下载文档原格式
海明威短篇小说《杀人者》重复与简洁现象解读海明威是20世纪最有影响的美国著名作家之一。
其作品以简洁而明朗、平白而蕴藉的语言风格独树一帜，开创了一代文风。
口语化的特点使语言简洁，凝练，内心独白及重复手段人物内心活动得到了充分的体现。
海明威小说这种语言风格的形成，首先得益于语言艺术大师马克吐温对他的影响，斯泰因、庞德、司各脱、菲斯杰拉德都曾经指点过他，但他从不跟哪个一路走到底。
他领悟极快，对各家所长，兼收并蓄，吸取养分。
在充实自己的基础上，开拓自己的路。
《杀人者》就是这种语言特色的经典代表作之一。
《杀人者》简洁现象：海明威的小说以“电报式”著称，《杀人者》几乎完全由对话构成，对故事发生地点及背景的描述十分简单，只是呈现生活的片段而不加任何说明或评议，作者的存在几乎难以察觉，对小说题旨的把握就要依赖于它的弦外之音的领悟了。
小说题目为《杀人者》，故事情节简单、平淡，通篇没有打斗、枪击这样惊心动魄、扣人心弦的场面，也没有对杀人者凶残、狠毒的描写。
整个故事完全按照事件发生的先后顺序安排，情节的展开全靠人物简短、单调的对话以及作者寥寥数语的描述。
小说的语言简洁流畅、清新明快。
大多是短句和不带修辞的文字。
对海明威来说，最确切、最达意、最完美的词语是人们最容易想到、最常用的词汇，但在他平淡无奇的描述总却掩盖着人物紧张、不安和无望等各种情绪。
小说由一个长的场景和三个短的场景组成，场景间的过渡往往只用三四个句子，而且场景中的绝大部分是由人物间的对话构成，这些对话展现了说话人的内心活动，暗示了人物的性格。
短短的篇幅写了七个人物，任何一个人物的存在对于揭示主题都是必不个少的，人物在小说中存在方式就是彼此间的对话。
小说里没有性格分析，没有关于心理反应的描写，没有对人物过去得叙述，也没有对人物将来的交代，人物的性格特点、心理活动及其过去与未来都潜藏在对话里，其中的情节也需要读者发挥自己的想象力和对生活与艺术的理解串联起来。
故事一开始，作者就紧紧抓住几个细节，以有限的对话和叙述交代了时间、地点和人物，点明事情发生在一战后暴力活动猖獗的禁酒期，暗示了职业拳击手的过去以及犯罪与拳击的联系。
从空间批评的角度解读海明威短篇小说《杀手》作者：钱奂来源：《北方文学》2018年第06期摘要：海明威的短篇小说《杀手》（The killers 1927）延续了海明威的写作的冰山风格，以人物对话的形式组织全文，通过人物要素与场景要素位置的确定，延展了小说在叙事之外的具体空间到抽象空间的置换，体现了强烈的异质空间的特质。
本文试图从空间批评的角度，通过小说展现的空间意象来探索小说中的人物在物理空间、社会空间和个体的心理空间之间的互动关系，发掘小说中渗透的空间异质意识所体现的美国社会生存活动紧张的“关系集合”，以及海明威对于个体身份焦虑的人文思考。
关键词：《杀手》；异质空间；关系集合；暴力欧内斯特·海明威，美国著名作家和记者，“迷惘的一代” 作家中的代表人物，其作品表现出了对人生、世界、社会的迷茫和彷徨。
《杀手》被誉为美国短篇小说的经典之作，也是现代美国短篇小说中最优秀的作品之一。
作为最早被引入中国翻译的海明威短篇小说，许多文艺理论批评家都试图从小说的主题分析，冰山语言特点，以及硬汉小说等方面来阐释对海明威作品的理解。
但对海明威作品中所透露出来的空间格局分析的人却较少，本文试图通过文本细读的方法从小说中展现的空间意象的角度入手，借助福柯的异质空间理论结合文本分析，对海明威的小说《杀手》中表现的异托邦情境进行深层次的解读，从而关照作品中所透露的对美国社会生存活动的关系集合与对个体身份焦虑的人文思考。
一、故事中的空间意象海明威的短篇小说《杀手》作为一篇几乎由对话组建起来的小说，就整体上看，既缺少对小说故事背景的常规介绍，又能发现作者刻意地在小说中抹去相当多的信息，以一种极简的语句，让读者建构起对小说故事的基本想象。
海明威似乎确信，“亨利快餐厅”这五个字已经完全完成了作者为读者交代背景的义务，而之后的情节只需要利用场景中存在的物理空间与社会空间之间互动的真实表现，从而让读者对原本故事中的情境进行黏补与粘合，读者自能够勾画出一部小说所要表达的真实内容。
外国文学从空间批评的角度解读海明威短篇小说《杀手》文/钱奂摘要：海明威的短篇小说《杀手》(The killers 1927)延续了海明威的写作的冰山风格，以人物对话的形式组织全文，通过人物要素与场景要素位置的确定，延展了小说在叙事之外的具体空间到抽象空间的置换，体现了强烈的异质空间的特质。
本文试图从空间批评的角度，通过小说展现的空间意象来探索小说中的人物在物理空间、社会空间和个体的心理空间之间的互动关系，发掘小说中渗透的空间异质意识所体现的美国社会生存活动紧张的“关系集合”，以及海明威对于个体身份焦虑的人文思考。
关键词：《杀手》；异质空间；关系集合；暴力欧内斯特·海明威，美国著名作家和记者，“迷惘的一代”作家中的代表人物，其作品表现出了对人生、世界、社会的迷茫和彷徨。
《杀手》被誉为美国短篇小说的经典之作，也是现代美国短篇小说中最优秀的作品之一。
作为最早被引入中国翻译的海明威短篇小说，许多文艺理论批评家都试图从小说的主题分析，冰山语言特点，以及硬汉小说等方面来阐释对海明威作品的理解。
但对海明威作品中所透露出来的空间格局分析的人却较少，本文试图通过文本细读的方法从小说中展现的空间意象的角度入手，借助福柯的异质空间理论结合文本分析，对海明威的小说《杀手》中表现的异托邦情境进行深层次的解读，从而关照作品中所透露的对美国社会生存活动的关系集合与对个体身份焦虑的人文思考。
一、故事中的空间意象海明威的短篇小说《杀手》作为一篇几乎由对话组建起来的小说，就整体上看，既缺少对小说故事背景的常规介绍，又能发现作者刻意地在小说中抹去相当多的信息，以一种极简的语句，让读者建构起对小说故事的基本想象。
海明威似乎确信，“亨利快餐厅”这五个字已经完全完成了作者为读者交代背景的义务，而之后的情节只需要利用场景中存在的物理空间与社会空间之间互动的真实表现，从而让读者对原本故事中的情境进行黏补与粘合，读者自能够勾画出一部小说所要表达的真实内容。
Hemingway , a famous modern American novelist,won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954 because he had a good mastery of the art of modern narration .As a master of language,he formed his own special telegraphic writing style ,which has caused a great influence in the history of American and European literature.Besides,he was the first one to put up the original "Iceberg Theory".One of the classic short story "the killers" is just the style . Those his works truely described the American "lost generation" after the First World War, revealing the social collapse of the bourgrois civilization.The“Killers" used an objective narrative perspective ,the way outside the focus ,to describe the great harm the attempted murder caused to a teenager Nick . According to the story , it can be divided into three different scenes.In the first scene,the two muderers came to Henry restaurant, attempting to kill the boxer Ole Anderson when he was having his meal .One of the muderers trapped Nick and the black chef Sam in the kitchen.But after a long time ,the boxer did not appear and the muderers left depressed and unhappy.Then came the second scene.Nick anxiously ran to the Hirsch’rooming-house. To everyone’s amazement,lying on the bed , the boxer cared about nothing associated with the muder.Considering that he offendedsomeone,he knew well that escape was useless and would rathersit still waiting for the death peacefully than to stuggle forthe police for help or look for a place to hide himself. Whathe behaved astonished Nick compeletely.Every reader may thinkthat Nick will leave city without hesitation.However,he wentback Henry restaurants and told Sam and George the wholethings.What the two men responsed to the muder brought the theclimax of the story and impressed all the readers.Although the title of the novel is the killers,the mainchracter is not the muderer but the teenager Nick.The writertells us the evil background of that society though Nick’seyes and feelings,which is truly the point of the artical. The passage shaped the figures owning vivid chracter.Fromthe passage ,the conversation about Nick is easy to count .Butwe can easily tell that Nick is a kind and pure teenager . For example,‘Hey,bright boy,’Max said to Nick. ‘you go around on the other side of the counter with your boy friend.’‘What’s your idea ?’Nick asked‘You better go around ,bright boy ,’Al said.Nick went around behind the counter.‘What’s your idea ?’George asked.....‘Tell him to come in ,’‘What’s the idea?’Not familiar with the outside world ,Nick thinks all peopleare good and do not know how to deal with what happened to him.Sohe just asked ‘What’s the idea?’. Besides,it makespreparation for the performance Nick made to all the murder. As for Georage and Sam ,we can get some information from thecoversation .......‘I don’ twant anymore of that, ‘said Sam, the cook, ‘I don’t want any more of that.’Nick stood up. He had never had a towel in his mouth before .‘I don’ t like it,’said the cook, ‘I don’t like any of it at all.’‘You better not have anything to do with it at all,’Sam, the cook, said. ‘You better stay way out of it.’‘Mixing up in this ain’ t going to get you anywhere,’the cook said. ‘You stay out of it .’........From the coversaton ,we can easily come to the conclusionthat Sam is afraid of the evil and try his best to stay awayfrom the underworld .In the world ,the last thing he would dois getting involved in the muder things. When Nick choosed totell Anderson the truth ,Sam turned around right away and leavewithout any hesitation. With comparation,Nick and George’ssense of justice becomes more obvious. Maybe it is caused byhis social stage ,a black chef ,someone owning fewrights.Also ,we can judge that Geroge is a exprienced socialman who had gone though kinds of things and can stay very calmwhen something suddenly happened.For example ,he was the manwho first realized that the two strange men were going to killOle Anderson . But different from Sam ,he choosed to encourageNick to tell Anderson the truth.He behaved more like a wise andbrave man.As for the muderers,we can have a better nderstanding abouttheir chracter though the description below.“He (Al) wore a derby hat and a black overcoat buttoned across the chest. His face was small and white and he had tight lips. He wore a silk muffler and gloves”“He (Max) was about the same size as Al. Their faces were different, but they were dressed like twins. Both wore overcoats too tight for them.From the description about their appearance, killers'image began to form in readers’mind . They wore bowler hats , tautblack coat, and gloves , giving us a domineering , arrogant feeling . people have a ill intent ,scanty ,but vivid impression .‘I'll tell you,’ Max said ‘We' re going to kill a Swede. Do you know a big Swede named Ole Andreson?’‘Yes.’‘He comes here to eat every night, don' t he?’‘Sometimes he comes here.’‘He comes here at six o'clock, don' t he?’‘If he comes.’‘We know all that, bright boy,’Max said. ‘Talk about something else. Ever go to the movies?’‘Once in a while.’‘You ought to go to the movies more. The movies are fine for a bright boy like you.’‘What are you going to kill Ole Andreson for ? What did he ever do to you?’‘He never had a chance to do anything to us. He never even seen us.’‘And he' s only going to see us once,’Al said from the kitchen.‘What are you going to kill him for, then?’George asked.‘We' re killing him for a friend. Just to oblige a friend, bright boy.’‘Shut up,’said Al from the kitchen. ‘You talk too goddamn much.’‘Well, I got to keep bright boy amused. Don' t I bright boy?’‘You talk too damn much,’ Al said.In the conversation ,when it comes to talking about killing,it seems to ba a very common thing in the killers’eyes . He even persuade George to see more muder movies .From that we can see the background at the time. Murder , violence and even death is just everywhere,telling us how cruel the society is. Killers even can be pround of killing innocent people.As for Anderson,there are some detailed descriptions about him.Ole Andreson looked at the wall and did not say anything.‘I don’ t want to know what they were like.’Ole Andreson said. He looked at the wall.Ole Andreson rolled over toward the wall.‘The only thing is, ‘ he said, talking toward the wall, ‘I just can’t make up my mind to go out. I been in here all day.’He looked at the wall.Nick went out. As he shut the door he saw Ole Andreson with all his clothes on, lying on the bed looking at the wall.Though repeated words , actions,we can see that a good manwas compelled to sit still waiting for death with nothing to do ,which is so horrible. Anderson ,the boxer ,is brave and consider his dignity above everything. He would rather to die with his dignity than to struggle with panic.In fact,death is the common theme in many works of Hemingway , such as: the " Snows of Kilimanjaro ", the writer Harry on the high snow-capped mountains in Africa because of the incurable illness waits for the arrival of death ; in " Farewell to arms " , the distraught Henry waited beloved wife Catherine 's death ; in the " waiting for the day ", the little boy was misunderstanding but bravely awaiting the arrival of death.The attitude toward death is worth everyone’s deep thinking.In this novel ,there is another small finger ,Mrs.Bell.The reason for her existence is that she is a member of ordinary people . By dialogue of Mrs.Bell and Nick, the readers can understand that Andresen is an excellent person ,who was not the class of people as Al and Max .A good man in the eyes of ordinary people actually becomes the aim of the killers,from which we can realize the world is totally a mess. That is more convincing .After the analyse of content and chracter of fingers,I’dlike to talk about the writing stytle of this novel.(1)卒章显志：Hemingway always uses this in his novel structure. He does not show us the theme of the artical and what he wants to convey directly but tells stories casually. Until the end ,audiences come to realize the truth of the whole things,the feeling just like drama brings .(2)讽刺，Satire :Hemingway is good at using satire to shape the chracter of people. In the passage, ‘Standing a little further along the bar.You move a little to the left,Max,’ He was like a photograther arranging for a group picture’ it was so ridiculous that killing innocent people is just like the photographer arranging for a group picture . The satire highlights how cruel the killers are by the comparation between the happiness of photography and the sadness of killing .(3)隐喻，MetaphorThe novel is titled as the killers but there are few descriptions about the process of killing,no scene of killing people and no scared scene of killed people. As a matter offact,it uses the simple words to inform us that what the killers really killed is the young heart of Nick .In other words,it tells the lost of humannity. In the famous works ‘The Dream of Red Mansion’，“贾不假，白玉为堂金作马。
The Killers by Ernest Hemingway80k药学(英语强化)二班汤玉云13102015《The Killers》is one of the classical short stories of Ernest Hemingway. The story describes a society with Violence and people’s fear of the evil society.Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” runs through the whole story. It doesn’t like many traditional novels which usually introduce the time, place and background at the beginning. Hemingway omitted this part and directly presents to the readers a picture of real scenes:” The door of Henry's lunchroom opened and two men came in. They sat down at the counter.” The story did not specify the reason why ole Anderson hunted, and we can only know something from George and Nick's dialogue. His “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.Hemingway is very good at writing begins with few words and tell the map of the two killers from their conversation in the restaurant.From the dialogue of George, Nick and Sam,we can also know the different character of the three persons. Nick is an innocent guy. Sam is timid and overcautious and don’t want to be involved in the matter. George is ambivalent that he want to help Anderson but afraid to be involved in it. The character and the past and future of characters are hidden behind in the dialogue, the reader can onlyspeculate the plot of the story by their own imagination. Nick comesto see Anderson,seeing him lying in bed. Anderson always looking at the wall or facing the wall whentalk to Nike. In this part, the word “wall” appears six times totally. The sixwalls form a closed three-dimensional space, which indicates Anderson completely trapped in it and unable to escape the violence of the modern society. The despairing Anderson is anatypical Hemingway hero.The title of this short story is “The killer”, but the hero of the novel is not the two killers. It's Nick, who seems to be a secondary character. In fact, he was the central character in the whole story. On the surface the story is about two murderers who want to kill Anderson. Actually Anderson is also a killer. When Nick tells him the news,Anderson’s performance that waiting to be killed kills Nick’s innocence. He realizesthehorrible evil but unable to do anything about it, let him want to escape from the society, force him also yield to evil eventually.Hemingway through the novel “the killer”with his masterful skills of people’s dialogue and iceberg theory reveals thetragic fate of people under violence. The novel is simple on the surface, but it has profound meaning, giving people unlimited imagination and shock, thus causing deep thinking.。
