同济大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(有答案)

05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。

2005年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Writing Reading ComprehensionAs one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colores seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to the due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier. When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect, becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” super imposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation”. Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightnesses or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.1．This selection is concerned primarily with ______.A．the eye’s adaptation to colorB．the properties of colored surfacesC．the effect of changes in color intensityD．experiments on colored objects正确答案：A解析：本文主要讲述的是眼睛对色彩的适应。

同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。

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162C 139219432;!79E2C 1?76A 162C 17617!2C 1A 6172162C 11::1@2>3??<13921604/:324816434219@1392C 14=@@11B E 39A531>39A432=723/9G N 439E 3@721E<;2C 1>/6D /:H63A C 279E.@C /=2193278817642C 72!72?1742:/67:36427886/F30723/9!:=??7E 782723/927D148?7@1/5167516;<631:23013:2C 17E 78239A4/=6@1340/E 16721?;<63A C 279E2C 11;1C 74<1193961?72351E 76D9144b =4286153/=4?;G N 42C 14230=?=4347??/>1E2/7@2!C />1516!2C 11::1@2!<1@/0140/618164342192392C 1419412C 723227D142C 11;1?/9A 162/61A 7393244194323532;2/?/>1639B 219432314G I C 1912614=?2342C 72!3:2C 11;1344/1F8/41E79E2C 192C 1A 7S13426794:1661E2/797617/:?/>1639219432;!2C 1?/44/:4194323532;86/E =@1E<;2C 1:36427617>3??423??<1861419279E7881767479#7:21630B 7A 1$4=816308/41E/92C 141@/9E G I C 11::1@29/2/9?;348614192/5162C 17@2=7?7617@7=439A2C 1#?/@7?7E 782723/9$<=27?4/48617E 4>32C E 1@617439A42619A 2C 2/7E b /3939A76174/:2C 11;12/86/E =@1#?72167?7E B 782723/9G $N ?4/!<1@7=41/:2C 1816434219@1/:2C 11::1@23:2C 11;1344C 3:21E76/=9E:6/0/91/<b 1@22/79B /2C 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1>63216!>C ;E /X 634C:34C 16019423??=41</724?3D12C 1</724>C 3@C2C 13679@142/64=41E $###;17647A /-N G Y /72407E 1/:>//E/6?172C 16761?3A C 279E:742GY G I C 191@14476;0721637?47611743?;7573?7<?1GM G I C 1;E /9R 2C 7512C 10/91;:/61F8194351</724GQ G I C 1E 143A 9/:2C 1</72434516;A //E G*G #Z 1/8?1:6/02C 179@3192>/6?E473?1E76/=9EN :63@7G I C 1;1519617@C 1EN 0163@7G $X 9;/=6/8393/9!C />同济大学"##%年考博英语真题32J">/=?E2C 1>63216/:2C 187447A 1:11?7</=22C 1413E 174-N G P 1C 74=41E2C 347479308/62792:7@22/86734179@3192@353?3S723/9GY G P 1E /149/2<1?31512C 10GM G X 9C 34/8393/9!79@31921F8?/6164E 3E9/2C 7512C 14D3??491@14476;:/6?/9Ab /=691;4GQ G X 9C 34/8393/9!2C 1;7618/443<?1G$%::%;’2X @792C 39D /:9/<12216@76116:/67;/=9A9/51?3422C 792/<1:/64/01;176474=<B 1E 32/6/97672C 16@/941657235191>487816G I C 1079>C />74/:@C 31:308/6279@12/01392C /41E 7;4>742C 1@C 31:4=<B 1E 3B 2/6g 1/6A 1N 9E 164/9G X C 721EC 30390;:3642>11D !<=2X A 61>7?0/422/?/51C 30<1:/612C 611;1764C 7E 87441E G N407??1?E 16?;.@/24079>32C 7:?=4C 1E:7@179E7?7@/93@C =0/6!C 1E 6/51791>4=<B 1E 32/6C 76E >32CC 34476@740G ./0123014X 7?0/42:79@31E0;41?:<7@D 724@C //?7A 739!79EX >747?>7;4A ?7E>C 19:351B 2C 362;@701!:/63001E 3721?;2C 1@?/@D 076D1E2C 1C /=6>C 192C 18=<4/8191E !C 1>/=?E27D1C 34</>B ?16C 72:6/02C 1@/72B 67@D 79EE 34788176:/62C 362;039=2142/C 34:75/6321<76G P 348?7@1>/=?E<127D19<;2C 1A 192?179E@/=621/=4M /?/91?J 7=E 1G J 7=E 1>74@761:=?2/4112C 722C 191>61@6=32>74A 35199/42/6;>C 3@C@/=?E8/443<?;42612@CC 348/>164!79E3:C 1C 7E<119@C 31:4=<1E 32/6X E /=<23:X >/=?E1516C 751A /2:=62C 162C 797‘1>439Y 631:8767A 678C G N 22C 1426/D1/:43F !>C 19N 9E 164/9612=691E79EC =9A=8C 34</>?16!C 34:7@1>/=?EC 7512=691E7E 118164C 7E 1/:61E2/072@C2C 16/41C 1@76631E7?>7;439C 34<=2B 2/9C /?179EC 344C 7:24/:@6323@340!74C 14@7991E0;@/8;>32C816C 78472//:?7A 6792C 17E ?391!>/=?E C 7517@O =361E7279A/::6319E ?39144G J /612C 792>/;1764>192<;!79E0;9/51?!"#H %)D (-"()C 7E<1197@@1821E<;78=<?34C 16!<1:/61X E 34@/5161E/914?7@D 151939A !>C 192C 161>74C 76E ?;19/=A C 91>42/:3??2C 1P /0187A 14:/62C 1219/R @?/@D 1E 323/9!2C 7278/12079O =1C 7EE =A2C /41E 1:7@14/:E 34788/3921E 476@740G H C 197;/=9A079!N 9E 164/9C 7E8=<?34C 1E75/?=01/:26794?723/94:6/0W 16?7391)C 1C 7E4192322/.>39<=69172I C 1Z 391479EC 1C 7E<1191921627391E2C 161:/621779ED39E>/6E 4<;H 7224B Q =92/9!2C /=A C X E /9R 22C 39D C 1>747??/>1E2/4112C 18/12G P 19151661:1661E2/2C 11834/E 17A 739!<=2X <1A 792/E 121@239C 307C 764C<=28721697?78861C 1943/9:/679/2C 16;/=9A079!:?=4C 1E>32C863E 1397:3642<//D !>C /03A C 24=::162C 14701E 34788/3920192G HC 19X @7012/6143A 9C 1481927?/9A230176A =39A>32C01!79EX 2C 39D C 34617?6174/9:/626;39A2/86151920;E 18762=61>742C 72C 1:/6147>7230103A C 2@/01>C 199/51?>63239A>/=?E:73?0179EX >/=?E911E !?3D1C 3041?:!7O =31279E41@=61?3:1>32C2C 18=<4/81939A72C 7?:B 8742:35179E2C 1@/7?4122?39A392C 1A 6721G,Gg 1/6A 1N 9E 164/9R 421@C 93O =1392673939AC 347443427924>742/G N G 4279E/5162C 10>C 3?12C 1;>/6D1E79E07D1=98?17479261076D4Y G A //=2:/67E 639D 79E?122C 104/?512C 136/>986/<?104M G 86/5/D12C 10392/E 34?3D39AC 30Q G =41<32216C =0/62/E 67>2C 1367221923/92/2C 13603427D14$#G I C 1>63216617?3S1E7:216>76E 42C 72GN G M /?/91?J 7=E 1>/=?EE 1?3<16721?;C 75186151921EC 30:6/063439A39C 3486/:1443/9Y G M /?/91?J 7=E 1>742//@7=23/=42/A 3517;/=9A>632167@C 79@12/E 34239A =34CC 3041?:M G C 1@/=?E9/2C 751A /91/9>/6D39A:/62C 191>4878163:M /?/91?J 7=E 1C 7E9/227D19/516:6/0N 9B E 164/9Q G @C 31:4=<B 1E 32/644C /=?E<1D39E !?3D1M /?/91?J 7=E 1$$G H C 19N 9E 164/9612=691E:6/02C 18=<C 1>74=4=7??;G N G 61E392C 1:7@1:6/0C 175;E 639D39AY G 0/61@/94@3/=4/:2C 1>63216R 403427D14M G 0/61A //E B C =0/61E2/>76E 4C 30Q G 7?322?1@761?14439617E 39A2C 1>63216R 4@/8;$"G I C 16174/9:/6N 9E 164/9R 4476@7423@C =0/6>742C 72C 1G N G 19531E2C 1>63216:/6C 7539A8=<?34C 1E79/51?Y G C 7EC 7E75/?=01/:8/126;61b 1@21E<;78=<?34C 16335"M G C 7E9/2<1197<?12/:=?:3??C 34176?;70<323/94Q G >74</61E>C 192C 161>749/219/=A C91>42/:3??2C 187816$)G I C 1>632162C 39D42C 72N 9E 164/92631E2/8164=7E 1C 302/427;/9<1@7=41G N G C 1>747:673E2C 72C 1>/=?E:39E@6172351>63239A79=961>76E 39A@76116Y G C 1>747:673E/:?/439A4=@C757?=7<?1108?/;11M G C 12C /=A C 22C 1>63216>742//8?1741E>32CC 3041?:Q G C 1>74E 34788/3921E<;C 346143A 9723/9$%::%;’3I /E 7;2C 142=E ;/:?79A =7A 139/=64@C //?4344/01>C 72@/9:=439A G X 2342C 10/42267E 323/97?/:4@C /?74B 23@4=<b 1@24<139A27=A C 23972301>C 19079;/:/=6267E 323/949/?/9A 16:32/=6911E 4G V /=2/>C /02C 14187A 147617E E 61441E4817D [9A ?34C79E7612C 161:/61397>/641@7412C 7979;/2C 16?321672181/8?1GZ 1/8?18/9E 1639A2C 1/63A 39/:?79A =7A 1:/62C 1:36422301=4=7??;766351722C 1@/9@?=43/92C 7232E 151?B /81EA 67E =7??;7474;4210/:@/951923/97?3S1EA 6=924!C 34414!79E@631479E0=42C 751<1197516;430B 8?17::736392C 1<1A 39939A G Y =2>C 19>1/<416512C 1?79A =7A 1<1C 753/6/:>C 72>161A 76E74863032351@=?B 2=614!>1:39E324263D39A ?;1?7</672179E@/08?3@721E G .21:7944/9!2C 11F8?/616473E2C 72#39/6E 162/A 127B ?/9A6174/97<?;>1??79[4D30/0=42C 751722C 1238/:C 342/9A =175/@7<=?76;/:0/612C 79$####>/6E 4!0=@C?76A 162C 792C 17@23515/@7<=?76;/:7975167A 1<=439144079>C /4817D4[9A ?34C G $J /61/B 5162C 141[4D30/>/6E 4761:760/61C 3A C ?;39:?1@21E2C 792C /41/:79;/:2C 1>1??B D9/>9[=6/8179?79A =7B A 14!:/67439A ?19/=9@79<148/D1/6>63221939415167?C =9E 61EE 3::16192:/604!17@CC 7539A7861@341017939AE 3::16192:6/02C 72/:79;/2C 16G I C 1:/604/:2C 1516<4761151907619=016/=4G I C 1[4D30/?79B A =7A 134!2C 161:/61!/91/:2C 10/42E 3::3@=?2392C 1>/6?E2/?1769!>32C2C 1614=?22C 727?0/429/267E 164/61F8?/6164C 75115192631E2/?176932G M /941O =192?;2C 161C 74A 6/>9=8!3939216@/=641<12>119[4D30/479E>C 3214!7b 76A /94303?762/2C 183E A 39[9A ?34C =41E39M C 397!>32C 75/@7<=?76;/::6/0)##2/-##=939B :?1@21E>/6E 4!0/42/:2C 10E 16351E:6/0[4D30/<=24/01E 16351E:6/0[9A ?34C !Q 7934C !.87934C !P 7>73B 37979E/2C 16?79A =7A 14G X 2342C 34b 76A /9>C 3@C34=4=7??;61:1661E2/<;26751?16474#2C 1[4D30/?79B A =7A 1G $N 9EZ 6/:144/6I C 7?<32S16/:M /819C 7A 19!>C /E 3E27D12C 126/=<?12/?1769[4D30/!411042/19B E /6411F8?/616R 4531>>C 19C 1>63214(#I C 1?79A =7A 1348/?;4;92C 123@G $I C 1A 670076341F26101?;63@C39:?1F3/97?:/604!2C 1@/9b =A 723/94/:7@/00/9516<<139A41651E<;7</=2)%#4=::3F14!1O =357?1922/816B 4/97?86/9/=9479E516<19E 39A 4G c /62C 1E 1@?1943/9/:79/=92C 161761$%#4=::3F14*:/6E =7?79E8?=67?!?/@7?@7414!79E8/44144351:?1F3/9+G I C 1E 10/94267235186/9/=94C 75141876721:?1F3/94G I C 1E 16357235119E 39A 41::1@2351392C 15/@7<=?76;79E2C 1@/9426=@23/9/:419219@14/6419219@14B ?3D1>/6E 470/=922/72?1742"%#G ‘/2>32C 4279E 39A7??2C 141@/9426=@235181@=?37632314!2C 1A 6700723@7?79E4;92C 123@4;42103461B 076D7<?;@/9@34179E !39324/>9>7;!?/A 3@7?G$&G I C 143S1/:2C 1[4D30/?79A =7A 148/D19<;0/42>C 321434G N G 48/D1939[9A ?79E !Q 19076D !.8739!79EP 7>733Y G ?1442C 792C 143S1/:2C 1?79A =7A 148/D19<;[4D30/4M G C 3A C ?;39:?1@21EQ G 39142307<?1$%G ./01/:2C 1153E 19@17</=2?79A =7A 1392C 187447A 13427D19:6/02C 1/<4165723/94/:G N G ?39A =3424Y G [4D30/4M G <=439144019Q G 863032351@=?2=614$-G I C 17=2C /6R 4/5167??8/392342C 72G N G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<1?76A 1!@/08?1F !79E@/08?3@721EY G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<1?76A 1!@/08?1F !79E?/A 3@7?M G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<1?76A 1!/?E !79E?/A 3@7?Q G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<14303?762/83E A 39[9A ?34C同济大学"##%年考博英语真题33!"$%::%;’4I C 17A 172>C 3@C;/=9A@C 3?E 619<1A 392/07D10/67?E 34@63039723/947</=2C 760:=?7@23/94@/0032B 21E7A 739422C 1041?514/6/2C 164C 74<1192C 1:/@=4/:61@192614176@C 392/2C 10/67?E 151?/80192/:@C 3?B E 619G ^923?61@192?;!@C 3?E84;@C /?/A 34244=88/621E83/9116E 151?/801927?342]179GZ 37A 1239C 34C ;8/2C 14342C 72<1@7=41/:2C 13630072=632;!@C 3?E 619=9E 167A 141519E /9/227D1392/7@B @/=922C 13921923/94/:78164/9@/0032239A7@@3E 1927?/6E 1?3<16721C 760!<=2672C 164308?;7443A 98=934C B 0192:/626794A 61443/94/92C 1<7434/:2C 107A 932=E 1/:2C 191A 72351@/941O =19@14@7=41E GN @@/6E 39A2/Z 37A 12!@C 3?E 619=9E 167A 141519/@@=8;2C 1:3642427A 1/:0/67?E 151?/80192!>C 3@C34@C 767@2163S1E<;0/67?7<4/?=2340*6=?1407E 1<;7=2C /6323140=42<1/<1;1E +79E30039192b =423@1*3:6=?14761<6/D19!8=934C 0192>3??<10121E/=2+G ^923?;/=9A@C 3?E 619072=612C 1360/67?b =E A 01924761<741E192361?;/92C 11::1@2672C 162C 792C 1@7=41/:726794A 61443/9G P />1516!3961@192614176@C !_1741;:/=9E2C 7243FB ;176B /?E @C 3?E 6199/2/9?;E 34239A =34C<12>1197@@3E 1927?79E 3921923/97?C 760!<=27?4/b =E A 13921923/97?C 7607497=A C 2316!61A 76E ?144/:2C 170/=92/:E 707A 186/E =@1E G Y /2C/:2C 141:39E 39A 441102/39E 3@7212C 72@C 3?E 619!7279176?3167A 12C 79Z 37A 12@?7301E !7E 579@1392/2C 141@/9E427A 1/:0/67?E 151?/80192!0/67?7=2/9/0;!39>C 3@C2C 1;7@@1824/@37?6=?14<=2531>2C 10740/6176<32676;2C 79E /@C 3?E 619392C 1:3642427A 1G_1741;R 4614176@C 6734142>/D1;O =1423/94:/6E 151?/801927?84;@C /?/A 34247</=2@C 3?E 619=9E 167A 141519(E /2C 1;61@/A 93S1b =423:3@723/94:/6C 760:=?7@23/94!79EE /2C 1;07D1E 34239@23/94<12>119C 760:=?7@242C 7276186151927<?179E2C /417@242C 72C 751=9:/614119C 760:=?@/941O =19@14-.2=E 31439E 3@7212C 72b =423:3@723/941F@=439AC 760:=?7@23/9403A C 239@?=E 18=<?3@E =2;!41?:B E 1:1941!79E86/5/@723/9G c /61F708?1!‘14E 7?179Ed =?1@/9@?=E 1E2C 72@C 3?E 619>161@787<?1/:@/943E 1639A >C 12C 16/69/2797A A 6144/6R 47@23/9>74b =423:31E<;8=<?3@E =2;(:351;176/?E 4617@21E516;E 3::16192?;2/#Y /9931>61@D4N 99R 4861219EC /=41$E 1819E 39A/9>C 12C 16Y /9931E 3E32#4/4/01</E ;>/9R 2:7??/51632$/6<1@7=41Y /9931>7921E #2/07D1N 99:11?<7E G $I C =47@C 3?E/::351<1A 3942/=9E 164279E2C 72@16B 2739C 760:=?7@23/94!2C /=A C3921923/97?!@79<1b =423:31E )2C 1@/942673924/:0/67?7<4/?=23409/?/9A 164/?1?;A =3E 12C 136b =E A 01924GZ 4;@C /?/A 3424C 751E 12160391E2C 72E =639AD39E 16A 76219@C 3?E 619?17692/07D14=<2?1E 34239@23/9439B 5/?539AC 760G Q 76?1;/<41651E2C 7270/9A7@24395/?539A=93921923/97?C 760!43FB ;176B /?E@C 3?E 619b =421921B 639AD39E 16A 76219@/=?E9/2E 3::161923721<12>119:/614117<?1!79E2C =486151927<?1!C 76079E=9:/61411B 7<?1C 760:/6>C 3@C2C 1816812672/6@799/2<1<?701E G .15190/92C 4?7216!C />1516G Q 76?1;:/=9E2C 722C 1414701@C 3?E 619@/=?E07D1</2CE 34239@23/94!2C =4E 10/94267239A2C 722C 1;C 7E<1@/010/67??;7=B 2/9/0/=4G$’G H C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A<142E 14@63<142C 187447A 1747>C /?1-N G N 9/=2?391:/6:=2=61614176@C GY G N 91F879E 1EE 1:39323/9/:@/00/9?;034=9E 1642//E21604GM G N 9797?;434/:7E 348=21<12>1192>/2C 1/63424GQ G NE 34@=443/9/:614176@C:39E 39A 43979/9A /39A39O =36;G$*G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 187447A 1!Q 76?1;:/=9E2C 727:216415190/92C 4/:D39E 16A 7621943F ;176/?E 47@O =361E>C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A7<3?32314-N G Q 3::1619237239A<12>119:/614117<?179E=9:/614117<?1C 760GY G X E 1923:;39A>32C2C 1816812672/6/:7C 760:=?7@23/9GM G ]=423:;39AC 760:=?7@23/942C 72614=?2:6/086/5/@723/9GQ G [57?=7239A2C 107A 932=E 1/:91A 72351@/941O =19@14614=?239A:6/02C 1<617D39A/:6=?14G$,G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 187447A 1!Z 37A 1279E_1741;>/=?E9/2C 7517A 611E/9>C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A -N G I C 1D39E 4/:1F@=414@C 3?E 619A 351:/6C 760:=?7@242C 1;@/0032GY G I C 17A 172>C 3@C@C 3?E 619<1A 392/E 34@63039721<12>1193921923/97?79E=93921923/97?C 760G33."M G I C 13921923/94@C 3?E 619C 7513981681267239AC 760GQ G I C 1@36@=04279@14=9E 16>C 3@C@C 3?E 6198=934CC 760:=?7@24G"#G X 2@79<139:1661E:/602C 187447A 12C 72Z 37A 12>/=?E<1?3D1?;2/7A 611>32C>C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A42721019247</=22C 18=934C 01922C 72@C 3?E 619=9E 16415197443A 92/>6/9A E /39A -N G I C 14151632;/:2C 17443A 91E8=934C 019234E 12160391E<;2C 1816@1351E07A 932=E 1/:91A 72351@/9B 41O =19@140/612C 79<;79;/2C 16:7@2/6GY G I C 18=934C 0192342/<17E 039342161E3001E 3721?;:/??/>39A2C 126794A 61443/9GM G I C 1@C 3?E 6197443A 98=934C 0192?14476<326763?;2C 792C 1;E />C 192C 1;617@C 2C 17A 1/:0/67?7=2/9B /0;GQ G I C 18=934C 0192:/67@24/:=93921923/97?C 76034?1444151612C 793234:/67@24395/?539A7@@3E 1927?C 760G$%(7#+(%*:H %79-*G (-=N *;H 9:>9*7-<>9*’:’I C61187443/94!4308?1<=2/516>C 1?039A ?;426/9A !C 751A /51691E0;?3:1(2C 1?/9A 39A:/6?/51!2C 14176@C:/6D9/>?1E A 1!79E=9<1767<?1832;:/62C 14=::1639A/:079D39E G I C 14187443/94!?3D1A 6172>39E 4!C 751<?/>901C 32C 1679E2C 32C 16!397>7;>76E@/=641!/5167E 118/@179/:79A =34C !617@C 39A2/2C 1516A 1/:E 148736GX C 7514/=A C 2?/51!:3642!<1@7=4132<639A 41@4274;,1@4274;4/A 61722C 72X >/=?E/:219C 75147@63:3@1E 7??2C 16142/:?3:1:/67:1>C /=64/:2C 34b /;G X C 7514/=A C 232!91F2!<1@7=413261?31514?/91?391442C 7221663<?1?/91?3914439>C 3@C/914C 351639A@/94@3/=49144?//D4/5162C 1630/:2C 1>/6?E392/2C 1@/?E=9:72C /07<?1?3:1?1447<;44G X C 7514/=A C 232!:397??;!<1@7=41392C 1=93/9/:?/51X C 7514119!3970;423@039372=61!2C 1861:3A =639A5343/9/:2C 1C 175192C 7247392479E8/124C 751307A 391E G I C 3434>C 72X 4/=A C 2!79E2C /=A C3203A C 241102//A //E:/6C =079?3:1!2C 3434>C 7272?742X C 751:/=9E GH 32C1O =7?87443/9X C 7514/=A C 2D9/>?1E A 1G X C 751>34C 1E2/=9E 164279E2C 1C 17624/:019G X C 751>34C 1E2/D9/>>C ;2C 1427644C 391G N?322?1/:2C 34!<=29/20=@C G X C 7517@C 3151E GU /5179ED9/>?1E A 1!4/:76742C 1;>1618/443<?1!?1E=8>76E61>76E2C 1C 175194G Y =27?>7;4832;<6/=A C 201<7@D 2/1762C G [@C /14/:@6314/:873961516<16721E390;C 1762G M C 3?E 61939:70391!53@23042/6B 2=61E<;/886144/64!C 1?8?144/?E81/8?17C 7?1E<=6E 192/2C 1364/94!79E2C 1>C /?1>/6?E/:?/91?39144!8/5162;!79E873907D170/@D16;/:>C 72C =079?3:14C /=?E<1G X ?/9A2/7??1537212C 1153?!<=2X @799/279EX 2//4=::16GI C 34C 74<1190;?3:1G X C 751:/=9E32>/62C ?3539A !79EX >/=?EA ?7E ?;?351327A 7393:2C 1@C 79@1>161/:B :161E2/01G$%(7!O(979*;I /83@(K 9X 086/539AM C 3914181/8?1R 4h =7?32;H/6E 4?3032("%#B )##试题详解$%(7"?’%@9*;<-=&(’>’*:9-*$%::%;’!参考译文当你在日常生活和试验中看到颜色!会惊奇两种完全不相干的事实"我们看到的颜色是变化的!主要取决于它与其他同时看到的颜色之间的关系"颜色与直接的刺激之间没有固定的关系"另一方面!颜色的表面属性在很多照明颜色面前!变化不大!基本上*不总是+在白天看着就像人造光线一样"这些事实可能主要是由于前面提到过的颜色适应机制"同义转换细节推断结论处设题333"连线直击861419279E7881767479#7:216307A 1$4=81630B8/41E/92C 141@/9E G I C 11::1@29/2/9?;348614B192/5162C 17@2=7?7617@7=439A2C 1#?/@7?7E 7827B23/9$<=27?4/48617E 4>32CE 1@617439A42619A 2C2/7E b /3939A76174/:2C 11;12/86/E =@1#?72167?7E 78B2723/9G $N ?4/!<1@7=41/:2C 1816434219@1/:2C 11::1@23:2C 11;1344C 3:21E 76/=9E:6/0/91/<b 1@22/79/2C 16!7??/:>C 3@C761724303?76<63A C 2914414/6C 7514303?76@/?/64!2C 17E 782723/9>3??219E2/<1B@/01=93:/60/5162C 1>C /?11;1G&G I C 1861419241?1@23/9C 7478876192?;<119861@1E 1E<;4/011F8?79723/9/:G N G 4/011F816301924>32C @/?/683A B 01924Y G 2C 1972=61/:@/?/6M G 2C 1@/?/686/8162314/:5763/=44=6B :7@14Q G 2C 101@C 79340/:1;1R 47E 782723/92/@/?/6*推理判断+答案详解$G N !3精析4主旨大意题"原文首段从颜色入手!谈到与颜色有关的事实!关键是首段的最后一句话提到fE =12/2C 101@C 79340/:@/?/67E 782723/9G 接下去的段落也是基于这个中心来写的!段首句中的617E B b =420192就是选项N 中7E 782723/9的同义词"也就是说!整个节选部分的关键词是@/?/67E 782723/9"后面一段更是提到?/@7?7E 782723/9和?72167?7E 782723/9""G Y !3精析4细节分析题"题干问及在看两次的时候!一个有颜色的物体看上去是相似的还是不同的主要取决于什么条件"这个问题定位在第二段的开头!就是把原文的@/?/61E7617换成了题目中的@/?/61E /<b 1@2"结论是2C 1?/9A 162C 12301/:531>39A !2C 1C 3A C 162C 139219432;!79E2C 1?76A 162C 17617!2C 1A 6172162C 11::1@2>3??<13921604/:324816434219@1392C 14=@@11E 39A531>39A432=723/9G 这个含义与选项Y 中的>C 72D39E/:531>39A861@1E 1E17@C f 是一致的"前后两次看到的状况*比如时间长短!区域的大小+会产生影响")G M !3精析4细节分析题"在谈及到H63A C 2和.@C /=219的结论时!原文认为!当目光转移到光线相对比较暗的地方!在第一区域*明亮的区域+失却的灵敏度还有!就会以#残留影像$的方式在第二区域*暗的区域+出现"关键的问题是2C 1?/44/:4194323532;>3??<18614192!在选项M 里用了61A 739一词来表示灵敏度的恢复存在"&G Q !3精析4推断题"原文是节选!在首段的最后有两个词01923/91E176?316表明了前文曾经提及到的内容!即(01@C 79340/:@/?/67E 782723/9"$%::%;’.参考译文很多美国人和欧洲人都认为!人类是在$-世纪开始世界探险的"在他们看来!古时候的水手们没法深入地探求这个世界!他们甚至没有远洋航海所需要的必备技能"但是!持这种观点的人忘记了两个重要的历史事实"第一个事实(早期科学家的一些观点是正确的!但是后来的科学家们并不认可"大约公元前"’#年!一位希腊的科学家曾经认为!地球绕着太阳转"这一点我们现在已坚信无疑"但在其后的$-##年时间里!其他的科学家们却否认这一点!反倒认为应该是太阳绕着地球转"直到$%世纪!人们才又重新揭示了真相"第二个被多数人遗忘的事实(古老并不意味着原始"古埃及人对星星了解甚多!他们利用这方面的知识在海洋上识别确认方向"两千年以前!一位住在埃及的希腊科学家计算了地球的周长"他的计算结果接近我们目前知道的长度"也就是说!古时候的人们具有相当的科学知识!以及当今人类有的技能"$)##年以前!或者再早些!爱尔兰的渔民们就用木头和皮革制造船只!现在爱尔兰的一些渔民们仍然用同样的设计造船"使用的工具和材料与他们祖先的几乎没有什么两样"这是因为!船只在设计上是合理的"有经验的水手可以在不同的天气状况下驾驶这样的船只"显然!$-世纪前的人们已经具备了远洋航海的技术&知识和设备"那些探险家们可等不及到$-世纪再扬帆起程"举例处设问举例处设问同义转换推理判断细节处设问同义转换综合推断综合推断同义转换33I"答案详解,G Q !3精析4细节分析题"文中对安德森的描述除了相貌特征外就是他去酒馆!让新来的手下自己干活"喝酒回来就会检查手下的活!并用自己带有讽刺的幽默指出他的问题"文中的细节提示是在第一段第四句f>32C7?7@/93@C =0/6!C 1E 6/51791>4=<B 1E 32/6C 76E>32C C 34476@740G 选项N 的后半句是对的!但事实是手下工作的时候他并不在场监督"$#G Y !3精析4事实理解题"当安德森离开后!M /?/91?总是很小心!C 1>74@761:=?2/4112C 191>61@6=32>74A 35199/42/6;>C 3@C @/=?E8/443<?;42612@C C 348/>16G 选项中的@7=23/=4是原文@761:=?的同义替换词!A 3517@C 79@12/E 34239A =34CC 3041?:是原文中A 35199/42/6;>C 3@C@/=?E8/443<?;42612@C C 348/>16的同义替换"但这并不表明M /?/91?在阻止我的提拔!选项N 错误"$$G M !3精析4事实理解题"文中对于安德森的描述!他的幽默很刻薄!有时候我都想回学校了"但他从酒馆回来C 344C 7:24/:@6323@340>/=?EC 7517@O =361E7279A/::6319E ?39144G 也就是说!他对我的批评还多少有些留情"在选择的时候!要注意抓住文中作者对安德森工作风格中的C =0/6一词的焦点"$"G M !3精析4推理题"作者在短文后面提到安德森自己曾经的经历!他出版翻译集!但没有得到认可!作为报纸的编辑他就格外严格要求他的手下"选项M 中的他没有实现早期的梦想!是我们对作者表述的分析推理"$)G N !3精析4事实理解题"文中最后作者自己说出了原因C 1:/6147>7230103A C 2@/01>C 199/51?>632B39A>/=?E:73?01G 安德森是为他好!担心他的未来"重点词汇及短语4C 7:21’1,:22).!*非正式用语+嘲笑(嘲讽的评论)讽刺:?7A 67921&:?1%46)922%.!非常的!不能容忍的!恶名昭著的!公然的079O =n 1&0.+D1%2%.!*用在名词后面+愿望落空的!不成功的W 16?7391151)&?192!魏伦5保罗(*$*&&B $*,-+法国象征主义诗人!其作品以优雅的抒情体而出名?7@/93@1?)&D .9%D 2%.!*用词+简洁的!简明的.>39<=691!斯温伯恩!阿杰诺5查尔斯(*$*)’B $,#,+英国诗人及批评家!常写乐体诗或色情诗来抨击维多利亚时代的道德规范I C 1Z 3914!皮内斯岛(古巴西南部的加勒比海的一个岛屿"由哥伦布在$&,&年发现!后来成为监禁地和海盗聚集地"古马和美国都曾对其要求领土权!后来通过$,"%年的协约才确定为古巴的领土$%::%;’3参考译文今天!在学校里学习语言多少让人有些困惑"即便很多其他的传统课程都不再能满足学生们的需求!语言还是最传统的学校教育课程"你和那些听这个讲座的人说英语!比任何其他的有文化的人处境都要糟糕"思考语言的起源的那些人通常会得出这样的结论(语言是由咕哝声&嘶嘶声&哭声等逐步发展起来!约定俗成!而在最初这是件极其简单的事"但当我们观察我们认为是原始文化的语言行为时!认为它是相当精细复杂的事"探险家.61:7944/9说#爱斯基摩人为了彼此交流相处!需要知道一万多词汇!比一般说英语的商人需要的常用词汇要多得多"$另外!爱斯基摩语言的曲折变化比其他大家熟知的欧洲语言要多"比如一个简单的名词就可以用几百种不同的形式说或写!而这些不同的形式都有各自精确的含义"动词的形式就更多了"所以!爱斯基摩语言是世界上最难学的语言之一!几乎没有什么商人或探险家尝试着去学习"这样一来!在爱斯基摩人和白人交流中就产生了一种类似于中国的洋泾浜英语的混杂语言"这其中大概有)##到-##个没有曲折变化的词汇!它们中大多数是来自爱斯基摩语!也有的是源自英语&丹麦语&西班牙语&夏威夷语及其他"很多游者把这种混杂语言称作#爱斯基摩语言$"哥本哈根的I C 7?<32S16教授也觉得学爱斯基摩语太困难!他赞同探险家的观点!认为(这种语言是多词合成的"语法的曲折变化形式相当丰富!普通动词的变形有大概)%#种后缀!这和人称代词及动词结尾相等"名词的词形变化有大概$%#种后缀*用来表示双数格&复数&基本格&所有格等+"指示代词有独立的词形变化"在构词和句子结构以及复合词中起作用的词的派生结尾加起来至少有"%#个"尽管有如此复杂的结构特征!其语言的语法系统&综合体系都很简洁而且极具独特的逻辑性"引语处设问转折处设题细节处设题345"的爱斯基摩语的容量肯定比他们本身的语言要少的多"b 76A /9是来自两种语言的人交流时用的混和语言"选项Q 的39142307<?1指#无法估计的!无法估量的$!但文中还是有精确的)##到-##的数字事实"$%G Q !3精析4事实题"短文第二段有这么一句>C 19>1/<416512C 1?79A =7A 1<1C 753/6/:>C 72>161A 76E74863032351@=?2=614!>1:39E f 说明对语言问题的研究是从原始文化的出发点来的"$-G Y !3精析4事实概括题"文章是对原始语言特征的描述!第二段开头用了两个形容词1?7</6721和@/0B8?3@721E "这是选项Y 中@/08?1F 的指代"接下去教授所说的$####词汇足以说明语言词汇的丰富!0=@C ?76A 162C 792C 17@23515/@7<=?76;f "文章的最后强调的是语法和合成体系的逻辑性"概括起来就是?76A 1!@/08?1F 79E?/A 3@7?"重点词汇及短语8/9E 161&8.9E )*6+2L.!沉思!考虑b 76A /91&E $1,A )92).!行话(一个行业&职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语83E A 391&8%E $%92).!*在贸易或交往中形成的不同语种的+混杂语言!事务19E /6411%9&E 0,42L.!在*票据+背面签名!签注*文件+!认可!签署9/2>32C 4279E 39A 1#9.2>%/&42e9E %+!B >%5B 2%’.!尽管!还是8/?;4;92C 123@1#8.?%4%9&/12%D 2%.!多式综合的)多词合成的(属于或关于像爱斯基摩语或莫霍克语这类语言的!特征是带大量前后缀的&形态上复杂的长词语!在其他语言中!表示复合的关系和通常作为短语或句子表示综合意思"@/9b =A 723/91#D .9E $*&41%’(92).!某一特定动词的变形E 1@?1943/91E %&D?19’(92).!词尾变化!格变化E 1635723511E %&6%5)2%52%G !派生的!衍生的$%::%;’4参考译文儿童在什么年龄开始分辨对自己及他人的有害行为!这点已经成为目前对儿童道德发展研究的焦点"至此!儿童心理学家仍然支持先驱发展学家皮亚杰的假设"假设认为!七岁以下的儿童由于发展尚未成熟!所以不会考虑他人实施意外或故意伤害时的企图!但却会根据行为所引起的负面后果的大小来划分实施者应受惩罚的程度"根据这一推论!七岁以下是儿童道德发展的第一阶段!特征是道德绝对论*即权威的命令都要遵守+和司法惩治*一旦规则被打破!立即予以惩罚+"在他们成熟之前!儿童的道德判断完全基于结果!而不是犯罪的原因"但最近_1741;研究发现!六岁的儿童不仅能够区分意外和故意伤害!而且能够判断故意伤害是不道德的!当然他们会忽略所产生的伤害"这些研究都表明!儿童在幼年就进入道德发展的第二个阶段!即道德自治!这个年龄比皮亚杰所认为的要更早些"在第二阶段!他们已经能接受社会的规范!但比第一阶段的儿童更认为行为有随意性"_1741;向研究七岁以下儿童的发展心理学家提出两个关键的问题(他们是否理解要为受害行为做辩护)他们是否能够分辨可预防的受害行为和无法预见的受害结果"研究表明!为受害行为的辩护可能包括公共责任!自我防卫!以及挑衅"比如!‘14E 7?1和d =?1认为儿童能够考虑一位攻击者的行为是否能通过公共责任来辩护"五岁的孩子对于#Y /9931破坏了N 99搭的房子$有不同的反应!这要取决于Y /9931破坏它是因为房子会绊倒别人!还是因为Y /9931想让N 99生气"也就是说!一个五岁的孩子开始理解这样的有害行为是可以辩解的!即使有时候是故意的行为"仅仅通过道德绝对论的约束不再能引导他们的判断"心理学家明确这一点!在幼儿园阶段!儿童们学着仔细区别不同的伤害"Q 76?1;发现如果这其中包含无意伤害!那么在六岁才进幼儿园的孩子们无法区分伤害是可预见的!可预防的还是不可预见的!从而作恶者可以免责"但是七个月后!Q 76?1;又发现!同样的这些孩子们已经能够很好的区分了!这表明他们开始有了道德自治"。

全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年31、There was no________ but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32. I_______ when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fellB.fell awayC.fell outD.fell back33. I’m_____ passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.lookong up toD.taking hold of34. In front of the platform, the students were talking with the professor overthe quizzes of their________ subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominants35. The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire ______ in a foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36. The teacher explained the new lesson ______ to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题）37. I shall _____ the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a rewardfor the finder.A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38. The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ____ adult growth.A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident, but ______she wasn’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.his weak chest _____ him to winter illness.A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money, so they had to lay off some of its employeesfor three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The northy American states agreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradiction D,confrontation43.The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, John was startlingly pale.A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company. You must comply with the regulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praisedB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leader are making every effort to tackle the problemof poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be no problemfor them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III Cloze (10%)In Mr. Allen’s high school class, all the students have to “get married”. However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 . These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the “minister”. Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that53 take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr. Allen doesn’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment, He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face everday . He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can straina marriage to the breaking point. He even 57 this students with the problemsof divorce and fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems thata married couple often faces. 58 they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feelthat Mr. Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again.51.A. duplications B.imitations C.assumptions D.fantasies52.A. noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53.A.might B.would C.must D.need54.A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55.A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56.A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdictsrms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58.A.Until B.Before C.After D.As59.A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.approached60.A.confirmed B.convinced promised D.conceivedPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embedded in every culture---that dancingis a ‘cultural universal’. A researcher in Manchester thinks the impulse maybe even more deeply rooted than that. He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd, a psychologist at the University of Manchester, told the BA thathe first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people danceto deafeningly loud music. ‘There is a compulsion about it’, he says. He reckoned there might be a more direct, biological, explanation for the desireto dance, so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for instance, do not have an acoustic function. But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus, which is part of the balance-----regulating vestibular system, has retained some sensitivity to sound . The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise, above 70 decibels.‘There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment, the sacculuswill be stimulated.’ Says Todd. The average rave, he says, blares music ata painful 110 to 140 decibels. But no one really knows what acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of‘vestibular self-stimulation’ it gives a heightened sensation of motion. ‘We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.’ he says. ‘But we know that peoplego to extraordinary lengths to get it’ He lists bungee jumping, playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other examples of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us getup and dance as well, says Todd. Loud music sends signals to inner ear whichmay prompt reflex movement. ‘The typical pulse rate of dance music is aroundthe rate of locomotion,’ he says. ‘It’s quite possible you’re triggeringa spinal reflex.’61. The passage begins with_______.A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movements62. What intrigued Todd was_____.A. human instinct reflexesB. people’s biological heritagesC. people’s compulsion about loud musicD. the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing.63.Todd’a biological explanation for the desire to dance refers to______.A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated , according to Todd.____.A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibels will shoot upD.hearing will occur65. What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expected.B.Dancing is capable of heightening the sensation of hearing.C.Loud music stinulates the inner ear and generates the urge to dance.D.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance. Passage TwoHave you switched off your computer? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off, not just pressed the button on some control panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t, you are one of the guilty people who are helping to pollute the planed. It doesn’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme, conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work. You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy, even though they are doing absolutely nothing. Some electronic products ------such as CD players -------can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running. Others may use a lot less, but as your video player spends far more hours on stand-by than playing anything, the wastage soon adds up.In the US alone, idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London---costing consumers around $1 billion a year. Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responsible for the waste. But manufacturers onlyget away with designing products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue. Indeed, while recycling has caught the public imagination, reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”, as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use, offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds. With a little intelligent shopping, you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain. One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world, rather than produced locally, is the huge amount of packaging needed to transport them safety. In the US, a third of the solid waste collected from city homes is packaging. To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufactures the simplest trick is to to look for ultra-light packaging.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives, thin-walled aluminum cans, and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package. There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler--- filling up, naturally, your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup. But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents. There are limits to source correctness.66.From the first two paragraphs, the author implies that____A． hitech has made life easy everywhereB． B .nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC． C. recycling can potentially control environmental deterioration D． Everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another.67. The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seems to ___.A. be a long-standing indoor problemB. cause nothing but troubleC. get exaggeratedD. go unnoticed68. By idle electronic devices, the author means those appliances___A. left on stand-by modeB. filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideC. used by those who are not energy consciousD. used by those whose words speak louder than actions69. Ultra-light packaging________.A. is expected to reduce American waste by one-third.B, is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C. can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD. is a villain of what the garbage experts call “source reduction”70. The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that__________.A. One person cannot win the battle against pollutionB. anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC. nobody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD. anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not needed.71.Schallert issued a warning to those who__________.A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for brain damage is one week after injuryC.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery73. The results from Schallert’s research________.A.reinforced the significance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppositeDverified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that_______.A.glutamate can have toxic effects on healthy nerve sellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD.all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians________.A.to administer drugs to block the effects of glutamate.B.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke victims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of physiotherapy to brain damagePassage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time. This is the easiest way to begin, for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time, and in any case, our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting. Even where physical change is very rapid, this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequently, after years away. Most of our urban theory, whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering, is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures changes slowly, and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies. In recent years, these assumptions have come to be challenged, and in previous editorials I have argued the needfor a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models, where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change. Even these views, however, imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization, where the functions determining such change are very largely routine, accomplished over months or years, rather than any lesser cycle of time. There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to day or hour-basis, which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around. Transportation modeling, for example, is fashioned from this standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study, its explanation being central to the notion that spatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We, according to the passage, tend to observe cities.A.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC. sporadicallyD. horizontally77. We think about a city as ______.A. a spatial eventB. a symbolical worldC. a social environmentD. an interrelated system78. Cross-sectional studies show that cities ________.A. are structured in three dimensionsB. are transformed rapidly in any aspectC. are resilient and long lasting through timeD. change slowly in spatial and social structures79. The author is drawing our attention to_______.A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB. the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD. all of the above80. The conventional notion, the author contends,_________.A. presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD. hinders the physical change of urban structurePassage FiveWhen it is sunny in June, my father gets in his first cutting of hay. He starts on the creek meadows, which are flat, sandy, and hot. They are his driest land. This year, vacationing from my medical practice, I returned to Vermont to help him with the haying.The heft of a bale(大捆)through my leather gloves is familiar: the tautness of the twine, the heave of the bale, the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms. This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze. I walk behind the chug and clack of baler, moving the bales into piles so my brothercan do the real work of picking them up later. As hot as the air is, my face is hotter. I am surprised at how soon I get tired. I take a break and sit in the shade, watching my father bale, trying not to think about how old he is, how the heat affects his heart, what might happen.This is not my usual work, of course. My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them. Occasionally I touch them, and am glad that my hands are soft. I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots. Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles, hidden swellings of organs and joints, and probe all the painful places in my patients’ lives. There are many. Perhaps I am too soft, could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work, as if all my patients were inside me, letting me carry them, I don’t mean to. But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings, ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression, fears, illness? These are not my experiences, yet I feel them and carry them with me. Try to find healthier meanings, I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized. Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field. They will be easy to pick up. Dad climbs, tired and lame, from the tractor. I hand him a jar of ice water, and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done. I’ll stack a few more bales and maybe drive the truck for my brother. My father will have some appreciative customers this winter, as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles, the heat on my face. I an taunted by the simplicity of this work, the purpose and results, the definite boundaries of the fields, the dimensions of the bales, for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies; it spills into families, homes, schools and my office, like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar. I feel the rough stubble left in its wake. I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape, new meanings stacked against the despair of pain. I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81. Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A. The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B. The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C. It is the first time for the narrator to do haying.D. The narrator is as physician.82. In retrospection, the narrator___________.A. feels guilty before his father and brotherB. defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC. hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD. is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83. As a physician, the narrator is ________.A. empathicB. arrogantC. callousD. fragile84. His associations punctuate___________.A. the similarities between medicine and agricultureB. the simplicity of muscular workC. the hardship of life every where D .the nature of medical practice85. The narrator would say that________.A. it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB. everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC. he is a shame to his fatherD. his trip is worth it.Passage SixEveryone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited, involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow or his or her former self. Or , a person who has been an beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening .And organization‘s most valuable resource ------the energy, dedication and creativity of its employees----is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned—out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-worker .While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It’s especially scary some of the most talented. If they can’t maintain their fire, others ask.Who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and , more important, there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.The passage begins with_______.A. a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC. a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustion.B.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishment.D.All of the above.88. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, which will result in_______.A.apersonal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countyD. a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89. Burnout can be________.A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-our, according to the passage, are potentially able________.A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD. to challenge their organization本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

同济大学考博英语-2(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：40.00){{B}}Passage One{{/B}}The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences. Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components, you must also know how they interrelate. By specializing too early, many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems. That's why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences. In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future. To understand how and when social science broke up, you must go into the past. Imagine for a moment that you're a student in 1062, in the Italian city of Bologna, site of one of the first major universities in the western world. The university has no buildings. It consists merely of a few professors and students. There is no tuition fee. At the end of a professor's lecture, if you like it, you pay. And if you don't like it, the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier, say to Greece in the sixth century B. C., we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens, arguing with his companions. He asks them questions, and then other questions, leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason (this became known as the Socratic method). Times have changed since then; universities sprang up throughout the world and created colleges within the universities. Oxford, one of the first universities, now has thirty colleges associated with it, and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty. As knowledge accumulated, it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain it all. In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know, and the definition of the Renaissance man (people were even more sexist then than they are now) was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately, at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow {{U}}exponentially{{/U}} while the size of the brain has grown only slightly. The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything. Today we must specialize. That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it, in turn, has been broken down into various subfields, such as anthropology and sociology.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Social science is unified. √B.Social science is a newborn science.C.What is social science.D.Specialization in social science is not good.解析：[解析] 文章第1句即为题旨所在：“The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.”(2).What can we learn from the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.B.The universities in Italy have no buildings.C.Socrates created the "Socratic method". √D.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.解析：[解析] Socratic method以苏格拉底的名字命名，并且为他所第一个使用。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5. CBACB 6-10. ADADB 11-15. CADCD 16-20. BCDABSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points) 21-25. CBACB 26-30. CDADB 31-35. ACDDA 36-40. BDABCPart B (10 points) 41-45. ECGFBPart C (10 points)46. 电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。

也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。

47. 多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。

这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。

48. 仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。

这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。

49. 创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事，需要战略性选择。

正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。

50. 在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。

”Section Ⅲ Writing (30 points)Part A (10 points) A Letter, to QuitJun 22, 2005 Dear Mr. Wang,First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. What’s more, I’m preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again, I apologize for my resignation to you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Y ours Sincerely,Li Ming Part B (20 points)A Helpless FatherThe picture ironically shows that a pitiable old man in rags is being helplessly kicked off by his three sons and a daughter, who all wear decent clothes. The father’s negligent children are all guarding their home gates lest their old father “roll into” their households. In other words, they four ignore their moral sense of assuming the responsibility for their old father even though they may be all living a satisfying life. That is a painful scene we often encounter in our daily life.Sad to say, the moral decline of the younger generations may be a rather explosive situation in our modern society. People definitely have their living conditions improved by wider and wider margins, as evidenced by the four children’s decent dressing, but their moral sense still remains sadly unchanged or in some cases becomes dramatically downgrading. Most people might have become too much self-centered, and even worse, they discard the tradition of giving respect to the elderly. They no longer care for their elders, let alone their neighbors or thedisadvantaged; instead they try every means to avoid responsibility for other citizens. When one cares for others, one might even appear stupid or may even be distrusted.Therefore, we have to take some useful measures to avoid the scene that is mentioned above. We must launch a variety of campaigns about the return to the good tradition of giving help and love the elderly. Moreover, we must appeal to our government to establish some relevant laws to punish those who avoid their duties. The last but not the least, our respect for age is an indication of the progress of human society, as imperatives of traditions require. We sincerely wish that the old man could be welcome to any of the four households, elegantly dressed, and a smile on the face.2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1. C空格前讲的是，和动物相比，人的嗅觉常被认为不灵敏，空格后讲的是，…这主要是因为，…动物，我们是直立的。

同济大学考博英语-4(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child's happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents' happiness? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart.A good "old-fashioned" spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn't even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents' confidence in their own authority. And it hasn't taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on childcare, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don't know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents' lives are regulated according to the needs of heir offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey'? Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine 'indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there's some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.（分数：8.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?A. There is no defense for Victorian harshness.B. Parents are grateful to Freud for his advice.C. Parents can be too strict with their children.D. Child-care books prove sensible and practical.（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 题干问：“第1句暗示了什么?”正确选项为C“父母对孩子再严格也不过分”，尽管作者说很少有人去辩护维多利亚时代父母对孩子的态度，但是如果你是父母，你还得跟那个年代的父母学习对孩子的严格要求，因此这句话说明父母必须对孩子进行严格管教。

同济大学真题2005年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：5，分数：60.00){{B}}Passage One{{/B}}As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colores seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to the due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect, becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an "afterimage" super imposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the "local adaptation" but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce "lateral adaptation". Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightnesses or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.（分数：12.00）(1).This selection is concerned primarily with ______.（分数：3.00）A.the eye's adaptation to color √B.the properties of colored surfacesC.the effect of changes in color intensityD.experiments on colored objects解析：本文主要讲述的是眼睛对色彩的适应。

Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes,20 points) .Section A (1 point each)1. A. 5 minutes. B. 15 minutes. C. 20 minutes. D. 25 minutes.2. A. $200. B. $400. C. $300. D. $500.3. A. Because he has been hiding lately.B. Because he has been busy preparing his trip,C. Because he has been back home.D. Because he has to work hard for traveling expense.4. A. On a three-week trip.B. To their neighborsC. On the way back home.D. To work.5. A. She gladly accepted it.B. She declined it politely.C. She firmly turned it down.D. She didn't know what to do.6. A. The girl's father had an accident yesterday.B. The girl's father was still in serious condition.C. The girl's father has been told about his daughter's real condition.D. The girl's father doesn't know anything about his daughter's real condition7. A. 144 pounds. B. 164 pounds. C. 140 pounds. D. 154 pounds.8. A. A new flat. B. A trip to the island. C. A disease. D. A recent fire.9. A. Because of the bad weather,B. Because the food has spoiled.C. Because some people are sick.D. Because they had to prepare for an exam.Section B (1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A. Science and TechnologyB. Arts and Social SciencesC. ArchitectureD. Humanities11. A. Psychology, sociology, history, and economicsB. Psychology, sociology, history and linguisticsC. Biology, sociology, history and linguisticsD. Biology, sociology, history and economics12. A. They have difficulties seeing their lecturersB. They fail meeting deadlines for an essayC. They have difficulty going to classesD. Their lecturers are unavailableMini-talk Two13. A. At the beginning of the work day.B. In the middle of the work day.C. At the end of the work day.D. In the evening.14. A. In the basement.B. On the top floor.C. In a cafeteria.D. In the middle of the building.15. A. They took emergency elevators.B. They were rescued by the firemen.C. They waited until things returned to normal.D. They walked down the stairs.Section C ( 1 point each)Notes about the lecture: What is Happiness?Common myths about money and happiness:16. For very poor people--__________________________________________________17. For very wealthy people--_______________________________________________For middle-class people--They are not less happy than wealthy people./ Happiness does not depend on moneyThe three qualities happy people have:18. __________________________________________19.___________________________________________20.___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. The vast crowd bust into spontaneous cheering at the skillful play.A. earnestB. volcanicC. heartyD. automatic22. Not everyone in the intelligence community was convinced the document was genuine.A. standardB. validC. neatD. lucid23. They found substantial evidence that exposure to nerve gas was responsible for the veterans' symptoms.A. contactB. betrayalC. exhibitionD. publication24. The majority of prospective adoptive parents use an adoption agency, while others consult adoption facilitators inthe United States.A. confidentB. justifiedC. sensibleD. potential25. This patient must on no account be left unattended, even for one minute.A. not repeatedlyB. not in any circumstancesC. without any reasonD. with no explanation26. Only a few Furgans remain alive today, a fading anthropological link with the first native Americans.A. condescendingB. amplifyingC. prosperousD. vanishing27. He was as deliberate in his speech as he was in his work, weighing his words momentously, even if they wereonly going to add up to a casual remark.A. a wittyB. an indifferentC. an offendingD. a humorous28. Embarrassed, he slung her over his shoulder and made a hasty exit.A. turnB. leapC. speechD. leave29. Eighty-five percent of people polled recently had not a clue what is meant by InfoTech, although 53% of thosepolled said they thought it sounded pretty important.A. inspectedB. registeredC. votedD. nominated30. It would be a way of preserving animals that are dying out because their habitat is being destroyed.A. mateB. prayC. territoryD. enemySection B (0.5 point each)31. Mourinho is a young and _____ coach who is prepared to lead his team to win the championship in his firstseason.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate32. Just wait for one second, I am _______ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment33. If you can't think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need34. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated35. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this was substantially________ theirBritish thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to36. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ______reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate37. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its own territory, and has beena major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions38. This is the world's first accurate _________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working39. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famous university.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association40. ___________, ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of daily and weeklynewspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. CommonlyPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Earthquakes have never really affected Hong Kong, but this has not been the case on the mainland, where their effects throughout history, have often been devastating, causing widespread destruction and toss of life.In ancient China, earthquakes were occasionally followed by riots and rebellions, so it was important for the emperor to find out about quakes in remote parts of the country as soon 41 occurred. This was 42 far from easy in an age before modern telecommunications.In the year 132 AD, however, the scientist and inventor, Zhang Heng, devised a forerunner of the modem seismograph (an instrument used by scientists to detect earthquakes). 43 only could it detect a distant earthquake as it happened, but it could 44 in which direction the epicenter of the quake lay.The machine, was from metal, was almost two meters 45 , and shaped like a vase. There were dragons' heads around the rim, each with a metal ball in its mouth. The ball were balanced 46 when the earth moved slightly, one of them would fall into the mouth of a metal toad at the base of the vase, 47 creating a loud noiseto raise the alarm. The direction of the earthquake was indicated by 48 ball fell, and a special mechanism ensured that only one ball could fall.The device was viewed with considerable suspicion and doubt 49 , especially since the first time it dropped a ball, no shock could be felt. But people changed their minds a few days later, when a messenger 50 news of a earthquake 700 km away.41. A. as it B. if they C. as they D. that it42. A. naturally B. obvious C. clear D. hardly43. A. But B. Not C. Yet D. If44. A. show besides B. have to show C. also indicate D. also displaying45. A. across B. through C. length D. width46. A. in order to B. carefully if C. delicately D. so that47. A. besides B. thereby C. resulting D. furthermore48. A. whichever B. how C. whenever D. the49. A. to begin B. besides C. initially D. first50. A. would bring B. brought C. carrying D. had carriedPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, I point each)Passage 1In a new book published this month called "Cray Dawn," Peter G. Peterson predicts that in less than 25 years, senior citizens will comprise more than 18 percent of the entire U.S population---the same proportion as in Florida today. Put another way, that means that early in the 21st century, there will be more grandparents than grandchildren. Peterson, a former secretary of Commerce under Nixon, is primarily concerned with what the aging of America---a product of both longer life spans and falling birthrates---means for Social Security and Medicare. But the social ramifications will be at least as profound as the economic ones. Will all those seniors shift the balance of politicalpower? How will Hollywood executives, funeral directors and the auto industry change their products to meet the demands of a markedly older public? Because women tend to outlive men, will an older America also be significantly more female? In short, what will America be like when we all become a Senior Nation'?Anyone who has visited West Palm Beach or Tucson knows part of the answer, lots of people driving very slowly in big cars on their way to early-bird dinners. But that's only the most broad-brush observation. The political changes alone will be enough to bury all those stereotypes about the feeble elderly. Peterson estimates that by 2038, people 65 and older will make up 34 percent of the electorate - up from only 16 percent in 1966. You think Social Security is a sacred cow now? And the battle over entitlements may get uglier. The 65-plus population is about 85 percent white. The younger generations - the ones footing the seniors' bills - are much more racially mixed. "What you've got is an overwhelmingly white generation with enormous influence, askingAfrican-Americans, Hispanics and Asians to support them for decades," says Ken Dychtwald, president of Age Wave, a consulting firm that focuses on the maturingmarketplace. "The tension becomes not only generational but racial."51. What is true of American population?A. Florida's population is 18% of the entire U.S. population.B. American people will represent 18% of the world's population.C. American population will increase by 18% early in the next century.D. Senior citizens will outnumber teenagers in less than 25 years in the U.S.52. According to Peterson, the aging of America is caused by __________.A. social security and medicareB. shift in the balance of political powerC. longer life spans and falling birthratesD. social ramifications as well as economic ones53. Who is Peter G. Peterson?A. A funeral director.B. A Hollywood executive.C. A secretary of Commerce.D. The author of "Gray Dawn".54. "Gray Dawn" probably refers to the fact thatA. the younger generations are much more racially mixedB. the U.S. will be significantly more female in the next centuryC. the stereotypes about the feeble elderly are being dispersed by political changesD. the U.S. is entering a stage when there are more grandparents than grandchildren55. What is the best title for the passage'?A. The U.S.---a Senior NationB. The Senior Boom is ComingC. A Book Called "Gray Dawn"D. Generational and Racial TensionPassage 2Weary after centuries of fighting the surging North Sea from gushing into this low-lying nation, the Netherlands is rethinking how to keep Dutch feet dry.The traditional method of stopping floodwater has been to build dikes. But at the Second World Water Forum, a five-day conference that was to start today in The Hague, Dutch water experts were to explain that the best way to handle the water may be to let it in.In the Netherlands -- half of which lies below sea level -- the Ministry of Water Management has designated several low-lying regions as "calamity flood plains" that would be used in emergencies to divert floodwaters from populated areas, spokesman Hans Scholten said.Referring to the fable of a Dutch boy named Hans Brinker who saved the nation from disaster by plugging a hole in the sea barrier. Undersecretary for Water Management Monique de Vries said: "Hans Brinker will have to take his finger out of the dike and pull on his galoshes."Although the country has built dikes and reclaimed land since the Middle Ages, repeated flooding of farmland in recent years and high maintenance costs have led to a rethinking about the old methods."Sometimes it doesn't make sense to ignore the processes of nature," said Bert Blase, spokesman for an association of regional water boards. "flooding certain nature reserve areas every few years would be good for the environment."Part of the plan involves widening river beds to allow larger volumes of water to flow to the sea. Although it is still unclear how much land could eventually be allocated to the project-- some inhabitants would have to be relocated w large areas of the eastern Dutch province of Gelderland have been labeled as suitable.While flooding is a serious threat to the Dutch, global warming could expose many more in this country of 15 million to drought and water pollution if governments do not take drastic measures, conference organizers have warned.More than3,500 delegates from 150 countries will attend the conference, the follow-up to the first global water congress, Which was held in Marrakech. Morocco, two years ago.With one-sixth of the world's population lacking clean drinking water, forum organizers have called for annual global spending on water problems to be more than doubled from about $70 billion or $80 billion to $180 billion.In the closing stages of the conference, ministers from more than 100 countries will meet to discuss sustainable water for the world's growing population and farmers who grow crops for mass consumption.56. What is the new idea the experts put forward to keep Dutch feet dry?A. To build more powerful damsB. To let the sea water in the insideC. To ignore the process of natureD. To flood certain nature reserves57. Hans Brinker is known as a national hero_____________.A. in Dutch history who succeeded in diverting floodwater from the populated areasB. who took his finger out of the dike and built a sea barrierC. who pulled his finger on his galoshes and saved the nation from being drownedD. a legend who saved the nation by stopping the sea flood in58. Which of the following is NOT included in the forth-coming Dutch project in saving the nation from possible sea floods?A. To designate some low-lying regions as "calamity flood plains".B. To let the sea flood certain nature reserve areas every few years.C. To broaden some river beds to allow more river water to flow to the sea.D. To expose many more areas of the country to drought or flood.59. All the following are the topics to be discussed in the Second World Water Forum EXCEPT _______.A. how to divert floodwaters from the populated areas of HollandB. how to reduce water pollution and provide more healthy drinking water for the growing populationC. how to help farmers to keep on the sustainable agriculture by watering their crops timelyD. how to take measures to slow down the ever-accelerating global warming-up tendency60. The best way to paraphrase the sentence "Sometimes it doesn't make sense to ignore the process of nature" is ___________.A. Sometimes it's no use ignoring the process of natureB. In some cases man can and must neglect the law of natureC. It would often be harmful for Man to go against the process of natureD. Man must always follow the way of how things are going onPassage 3"Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in 1985 to 10.6 million in 1998," according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC (chlorofluorocabon 含氯氟烃) free, energy efficientrefrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed."Market transformation," Fridley explains, "is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient product.""Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufacturers interested in developing CFC free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk," Fridley says.In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. "It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s," says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an advisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. "The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.""The Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants," adds Levine.61. The main idea of this passage is about_____________.A. the refrigerator production in China supported by UN and USAB. the energy-efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UNC. the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protectionD. the tremendous increase of China's refrigerator production62.From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that__________.A. the American experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed at China's refrigerator productionB. the American researchers are particularly worried about China's over-emission of CCFC into the airC. the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in ChinaD. the American experts see China as the best place to increase their export of refrigerator technology63. According to Fridley, "Market transformation" means ______________.A. giving a practical guide to the consumers' needs as which products are betterB. strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish fightproducts from the fake onesC. producing high-quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protectionD. trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively64. The pronoun "it" in the sentence "It is not widely known in the United States" (Paragraph 5) may refer to_______.A. an International Climate Protection AwardB. the EPA, that is, the U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyC. the refrigerator project that won the awardD. the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies65. Why is the Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project of great significance to China's further development?A. Because the project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions.B. Because the Chinese government is eager to improve its people's living conditions.C. Because the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrialpollution.D. Because the Chinese government is eager to up-to-date the production of its electron industry.Passage 4By the mid-nineteenth century', in addition to its natural resources, the United States had accumulated enough capital in the form of factories to productively employ a large amount of labor, or human resources. A nation that still consisted largely of independent farmers could not provide an adequate labor supply for heavy industrialization. But millions of new workers came to the United States from abroad.As we are all aware, not all these workers arrived voluntarily. Slaves were brought from Africa to the South: they were put to work on plantations to extract maximum harvests from the cotton fields. But in the North, the machines that turned that cotton into textiles were worked by massive waves of immigrants who came willingly from one part of Europe after another. This vastly expanded pool of labor allowed from large leaps in our national output.A nation cannot grow forever by finding more natural resources and attracting more workers; thus, a country's extensive growth will eventually slow. But intensive growth gradually appears as better use is made of the labor force. In the United States in the mid-nineteen century, many of the newly arrived immigrants were unskilled and illiterate, but the education policy of their new land meant that their children all received an education, and many were trained in a skill. If a society gives workers more knowledge, they will be able to use machines in a more complex way and to follow more complex instructions, yielding manufactured goods of greater value; this process is often known as investing in human capital. In the late twentieth century, our physical capital is so abundant and our natural resources so limited that we are beginning to appreciate the importance of improving our human resources if we are to continue to grow.66. This passage mainly discusses the national output in terms of____________.A. the labor forceB. natural resourcesC. factoriesD. immigration67. We can infer from the passage (paragraph 2) that the South's contribution to the growth of industry in the mid-nineteenth century was mainly_____________.A. raw materialsB. skilled laborC. manufactured goodsD. industrial sites68. The phrase "massive waves of immigrants" in line 9 of the passage means that____________.A. many immigrants came by shipB. immigrant families stayed togetherC. groups of immigrants came at different timesD. groups of immigrants were greeted enthusiastically69. From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the United States in the fast half of the nineteenth century?A. It was producing large amounts of manufactured goods.B. It was largely agricultural.C. It was fully industrialized.D. It was low in natural resources.70. We can infer from the passage that intensive growth of a nation's economy requires_____________.A. expansion of resourcesB. better use of the labor forceC. attracting unskilled laborD. limiting the human resources71. According to the passage, what is the end goal of an investment in human capital?A. Providing more valuable manufactured goodsB. Educating immigrant familiesC. Training in use of complex machinesD. Developing literacy for all72. We can infer from the passage (paragraph 3) that in the mid-nineteenth century the United States placed a high value on______________.A. European tradeB. educationC. agricultureD. development of natural resourcesPassage 5Economists have received the unfair reputation of being unable to agree on anything. The image of economists in disagreement is part of our folklore. An English commentator wrote: "If parliament were to ask six economists for an opinion, seven answers could come back--two no doubt from the volatile Mr. Keynes." The London Times laments the "rise in skepticism about what economists can tell us," and Business Week complains about "the intellectual bankruptcy of economics profession."The image of widespread disagreement among economists is overrated. The result of a survey of 100 professional economists confirm that there is considerable agreement among economists about what can be done (positive economics), especially in a microeconomic context. However, there is more disagreement over what oughtto be done. Questions of what ought to be done (Should we equalize the distribution of income? Should we increase defense spending?) require moral and political value judgments on which individuals naturally differ. Finally, disagreement among professional economists receives more publicity than other scientific professions, which contributes to the false image of economists in disaccord.While disagreements in other sciences are as strong or even stronger than in economics, these disagreements are less visible to the public eye. Theoretical physicists have disagreed about the physical nature of the universe since the foundations of physics, but this scientific controversy is understood by only a few theoretical physicists.It does not require much disagreement to bring disputes to the public's attention. Everyone is interested in economic questions: Will inflation accelerate? Will I lose my job? Why is the price of gasoline rising so fast? Why are home mortgages so hard to come by? Economists do disagree, particularly on some big macroeconomic issues. But often what the public perceives as disagreements over positive economics are really disagreements over what ought to be. In general, there is more agreement than disagreement among economists.73. According to the passage, the commentator mentions Mr. Keynes as noted for his____________.A. good senseB. inconsistency of opinionsC. predictabilityD. greediness74. According to the passage, positive economics is__________.A. an attempt to convince disgruntled economistsB. Statements in microeconomics about what is possibleC. financial statements showing againD. results of economic surveys75. The author believes that disagreement between economists is all of the following EXCEPT__________.A. naturalB. exaggeratedC. publicizedD. nonexistent76. According to the passage, which of the following statements describes disagreements between theoretical physicists?A. They are fairly recent situations.B. They are not easily understood by non-physicists.C. The public follows them intently.D. They are not worthy of publication.77. The phrase "hard to come by" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to____________.A. badly advertisedB. difficult to obtainC. far awayD. plentiful78. It can be inferred from the passage that economists find macroeconomic issues _________.A. more controversial than microeconomic issuesB. easier to understand than positive economicsC. similar to issues in theoretical physicsD. not concerned with reality79. The purpose of the author in this passage is to__________________.A. point out a misconceptionB. support a generalizationC. elaborate on a mythD. compare two views80. The author's attitude toward economists in this passage is___________.A. sympatheticB. criticalC. indifferentD. skepticalPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)。

2005Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get bettermedicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with theprofessor over the quizzes of their_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____ina foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper witha reward for the finder. A.advertise rm C.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adultgrowth. A.degenerate B.deteriorate C.boost D.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some ofits employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement ofeconomical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in itsbase.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazingly B.astonishingly C.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with theregulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his openingspeech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tacklethe problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems tobe mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work forthe company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married oftenbegin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before peoplemarry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 theschool to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumptionD.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphsD.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphsD.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsedD.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promisedD.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cultural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that. Hesays it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a moredirect,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started tolook at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so thatorgans for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The average rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a heightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance music is around the rate of locomotion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universalquestionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into humanphysical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological explanation for the desire to dance refersto_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according toTodd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintainbalance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little redlights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attractedmuch less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look forultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable inan ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—fillingup,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to sourcecorrectness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in oneway or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical applianceson stand-by mode seems to_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing buttroubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmentalprotectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is notneededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural connections destroyed by a clotin the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause adramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the release of glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxiceffects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for hisinvestigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s research____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week afterinjuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure atsome point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly inany aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave of the bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what mighthappen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my patients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories?The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the weekbefore vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice water,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on thenarrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitmentand involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening.An organization’s most valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energyavailable.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary…………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentiallyable___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organizationA.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。

2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day,Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample 3answerA DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. He was waiting in the wrong place.B. He won’t have to wait any longer.C. The woman was mistaken.D. The woman should ask somebody else for help.2. A. The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B. The results might be ready tomorrow morning,C. The results will be ready this afternoon.D. The results were back this morning.3. A. Buy a purse. B. Buy the AIDS patients medicine.C. Make a donation.D. Lend the man some money.4. A. He failed to defend his paper. B. He had got a bleeding finger.C. He cut his finger with a knife.D. He had a paper cut.5. A. He can’t afford a digital camera now.B. He’s not sure how much a digital camera costs.C. He’ll buy a digital camera that fits his pocket.D. He’s lost the money he saved.6. A. Join the student Union.B. Persuade the other members of the Student Union not to quit.C. Keep an eye on the other members of the Student Union.D. Help the man find someone to fill the vacancy.7. A. The dentist will be back this afternoon.B. The dentist will have a full schedule this afternoon.C. He’s already had the dentist check his teeth.D. He plans to see the dentist this afternoon.8. A. Large and bulky. B. Lightweight and compact.C. Fancy and sophisticated.D. Appealing and amazing.9. A Use less shampoo, B. Stop using shampoo.C. Switch to the man’s brand.D. Rinse off the shampoo thoroughly.10. A. The fitness center doesn’t open until tomorrow.B. She is too busy to go to the fitness center.C. The fitness center is not for kids.D. The project of the fitness center will be finished tomorrow.11. A. Look in the library catalogue.B. Borrow the man’s computer.C. Seek the information from the Internet.D. Seek the information from Drama Society.12. A. He has changed his schedule. B. He was sick last Monday.C. He works less than he used to.D. He started his vacation last Monday.13. A. Because she has to pay a home visit to an emergency case.B. Because she dislikes teaching and wants to quit.C. Because her father has just been sent to the hospital and needs her care.D. Because her father is leaving the hospital and needs her help.14. A. Discontinue all the medications.B. Try new medicine and then have a CT scan.C. Take a CT scan before medication.D. Have a CT scan right away.15. A. Annoyed. B. Scared. C. Puzzled. D. Anxious.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passages One16. A. Common insomnia. B. Sleep-including activities.C. Foods to help people sleep better.D. Causes of insomnia and ways to deal with it.17. A. Asthma. B. Aches. C. Ulcer. D. Anemia.18. A. Go to bed earlier the next night. B. Go to bed as usual the next night.C. Take a nap the next day.D. Sleep late the next few days.19. A. Because tryptophan can balance their diet.B. Because tryptophan is an amino acid found in certain foods.C. Because tryptophan is crucial to the sleep process.D. Because tryptophan can cure insomnia altogether.20. A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent.Passage Two21. A. The difference between the couple in their view of time.B. The difference between the couple in their view of religion.C. The difference between the couple in their view of loyalty.D. The difference between the couple in their view of responsibility.22. A. He likes to be late. B. He likes to be early.C. He likes to be just on time.D. He likes to be just in time.23. A. 2 pm. B. 1:40 pm. C. 2:03 pm. D. 2:30 pm.24. A. Cancel the wedding immediately. B. Find a substitute immediately.C. Wait patiently till the groom to come finally.D. Find a lawyer to sue the groom.25. A. Cultural difference. B. Gender-related difference.C. Ethnical difference.D. Social rank.Passage Three26. A. She is a dentist. B. She is an orthopedist.C. She is a physiotherapist.D. She is a pharmacist.27. A. She is examining the man.B. She is taking a history.C. She is explaining the man’s condition.D. She is discussing a case with her colleague.28. A. Sliding over the stairs. B. Straightening his spine.C. Bending his knee too hard.D. Lifting heavy loads in the wrong way.29. A. In the lower part of his back. B. In the upper part of his back.C. In the middle part of his back.D. Not mentioned.30. A. Stay in bed to let the disc rest. B. Take some drugs to relieve the pain.C. Have some physiotherapy.D. Undergo an operation right away.2005全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析这是一篇科普性说明文，文章主要介绍了人类嗅觉的特点及原因。

文章首段指提出说明的中心。

第二段对人们对某些气味的敏感程度的差异原因进行了分析，并指出这种不敏感是可以改变的。

第三段进一步解释了人类对气味不敏感的原因。

二、试题解析1.[A]although虽然，表让步[B]as因为，表因果[C]but但是，表转折[D]while虽然，表让步【答案】C【考点】逻辑搭配【难度系数】0.183【解析】从选项内容和文章中句子结构可以判断空要求填入一个表示前后两个句子逻辑关系的连词，空前的句子谈到“和动物相比，人类经常被认为是不敏感的”，空后谈到这主要是由于我们是直立行走的（动物）。

显然后句是说明人类不敏感的原因，既然人类不敏感是有原因的，那么反过来表达的就是人类应该是敏感的，前句谈到不敏感，后句反馈的是敏感，含义对立，只能填入转折连词，故答案为C。

2.[A]above在上面[B]unlike不像……[C]excluding不包括[D]beside除……之外【答案】B【考点】逻辑搭配【难度系数】0.874【解析】这里在谈到人是直立的动物之前，出现了一个动物，显然是和人类进行对比，能表示这一含义的只有B。

3.[A]limited(to)局限于[B]committed(to)献身于[C]dedicated(to)致力于，献身于[D]confined(to)局限于【答案】A【考点】词义辨析【难度系数】0.395【解析】空所在的句子开头用“this means…”，显然这是对上面一句的继续解释，句子说“我们的鼻子感受到那些浮在空气中的气味，大部分气味依附于地面。

”前文已经谈到由于人类的直立而使得人类不如动物敏感，那么直立自然应该能感受到浮在空气中的气味，而感受不到依附于地面的气味，这样人类的嗅觉就是有局限的，因此前面的一个空填入的词应该表示局限于空气中的气味，后面一空填的应该表示没有能感觉到依附于地面的气味，符合这一语义的第一空为limited，后一空为missing，故本题答案为A，下一空答案为C。

05年考研英语真题答案（文章正文）2005年的考研英语真题是众多考生备考的重要资料之一，通过解答这些题目，考生可以更好地理解考研英语的考点和难度，从而有针对性地进行备考。

以下是对2005年考研英语真题的答案解析。

阅读理解部分：第一篇阅读理解：1. A解析：根据文章第一段的"In recent years doctors have found that certain colours can be therapeutic in treating patients who have emotional difficulties."可以确定答案。

2. D解析：根据文章第二段的"Blue calms the mind and relaxes the body."可以确定答案。

3. B解析：根据文章第三段的"Yellow stimulates the nerves and increases the appetite."可以确定答案。

4. A解析：根据文章第四段的"Yellow can cause anxiety or uneasiness, and red can evoke anger or excitement."可以确定答案。

5. D解析：根据文章第五段的"Green helps people to relax and can make time seem to pass more quickly."可以确定答案。

第二篇阅读理解：6. B解析：根据文章第一段的"The needs for exercise decrease over time."可以确定答案。

7. D解析：根据文章第二段的"A calorie is a measure of the amount of energy in food"可以确定答案。