Computing Tangent Space Basis Vectors for an Arbitrary Mesh
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Computer Science15-499C/15-881,Fall1997Introduction to GeometryInstructor:Michael Erdmann(me+@)Guest Instructor:Yanxi Liu(yanxi+@)Location:Scaife324Time:TR10:30–11:50TA:German(german+@)Office Hours:by appointment1Course OutlineThis course will cover elementary differential and computational geometry.The purpose of the course is to prepare a student for advanced geometrical work in robotics and computer science.Increasingly,cutting-edge results in these areas require a working knowledge of differential geometry,algebraic geometry,algebraic topology, and computational geometry.Much of this work is inaccessible to a student just entering thefield.In this course we will convey the basic tools,definitions,and results of differential geometry and the basic algorithms of computational geometry,so that a student can,either by self-study or through further courses,understand and implement the advanced results in computer science and robotics discovered in the past decade.We will touch upon some of these applications in the course.In particular,we will consider the robot motion planning problem as a core application.The topics are:Motion Planning:Configuration Space,Visibility Graph,Non-Holonomic MotionPlanning,Forces in Cspace.Frame Fields:Curves,Frenet Formulas,Covariant Derivatives,Differential Forms,Connection Forms,Structural Equations.Calculus on Surfaces:Surfaces,Patches,Tangent V ectors,Mappings,Differential Forms,Integration on Surfaces,Manifolds.Shape Operators:Surface Shape Operator,Normal Curvature,Gaussian Curvature.Point and Range Queries:One shot,repeated query,slab method,multidimensional binary tree.Convex Hull Algorithms:Lower bounds,sorting reduction,2D algorithms(Graham’s Scan,Jarvis’March,Quickhull,Mergehull),dynamic convex hull,higher-dimensional algorithms(gift-wrapping,beneath-beyond),3D convexhull.Proximity Algorithms:V oronoi diagram,triangulations,Euclidean minimum spanning tree.Plane Sweep:Polygon union and intersection.Prerequisites for this course are minor,but important.Calculus and linear algebra should be sufficient from the mathematics side,while fundamental data structures and algorithms should be sufficient from the computer science side.The course will consist of a series of intensive lectures.It is expected that a student will spend a few hours each day digesting the material of the lectures and solving some related homework problems. Grades will be based primarily on the homework,and possibly an exam.The course may be taken at either the undergraduate or the graduate levels.Students taking the class for graduate credit will be asked to prepare a project,either a paper or an implementation of an advanced topic.2BibliographyHere are some good texts for background reading.The course texts are the books by O’Neill and Preparata&Shamos.1.W.M.Boothby,An Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds and RiemannianGeometry,Academic Press,New York,1975.2.H.Edelsbrunner,Algorithms in Combinatorial Geometry,Springer-V erlag,Berlin,1987.tombe,Robot Motion Planning,Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston,1991.4.B.O’Neill,Elementary Differential Geometry,Academic Press,New York,1966.2nd Edition:1997.5.F.P.Preparata and M.I.Shamos,Computational Geometry,Springer-V erlag,NewYork,1985.(Corrected and expanded printing:1988.)6.M.Spivak,Differential Geometry,Publish or Perish,Berkeley,1979.3ScheduleHere is an approximate schedule for the semester.This is subject to change as we seehow quickly we cover the material.AugustLecture Day1T2RDate TopicSep2Dual Spaces,1-Forms4RSep9Mappings6RSep16Frenet Formulas8RSep23Non-holonomic Motions,Connection Forms,Structural Equations 10RSep30Manifolds:configuration space,embeddings,differential forms OctoberLecture Day12ROct7Shape Operator,examples,normal acceleration14ROct14Gauss Theorem,surface area16ROct21Datastructure preliminaries(e.g.,segment tree,DCEL) 18ROct28Range searching,point location20RNovemberLecture Day21TNov6Convex Hull in2D(definitions,theorems,Graham’s scan) 23TNov13Higher Dimensional Convex Hull25TNov20V oronoi Diagram algorithm,Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree,Triang.27TNov27ThanksgivingDecemberLecture Day28TDec4open。
机器学习专业词汇中英⽂对照activation 激活值activation function 激活函数additive noise 加性噪声autoencoder ⾃编码器Autoencoders ⾃编码算法average firing rate 平均激活率average sum-of-squares error 均⽅差backpropagation 后向传播basis 基basis feature vectors 特征基向量batch gradient ascent 批量梯度上升法Bayesian regularization method 贝叶斯规则化⽅法Bernoulli random variable 伯努利随机变量bias term 偏置项binary classfication ⼆元分类class labels 类型标记concatenation 级联conjugate gradient 共轭梯度contiguous groups 联通区域convex optimization software 凸优化软件convolution 卷积cost function 代价函数covariance matrix 协⽅差矩阵DC component 直流分量decorrelation 去相关degeneracy 退化demensionality reduction 降维derivative 导函数diagonal 对⾓线diffusion of gradients 梯度的弥散eigenvalue 特征值eigenvector 特征向量error term 残差feature matrix 特征矩阵feature standardization 特征标准化feedforward architectures 前馈结构算法feedforward neural network 前馈神经⽹络feedforward pass 前馈传导fine-tuned 微调first-order feature ⼀阶特征forward pass 前向传导forward propagation 前向传播Gaussian prior ⾼斯先验概率generative model ⽣成模型gradient descent 梯度下降Greedy layer-wise training 逐层贪婪训练⽅法grouping matrix 分组矩阵Hadamard product 阿达马乘积Hessian matrix Hessian 矩阵hidden layer 隐含层hidden units 隐藏神经元Hierarchical grouping 层次型分组higher-order features 更⾼阶特征highly non-convex optimization problem ⾼度⾮凸的优化问题histogram 直⽅图hyperbolic tangent 双曲正切函数hypothesis 估值,假设identity activation function 恒等激励函数IID 独⽴同分布illumination 照明inactive 抑制independent component analysis 独⽴成份分析input domains 输⼊域input layer 输⼊层intensity 亮度/灰度intercept term 截距KL divergence 相对熵KL divergence KL分散度k-Means K-均值learning rate 学习速率least squares 最⼩⼆乘法linear correspondence 线性响应linear superposition 线性叠加line-search algorithm 线搜索算法local mean subtraction 局部均值消减local optima 局部最优解logistic regression 逻辑回归loss function 损失函数low-pass filtering 低通滤波magnitude 幅值MAP 极⼤后验估计maximum likelihood estimation 极⼤似然估计mean 平均值MFCC Mel 倒频系数multi-class classification 多元分类neural networks 神经⽹络neuron 神经元Newton’s method ⽜顿法non-convex function ⾮凸函数non-linear feature ⾮线性特征norm 范式norm bounded 有界范数norm constrained 范数约束normalization 归⼀化numerical roundoff errors 数值舍⼊误差numerically checking 数值检验numerically reliable 数值计算上稳定object detection 物体检测objective function ⽬标函数off-by-one error 缺位错误orthogonalization 正交化output layer 输出层overall cost function 总体代价函数over-complete basis 超完备基over-fitting 过拟合parts of objects ⽬标的部件part-whole decompostion 部分-整体分解PCA 主元分析penalty term 惩罚因⼦per-example mean subtraction 逐样本均值消减pooling 池化pretrain 预训练principal components analysis 主成份分析quadratic constraints ⼆次约束RBMs 受限Boltzman机reconstruction based models 基于重构的模型reconstruction cost 重建代价reconstruction term 重构项redundant 冗余reflection matrix 反射矩阵regularization 正则化regularization term 正则化项rescaling 缩放robust 鲁棒性run ⾏程second-order feature ⼆阶特征sigmoid activation function S型激励函数significant digits 有效数字singular value 奇异值singular vector 奇异向量smoothed L1 penalty 平滑的L1范数惩罚Smoothed topographic L1 sparsity penalty 平滑地形L1稀疏惩罚函数smoothing 平滑Softmax Regresson Softmax回归sorted in decreasing order 降序排列source features 源特征sparse autoencoder 消减归⼀化Sparsity 稀疏性sparsity parameter 稀疏性参数sparsity penalty 稀疏惩罚square function 平⽅函数squared-error ⽅差stationary 平稳性(不变性)stationary stochastic process 平稳随机过程step-size 步长值supervised learning 监督学习symmetric positive semi-definite matrix 对称半正定矩阵symmetry breaking 对称失效tanh function 双曲正切函数the average activation 平均活跃度the derivative checking method 梯度验证⽅法the empirical distribution 经验分布函数the energy function 能量函数the Lagrange dual 拉格朗⽇对偶函数the log likelihood 对数似然函数the pixel intensity value 像素灰度值the rate of convergence 收敛速度topographic cost term 拓扑代价项topographic ordered 拓扑秩序transformation 变换translation invariant 平移不变性trivial answer 平凡解under-complete basis 不完备基unrolling 组合扩展unsupervised learning ⽆监督学习variance ⽅差vecotrized implementation 向量化实现vectorization ⽮量化visual cortex 视觉⽪层weight decay 权重衰减weighted average 加权平均值whitening ⽩化zero-mean 均值为零Letter AAccumulated error backpropagation 累积误差逆传播Activation Function 激活函数Adaptive Resonance Theory/ART ⾃适应谐振理论Addictive model 加性学习Adversarial Networks 对抗⽹络Affine Layer 仿射层Affinity matrix 亲和矩阵Agent 代理 / 智能体Algorithm 算法Alpha-beta pruning α-β剪枝Anomaly detection 异常检测Approximation 近似Area Under ROC Curve/AUC Roc 曲线下⾯积Artificial General Intelligence/AGI 通⽤⼈⼯智能Artificial Intelligence/AI ⼈⼯智能Association analysis 关联分析Attention mechanism 注意⼒机制Attribute conditional independence assumption 属性条件独⽴性假设Attribute space 属性空间Attribute value 属性值Autoencoder ⾃编码器Automatic speech recognition ⾃动语⾳识别Automatic summarization ⾃动摘要Average gradient 平均梯度Average-Pooling 平均池化Letter BBackpropagation Through Time 通过时间的反向传播Backpropagation/BP 反向传播Base learner 基学习器Base learning algorithm 基学习算法Batch Normalization/BN 批量归⼀化Bayes decision rule 贝叶斯判定准则Bayes Model Averaging/BMA 贝叶斯模型平均Bayes optimal classifier 贝叶斯最优分类器Bayesian decision theory 贝叶斯决策论Bayesian network 贝叶斯⽹络Between-class scatter matrix 类间散度矩阵Bias 偏置 / 偏差Bias-variance decomposition 偏差-⽅差分解Bias-Variance Dilemma 偏差 – ⽅差困境Bi-directional Long-Short Term Memory/Bi-LSTM 双向长短期记忆Binary classification ⼆分类Binomial test ⼆项检验Bi-partition ⼆分法Boltzmann machine 玻尔兹曼机Bootstrap sampling ⾃助采样法/可重复采样/有放回采样Bootstrapping ⾃助法Break-Event Point/BEP 平衡点Letter CCalibration 校准Cascade-Correlation 级联相关Categorical attribute 离散属性Class-conditional probability 类条件概率Classification and regression tree/CART 分类与回归树Classifier 分类器Class-imbalance 类别不平衡Closed -form 闭式Cluster 簇/类/集群Cluster analysis 聚类分析Clustering 聚类Clustering ensemble 聚类集成Co-adapting 共适应Coding matrix 编码矩阵COLT 国际学习理论会议Committee-based learning 基于委员会的学习Competitive learning 竞争型学习Component learner 组件学习器Comprehensibility 可解释性Computation Cost 计算成本Computational Linguistics 计算语⾔学Computer vision 计算机视觉Concept drift 概念漂移Concept Learning System /CLS 概念学习系统Conditional entropy 条件熵Conditional mutual information 条件互信息Conditional Probability Table/CPT 条件概率表Conditional random field/CRF 条件随机场Conditional risk 条件风险Confidence 置信度Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Connection weight 连接权Connectionism 连结主义Consistency ⼀致性/相合性Contingency table 列联表Continuous attribute 连续属性Convergence 收敛Conversational agent 会话智能体Convex quadratic programming 凸⼆次规划Convexity 凸性Convolutional neural network/CNN 卷积神经⽹络Co-occurrence 同现Correlation coefficient 相关系数Cosine similarity 余弦相似度Cost curve 成本曲线Cost Function 成本函数Cost matrix 成本矩阵Cost-sensitive 成本敏感Cross entropy 交叉熵Cross validation 交叉验证Crowdsourcing 众包Curse of dimensionality 维数灾难Cut point 截断点Cutting plane algorithm 割平⾯法Letter DData mining 数据挖掘Data set 数据集Decision Boundary 决策边界Decision stump 决策树桩Decision tree 决策树/判定树Deduction 演绎Deep Belief Network 深度信念⽹络Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network/DCGAN 深度卷积⽣成对抗⽹络Deep learning 深度学习Deep neural network/DNN 深度神经⽹络Deep Q-Learning 深度 Q 学习Deep Q-Network 深度 Q ⽹络Density estimation 密度估计Density-based clustering 密度聚类Differentiable neural computer 可微分神经计算机Dimensionality reduction algorithm 降维算法Directed edge 有向边Disagreement measure 不合度量Discriminative model 判别模型Discriminator 判别器Distance measure 距离度量Distance metric learning 距离度量学习Distribution 分布Divergence 散度Diversity measure 多样性度量/差异性度量Domain adaption 领域⾃适应Downsampling 下采样D-separation (Directed separation)有向分离Dual problem 对偶问题Dummy node 哑结点Dynamic Fusion 动态融合Dynamic programming 动态规划Letter EEigenvalue decomposition 特征值分解Embedding 嵌⼊Emotional analysis 情绪分析Empirical conditional entropy 经验条件熵Empirical entropy 经验熵Empirical error 经验误差Empirical risk 经验风险End-to-End 端到端Energy-based model 基于能量的模型Ensemble learning 集成学习Ensemble pruning 集成修剪Error Correcting Output Codes/ECOC 纠错输出码Error rate 错误率Error-ambiguity decomposition 误差-分歧分解Euclidean distance 欧⽒距离Evolutionary computation 演化计算Expectation-Maximization 期望最⼤化Expected loss 期望损失Exploding Gradient Problem 梯度爆炸问题Exponential loss function 指数损失函数Extreme Learning Machine/ELM 超限学习机Letter FFactorization 因⼦分解False negative 假负类False positive 假正类False Positive Rate/FPR 假正例率Feature engineering 特征⼯程Feature selection 特征选择Feature vector 特征向量Featured Learning 特征学习Feedforward Neural Networks/FNN 前馈神经⽹络Fine-tuning 微调Flipping output 翻转法Fluctuation 震荡Forward stagewise algorithm 前向分步算法Frequentist 频率主义学派Full-rank matrix 满秩矩阵Functional neuron 功能神经元Letter GGain ratio 增益率Game theory 博弈论Gaussian kernel function ⾼斯核函数Gaussian Mixture Model ⾼斯混合模型General Problem Solving 通⽤问题求解Generalization 泛化Generalization error 泛化误差Generalization error bound 泛化误差上界Generalized Lagrange function ⼴义拉格朗⽇函数Generalized linear model ⼴义线性模型Generalized Rayleigh quotient ⼴义瑞利商Generative Adversarial Networks/GAN ⽣成对抗⽹络Generative Model ⽣成模型Generator ⽣成器Genetic Algorithm/GA 遗传算法Gibbs sampling 吉布斯采样Gini index 基尼指数Global minimum 全局最⼩Global Optimization 全局优化Gradient boosting 梯度提升Gradient Descent 梯度下降Graph theory 图论Ground-truth 真相/真实Letter HHard margin 硬间隔Hard voting 硬投票Harmonic mean 调和平均Hesse matrix 海塞矩阵Hidden dynamic model 隐动态模型Hidden layer 隐藏层Hidden Markov Model/HMM 隐马尔可夫模型Hierarchical clustering 层次聚类Hilbert space 希尔伯特空间Hinge loss function 合页损失函数Hold-out 留出法Homogeneous 同质Hybrid computing 混合计算Hyperparameter 超参数Hypothesis 假设Hypothesis test 假设验证Letter IICML 国际机器学习会议Improved iterative scaling/IIS 改进的迭代尺度法Incremental learning 增量学习Independent and identically distributed/i.i.d. 独⽴同分布Independent Component Analysis/ICA 独⽴成分分析Indicator function 指⽰函数Individual learner 个体学习器Induction 归纳Inductive bias 归纳偏好Inductive learning 归纳学习Inductive Logic Programming/ILP 归纳逻辑程序设计Information entropy 信息熵Information gain 信息增益Input layer 输⼊层Insensitive loss 不敏感损失Inter-cluster similarity 簇间相似度International Conference for Machine Learning/ICML 国际机器学习⼤会Intra-cluster similarity 簇内相似度Intrinsic value 固有值Isometric Mapping/Isomap 等度量映射Isotonic regression 等分回归Iterative Dichotomiser 迭代⼆分器Letter KKernel method 核⽅法Kernel trick 核技巧Kernelized Linear Discriminant Analysis/KLDA 核线性判别分析K-fold cross validation k 折交叉验证/k 倍交叉验证K-Means Clustering K – 均值聚类K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm/KNN K近邻算法Knowledge base 知识库Knowledge Representation 知识表征Letter LLabel space 标记空间Lagrange duality 拉格朗⽇对偶性Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗⽇乘⼦Laplace smoothing 拉普拉斯平滑Laplacian correction 拉普拉斯修正Latent Dirichlet Allocation 隐狄利克雷分布Latent semantic analysis 潜在语义分析Latent variable 隐变量Lazy learning 懒惰学习Learner 学习器Learning by analogy 类⽐学习Learning rate 学习率Learning Vector Quantization/LVQ 学习向量量化Least squares regression tree 最⼩⼆乘回归树Leave-One-Out/LOO 留⼀法linear chain conditional random field 线性链条件随机场Linear Discriminant Analysis/LDA 线性判别分析Linear model 线性模型Linear Regression 线性回归Link function 联系函数Local Markov property 局部马尔可夫性Local minimum 局部最⼩Log likelihood 对数似然Log odds/logit 对数⼏率Logistic Regression Logistic 回归Log-likelihood 对数似然Log-linear regression 对数线性回归Long-Short Term Memory/LSTM 长短期记忆Loss function 损失函数Letter MMachine translation/MT 机器翻译Macron-P 宏查准率Macron-R 宏查全率Majority voting 绝对多数投票法Manifold assumption 流形假设Manifold learning 流形学习Margin theory 间隔理论Marginal distribution 边际分布Marginal independence 边际独⽴性Marginalization 边际化Markov Chain Monte Carlo/MCMC 马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗⽅法Markov Random Field 马尔可夫随机场Maximal clique 最⼤团Maximum Likelihood Estimation/MLE 极⼤似然估计/极⼤似然法Maximum margin 最⼤间隔Maximum weighted spanning tree 最⼤带权⽣成树Max-Pooling 最⼤池化Mean squared error 均⽅误差Meta-learner 元学习器Metric learning 度量学习Micro-P 微查准率Micro-R 微查全率Minimal Description Length/MDL 最⼩描述长度Minimax game 极⼩极⼤博弈Misclassification cost 误分类成本Mixture of experts 混合专家Momentum 动量Moral graph 道德图/端正图Multi-class classification 多分类Multi-document summarization 多⽂档摘要Multi-layer feedforward neural networks 多层前馈神经⽹络Multilayer Perceptron/MLP 多层感知器Multimodal learning 多模态学习Multiple Dimensional Scaling 多维缩放Multiple linear regression 多元线性回归Multi-response Linear Regression /MLR 多响应线性回归Mutual information 互信息Letter NNaive bayes 朴素贝叶斯Naive Bayes Classifier 朴素贝叶斯分类器Named entity recognition 命名实体识别Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural language generation/NLG ⾃然语⾔⽣成Natural language processing ⾃然语⾔处理Negative class 负类Negative correlation 负相关法Negative Log Likelihood 负对数似然Neighbourhood Component Analysis/NCA 近邻成分分析Neural Machine Translation 神经机器翻译Neural Turing Machine 神经图灵机Newton method ⽜顿法NIPS 国际神经信息处理系统会议No Free Lunch Theorem/NFL 没有免费的午餐定理Noise-contrastive estimation 噪⾳对⽐估计Nominal attribute 列名属性Non-convex optimization ⾮凸优化Nonlinear model ⾮线性模型Non-metric distance ⾮度量距离Non-negative matrix factorization ⾮负矩阵分解Non-ordinal attribute ⽆序属性Non-Saturating Game ⾮饱和博弈Norm 范数Normalization 归⼀化Nuclear norm 核范数Numerical attribute 数值属性Letter OObjective function ⽬标函数Oblique decision tree 斜决策树Occam’s razor 奥卡姆剃⼑Odds ⼏率Off-Policy 离策略One shot learning ⼀次性学习One-Dependent Estimator/ODE 独依赖估计On-Policy 在策略Ordinal attribute 有序属性Out-of-bag estimate 包外估计Output layer 输出层Output smearing 输出调制法Overfitting 过拟合/过配Oversampling 过采样Letter PPaired t-test 成对 t 检验Pairwise 成对型Pairwise Markov property 成对马尔可夫性Parameter 参数Parameter estimation 参数估计Parameter tuning 调参Parse tree 解析树Particle Swarm Optimization/PSO 粒⼦群优化算法Part-of-speech tagging 词性标注Perceptron 感知机Performance measure 性能度量Plug and Play Generative Network 即插即⽤⽣成⽹络Plurality voting 相对多数投票法Polarity detection 极性检测Polynomial kernel function 多项式核函数Pooling 池化Positive class 正类Positive definite matrix 正定矩阵Post-hoc test 后续检验Post-pruning 后剪枝potential function 势函数Precision 查准率/准确率Prepruning 预剪枝Principal component analysis/PCA 主成分分析Principle of multiple explanations 多释原则Prior 先验Probability Graphical Model 概率图模型Proximal Gradient Descent/PGD 近端梯度下降Pruning 剪枝Pseudo-label 伪标记Letter QQuantized Neural Network 量⼦化神经⽹络Quantum computer 量⼦计算机Quantum Computing 量⼦计算Quasi Newton method 拟⽜顿法Letter RRadial Basis Function/RBF 径向基函数Random Forest Algorithm 随机森林算法Random walk 随机漫步Recall 查全率/召回率Receiver Operating Characteristic/ROC 受试者⼯作特征Rectified Linear Unit/ReLU 线性修正单元Recurrent Neural Network 循环神经⽹络Recursive neural network 递归神经⽹络Reference model 参考模型Regression 回归Regularization 正则化Reinforcement learning/RL 强化学习Representation learning 表征学习Representer theorem 表⽰定理reproducing kernel Hilbert space/RKHS 再⽣核希尔伯特空间Re-sampling 重采样法Rescaling 再缩放Residual Mapping 残差映射Residual Network 残差⽹络Restricted Boltzmann Machine/RBM 受限玻尔兹曼机Restricted Isometry Property/RIP 限定等距性Re-weighting 重赋权法Robustness 稳健性/鲁棒性Root node 根结点Rule Engine 规则引擎Rule learning 规则学习Letter SSaddle point 鞍点Sample space 样本空间Sampling 采样Score function 评分函数Self-Driving ⾃动驾驶Self-Organizing Map/SOM ⾃组织映射Semi-naive Bayes classifiers 半朴素贝叶斯分类器Semi-Supervised Learning 半监督学习semi-Supervised Support Vector Machine 半监督⽀持向量机Sentiment analysis 情感分析Separating hyperplane 分离超平⾯Sigmoid function Sigmoid 函数Similarity measure 相似度度量Simulated annealing 模拟退⽕Simultaneous localization and mapping 同步定位与地图构建Singular Value Decomposition 奇异值分解Slack variables 松弛变量Smoothing 平滑Soft margin 软间隔Soft margin maximization 软间隔最⼤化Soft voting 软投票Sparse representation 稀疏表征Sparsity 稀疏性Specialization 特化Spectral Clustering 谱聚类Speech Recognition 语⾳识别Splitting variable 切分变量Squashing function 挤压函数Stability-plasticity dilemma 可塑性-稳定性困境Statistical learning 统计学习Status feature function 状态特征函Stochastic gradient descent 随机梯度下降Stratified sampling 分层采样Structural risk 结构风险Structural risk minimization/SRM 结构风险最⼩化Subspace ⼦空间Supervised learning 监督学习/有导师学习support vector expansion ⽀持向量展式Support Vector Machine/SVM ⽀持向量机Surrogat loss 替代损失Surrogate function 替代函数Symbolic learning 符号学习Symbolism 符号主义Synset 同义词集Letter TT-Distribution Stochastic Neighbour Embedding/t-SNE T – 分布随机近邻嵌⼊Tensor 张量Tensor Processing Units/TPU 张量处理单元The least square method 最⼩⼆乘法Threshold 阈值Threshold logic unit 阈值逻辑单元Threshold-moving 阈值移动Time Step 时间步骤Tokenization 标记化Training error 训练误差Training instance 训练⽰例/训练例Transductive learning 直推学习Transfer learning 迁移学习Treebank 树库Tria-by-error 试错法True negative 真负类True positive 真正类True Positive Rate/TPR 真正例率Turing Machine 图灵机Twice-learning ⼆次学习Letter UUnderfitting ⽋拟合/⽋配Undersampling ⽋采样Understandability 可理解性Unequal cost ⾮均等代价Unit-step function 单位阶跃函数Univariate decision tree 单变量决策树Unsupervised learning ⽆监督学习/⽆导师学习Unsupervised layer-wise training ⽆监督逐层训练Upsampling 上采样Letter VVanishing Gradient Problem 梯度消失问题Variational inference 变分推断VC Theory VC维理论Version space 版本空间Viterbi algorithm 维特⽐算法Von Neumann architecture 冯 · 诺伊曼架构Letter WWasserstein GAN/WGAN Wasserstein⽣成对抗⽹络Weak learner 弱学习器Weight 权重Weight sharing 权共享Weighted voting 加权投票法Within-class scatter matrix 类内散度矩阵Word embedding 词嵌⼊Word sense disambiguation 词义消歧Letter ZZero-data learning 零数据学习Zero-shot learning 零次学习Aapproximations近似值arbitrary随意的affine仿射的arbitrary任意的amino acid氨基酸amenable经得起检验的axiom公理,原则abstract提取architecture架构,体系结构;建造业absolute绝对的arsenal军⽕库assignment分配algebra线性代数asymptotically⽆症状的appropriate恰当的Bbias偏差brevity简短,简洁;短暂broader⼴泛briefly简短的batch批量Cconvergence 收敛,集中到⼀点convex凸的contours轮廓constraint约束constant常理commercial商务的complementarity补充coordinate ascent同等级上升clipping剪下物;剪报;修剪component分量;部件continuous连续的covariance协⽅差canonical正规的,正则的concave⾮凸的corresponds相符合;相当;通信corollary推论concrete具体的事物,实在的东西cross validation交叉验证correlation相互关系convention约定cluster⼀簇centroids 质⼼,形⼼converge收敛computationally计算(机)的calculus计算Dderive获得,取得dual⼆元的duality⼆元性;⼆象性;对偶性derivation求导;得到;起源denote预⽰,表⽰,是…的标志;意味着,[逻]指称divergence 散度;发散性dimension尺度,规格;维数dot⼩圆点distortion变形density概率密度函数discrete离散的discriminative有识别能⼒的diagonal对⾓dispersion分散,散开determinant决定因素disjoint不相交的Eencounter遇到ellipses椭圆equality等式extra额外的empirical经验;观察ennmerate例举,计数exceed超过,越出expectation期望efficient⽣效的endow赋予explicitly清楚的exponential family指数家族equivalently等价的Ffeasible可⾏的forary初次尝试finite有限的,限定的forgo摒弃,放弃fliter过滤frequentist最常发⽣的forward search前向式搜索formalize使定形Ggeneralized归纳的generalization概括,归纳;普遍化;判断(根据不⾜)guarantee保证;抵押品generate形成,产⽣geometric margins⼏何边界gap裂⼝generative⽣产的;有⽣产⼒的Hheuristic启发式的;启发法;启发程序hone怀恋;磨hyperplane超平⾯Linitial最初的implement执⾏intuitive凭直觉获知的incremental增加的intercept截距intuitious直觉instantiation例⼦indicator指⽰物,指⽰器interative重复的,迭代的integral积分identical相等的;完全相同的indicate表⽰,指出invariance不变性,恒定性impose把…强加于intermediate中间的interpretation解释,翻译Jjoint distribution联合概率Llieu替代logarithmic对数的,⽤对数表⽰的latent潜在的Leave-one-out cross validation留⼀法交叉验证Mmagnitude巨⼤mapping绘图,制图;映射matrix矩阵mutual相互的,共同的monotonically单调的minor较⼩的,次要的multinomial多项的multi-class classification⼆分类问题Nnasty讨厌的notation标志,注释naïve朴素的Oobtain得到oscillate摆动optimization problem最优化问题objective function⽬标函数optimal最理想的orthogonal(⽮量,矩阵等)正交的orientation⽅向ordinary普通的occasionally偶然的Ppartial derivative偏导数property性质proportional成⽐例的primal原始的,最初的permit允许pseudocode伪代码permissible可允许的polynomial多项式preliminary预备precision精度perturbation 不安,扰乱poist假定,设想positive semi-definite半正定的parentheses圆括号posterior probability后验概率plementarity补充pictorially图像的parameterize确定…的参数poisson distribution柏松分布pertinent相关的Qquadratic⼆次的quantity量,数量;分量query疑问的Rregularization使系统化;调整reoptimize重新优化restrict限制;限定;约束reminiscent回忆往事的;提醒的;使⼈联想…的(of)remark注意random variable随机变量respect考虑respectively各⾃的;分别的redundant过多的;冗余的Ssusceptible敏感的stochastic可能的;随机的symmetric对称的sophisticated复杂的spurious假的;伪造的subtract减去;减法器simultaneously同时发⽣地;同步地suffice满⾜scarce稀有的,难得的split分解,分离subset⼦集statistic统计量successive iteratious连续的迭代scale标度sort of有⼏分的squares平⽅Ttrajectory轨迹temporarily暂时的terminology专⽤名词tolerance容忍;公差thumb翻阅threshold阈,临界theorem定理tangent正弦Uunit-length vector单位向量Vvalid有效的,正确的variance⽅差variable变量;变元vocabulary词汇valued经估价的;宝贵的Wwrapper包装分类:。
统计学习理论的本质:英中文术语对照表来源:张学工译, VN Vapnik原著, 统计学习理论的本质, 清华大学出版社, 2000使用范围:南京师范大学计算机科学与技术学院研究生。
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AdaBoost algorithm (AdaBoost(自举)算法)163admissible structure (容许结构) 95algorithmic complexity (算法复杂度) 10annealed entropy (退火熵) 55ANOVA decomposition (ANOVA分解) 199a posteriori information (后验信息) 120a priori information (先验信息) 120approximately defined operator (近似定义的算子) 230 approximation rate (逼近速率) 98artificial intelligence (人工智能) 13axioms of probability theory (概率理论的公理) 60back propagation method (后向传播方法) 126basic problem of probability theory (概率论的基本问题) 62basic problem of statistics (统计学的基本问题) 63Bayesian approach (贝叶斯方法) 119Bayesian inference (贝叶斯推理) 34bound on the distance to the smallest risk (与最小风险的距离的界) 77 bound on the values of achieved risk (所得风险值的界) 77bounds on generalization ability of a learning machine (学习机器推广能力的界) 76canonical separating hyperplanes (标准分类超平面) 132capacity control problem (容量控制问题) 116cause-effect relation (因果关系) 9choosing the best sparse algebraic polynomial (选择最佳稀疏多项式)117choosing the degree of polynomial (选择多项式阶数) 116 classification error (分类错误) 19codebook (码本) 106complete (Popper's) nonfalsifiability (完全(波普)不可证伪性) 52 compression coefficient (压缩系数) 107consistency of inference (推理的一致性) 36constructive distribution-independent bound on the rate of convergence (构造性的不依赖于分布的收敛速度界) 69convolution of inner production (内积回旋) 140criterion of nonfalsifiability (不可证伪性判据) 47data smoothing problem (数据平滑问题) 209decision-making problem (决策选择问题) 296decision trees (决策树) 7deductive inference (演绎推理) 47density estimation problem (密度估计问题):parametric(Fisher-Wald) setting(参数化(Fisher-Wald)表示) 20nonparametric setting (非参数表示) 28discrepancy (差异) 18discriminant analysis (判别分析) 24discriminant function (判别函数) 25distribution-dependent bound on the rate of convergence (依赖于分布的收敛速度界) 69distribution-independent bound on the rate of convergence (不依赖于分布的收敛速度界) 69ΔΔ-margin separating hyperplane (间隔分类超平面) 132 empirical distribution function (经验分布函数) 28empirical processes (经验过程) 40empirical risk functional (经验风险泛函) 20empirical risk minimization inductive principle (经验风险最小化归纳原则) 20ensemble of support vector machines (支持向量机的组合) 163 entropy of the set of functions (函数集的熵) 42entropy on the set of indicator functions (指示函数集的熵) 42 equivalence classes (等价类) 292estimation of the values of a function at the given points (估计函数在给定点上的值) 292expert systems (专家系统) 7ε-insensitivity (ε不敏感性) 181ε-insensitive loss function (ε不敏感损失函数) 181feature selection problem (特征选择问题) 118function approximation (函数逼近) 98function estimation model (函数估计模型) 17Gaussian (高斯函数) 26generalized Glivenko-Cantelli problem (广义Glivenko-Cantelli问题)66generalized growth function (广义生长函数) 85generator random vectors (随机向量产生器) 17Glivenko-Cantelli problem (Glivenko-Cantelli问题) 66growth function (生长函数) 55Hamming distance (汉明距离) 104handwritten digit recognition (手写数字识别) 146hard threshold vicinity function (硬限邻域函数) 103hard vicinity function (硬领域函数) 269hidden Markov models (隐马尔可夫模型) 7hidden units (隐结点) 101Huber loss function (Huber损失函数) 183ill-posed problems (不适定问题): 9solution by variation method (变分方法解) 236solution by residual method (残差方法解) 236solution by quasi-solution method (拟解方法解) 236 independent trials (独立试验) 62inductive inference (归纳推理) 50inner product in Hilbert space (希尔伯特空间中的内积) 140 integral equations (积分方程):solution for exact determined equations (精确确定的方程的解)237solution for approximately determined equations (近似确定的方程的解) 237kernel function (核函数) 27Kolmogorov-Smirnov distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov分布) 87 Kulback-Leibler distance (Kulback-Leibler距离) 32Kuhn-Tücker conditions (库恩-塔克条件) 134Lagrangian multiplier (拉格朗日乘子) 133Lagrangian (拉格朗日函数) 133Laplacian (拉普拉斯函数) 277law of large number in the functional space (泛函空间中的大数定律)41law of large numbers (大数定律) 39law of large numbers in vector space (向量空间中的大数定律) 41 Lie derivatives (Lie导数) 20learning matrices (学习矩阵) 7least-squares method (最小二乘方法) 21least-modulo method (最小模方法) 182linear discriminant function (学习判别函数) 31linearly nonseparable case (线性不可分情况) 135local approximation (局部逼近) 104local risk minimization (局部风险最小化) 103locality parameter (局部性参数) 103loss-function (损失函数):for AdaBoost algorithm (AdaBoost算法的损失函数) 163for density estimation (密度估计的损失函数) 21for logistic regression (逻辑回归的损失函数) 156for pattern recognition (模式识别的损失函数) 21for regression estimation (回归估计的损失函数) 21 madaline(Madaline自适应学习机) 7main principle for small sample size problems (小样本数问题的基本原则) 28maximal margin hyperplane (最大间隔超平面) 131maximum likehood method (最大似然方法) 24McCulloch-Pitts neuron model (McCulloch-Pitts神经元模型) 2 measurements with the additive noise (加性噪声下的测量) 25 metric ε-entropy (ε熵度量) 44minimum description length principle (最小描述长度原则) 104 mixture of normal densities (正态密度的组合) 26National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) digit database (美国国家标准技术研究所(NIST)数字数据库) 173neural networks (神经网络) 126non-trivially consistent inference (非平凡一致推理) 36 nonparametric density estimation (非参数密度估计) 27normal discriminant function (正态判别函数) 31one-sided empirical process (单边经验过程) 40optimal separating hyperplane (最优分类超平面) 131overfitting phenomenon (过学习现象) 14parametric methods of density estimation (密度估计的参数方法) 24 partial nonfalsifiability (部分不可证伪性) 51Parzen's windows method (Parzen窗方法) 27pattern recognition problem (模式识别问题) 19perceptron (感知器) 1perceptron's stopping rule (感知器迭代终止规则) 6polynomial approximation of regression (回归的多项式逼近) 116 polynomial machine (多项式机器) 143potential nonfalsifiability (潜在不可证伪性) 53probability measure (概率测度) 59probably approximately correct (PAC) model (可能近似正确(PAC)模型) 13problem of demarcation (区分问题) 49pseudo-dimension (伪维) 90quadratic programming problem (二次规划问题) 133quantization of parameters (参数的量化) 110quasi-solution (拟解) 112radial basis function machine (径向基函数机器) 144random entropy (随机熵) 42radnom string (随机串) 10randomness concept (随机性概念) 10regression estimation problem (回归估计问题) 19regression function (回归函数) 19regularization theory (正则化理论) 9regularized functional (正则化泛函) 9reproducing kernel Hilbert space (再生核希尔伯特空间) 244 residual principle (残差原则) 236rigorous (distribution-dependent) bounds (严格(依赖于分布的)界) 85 risk functional (风险泛函) 18risk minimization from empirical data problem (基于经验数据最小化风险的问题) 20robust estimators (鲁棒估计) 26robust regression (鲁棒回归) 26Rosenblatt's algorithm (Rosenblatt算法) 5set of indicators (指示器集合) 73set of unbounded functions (无界函数集合) 77σ-algebra (σ代数) 60sigmoid function (S型(sigmoid)函数) 125small samples size (小样本数) 93smoothing kernel (平滑核) 100smoothness of functions (函数的平滑性) 100soft threshold vicinity function (软阈值领域函数) 103soft vicinity function (软领域函数) 269soft-margin separating hyperplane (软间隔分类超平面) 135spline function (样条函数):with a finite number of nodes (有限结点的样条函数) 194with an infinite number of nodes (无穷多结点的样条函数) 195 stochastic approximation stopping rule (随机逼近终止规则) 34 stochastic ill-posed problems (随机不适定问题) 113strong mode estimating a probability measure (强方式概率度量估计)63structural risk minimization principle (结构风险最小化原则) 94 structure (结构) 94structure of growth function (生长函数的结构) 79supervisor (训练器) 17support vector machines (支持向量机) 137support vectors (支持向量) 134support vector ANOVA decomposition (支持向量ANOVA分解) 199 SVM n approximation of the logistic regression (逻辑回归的SVM n逼近) 155SVM density estimator (SVM密度估计) 246SVM conditional probability estimator (SVM条件概率估计) 257 tails of distribution (分布的尾部) 78tangent distance (切距) 149training set (训练集) 18transductive inference (转导推理) 293Turing-Church thesis (Turing-Church理论) 177two layer neural networks machine (两层神经网络机器) 145two-sided empirical process (双边经验过程) 40U.S. Postal Service digit database (美国邮政数字数据库) 173 uniform one-sided convergence (一致单边收敛) 39uniform two-sided convergence (一致双边收敛) 39VC dimension of a set of indictor functions (指示函数集的VC维) 79 VC dimension of a set of real functions (实函数集的VC维) 81VC entropy (VC熵) 44VC subgraph (VC子图) 90vicinal risk minimization method(领域风险最小化) 268vicinity kernel(领域核):273one-vicinal kernel (单领域核) 273two-vicinal kernel (双领域核) 273VRM method (VRM方法):for pattern recognition (模式识别的VRM方法) 273for regression estimation (回归估计的VRM方法) 282for density estimation (密度估计的VRM方法) 284for conditional probability estimation (条件概率估计的VRM方法) 285for conditional density estimation (条件密度估计的VRM方法)286weak mode estimating a probability measure (弱方式概率度量估计)63weight decay procedure (权值衰减过程) 102。
常用英语词汇 -andrew Ng课程average firing rate均匀激活率intensity强度average sum-of-squares error均方差Regression回归backpropagation后向流传Loss function损失函数basis 基non-convex非凸函数basis feature vectors特点基向量neural network神经网络batch gradient ascent批量梯度上涨法supervised learning监察学习Bayesian regularization method贝叶斯规则化方法regression problem回归问题办理的是连续的问题Bernoulli random variable伯努利随机变量classification problem分类问题bias term偏置项discreet value失散值binary classfication二元分类support vector machines支持向量机class labels种类标记learning theory学习理论concatenation级联learning algorithms学习算法conjugate gradient共轭梯度unsupervised learning无监察学习contiguous groups联通地区gradient descent梯度降落convex optimization software凸优化软件linear regression线性回归convolution卷积Neural Network神经网络cost function代价函数gradient descent梯度降落covariance matrix协方差矩阵normal equations DC component直流重量linear algebra线性代数decorrelation去有关superscript上标degeneracy退化exponentiation指数demensionality reduction降维training set训练会合derivative导函数training example训练样本diagonal对角线hypothesis假定,用来表示学习算法的输出diffusion of gradients梯度的弥散LMS algorithm “least mean squares最小二乘法算eigenvalue特点值法eigenvector特点向量batch gradient descent批量梯度降落error term残差constantly gradient descent随机梯度降落feature matrix特点矩阵iterative algorithm迭代算法feature standardization特点标准化partial derivative偏导数feedforward architectures前馈构造算法contour等高线feedforward neural network前馈神经网络quadratic function二元函数feedforward pass前馈传导locally weighted regression局部加权回归fine-tuned微调underfitting欠拟合first-order feature一阶特点overfitting过拟合forward pass前向传导non-parametric learning algorithms无参数学习算forward propagation前向流传法Gaussian prior高斯先验概率parametric learning algorithm参数学习算法generative model生成模型activation激活值gradient descent梯度降落activation function激活函数Greedy layer-wise training逐层贪心训练方法additive noise加性噪声grouping matrix分组矩阵autoencoder自编码器Hadamard product阿达马乘积Autoencoders自编码算法Hessian matrix Hessian矩阵hidden layer隐含层hidden units隐蔽神经元Hierarchical grouping层次型分组higher-order features更高阶特点highly non-convex optimization problem高度非凸的优化问题histogram直方图hyperbolic tangent双曲正切函数hypothesis估值,假定identity activation function恒等激励函数IID 独立同散布illumination照明inactive克制independent component analysis独立成份剖析input domains输入域input layer输入层intensity亮度/灰度intercept term截距KL divergence相对熵KL divergence KL分别度k-Means K-均值learning rate学习速率least squares最小二乘法linear correspondence线性响应linear superposition线性叠加line-search algorithm线搜寻算法local mean subtraction局部均值消减local optima局部最优解logistic regression逻辑回归loss function损失函数low-pass filtering低通滤波magnitude幅值MAP 极大后验预计maximum likelihood estimation极大似然预计mean 均匀值MFCC Mel 倒频系数multi-class classification多元分类neural networks神经网络neuron 神经元Newton’s method牛顿法non-convex function非凸函数non-linear feature非线性特点norm 范式norm bounded有界范数norm constrained范数拘束normalization归一化numerical roundoff errors数值舍入偏差numerically checking数值查验numerically reliable数值计算上稳固object detection物体检测objective function目标函数off-by-one error缺位错误orthogonalization正交化output layer输出层overall cost function整体代价函数over-complete basis超齐备基over-fitting过拟合parts of objects目标的零件part-whole decompostion部分-整体分解PCA 主元剖析penalty term处罚因子per-example mean subtraction逐样本均值消减pooling池化pretrain预训练principal components analysis主成份剖析quadratic constraints二次拘束RBMs 受限 Boltzman 机reconstruction based models鉴于重构的模型reconstruction cost重修代价reconstruction term重构项redundant冗余reflection matrix反射矩阵regularization正则化regularization term正则化项rescaling缩放robust 鲁棒性run 行程second-order feature二阶特点sigmoid activation function S型激励函数significant digits有效数字singular value奇怪值singular vector奇怪向量smoothed L1 penalty光滑的L1 范数处罚Smoothed topographic L1 sparsity penalty光滑地形L1 稀少处罚函数smoothing光滑Softmax Regresson Softmax回归sorted in decreasing order降序摆列source features源特点Adversarial Networks抗衡网络sparse autoencoder消减归一化Affine Layer仿射层Sparsity稀少性Affinity matrix亲和矩阵sparsity parameter稀少性参数Agent 代理 /智能体sparsity penalty稀少处罚Algorithm 算法square function平方函数Alpha- beta pruningα - β剪枝squared-error方差Anomaly detection异样检测stationary安稳性(不变性)Approximation近似stationary stochastic process安稳随机过程Area Under ROC Curve/ AUC Roc 曲线下边积step-size步长值Artificial General Intelligence/AGI通用人工智supervised learning监察学习能symmetric positive semi-definite matrix Artificial Intelligence/AI人工智能对称半正定矩阵Association analysis关系剖析symmetry breaking对称无效Attention mechanism注意力体制tanh function双曲正切函数Attribute conditional independence assumptionthe average activation均匀活跃度属性条件独立性假定the derivative checking method梯度考证方法Attribute space属性空间the empirical distribution经验散布函数Attribute value属性值the energy function能量函数Autoencoder自编码器the Lagrange dual拉格朗日对偶函数Automatic speech recognition自动语音辨别the log likelihood对数似然函数Automatic summarization自动纲要the pixel intensity value像素灰度值Average gradient均匀梯度the rate of convergence收敛速度Average-Pooling均匀池化topographic cost term拓扑代价项Backpropagation Through Time经过时间的反向流传topographic ordered拓扑次序Backpropagation/BP反向流传transformation变换Base learner基学习器translation invariant平移不变性Base learning algorithm基学习算法trivial answer平庸解Batch Normalization/BN批量归一化under-complete basis不齐备基Bayes decision rule贝叶斯判断准则unrolling组合扩展Bayes Model Averaging/ BMA 贝叶斯模型均匀unsupervised learning无监察学习Bayes optimal classifier贝叶斯最优分类器variance 方差Bayesian decision theory贝叶斯决议论vecotrized implementation向量化实现Bayesian network贝叶斯网络vectorization矢量化Between-class scatter matrix类间散度矩阵visual cortex视觉皮层Bias 偏置 /偏差weight decay权重衰减Bias-variance decomposition偏差 - 方差分解weighted average加权均匀值Bias-Variance Dilemma偏差–方差窘境whitening白化Bi-directional Long-Short Term Memory/Bi-LSTMzero-mean均值为零双向长短期记忆Accumulated error backpropagation积累偏差逆传Binary classification二分类播Binomial test二项查验Activation Function激活函数Bi-partition二分法Adaptive Resonance Theory/ART自适应谐振理论Boltzmann machine玻尔兹曼机Addictive model加性学习Bootstrap sampling自助采样法/可重复采样Bootstrapping自助法Break-Event Point/ BEP 均衡点Calibration校准Cascade-Correlation级联有关Categorical attribute失散属性Class-conditional probability类条件概率Classification and regression tree/CART分类与回归树Classifier分类器Class-imbalance类型不均衡Closed -form闭式Cluster簇/ 类/ 集群Cluster analysis聚类剖析Clustering聚类Clustering ensemble聚类集成Co-adapting共适应Coding matrix编码矩阵COLT 国际学习理论会议Committee-based learning鉴于委员会的学习Competitive learning竞争型学习Component learner组件学习器Comprehensibility可解说性Computation Cost计算成本Computational Linguistics计算语言学Computer vision计算机视觉Concept drift观点漂移Concept Learning System /CLS观点学习系统Conditional entropy条件熵Conditional mutual information条件互信息Conditional Probability Table/ CPT 条件概率表Conditional random field/CRF条件随机场Conditional risk条件风险Confidence置信度Confusion matrix混杂矩阵Connection weight连结权Connectionism 连结主义Consistency一致性/相合性Contingency table列联表Continuous attribute连续属性Convergence收敛Conversational agent会话智能体Convex quadratic programming凸二次规划Convexity凸性Convolutional neural network/CNN卷积神经网络Co-occurrence同现Correlation coefficient有关系数Cosine similarity余弦相像度Cost curve成本曲线Cost Function成本函数Cost matrix成本矩阵Cost-sensitive成本敏感Cross entropy交错熵Cross validation交错考证Crowdsourcing众包Curse of dimensionality维数灾害Cut point截断点Cutting plane algorithm割平面法Data mining数据发掘Data set数据集Decision Boundary决议界限Decision stump决议树桩Decision tree决议树/判断树Deduction演绎Deep Belief Network深度信念网络Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial NetworkDCGAN深度卷积生成抗衡网络Deep learning深度学习Deep neural network/DNN深度神经网络Deep Q-Learning深度Q 学习Deep Q-Network深度Q 网络Density estimation密度预计Density-based clustering密度聚类Differentiable neural computer可微分神经计算机Dimensionality reduction algorithm降维算法Directed edge有向边Disagreement measure不合胸怀Discriminative model鉴别模型Discriminator鉴别器Distance measure距离胸怀Distance metric learning距离胸怀学习Distribution散布Divergence散度Diversity measure多样性胸怀/差别性胸怀Domain adaption领域自适应Downsampling下采样D-separation( Directed separation)有向分别Dual problem对偶问题Dummy node 哑结点General Problem Solving通用问题求解Dynamic Fusion 动向交融Generalization泛化Dynamic programming动向规划Generalization error泛化偏差Eigenvalue decomposition特点值分解Generalization error bound泛化偏差上界Embedding 嵌入Generalized Lagrange function广义拉格朗日函数Emotional analysis情绪剖析Generalized linear model广义线性模型Empirical conditional entropy经验条件熵Generalized Rayleigh quotient广义瑞利商Empirical entropy经验熵Generative Adversarial Networks/GAN生成抗衡网Empirical error经验偏差络Empirical risk经验风险Generative Model生成模型End-to-End 端到端Generator生成器Energy-based model鉴于能量的模型Genetic Algorithm/GA遗传算法Ensemble learning集成学习Gibbs sampling吉布斯采样Ensemble pruning集成修剪Gini index基尼指数Error Correcting Output Codes/ ECOC纠错输出码Global minimum全局最小Error rate错误率Global Optimization全局优化Error-ambiguity decomposition偏差 - 分歧分解Gradient boosting梯度提高Euclidean distance欧氏距离Gradient Descent梯度降落Evolutionary computation演化计算Graph theory图论Expectation-Maximization希望最大化Ground-truth实情/真切Expected loss希望损失Hard margin硬间隔Exploding Gradient Problem梯度爆炸问题Hard voting硬投票Exponential loss function指数损失函数Harmonic mean 调解均匀Extreme Learning Machine/ELM超限学习机Hesse matrix海塞矩阵Factorization因子分解Hidden dynamic model隐动向模型False negative假负类Hidden layer隐蔽层False positive假正类Hidden Markov Model/HMM 隐马尔可夫模型False Positive Rate/FPR假正例率Hierarchical clustering层次聚类Feature engineering特点工程Hilbert space希尔伯特空间Feature selection特点选择Hinge loss function合页损失函数Feature vector特点向量Hold-out 留出法Featured Learning特点学习Homogeneous 同质Feedforward Neural Networks/FNN前馈神经网络Hybrid computing混杂计算Fine-tuning微调Hyperparameter超参数Flipping output翻转法Hypothesis假定Fluctuation震荡Hypothesis test假定考证Forward stagewise algorithm前向分步算法ICML 国际机器学习会议Frequentist频次主义学派Improved iterative scaling/IIS改良的迭代尺度法Full-rank matrix满秩矩阵Incremental learning增量学习Functional neuron功能神经元Independent and identically distributed/独Gain ratio增益率立同散布Game theory博弈论Independent Component Analysis/ICA独立成分剖析Gaussian kernel function高斯核函数Indicator function指示函数Gaussian Mixture Model高斯混杂模型Individual learner个体学习器Induction归纳Inductive bias归纳偏好Inductive learning归纳学习Inductive Logic Programming/ ILP归纳逻辑程序设计Information entropy信息熵Information gain信息增益Input layer输入层Insensitive loss不敏感损失Inter-cluster similarity簇间相像度International Conference for Machine Learning/ICML国际机器学习大会Intra-cluster similarity簇内相像度Intrinsic value固有值Isometric Mapping/Isomap等胸怀映照Isotonic regression平分回归Iterative Dichotomiser迭代二分器Kernel method核方法Kernel trick核技巧Kernelized Linear Discriminant Analysis/KLDA核线性鉴别剖析K-fold cross validation k折交错考证/k 倍交错考证K-Means Clustering K–均值聚类K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm/KNN K近邻算法Knowledge base 知识库Knowledge Representation知识表征Label space标记空间Lagrange duality拉格朗日对偶性Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日乘子Laplace smoothing拉普拉斯光滑Laplacian correction拉普拉斯修正Latent Dirichlet Allocation隐狄利克雷散布Latent semantic analysis潜伏语义剖析Latent variable隐变量Lazy learning懒散学习Learner学习器Learning by analogy类比学习Learning rate学习率Learning Vector Quantization/LVQ学习向量量化Least squares regression tree最小二乘回归树Leave-One-Out/LOO留一法linear chain conditional random field线性链条件随机场Linear Discriminant Analysis/ LDA 线性鉴别剖析Linear model线性模型Linear Regression线性回归Link function联系函数Local Markov property局部马尔可夫性Local minimum局部最小Log likelihood对数似然Log odds/ logit对数几率Logistic Regression Logistic回归Log-likelihood对数似然Log-linear regression对数线性回归Long-Short Term Memory/LSTM 长短期记忆Loss function损失函数Machine translation/MT机器翻译Macron-P宏查准率Macron-R宏查全率Majority voting绝对多半投票法Manifold assumption流形假定Manifold learning流形学习Margin theory间隔理论Marginal distribution边沿散布Marginal independence边沿独立性Marginalization边沿化Markov Chain Monte Carlo/MCMC马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法Markov Random Field马尔可夫随机场Maximal clique最大团Maximum Likelihood Estimation/MLE极大似然预计/极大似然法Maximum margin最大间隔Maximum weighted spanning tree最大带权生成树Max-Pooling 最大池化Mean squared error均方偏差Meta-learner元学习器Metric learning胸怀学习Micro-P微查准率Micro-R微查全率Minimal Description Length/MDL最小描绘长度Minimax game极小极大博弈Misclassification cost误分类成本Mixture of experts混杂专家Momentum 动量Moral graph道德图/正直图Multi-class classification多分类Multi-document summarization多文档纲要One shot learning一次性学习Multi-layer feedforward neural networks One-Dependent Estimator/ ODE 独依靠预计多层前馈神经网络On-Policy在策略Multilayer Perceptron/MLP多层感知器Ordinal attribute有序属性Multimodal learning多模态学习Out-of-bag estimate包外预计Multiple Dimensional Scaling多维缩放Output layer输出层Multiple linear regression多元线性回归Output smearing输出调制法Multi-response Linear Regression/ MLR Overfitting过拟合/过配多响应线性回归Oversampling 过采样Mutual information互信息Paired t-test成对 t查验Naive bayes 朴实贝叶斯Pairwise 成对型Naive Bayes Classifier朴实贝叶斯分类器Pairwise Markov property成对马尔可夫性Named entity recognition命名实体辨别Parameter参数Nash equilibrium纳什均衡Parameter estimation参数预计Natural language generation/NLG自然语言生成Parameter tuning调参Natural language processing自然语言办理Parse tree分析树Negative class负类Particle Swarm Optimization/PSO粒子群优化算法Negative correlation负有关法Part-of-speech tagging词性标明Negative Log Likelihood负对数似然Perceptron感知机Neighbourhood Component Analysis/NCA Performance measure性能胸怀近邻成分剖析Plug and Play Generative Network即插即用生成网Neural Machine Translation神经机器翻译络Neural Turing Machine神经图灵机Plurality voting相对多半投票法Newton method牛顿法Polarity detection极性检测NIPS 国际神经信息办理系统会议Polynomial kernel function多项式核函数No Free Lunch Theorem/ NFL 没有免费的午饭定理Pooling池化Noise-contrastive estimation噪音对照预计Positive class正类Nominal attribute列名属性Positive definite matrix正定矩阵Non-convex optimization非凸优化Post-hoc test后续查验Nonlinear model非线性模型Post-pruning后剪枝Non-metric distance非胸怀距离potential function势函数Non-negative matrix factorization非负矩阵分解Precision查准率/正确率Non-ordinal attribute无序属性Prepruning 预剪枝Non-Saturating Game非饱和博弈Principal component analysis/PCA主成分剖析Norm 范数Principle of multiple explanations多释原则Normalization归一化Prior 先验Nuclear norm核范数Probability Graphical Model概率图模型Numerical attribute数值属性Proximal Gradient Descent/PGD近端梯度降落Letter O Pruning剪枝Objective function目标函数Pseudo-label伪标记Oblique decision tree斜决议树Quantized Neural Network量子化神经网络Occam’s razor奥卡姆剃刀Quantum computer 量子计算机Odds 几率Quantum Computing量子计算Off-Policy离策略Quasi Newton method拟牛顿法Radial Basis Function/ RBF 径向基函数Random Forest Algorithm随机丛林算法Random walk随机闲步Recall 查全率/召回率Receiver Operating Characteristic/ROC受试者工作特点Rectified Linear Unit/ReLU线性修正单元Recurrent Neural Network循环神经网络Recursive neural network递归神经网络Reference model 参照模型Regression回归Regularization正则化Reinforcement learning/RL加强学习Representation learning表征学习Representer theorem表示定理reproducing kernel Hilbert space/RKHS重生核希尔伯特空间Re-sampling重采样法Rescaling再缩放Residual Mapping残差映照Residual Network残差网络Restricted Boltzmann Machine/RBM受限玻尔兹曼机Restricted Isometry Property/RIP限制等距性Re-weighting重赋权法Robustness稳重性 / 鲁棒性Root node根结点Rule Engine规则引擎Rule learning规则学习Saddle point鞍点Sample space样本空间Sampling采样Score function评分函数Self-Driving自动驾驶Self-Organizing Map/ SOM自组织映照Semi-naive Bayes classifiers半朴实贝叶斯分类器Semi-Supervised Learning半监察学习semi-Supervised Support Vector Machine半监察支持向量机Sentiment analysis感情剖析Separating hyperplane分别超平面Sigmoid function Sigmoid函数Similarity measure相像度胸怀Simulated annealing模拟退火Simultaneous localization and mapping同步定位与地图建立Singular Value Decomposition奇怪值分解Slack variables废弛变量Smoothing光滑Soft margin软间隔Soft margin maximization软间隔最大化Soft voting软投票Sparse representation稀少表征Sparsity稀少性Specialization特化Spectral Clustering谱聚类Speech Recognition语音辨别Splitting variable切分变量Squashing function挤压函数Stability-plasticity dilemma可塑性 - 稳固性窘境Statistical learning统计学习Status feature function状态特点函Stochastic gradient descent随机梯度降落Stratified sampling分层采样Structural risk构造风险Structural risk minimization/SRM构造风险最小化Subspace子空间Supervised learning监察学习/有导师学习support vector expansion支持向量展式Support Vector Machine/SVM支持向量机Surrogat loss代替损失Surrogate function代替函数Symbolic learning符号学习Symbolism符号主义Synset同义词集T-Distribution Stochastic Neighbour Embeddingt-SNE T–散布随机近邻嵌入Tensor 张量Tensor Processing Units/TPU张量办理单元The least square method最小二乘法Threshold阈值Threshold logic unit阈值逻辑单元Threshold-moving阈值挪动Time Step时间步骤Tokenization标记化Training error训练偏差Training instance训练示例/训练例Transductive learning直推学习Transfer learning迁徙学习Treebank树库algebra线性代数Tria-by-error试错法asymptotically无症状的True negative真负类appropriate适合的True positive真切类bias 偏差True Positive Rate/TPR真切例率brevity简洁,简洁;短暂Turing Machine图灵机[800 ] broader宽泛Twice-learning二次学习briefly简洁的Underfitting欠拟合/欠配batch 批量Undersampling欠采样convergence收敛,集中到一点Understandability可理解性convex凸的Unequal cost非均等代价contours轮廓Unit-step function单位阶跃函数constraint拘束Univariate decision tree单变量决议树constant常理Unsupervised learning无监察学习/无导师学习commercial商务的Unsupervised layer-wise training无监察逐层训练complementarity增补Upsampling上采样coordinate ascent同样级上涨Vanishing Gradient Problem梯度消逝问题clipping剪下物;剪报;修剪Variational inference变分推测component重量;零件VC Theory VC维理论continuous连续的Version space版本空间covariance协方差Viterbi algorithm维特比算法canonical正规的,正则的Von Neumann architecture冯· 诺伊曼架构concave非凸的Wasserstein GAN/WGAN Wasserstein生成抗衡网络corresponds相切合;相当;通讯Weak learner弱学习器corollary推论Weight权重concrete详细的事物,实在的东西Weight sharing权共享cross validation交错考证Weighted voting加权投票法correlation互相关系Within-class scatter matrix类内散度矩阵convention商定Word embedding词嵌入cluster一簇Word sense disambiguation词义消歧centroids质心,形心Zero-data learning零数据学习converge收敛Zero-shot learning零次学习computationally计算(机)的approximations近似值calculus计算arbitrary任意的derive获取,获得affine仿射的dual 二元的arbitrary任意的duality二元性;二象性;对偶性amino acid氨基酸derivation求导;获取;发源amenable 经得起查验的denote预示,表示,是的标记;意味着,[逻]指称axiom 公义,原则divergence散度;发散性abstract提取dimension尺度,规格;维数architecture架构,系统构造;建筑业dot 小圆点absolute绝对的distortion变形arsenal军械库density概率密度函数assignment分派discrete失散的人工智能词汇discriminative有辨别能力的indicator指示物,指示器diagonal对角interative重复的,迭代的dispersion分别,散开integral积分determinant决定要素identical相等的;完整同样的disjoint不订交的indicate表示,指出encounter碰到invariance不变性,恒定性ellipses椭圆impose把强加于equality等式intermediate中间的extra 额外的interpretation解说,翻译empirical经验;察看joint distribution结合概率ennmerate例举,计数lieu 代替exceed超出,越出logarithmic对数的,用对数表示的expectation希望latent潜伏的efficient奏效的Leave-one-out cross validation留一法交错考证endow 给予magnitude巨大explicitly清楚的mapping 画图,制图;映照exponential family指数家族matrix矩阵equivalently等价的mutual互相的,共同的feasible可行的monotonically单一的forary首次试试minor较小的,次要的finite有限的,限制的multinomial多项的forgo 摒弃,放弃multi-class classification二分类问题fliter过滤nasty厌烦的frequentist最常发生的notation标记,说明forward search前向式搜寻na?ve 朴实的formalize使定形obtain获取generalized归纳的oscillate摇动generalization归纳,归纳;广泛化;判断(依据不optimization problem最优化问题足)objective function目标函数guarantee保证;抵押品optimal最理想的generate形成,产生orthogonal(矢量,矩阵等 ) 正交的geometric margins几何界限orientation方向gap 裂口ordinary一般的generative生产的;有生产力的occasionally有时的heuristic启迪式的;启迪法;启迪程序partial derivative偏导数hone 怀恋;磨property性质hyperplane超平面proportional成比率的initial最先的primal原始的,最先的implement履行permit同意intuitive凭直觉获知的pseudocode 伪代码incremental增添的permissible可同意的intercept截距polynomial多项式intuitious直觉preliminary预备instantiation例子precision精度人工智能词汇perturbation不安,搅乱theorem定理poist 假定,假想tangent正弦positive semi-definite半正定的unit-length vector单位向量parentheses圆括号valid 有效的,正确的posterior probability后验概率variance方差plementarity增补variable变量;变元pictorially图像的vocabulary 词汇parameterize确立的参数valued经估价的;可贵的poisson distribution柏松散布wrapper 包装pertinent有关的总计 1038 词汇quadratic二次的quantity量,数目;重量query 疑问的regularization使系统化;调整reoptimize从头优化restrict限制;限制;拘束reminiscent回想旧事的;提示的;令人联想的( of )remark 注意random variable随机变量respect考虑respectively各自的;分其他redundant过多的;冗余的susceptible敏感的stochastic可能的;随机的symmetric对称的sophisticated复杂的spurious假的;假造的subtract减去;减法器simultaneously同时发生地;同步地suffice知足scarce罕有的,难得的split分解,分别subset子集statistic统计量successive iteratious连续的迭代scale标度sort of有几分的squares 平方trajectory轨迹temporarily临时的terminology专用名词tolerance容忍;公差thumb翻阅threshold阈,临界。
哈密尔顿系统的辛几何算法哈密尔顿系统是一类具有特殊的物理意义的动力系统,其在物理学、力学、动力学和计算力学等领域有着广泛应用。
哈密尔顿系统通常具有一组关于位置和动量的相变量,其演化满足哈密尔顿方程。
由于哈密尔顿系统具有良好的保持量和结构稳定性,因此在数值模拟中的算法设计尤其重要。
辛几何算法是一类特殊的数值演化方法,其以保持哈密尔顿系统相变量守恒和辛结构稳定性为目标,常常用于哈密尔顿系统的数值积分。
辛几何算法最早由李约瑟于 1988 年提出,其不仅能够在数值计算中保持相变量的守恒,还能够在哈密尔顿系统的长期演化中保持辛结构稳定性。
辛几何算法主要由两个部分组成,即辛映射和辛算子。
辛映射指的是从一个相变量向下一个相变量的映射,它通常满足“保相量”和辛结构不变性的特点。
保相量指的是相变量在变化过程中的守恒,而辛结构不变性则指的是哈密尔顿系统在演化过程中的辛不变性。
而辛算子则是这个辛映射的数值逼近,常常采用辛波发方法、显式和隐式辛算法等方法。
在演化哈密尔顿系统时,辛几何算法通常采用显式辛算法进行数值模拟。
显式辛算法的主要思路是采用辛映射和辛算子的组合,来实现对哈密尔顿系统的数值模拟。
在模拟过程中,辛几何算法需要保证每一步的演化都是辛的,这样系统才能保持哈密尔顿量以及其他相变量不变。
因此,辛几何算法在数值模拟中的应用非常广泛。
然而,辛几何算法的实现却比较困难。
在数值模拟时,辛几何算法需要考虑一系列问题,如相变量的数值守恒、哈密尔顿量的捕获和重构、快速演化、长时间演化、难以计算的高维效应等等。
这些问题都需要采用一些特殊的技巧和策略来解决。
总的来说,辛几何算法是一种特殊的数值演化方法,其以保持哈密尔顿系统相变量守恒和辛结构稳定性为目标,在计算力学、物理学、动力学等领域有着广泛应用。
美国数学竞赛amc8的常用数学英语单词等于equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于is greater than 小于is lesser than 大于等于is equal or greater than 小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator 数字digit 数number 自然数natural number公理axiom 定理theorem 计算calculation 运算operation 算术arithmetic 证明prove 假设hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题proposition加plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数augend, summand 加数addend 和sum减minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被减数minuend 减数subtrahend 差remainder乘times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.被乘数multiplicand, faciend 乘数multiplicator 积product除divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除数dividend 除数divisor 商quotient整数integer 小数decimal 小数点decimal point分数fraction 分子numerator 分母denominator 比ratio正positive 负negative 零null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal system 二进制binary system 十六进制hexadecimal system权weight, significance 进位carry 截尾truncation四舍五入round 下舍入round down 上舍入round up有效数字significant digit 无效数字insignificant digit代数algebra 公式formula, formulae(pl.)单项式monomial 多项式polynomial, multinomial 系数coefficient未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor等式,方程式equation 一次方程simple equation 二次方程quadratic equation 不等式inequation 三次方程cubic equation 四次方程quartic equation阶乘factorial 对数logarithm 指数,幂exponent乘方power 二次方,平方square 三次方,立方cube四次方the power of four, the fourth powern次方the power of n, the nth power开方evolution, extraction 二次方根,平方根square root三次方根,立方根cube root 四次方根the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根the root of n, the nth root集合aggregate 元素element 空集void 子集subset 交集intersection 并集union 补集complement映射mapping 图象image 函数function 定义域domain, field of definition 值域range 周期性periodicity常量constant 变量variable 单调性monotonicity 奇偶性parity数列,级数series 微积分calculus 微分differential 导数derivative积分integral 定积分definite integral 不定积分indefinite integral有理数rational number 无理数irrational number 实数real number虚数imaginary number 复数complex number极限limit 无穷大infinite(a.)infinity(n.)无穷小infinitesimal矩阵matrix 行列式determinant几何geometry 点point 线line 面plane 体solid 线段segment射线radial 平行parallel 相交intersect角angle 角度degree 弧度radian 周角perigon锐角acute angle 直角right angle 钝角obtuse angle 平角straight angle底base 边side 高height直角边leg 斜边hypotenuse 勾股定理Pythagorean theorem三角形triangle 锐角三角形acute triangle 直角三角形right triangle钝角三角形obtuse triangle 不等边三角形scalene triangle等腰三角形isosceles triangle 等边三角形equilateral triangle长length 宽width四边形quadrilateral 平行四边形parallelogram 矩形rectangle菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形square梯形trapezoid 直角梯形right trapezoid 等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid多边形polygon 正多边形equilateral polygon 五边形pentagon六边形hexagon 七边形heptagon 八边形octagon 九边形enneagon十边形decagon 十一边形hendecagon 十二边形dodecagon圆circle 圆心centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径radius 直径diameter 圆周率pi 弧arc 半圆semicircle扇形sector 环ring 椭圆ellipse圆周circumference 周长perimeter 面积area 轨迹locus, loca(pl.)相似similar 全等congruent立方体cube 多面体polyhedron 四面体tetrahedron 五面体pentahedron 六面体hexahedron 平行六面体parallelepiped 七面体heptahedron八面体octahedron 九面体enneahedron 十面体decahedron十一面体hendecahedron 十二面体dodecahedron 二十面体icosahedron棱锥pyramid 棱柱prism 棱台frustum of a prism旋转rotation 轴axis 圆锥cone 圆柱cylinder 圆台frustum of a cone球sphere 半球hemisphere底面undersurface 表面积surface area 体积volume空间space 坐标系coordinates 坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 原点origin横坐标x-coordinate 纵坐标y-coordinate 双曲线hyperbola 抛物线parabola三角trigonometry 正弦sine 余弦cosine 反正弦arc sine 反余弦arc cosine 正切tangent 余切cotangent 反正切arc tangent 反余切arc cotangent正割secant 余割cosecant 反正割arc secant 反余割arc cosecant相位phase 周期period 振幅amplitude内切圆inscribed circle 外切圆circumcircle内心incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)统计statistics 平均数average 加权平均数weighted average概率,或然率probability标准差root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 分布distribution 正态分布normal distribution 非正态分布abnormal distribution图表graph 条形统计图bar graph 柱形统计图histogram折线统计图broken line graph 曲线统计图curve diagram扇形统计图pie diagram比例propotion 百分比percent 百分点percentage 百分位数percentile排列permutation 组合combination。
固体的爱因斯坦模型名词解释固体的爱因斯坦模型是一种描述固体热容性质的理论模型,本文将对其进行详细解释。
固体的爱因斯坦模型是由德国物理学家爱因斯坦于1907年提出的一种理论模型,用于描述固体的热容性质。
它是固体热力学和统计物理学中的重要概念之一。
爱因斯坦模型的基本假设是将固体中的原子或分子看作是同样质量的简谐振子。
这些振子在固体中以三维空间中的不同方向振动,且振动的频率都相同。
这个模型假设固体中的所有原子或分子都以同样的频率振动,即存在一个统一的共振频率。
根据爱因斯坦模型的假设,一个固体中的原子或分子在某一方向上的平均能量为:E = hn/(exp(hn/kT) - 1)其中,E是平均能量,h是普朗克常数,n是振动频率,k是玻尔兹曼常数,T是温度。
爱因斯坦模型也给出了固体的总热容:C = 3Nk(hn/kT)^2exp(hn/kT)/(exp(hn/kT) - 1)^2其中,C是热容,N是固体中的原子或分子数目。
爱因斯坦模型的一个重要特点是它能够解释固体在低温下的热容行为。
根据这个模型,当温度趋近于绝对零度时,固体的热容趋于零。
这与实验观测一致,因为在低温下,固体中的原子或分子几乎停止振动,所以能量非常低,热容也非常小。
然而,爱因斯坦模型也有其局限性。
它忽略了固体中原子或分子振动频率的分布,假设所有振动频率都相同。
在实际情况中,固体中的原子或分子的振动频率是不均匀分布的,因此这个模型无法准确描述高温下的固体热容性质。
总而言之,固体的爱因斯坦模型是一种重要的理论模型,它能够解释固体在低温下的热容行为。
然而,这个模型也存在一定的局限性,无法准确描述高温下的固体热容性质。
通过对固体热容的研究,我们能够更好地理解固体的热力学特性,对材料科学和工程学等领域有着重要的应用价值。
美国大学生数学建模MCM 数学专用名词augmented matrix增广矩阵asymptotic渐进的asymptote渐进线asymmetrical非对称的associative law结合律ascending上升的arrangement排列arithmetic算术argument幅角,幅度,自变量,论证area面积arc length弧长apothem边心距apex顶点aperiodic非周期的antisymmetric反对称的antiderivative原函数anticlockwise逆时针的annihilator零化子angular velocity角速度angle of rotation旋转角angle of incidence入射角angle of elevation仰角angle of depression俯角angle of circumference圆周角analytic space复空间analytic geometry解析几何analytic function解析函数analytic extension解析开拓amplitude幅角,振幅alternative互斥的alternate series交错级数almost everywhere几乎处处algebraic topology代数拓扑algebraic expression代数式algebraic代数的affine仿射(几何学)的admissible error容许误差admissible容许的adjugate伴随转置的adjoint operator伴随算子adjoint伴随的adjacency邻接additive加法,加性acute angle锐角accumulation point聚点accidential error偶然误差accessible point可达点abstract space抽象空间abstract algebra抽象代数absolute value绝对值absolute integrable绝对可积absolute convergent绝对收敛Abelian阿贝尔的,交换的balance equation平衡方程bandwidth带宽barycenter重心base基base vectors基向量biased error有偏误差biased statistic有偏统计量bilinear双线性的bijective双射的bilateral shift双侧位移的binomial二项式bisector二等分线,平分线boundary边界的,边界bounded有界的broken line折线bundle丛,把,卷calculus微积分calculus of variations变分法cancellation消去canonical典型的,标准的canonical form标准型cap交,求交运算capacity容量cardinal number基数Cartesian coordinates笛卡尔坐标category范畴,类型cell单元,方格,胞腔cell complex胞腔复形character特征标characterization特征circuit环路,线路,回路circular ring圆环circulating decimal循环小数clockwise顺时针方向的closed ball闭球closure闭包cluster point聚点coefficient系数cofinal共尾的cohomology上同调coincidence重合,叠和collinear共线的collective集体的columnar rank列秩combinatorial theory组合理论common tangent公切线commutative交换的compact紧的compact operator紧算子compatibility相容性compatible events相容事件complementary余的,补的complete完全的,完备的complex analysis复变函数论complex potential复位势composite复合的concave function凹函数concentric circles同心圆concurrent共点conditional number条件数confidence interval置信区间conformal共形的conic圆锥的conjugate共轭的connected连通的connected domain连通域consistence相容,一致constrained约束的continuable可延拓的continuity连续性contour周线,回路,轮廓线convergence收敛性convexity凸形convolution对和,卷积coordinate坐标coprime互质的,互素的correspondence对应coset陪集countable可数的counterexample反例covariance协方差covariant共变的covering覆盖critical临界的cubic root立方根cup并,求并运算curl旋度curvature曲率curve曲线cyclic循环的decade十进制的decagon十边形decimal小数的,十进制的decision theory决策论decomposable可分解的decreasing递减的decrement减量deduction推论,归纳法defect亏量,缺陷deficiency亏格definition定义definite integral定积分deflation压缩deflection挠度,挠率,变位degenerate退化的deleted neighborhood去心邻域denominator分母density稠密性,密度density function密度函数denumerable可数的departure偏差,偏离dependent相关的dependent variable因变量derangement重排derivation求导derivative导数descent下降determinant行列式diagram图,图表diameter直径diamond菱形dichotomy二分法diffeomorphism微分同胚differentiable可微的differential微分differential geometry微分几何difference差,差分digit数字dimension维数directed graph有向图directed set有向集direct prodect直积direct sum直和direction angle方向角directional derivative方向导数disc圆盘disconnected不连通的discontinuous不连续的discrete离散的discriminant判别式disjoint不相交的disorder混乱,无序dissection剖分dissipation损耗distribution分布,广义函数divergent发散的divisor因子,除数division除法domain区域,定义域dot product点积double integral二重积分dual对偶dynamic model动态模型dynamic programming动态规划dynamic system动力系统eccentricity离心率econometrics计量经济学edge棱,边eigenvalue特征值eigenvector特征向量eigenspace特征空间element元素ellipse椭圆embed嵌入empirical equation经验公式empirical assumption经验假设endomorphism自同态end point端点entropy熵entire function整函数envelope包络epimorphism满同态equiangular等角equilateral等边的equicontinuous等度连续的equilibrium平衡equivalence等价error estimate误差估计estimator估计量evaluation赋值,值的计算even number偶数exact sequence正合序列exact solution精确解excenter外心excision切割,分割exclusive events互斥事件exhaustive穷举的expansion展开,展开式expectation期望experimental error实验误差explicit function显函数exponent指数extension扩张,外延face面factor因子factorial阶乘fallacy谬误fiducial置信field域,场field theory域论figure图形,数字finite有限的finite group有限群finite iteration有限迭代finite rank有限秩finitely covered有限覆盖fitting拟合fixed point不动点flag标志flat space平旦空间formula公式fraction分数,分式frame架,标架free boundary自由边界frequency频数,频率front side正面function函数functional泛函functor函子,算符fundamental group基本群fuzzy模糊的gain增益,放大率game对策gap间断,间隙general topology一般拓扑学general term通项generalized普遍的,推广的generalized inverse广义逆generalization归纳,普遍化generating line母线genus亏格geodesic测地线geometrical几何的geometric series几何级数golden section黄金分割graph图形,网格half plane半平面harmonic调和的hexagon六边形hereditary可传的holomorphic全纯的homeomorphism同胚homogeneous齐次的homology同调homotopy同伦hyperbola双曲线hyperplane超平面hypothesis假设ideal理想idempotent幂等的identical恒等,恒同identity恒等式,单位元ill-condition病态image像点,像imaginary axis虚轴imbedding嵌入imitation模仿,模拟immersion浸入impulse function脉冲函数inclination斜角,倾角inclined plane斜面inclusion包含incomparable不可比的incompatible不相容的,互斥的inconsistent不成立的indefinite integral不定积分independence无关(性),独立(性)index指数,指标indivisible除不尽的inductive归纳的inductive definition归纳定义induced诱导的inequality不等式inertia law惯性律inference推理,推论infimum下确界infinite无穷大的infinite decimal无穷小数infinite series无穷级数infinitesimal无穷小的inflection point拐点information theory信息论inhomogeneous非齐次的injection内射inner point内点instability不稳定integer整数integrable可积的integrand被积函数integral积分intermediate value介值intersection交,相交interval区间intrinsic内在的,内蕴的invariant不变的inverse circular funct反三角函数inverse image逆像,原像inversion反演invertible可逆的involution对合irrational无理的,无理数irreducible不可约的isolated point孤立点isometric等距的isomorphic同构的iteration迭代joint distribution联合分布kernel核keyword关键词knot纽结known已知的large sample大样本last term末项lateral area侧面积lattice格子lattice point格点law of identity同一律leading coefficient首项系数leaf蔓叶线least squares solution最小二乘解lemma引理Lie algebra李代数lifting提升likelihood似然的limit极限linear combination线性组合linear filter线性滤波linear fraction transf线性分linear filter线性滤波式变换式变换linear functional线性泛函linear operator线性算子linearly dependent线性相关linearly independent线性无关local coordinates局部坐标locus(pl.loci)轨迹logarithm对数lower bound下界logic逻辑lozenge菱形lunar新月型main diagonal主对角线manifold流形mantissa尾数many-valued function多值函数map into映入map onto映到mapping映射marginal边缘master equation主方程mathermatical analysis数学分析mathematical expectati数学期望matrix(pl. matrices)矩阵maximal极大的,最大的maximum norm最大模mean平均,中数measurable可测的measure测度mesh网络metric space距离空间midpoint中点minus减minimal极小的,最小的model模型modulus模,模数moment矩monomorphism单一同态multi-analysis多元分析multiplication乘法multipole多极mutual相互的mutually disjoint互不相交natural boundary自然边界natural equivalence自然等价natural number自然数natural period固有周期negative负的,否定的neighborhood邻域nil-factor零因子nilpotent幂零的nodal节点的noncommutative非交换的nondense疏的,无处稠密的nonempty非空的noncountable不可数的nonlinear非线性的nonsingular非奇异的norm范数normal正规的,法线normal derivative法向导数normal direction法方向normal distribution正态分布normal family正规族normal operator正规算子normal set良序集normed赋范的n-tuple integral重积分number theory数论numerical analysis数值分析null空,零obtuse angle钝角octagon八边形octant卦限odd number奇数odevity奇偶性off-centre偏心的one-side单侧的open ball开球operations reserach运筹学optimality最优性optimization最优化optimum最佳条件orbit轨道order阶,级,次序order-preserving保序的order-type序型ordinal次序的ordinary寻常的,正常的ordinate纵坐标orient定方向orientable可定向的origin原点original state初始状态orthogonal正交的orthonormal规范化正交的outer product外积oval卵形线overdetermined超定的overlaping重叠,交迭pairity奇偶性pairwise两两的parabola抛物线parallel平行parallel lines平行线parallelogram平行四边形parameter参数parent population母体partial偏的,部分的partial ordering偏序partial sum部分和particle质点partition划分,分类path space道路空间perfect differential全微分period周期periodic decimal循环小数peripheral周界的,外表的periphery边界permissible容许的permutable可交换的perpendicular垂直perturbation扰动,摄动phase相,位相piecewise分段的planar平面的plane curve平面曲线plane domain平面区域plane pencil平面束plus加point of intersection交点pointwise逐点的polar coordinates极坐标pole极,极点polygon多边形polygonal line折线polynomial多项式positive正的,肯定的potency势,基数potential位势prime素的primitive本原的principal minor主子式prism棱柱proof theory证明论probability概率projective射影的,投影proportion比例pure纯的pyramid棱锥,棱锥体quadrant像限quadratic二次的quadric surface二次曲面quantity量,数量quasi-group拟群quasi-norm拟范数quasi-normal拟正规queuing theory排队论quotient商radial径向radical sign根号radication开方radian弧度radius半径ramified分歧的random随机randomize随机化range值域,区域,范围rank秩rational有理的raw data原始数据real function实函数reciprocal倒数的,互反的reciprocal basis对偶基reciprocity互反性rectangle长方形,矩形rectifiable可求长的recurring decimal循环小数reduce简化,化简reflection反射reflexive自反的region区域regular正则regular ring正则环related function相关函数remanent剩余的repeated root重根residue留数,残数resolution分解resolvent预解式right angle直角rotation旋转roundoff舍入row rank行秩ruled surface直纹曲面runs游程,取遍saddle point鞍点sample样本sampling取样scalar field标量场scalar product数量积,内积scale标尺,尺度scattering散射,扩散sectorial扇形self-adjoint自伴的semicircle半圆semi-definite半定的semigroup半群semisimple半单纯的separable可分的sequence序列sequential相继的,序列的serial序列的sheaf层side face侧面similar相似的simple curve简单曲线simplex单纯形singular values奇异值skeleton骨架skewness偏斜度slackness松弛性slant斜的slope斜率small sample小样本smooth manifold光滑流形solid figure立体形solid geometry立体几何solid of rotation旋转体solution解solvable可解的sparse稀疏的spectral theory谱论spectrum谱sphere球面,球形spiral螺线spline function样条函数splitting分裂的statistics统计,统计学statistic统计量stochastic随机的straight angle平角straight line直线stream-line流线subadditive次可加的subinterval子区间submanifold子流形subset子集subtraction减法sum和summable可加的summand被加数supremum上确界surjective满射的symmetric对称的tabular表格式的tabulation列表,造表tangent正切,切线tangent space切空间tangent vector切向量tensor张量term项terminal row末行termwise逐项的tetrahedroid四面体topological拓扑的torsion挠率totally ordered set全序集trace迹trajectory轨道transcendental超越的transfer改变,传transfinite超限的transformation变换式transitive可传递的translation平移transpose转置transverse横截、trapezoid梯形treble三倍,三重trend趋势triad三元组triaxial三轴的,三维的trigon三角形trigonometric三角学的tripod三面角tubular管状的twist挠曲,扭转type类型,型,序型unbiased无偏的unbiased estimate无偏估计unbounded无界的uncertainty不定性unconditional无条件的unequal不等的uniform一致的uniform boundness一致有界uniformly bounded一致有界的uniformly continuous一致连续uniformly convergent一致收敛unilateral单侧的union并,并集unit单位unit circle单位圆unitary matrix酉矩阵universal泛的,通用的upper bound上界unrounded不舍入的unstable不稳定的valuation赋值value值variation变分,变差variety簇vector向量vector bundle向量丛vertex顶点vertical angle对顶角volume体积,容积wave波wave form波形wave function波函数wave equation波动方程weak convergence弱收敛weak derivatives弱导数weight权重,重量well-ordered良序的well-posed适定的zero零zero divisor零因子zeros零点zone域,带</Words>。