蹈文化而闻名，如吉普赛音乐和匈牙利舞蹈。
匈牙利的经济体系主要依赖于制造业、服务业和农业。
匈牙利是欧洲最大的汽车制造国之一，并拥有许多国际知名的汽车品牌。
此外，匈牙利也是欧洲重要的电子和信息技术中心之一。
匈牙利还拥有丰富的自然资源和美丽的自然风光。
巴尔杰湖（Lake Balaton）是匈牙利最大的湖泊，也是当地一个受欢迎的度假胜地。
匈牙利的波热格山脉（Bükk Mountains）和希密山脉（Mátra Mountains）提供了众多追求户外活动的游客的选择。
匈牙利的食物以肉类、面食和蔬菜为主。
其中最著名的菜肴是匈牙利炖牛肉（goulash）和兰加什（langos），它们都是匈牙利的传统美食。
总之，匈牙利是一个拥有丰富历史和文化遗产的国家，拥有壮丽的自然风光和富饶的经济资源。
无论是探索历史古迹还是享受自然风光，匈牙利都是一个值得一游的目的地。
介绍匈牙利的作文英文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Hungary is a country located in Central Europe. It hasa rich history and a diverse culture. The capital city, Budapest, is known for its stunning architecture andvibrant nightlife. The country is also famous for its delicious food and thermal baths.Hungary has a long and fascinating history. It was once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and has been influenced by various cultures throughout the centuries. This diverse heritage is reflected in the country's architecture, cuisine, and traditions.Budapest, the capital city, is a must-visit destination. It is divided into two parts by the Danube River: Buda and Pest. On the Buda side, you can explore the historic Castle District, visit the famous Fisherman's Bastion, and enjoy breathtaking views of the city. On the Pest side, you can stroll along the elegant Andrassy Avenue, visit thestunning Parliament Building, and relax in one of the manythermal baths.Hungarian cuisine is a true delight for food lovers. Goulash, a hearty meat and vegetable stew, is the country's national dish. Other popular dishes include langos, a deep-fried bread topped with various savory toppings, and chimney cake, a sweet pastry rolled in cinnamon and sugar. Don't forget to try Hungarian wines, which are known for their high quality and unique flavors.One of the highlights of visiting Hungary is experiencing its thermal baths. The country is famous for its natural hot springs, and there are numerous thermal baths throughout the country. These baths offer a relaxing and rejuvenating experience, and many of them also have beautiful architecture and stunning views.In addition to Budapest, Hungary has many other charming cities and towns to explore. Eger, for example, is known for its beautiful baroque architecture and its famous red wine, Bull's Blood. Debrecen, the country's second-largest city, is home to a vibrant cultural scene and isknown for its lively festivals.Overall, Hungary is a country that offers a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. Whetheryou're interested in exploring its historic landmarks, indulging in delicious food, or relaxing in thermal baths, Hungary has something for everyone. So why not plan a trip and discover the wonders of this fascinating country?。
匈牙利英语故事Once upon a time in Hungary, there was a small village nestled in the heart of the countryside. Th e village was known for its beautiful landscapes, f riendly people, and delicious Hungarian goulash. Li fe in the village was simple and peaceful, with eve ryone working together to cultivate the land and ra ise animals.One day, a young girl named Maria moved to the village from the city. She was excited to explore t he countryside and learn about the local culture. M aria quickly made friends with the villagers and le arned how to cook Hungarian goulash like a local. S he also discovered the importance of community and cooperation in the village, which was a stark contr ast to the fast-paced city life she was used to.As Maria settled into her new life in the villa ge, she noticed that the children in the community did not have a proper playground. They would play i n the street, which was dangerous and unsanitary. D etermined to make a difference, Maria decided to or ganize a community effort to build a safe and accessible playground for the children of the village.She reached out to the villagers, local busines ses, and the town council for support. Everyone was eager to help, and donations of money, materials, and labor poured in. With the help of the community, Maria was able to build a beautiful playground in the center of the village.The children were overjoyed with their new play ground, and the whole village celebrated the comple tion of the project. The village mayor praised Mari a for her dedication and initiative, and the commun ity recognized the importance of coming together to make a positive impact.From then on, the village of Hungary became eve n more close-knit and supportive. Maria's efforts h ad not only provided a safe place for the children to play but had also brought the community closer t ogether. The villagers continued to work together t o improve their community and ensure that everyone had access to the basic necessities of life.And so, the story of Maria and the village of H ungary became a legend, reminding people of the power of unity, cooperation, and determination to crea te positive change.。
Budapest (Hungary)There is more to Budapest than fish soup，paprika （辣椒粉）and Zsa Zsa Gabor. With its multifarious （繁杂的）history，incredible architecture and rich cultural heritage，Hungary's capital has the justly deserved sobriquet （绰号）of 'the Paris of Central Europe'，set apart from other Hungarian and European cities by its beauty. The city straddles a gentle curve in the mighty Danube River，the Buda hills rising dramatically on the west bank while the Pest district marks the start of the Great Plain to the east.The largest Hungarian city by a mile，Budapest is the heart，soul and memory of Hungary，with the Danube coursing through its veins（静脉，血管）。
The city has a complex identity，currently facing something of a crisis with the allure of modern Western luxury in conflict with the simple traditions of its Eastern European roots and penchant （强烈倾向）for all things classical.The Castle District on Castle Hill is the premier destination for visitors and contains many of Budapest's most important monuments and museums，not to mention grandviews of Pest across the snaking Danube. The walled area consists of two distinct parts：the Old Town where commoners lived in the Middle Ages，and the Royal Palace. Stroll around the medieval streets of the Old Town and and take in the odd museum. A brief tour in one of the horse-drawn hackney cabs （出租马车）is worthwhile for the leg weary. The Old Town is filled with attractively painted houses，decorative churches and the famous Fishermen's Bastion. The latter was built as a viewing platform in 1905，named after the guild（行会）of fishermen responsible for defending this stretch of wall in the Middle Ages. It has commanding views over the city，and is dominated by seven gleaming turrets（角楼，塔楼）（representing the seven Magyar tribes who entered the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century）and a statue of St Stephen on horseback. Immediately south of the Old Town is the Royal Palace.The Royal Palace has been burned，bombed，razed，rebuilt and redesigned at least half a dozen times over the past seven centuries. What you see today clinging to the southern end of Castle Hill is an 18th and early 20th-century amalgam （混合物）reconstructed after the last war. It houses，among other things，the impressive National Gallery （which has a huge section devoted to Hungarian art），the National Libraryand the Budapest History Museum. At the rear of the museum take a relaxing break in the palace gardens. Ferdinand Gate under the conical Mace Tower will bring you to a set of steps. These descend to a historic Turkish cemetery dating from the decisive Independence battle for Buda of 1686. To get to the Royal Palace，take the Sikló，a funicular（登山铁道）built in 1870 from Clark ádám，or for the more energetic，walk up the `Royal Steps' or the wide staircase that goes to the southern end of the Royal Palace.【。
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[brə'zɪl]（1）南部：智利Chile['tʃɪlɪ] 、阿根廷Argentina[ˌɑ:dʒənˈti:nə]、乌拉圭Uruguay['jʊərəɡwaɪ] 、巴拉圭Paraguay['pærəɡwaɪ] （4）。
匈牙利布达佩斯景点介绍渔人堡景观Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, is a picturesque destination filled with rich history, stunning architecture, and vibrant culture. One of the most iconic landmarks in Budapest is the Fisherman's Bastion, known for its fairytale-like towers and panoramic views of the city. Situated on the Buda bank of the Danube River, this stunning attraction is a must-visit for tourists seeking a glimpse into Budapest's past.布达佩斯是匈牙利的首都，是一个充满丰富历史、壮丽建筑和充满活力文化的风景如画的目的地。
布达佩斯最具标志性的地标之一是渔人堡，因其如童话般的塔楼和俯瞰城市的全景而闻名。
这座令人惊叹的景点位于多瑙河布达河岸上，对于想要一睹布达佩斯过去的游客来说，这里是一个必去之处。
The Fisherman's Bastion was built between 1895 and 1902 and is a popular spot for tourists and locals alike. Its unique design, featuring seven turrets that represent the seven Magyar tribes that settled in the Carpathian Basin in 895, makes it a distinctive architectural marvel. The neo-Gothic and neo-Romanesque style of the Fisherman's Bastion blends seamlessly with the historic surroundings,creating a picturesque setting that is perfect for capturing memorable photographs.渔人堡建于1895年至1902年间，是游客和当地人都喜爱的热门景点。
匈牙利匈牙利（Hungary）。
匈牙利（匈牙利语：Magyarország），中欧内陆国。
东邻罗马尼亚、乌克兰，南接斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚、塞尔维亚，西靠奥地利，北连斯洛伐克，边界线全长2246公里。
国土面积93023平方公里。
属大陆性气候，凉爽湿润，全年平均气温为10℃，夏季平均气温21.7℃,冬季平均气温-1.2℃，年平均降水量约为630毫米。
全国划分为首都和19个州，设立24个州级市、274个市、2854个乡。
首都是布达佩斯。
2022年1月，匈牙利人口968.9万。
主要民族为匈牙利（马扎尔）族，约占90%。
公元896年，马扎尔人从乌拉尔山西麓和伏尔加河湾一带移居多瑙河盆地。
公元1000年，伊什特万一世建立匈牙利王国。
1526年奥斯曼帝国入侵，王国解体。
1541年匈牙利一分为三，分别由奥斯曼帝国、奥地利哈布斯堡王朝和埃尔代伊大公国统治。
1699年起全境由奥地利哈布斯堡王朝统治。
1848年匈牙利革命被奥地利镇压。
1867年，奥地利帝国为防止匈牙利再次独立改组为奥匈帝国。
第一次世界大战后恢复独立，1919年3月建立匈牙利苏维埃共和国。
1920年由霍尔蒂·米克洛什担任匈牙利王国摄政。
1949年8月宣布成立匈牙利人民共和国。
1956年10月爆发匈牙利十月事件。
1989年10月23日国名改为匈牙利共和国。
1999年加入北大西洋公约组织，2004年加入欧洲联盟。
2012年1月，匈牙利共和国通过新宪法，更国名为匈牙利。
匈牙利属中等发达国家，经合组织（OECD）成员国。
2021年主要经济数据如下：国内生产总值：1541亿欧元。
人均国内生产总值：1.37万欧元。
Country Information: Hungary●The Hungarian Mindset●Characteristics of Society●Lifestyle & Aspirations●The Essentials (10 Key Tips)●Working with the Hungarians●Making a Good Impression●Business Etiquette●Business Meeting Culture●Motivating Others●Effective Presentations●Managing RelationshipsThe Hungarian MindsetHungary has had a dramatic and turbulent past, fighting many wars and winning none, losing 70% of its empire and 60% of its population after World War I. The former empire is still home to over three million Hungarians.Hungarians do not see themselves as East European, but rather at the very heart of Europe, and the epitome of 'European'. They see themselves as generous, friendly, welcoming, hospitable, cultured and sophisticated and take enormous pride in Hungary's literary andmusical achievements.Hungarians enjoy an image, certainly in music and literature, of exoticism and glamour, which they happily cultivate. They are also prone to melancholy and pessimism.A common cultural value is a desire to achieve and a strong yearning to be individualistic, with a cynical attitude towards any kind of leader, after years of poor leadership throughout history and the misery of Soviet rule.to top Characteristics of SocietyBudapest is very much the centre of Hungary in terms of culture and politics and it is said that 'all good ideas come out of Budapest' and travel from the capital city to the outlying cities and villages in Hungary.Large ethnic Hungarian populations exist inRomania, Slovakia, Croatia and Ukraine, so theHungarian people, who are somewhat insular inCentral Europe, are widely scattered.Hungary itself has a low birth rate and a highdivorce rate (getting a divorce is relatively easy), somany families are made up of step-parents andstep-siblings and many children grow up in a lone-parent family.Hungarians have wide social networks of friends and extended family and it is commonplace to tackle tasks communally, for example, renovating a house. Everybody is expected to help out and such favours are returned. Everybody has a big personal network - the bigger the network, the more important the person. It is unusual for a Hungarian to feel isolated - even in big cities, neighbours will support one another.Because family ties are strong, Hungarians in middle age often find themselves supporting their grown up children through university and their elderly parents at the same time. So while salaries may seem relatively good and the cost of living low, many Hungarians at managerial level have huge financial burdens.to top Lifestyle & AspirationsHungarians are hugely proud of their musical heritage, of composers like Liszt and Lehar andconductors like Solti.Football is a national passion and although Hungary is not currently particularly successful, many an evening is spent reliving the glory days of the 1950s, particularly 1953 when Hungary beat England at Wembley. Hungarians believe firmly that their destiny is to be theworld's football champions.Hungarians also see themselves as exceptionallytalented in Olympic sports and do, indeed, win anumber of medals disproportionate to their smallpopulation. Generally, though, Hungarians do notpractice much sport.Chess, music, literature and coffee house cultureare more important. All Hungarians also have a deep sense of history and are enormously proud ofthe scientists they have produced, including Rubik (inventor of the Rubik Cube), Biro (inventor of the eponymous pen) and Gabor, inventor of the hologram.Hungary is rich with mineral springs and spas, a tradition started by the Romans, and there are many excellent spas where people take the waters for a long holiday or simply an afternoon.Hungarians are also fond of spending time at Lake Balaton, one of the largest landlocked bodies of water in Europe. Motorised sports are banned on the huge, shallow lake but fishing, swimming and sailing are all popular pursuits.to top The Essentials (10 Key Tips)1. "What is true is true" (ami igaz, az igaz) is arule of conversation in Hungary, wherepeople do not soften their views.2. Maintaining eye contact with a Hungarian isa way of establishing trust or showing thatyou are sincere.3. Hungarians have a tendency to take therealistic view almost bordering on thepessimistic - it is important therefore toshow the practical benefits of your ideaswhen selling to those who enjoy the 'cynical'role.4. Hungary has an exceptionally high suicide rate; any form of aggression is oftendirected at the self rather than at others.5. Hungarians expect trusted friends to share personal information - so be ready toreceive questions about your personal situation which may appear very private!6. Hungarians respond well to good story-tellers and have a highly developed sense ofhumour.7. An over-enthusiastic point of view about any subject might be construed asarrogance, ignorance or hypocrisy.8. Often, it's important simply to have your say at a meeting or gathering, to show yourlevel of personal interest and engagement.9. Entertaining is integral to business life and it's essential to join in, to appreciateHungarian food and wine and to show your admiration of Hungarian culture.10. Hungarians are highly individualistic and anybody managing a team must defer tothis, treating everybody as a person in their own right and spending time with eachteam member.to top Working with the HungariansHungarians are hard-working, enterprising, creative and enthusiastic. They are taught from an early age to aspire to perfection and are capable of getting frustrated and depressed if something stands in their way.Forming good relationships is essential toHungarians and they will not do business withsomeone whom they do not know or trust. It iscritical at the start of a relationship to put in time toget to know your Hungarian counterpart, temptingas it may be to get straight down to business. Tomaintain a business relationship, constant face-to-face contact is ideal and at worst, constanttelephone contact. Do not rely on email, letters orinternal memos. Accept invitations to businessdinners and drinks and extend your own invitations in return. Network as much as possible; Hungarians rely on extended social networks for information, support and friendship.Coming across as sincere is important. Do not overemphasise your achievements or try to appear artificially jolly or upbeat. Modesty and strong opinions are a good combination; you will be expected to join in the many lively debates that Hungarians enjoy so much.to top Making a Good ImpressionAnyone with passion and charisma stands a good chance of impressing Hungarians. They admire a high level of education, and those who have made notable achievements in the artsor science. Mavericks and entrepreneurs are looked up to.Business entertaining is important. Bond with your Hungarian counterpart in coffee shops, restaurants and bars. You will be assessed as a person with whom them may want to dobusiness during these social occasions.It is important to empathise with Hungarians. Showan understanding of their turbulent history andlisten to their problems, without throwing any ofyour own into the conversation.Status symbols are admired, so designer clothesand watches can be displayed. They meanachievement to a Hungarian.Hungarians are highly patriotic so always praise the beauty of their country and in particular, of Budapest.While a degree of humour and joking is appreciated, be careful not to appear too over-jolly or enthusiastic or you may be taken for someone insincere.to top Business EtiquetteBusiness CardsThe exchange of business cards (névjegy) is commonplacein Hungarian business culture and in social occasions, sobring a big supply. Having cards translated into Hungarian isoptional; most Hungarians speak some English but if you arethere for the long term, a Hungarian card may help.Remember to list academic qualifications, which areadmired.The information that is included in a Hungarian's businesscard gives a good indication of their attitude towardsbusiness. In general Hungarians happily integrate theirbusiness and home life. If this is the case, your Hungariancounterpart may include their home contact details as well astheir business details on their cards.Body LanguageHungarians are used to living in close proximity, either in a busy city or in relatively modestcountry homes, so physical distance during a conversation tends to be close. They are passionate and animated in conversation, with a lot of gesticulating. A speaker needs to introduce humour, passion and energy in order to be listened to.Eye contact is essential to convey that you are sincere and telling the truth. If you are walking along next to a Hungarian, they may stop and turn to face you to emphasise a point while making eye contact. They are not, however, especially tactile and you should avoid grabbing somebody by the arm or slapping them on the back until you know them well.Communication StyleHungarians communicate with passion and humour and pride themselves on being great storytellers. They do, however, get deeply engrossed in arguments during which rhetoric takes over and the inbuilt sense of pessimism may win the day. Asians, North Americans and less passionate North Europeans may find Hungarian conversation style bewildering and difficult to follow, as debates jump from one topic to the next with no apparent logic.Gift GivingBusiness gifts are not exchanged, although you should take good wine, chocolates or flowers if visiting someone's home.to top Business Meeting CulturePlanning a meetingFace-to face meetings are important in Hungary as Hungarians place great importance on personal contact. Allow plenty of time as the meeting will inevitably take longer than you think. Hire an interpreter unless you speak fluent Hungarian. You can prepare and circulate an agenda but it may be ignored.During a meetingMeetings won't just start with small talk but with a lot of networking, lobbying and gossip. The chairman then starts the proceedings with an introduction, which may be long.Meetings can easily go off at a tangent, with everybody talking at once. Little attention is paid to an agenda. Hungarians can get carried away with their theme, presenting long, fluentarguments about something that may not even berelevant to the meeting. Fluency is equated withintelligence and everybody will try to have a sayabout something; the goal is not especially tochange opinions, but simply to have one's own say.Group discussions can become highly competitive,with everybody trying to outdo one another. It isimportant for individuals to gain and save face anda way of doing this is to talk as much as possible.Hungarians may also introduce problems just as progress is being made, some of them apparently fabricated, playing on their own natural sense of pessimism.After the meetingMinutes may or may not be taken; some Hungarians prefer simply to circulate a memo after a meeting.Promises may have been made in a meeting but these may be, to a Hungarian, just ideas, so try to be clear about the course of action someone intends to take. Follow-up is important, by phone if not in person.to top Motivating OthersHungarians are motivated strongly by money, partly because they enjoy status and status symbols and partly because for many people, the financial responsibilities are high. It is not uncommon for someone who has reached the top of their career to be supporting children, possibly grown-up children as well as elderly parents, so what may seem like a large salary or bonus may not actually go very far.Another strong motivator is long-term security.Hungarians are risk-averse and resistant to changeand take a long-term view on any project, includingtheir job.Hungarians are also highly individualistic and willbe inspired by any workplace that appreciates andnurtures this. They are creative, enterprising andhard-working and need the freedom to exercisethese qualities. They are also competitive andperfectionist, qualities which are encouraged at school, so any company which offers good opportunities for advancement will be attractive.Free time and a balanced life are also strong motivators. Although Hungarians will work very hard and put in extra hours where necessary, and will make and receive work calls from home if they have to, family is more important than anything. Hungarians go through life with great passion, for eating, drinking, family, friends, literature, music, travel and debate.to top Effective PresentationsHungarians are not the strongest listeners. Their attention needs to be engaged by a charismatic speaker but they also prefer a presentation that is brief and likely to challenge them. They appreciate facts and figures as they like to gather as much information as possible before making a decision and are more interested in the substance of a presentation than a flashy style. The use of humour, particularly dry humour, will show your human side,and a desire to empathise with your audience, but itis not necessary as an ice-breaker.Hungarians are also inclined to what many culturesperceive as rudeness, interrupting a speaker if theydo not agree, or talking amongst themselves if theyare not interested in the speaker's subject.This creates problems for anybody presentingthrough an interpreter. The best solution is to keepit short and to the point; include humour of the type that will work when delivered by a third party; avoid idiom; question the audience in the presentation to get them thinking; and retain an element of modesty. The heavy sell does not work in Hungary and nor does extreme enthusiasm.Remember, too, that you will be judged on your appearance so dress smartly.A Hungarian audience will expect the chance to interrupt the speaker and ask questions, which can be very difficult as the presentation can degenerate into an intense debate and veer away from the original point completely. You should prepare well-presented handouts in Hungarian for distribution after your talk so people can at least take the facts away with them.An audience is also quite likely to smoke and take calls on mobile phones during a presentation.to top Managing RelationshipsThe majority of Hungarians value relationships above all other sources of happiness. Sobuilding relationships of trust takes top priority. Nothing of significance is likely to happen if there is little trust. The way trust is built is by spending time together, both in the office and outside it.Hungarians can take time to get to know as they may appearreserved at first, until the first few bottles have been consumed,at least, when a love of passionate debate quickly emerges.Hungarians have extended social and family networks butchoose their close friends carefully and would rather have a fewvery good friends than a wide circle of vague acquaintances.Expatriate managers need a careful understanding of theHungarians' pride in their individuality. While Hungarians workwell in teams, they expect to be treated as creative individuals.They expect to voice their opinions when they want to. Thesame applies to working with suppliers; an honest, openrelationship should be cultivated.Hungarians' attitude to time is more relaxed than that of some cultures like Britain and the USA. In managing relationships, it is important to understand that a Hungarian would rather do a job well, or spend time looking for solutions to possible problems, than meeting an arbitrary deadline.to top。
